DOCSLIB.ORG

Spinning and Winding Taro Nishimura

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Spinning and Winding Taro Nishimura The_Textile_Machinery_Society_of_Japan_Textile_College_2-Day_Course_on_Cloth_Making_Introduction_to_Spinning_2014_05_22 Spinning and Winding Taro Nishimura 1. Introduction Since several thousand years ago, humans have been manufacturing linen, wool, cotton, and silk to be used as fibrous materials for clothing. In 繊維 (sen’i ), which is the word for “fiber,” the Chinese character 繊 (sen ) is a unit for decimal fractions of one ten-millionth (equal to approximately 30 Ǻ), while 維 (i) means “long and thin.” Usually, fibers are several dozen µ thick, and can range from around one centimeter long to nigh infinite length. All natural materials, with the exception of raw silk, are between several to several dozen centimeters long and are categorized as staple fibers. Most synthetic fibers are spun into filaments. Figure 1 shows how a variety of textile product forms are interrelated. Short fibers are spun into cotton (spun) yarns, whereas filaments are used just as they are, or as textured yarns by being twisted or stretched. Fabric cloths that are processed into two-dimensional forms using cotton (spun) yarns and filament yarns include woven fabrics, knit fabrics, nets, and laces. Non-woven fabrics are another type of two-dimensional form, in which staple fibers and filaments are directly processed into cloths without being twisted into yarns. Yet another two-dimensional form is that of films, which are not fiber products and are made from synthetic materials. Three-dimensional fabrics and braids are categorized as three-dimensional forms. This paper discusses spinning, or the process of making staple fibers into yarns, and winding, which prepares fibers for weaving. One-dimensional Two-dimensional Three-dimensional Natural Staple fibers Spun yarns Woven fabrics Three-dimensional materials Filaments Filament yarns Knit fabrics fabrics Synthetic Nets Braids materials Laces Non-woven fabrics Films Fig. 1 Outline of textile products 2. History of textile technology 100,000 – 200,000 years ago.: Neanderthals sew fur clothing using needles made from bones. Several tens of thousands years ago: Cro-Magnon men use forms of body decoration, such as necklaces and bracelets. Several thousand years ago: Linen (Egypt), wool (Mesopotamia), cotton (Indus, Inca), and silk (Yellow River region) are manufactured for use as clothing materials. Silk Road ～ Age of Discovery: As civilizations engage in interchange, cultivation and growing of cotton, linen, wool, and silk spread to various parts of the world. 18 th century: The British Industrial Revolution prompts mechanization of spinning and weaving. 1530: Johann Jurgen uses bobbins and flyers to achieve simultaneous twisting and winding. -1- The_Textile_Machinery_Society_of_Japan_Textile_College_2-Day_Course_on_Cloth_Making_Introduction_to_Spinning_2014_05_22 1589: William Lee invents the first stocking frame knitting machine. 1733: John Key invents the flying shuttle for weaving machines. 1733: John Wyatt assembles a spinning machine model (under Lewis Paul’s 1738 patent). 1738: Lewis Paul invents the roller drafting method. 1764: James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny. 1769: Richard Arkwright achieves continuous spinning with a water-powered spinning machine. 1772: Coniah Wood invents the slubbing billy. 1775: G. Krang invents the tricot machine. 1779: Samuel Crompton invents the spinning mule. 1785: Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom. 1798: Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents the Jacquard loom. 1825: Richard Roberts invents the self-acting spinning mule. 1828: John Thorpe invents the ring spinning frame. 1830: Barthélemy Tinmoner invented a sewing machine. 1833: Fales & Jenks Machine Co. releases the ring spinning frame. 1850: Evan Leigh invents the carding machine. 1856: William Henry Perkin invents synthetic dyes. 1863: Isaac William Lamb invents the flat-bed knitting machine. 1873: Tatsumune Gaun invents the garab ō spinning machine. 1883: Hilaire de Chardonnet invents artificial nitro-silk. 1883: Mayer invents the circular knitting machine. 1892: Charles Frederick Cross and Edward John Bevan invent viscose rayon. 1938: Wallace Hume Carothers invents polyamide fibers. 1942: John Rex Whinfield invents polyester fibers. 1940s: (Sulzer) gripper looms, nonwoven fabrics, and acrylic fibers are put into practical use. 1950s: Air-jet machines and polyurethane fibers are put into practical use. 1960s: Open-air spinners, water-/air-jet looms, and stretch woven fabrics are put into practical use. 1970s: Various types of modified fibers are put into practical use. 1979: The No. 7-II automatic winder with Mach Splicer® (air splicer for cotton yarn) debuts. 1980s: Friction spinning machines and ultra-fine fibers are put into practical use. 1981: The innovative open-end spinner Murata Jet Spinner (MJS) debuts. 1995: Shima Seiki Mfg., Ltd. releases the flat-bed knitting machine SWG (no sewing required). 1997: The innovative open-end spinner Murata Vortex Spinner (MVS) and Rieter COM4® compact spinning machines debut. 1999: Supercritical fluid dyeing equipment and ink-jet printing machines debut. 2005: The high-mix & low-volume textile production winder Arrange Winder® debuts. 2011: Rieter releases the J20 air-jet spinning machine. -2- The_Textile_Machinery_Society_of_Japan_Textile_College_2-Day_Course_on_Cloth_Making_Introduction_to_Spinning_2014_05_22 3. Spinning 3.1. Spinning techniques Spinning is a process in which an assembly of staple fibers is made into long, thin yarns. Basic spinning processes for natural fibers include removal of fiber impurities, blending for equalization of fiber quality, parallel arrangement of fibers, stretching of fiber bundles, and twisting. There are two spinning techniques: one for staple fibers and one for long fibers. By material, such techniques can be divided roughly into cotton spinning, wool spinning (worsted and woolen), linen spinning, silk spinning, and tow spinning. Chart 1 shows the states of fibers and functions of each spinning process, and descriptions of each technique. Chart 1 Process chart of spinning techniques1) Basic segment Preparation of raw materials Fiber frame setting Yarn production Basic Material Opening Frame setting Fine frame Fore-spinning Fine Yarn processes process process process setting process spinning finishing process process process State of fibers Functions Dust Opening Carding Doubling Doubling Drafting removal Dust removal (Dust Combing Drafting Twisting Blending removal, Drafting Winding equilibration) Fibrillation Cotton Mixing and Carding Combing Drawing, Fine spinning blowing roving spinning Worsted Selection, Carding Worsted Fore-spinning Fine spinning washing, spinning, spinning drying, washing, oiling drying, top dyeing Woolen Washing, Reopening, Carding Fine spinning carbonizing wool opening, spinning blending Tow spinning Draft zone Drawing, Fine system roving spinning spinning Linen spinning Scutching Hackling Spreading Drawing, Fine Carding roving spinning Silk spinning Fine roving Draft making Carding Combing Drawing, Fine roving spinning Shown in Figure 2 is the cotton spinning process (staple fiber spinning technique), which accounts for the majority of the market. Figure 3 shows the worsted spinning process. -3- The_Textile_Machinery_Society_of_Japan_Textile_College_2-Day_Course_on_Cloth_Making_Introduction_to_Spinning_2014_05_22 Raw cotton Importing raw cotton Mixing and blowing Sliver Sliver lap Lap Ribbon lap machine Sliver lap machine Carding Sliver Ribbon lap Comber Rove Sliver Fine spinnning Roving Drawing Cheese Doubling Twisting Winding Gassing Dying/ Product Waxing Cone Winding Reeling Bundling Product Cotton Fig. 2 Cotton spinning process 1) -4- The_Textile_Machinery_Society_of_Japan_Textile_College_2-Day_Course_on_Cloth_Making_Introduction_to_Spinning_2014_05_22 Dryer Raw Feeder Washer Feeder materials Double acting Single-needle cylinder type type Oiler Card Intermediate feeder Second Finished First frame frame frame Flat type Dry type washing Copeer roll Drop Frame washing needle bath bath Comber Intermediate Back washer feeder Second Heavy needle Framing type Heavy needle Top type Intermediate Bobbiner Spinning machine feeder Figure 3 Worsted spinning process (French style) 1) 3.2 Spinning machines Spinning productivity and the quality of resultant yarns depend on how yarns are spun. The functions of spinning machines include drafting, twisting, and winding. Figure 4 shows the history of spinning machines since they were first invented in the 16 th century, which followed two courses of development: mule spinning machines, which perform twisting and winding alternately, and ring spinning machines, which perform both simultaneously. At present, ring spinning machines are almost always chosen for their high productivity, while mule spinning machines may be chosen occasionally because of the good texture of yarns that they produce. Figure 5 illustrates the principles of ring spinning machines and mule spinning machines, while Figure 6 is a photo of a Rieter G35 ring spinning machine. -5- The_Textile_Machinery_Society_of_Japan_Textile_College_2-Day_Course_on_Cloth_Making_Introduction_to_Spinning_2014_05_22 Hand 16th century spinning 1764 Hand spinning wheel 16th century Hargreaves' spinning jenny 1772 Treadle spinning wheel Wood's slubbing billy 1769 1779 Arkwright's water-powered spinning machine Crompton's mule spinning frame 1833 1825 ～1830 Fales & Jenks' ring spinning machine Robert's self-acting spinning mule Figure 4 Development of spinning machines 2) Delivery roller Bobbin Thread Faller guide
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Diary of William Owen from November 10, 1824 to April 20, 1825 Ed. by Joel W
    Library of Congress Diary of William Owen from November 10, 1824 to April 20, 1825 ed. by Joel W. Hiatt. INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS. VOLUME IV. NUMBER 1. DIARY OF WILLIAM OWEN From November 10, 1824, to April 20, 1825 EDITED BY JOEL W. HIATT LC INDIANAPOLIS: THE BOBBS-MERRILL COMPANY. 1906. 601 25 Pat 14 F521 .I41 114026 08 iii PREFACE. 3 456 Part 2 8 The manuscript of this diary of William Owen has remained in the hands of his only daughter—formerly Mary Francis Owen, now Mrs. Joel W. Hiatt—for many years and its existence, save to a few, has been unknown. It is fragmentary in form. It is possibly the close of a journal which had been kept for years before. Its first sentence in the original is an incomplete one, showing that there was an antecedent portion. The picture of the times is so graphic than the Indiana Historical Society publishes it, on account of its historical value. Mr. Owen was 22 years old at the time of its composition. Diary of William Owen from November 10, 1824 to April 20, 1825 ed. by Joel W. Hiatt. http://www.loc.gov/resource/lhbtn.14024 Library of Congress William Owen was the second of four sons born to Robert and Ann Caroline Owen, of Scotland. Their names were Robert Dale, William, David Dale, and Richard. Three of them, Robert Dale, David Dale and Richard are known where ever the sun shines on the world of literature or science. William, who, because of habit or for his own amusement, wrote this diary is not known to fame.
    [Show full text]
  • NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES PATH DEPENDENCE and the ORIGINS of COTTON TEXTILE MANUFACTURING in NEW ENGLAND Joshua L. Rosenbloom Wo
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Papers in Economics NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES PATH DEPENDENCE AND THE ORIGINS OF COTTON TEXTILE MANUFACTURING IN NEW ENGLAND Joshua L. Rosenbloom Working Paper 9182 http://www.nber.org/papers/w9182 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 September 2002 I thank Gavin Wright for his comments on an earlier version of this paper and Peter Temin and Doug Irwin for making available to me their data on cotton textile production and tariffs. The views expressed herein are those of the author and not necessarily those of the National Bureau of Economic Research. © 2002 by Joshua L. Rosenbloom. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Path Dependence and the Origins of Cotton Textile Manufacturing in New England Joshua L. Rosenbloom NBER Working Paper No. 9182 September 2002 JEL No. N6, N4 ABSTRACT During the first half of the nineteenth century the United States emerged as a major producer of cotton textiles. This paper argues that the expansion of domestic textile production is best understood as a path-dependent process that was initiated by the protection provided by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. This initial period of protection ended abruptly in 1815 with the conclusion of the war and the resumption of British imports, but the political climate had been irreversibly changed by the temporary expansion of the industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper 2: the Woollen Cloth Industry in the Lim Valley © Richard Bull & Lyme Regis Museum Revised with Extra Images July 2015
    Industrial Lyme - Paper 2: The Woollen Cloth Industry in the Lim Valley © Richard Bull & Lyme Regis Museum Revised with extra images July 2015 Like all research, this is on-going. If you know more, or are descended from any of the families involved, please get in touch with the author via Lyme Regis Museum. Summary Woollen cloth has been made in the Lim Valley from at least medieval times, but this paper is more about the factories in Lyme Regis and Uplyme that made high-quality West of England coat cloths. The factories in Lyme were bankrupt in 1847, leaving the Uplyme factory to soldier on against Yorkshire competition until it was destroyed by fire in 1866, whilst being modernised. In Lyme the factories were started up again in the 1850s to make silk thread and hemp twine, but only for a short period; these are the subjects of other papers in this series. This paper contains: the background to the trade, the history of the factories and a walking trail to see the mills. Cloth making – the essential process in a nutshell Sheep fleeces are packed on the farm into big canvas bags called woolsacks. At the factory the fleeces are scoured (washed) to remove lanolin (wool- grease), dirt and adhering vegetable material. Then the fleeces are scribbled (torn up into pieces), combed and carded to produce rovings, long strips of wool ready for spinning. Washed and combed fleece being fed into a carding machine at Coldharbour Mill, Uffculme, Devon Industrial Lyme Paper 2 – The Woollen Cloth Industry © R Bull & Lyme Regis Museum 1 Spinning means to draw out and twist - and by this process the scales of the individual wool fibres lock together to produce a thread known as a single.
    [Show full text]
  • The Industrial Revolution, 1700–1900
    The Industrial Revolution, 1700–1900 Previewing Main Ideas SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY From the spinning jenny to the locomotive train, there was an explosion of inventions and technological advances. These improvements paved the way for the Industrial Revolution. Geography What other European countries besides England had coal, iron, and textile industries in the 1800s? EMPIRE BUILDING The global power balance shifted after the Industrial Revolution. This shift occurred because industrialized nations dominated the rest of the world. Geography Study the map. Which country appears to be the most industrialized? ECONOMICS The Industrial Revolution transformed economic systems. In part, this was because nations dramatically changed the way they produced and distributed goods. Geography What geographic factors might have encouraged the development of industry in certain places? INTERNET RESOURCES • Interactive Maps Go to classzone.com for: • Interactive Visuals • Research Links • Maps • Interactive Primary Sources • Internet Activities • Test Practice VIDEO Patterns of Interaction: • Primary Sources • Current Events The Industrial and Electronic • Chapter Quiz Revolutions 280 281 What are fair working conditions? You are a 15-year-old living in England where the Industrial Revolution has spurred the growth of thousands of factories. Cheap labor is in great demand. Like millions of other teenagers, you do not go to school. Instead, you work in a factory 6 days a week, 14 hours a day. The small pay you receive is needed to help support your family. You trudge to work before dawn every day and work until after sundown. Inside the workplace the air is hot and foul, and after sunset it is so dark it is hard to see.
    [Show full text]
  • SOCIAL COUNCIL Mtniiiimhiuhhmtiimiiitniiiimiriiuniiitriiiiiiiftihiu ECONOMIC COMMISSION Î0R LATIN AMERICA
    UNITED NATI ONS GENERAL E/CN.I2/9I9 ECONOMIC September 1971 ENGLISH AND ORIGINAL: PORTUGUESE SOCIAL COUNCIL MtniiiimHiuHHmtiimiiitniiiimiriiuniiitriiiiiiiftiHiu ECONOMIC COMMISSION Î0R LATIN AMERICA THE TRAÍAS PER OF TECHNICAL KNOW-HOW IN THE TEXTILE AND CLOTHING INDUSTRIES IN BRAZIL prepared by Luigi Spreafico, Consultant J Note; This report foms part of a study undertaken ty the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA), the Interamerican Development Bank (IDB) and the Division of Public Finance and Financial Institutions of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs on the problems of the transfer of industrial technology in Brazil. I - iii - TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter I. PRODUCTION IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY AND THE ACCUMULATION OF TECHNICAL KNOW-HOW OVER TIME 1 A. INTRODUCTION 1 B. THE ACCUMULATION OF TECHNICAL KNOW-HOW IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5 C. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESS IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 10 1. Basic concepts ........................... 10 2. Prospects of a radical change in the production processes of the textile industry 13 3i Classification of processes by type of fibre used 21 Chapter II. DIFFERENT WAYS OF TRANSFERRING KNOW-HOW IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 26 A. BACKGROUND 26 1. The establishment of the textile industry in Latin America 26 2. Current trends 28 B. TRANSFER OF KNOW-HOW NEEDED TO ESTABLISH NEW MILLS 28 C. TRANSFER OF KNOW-HOW NEEDED FOR RE-STRUCTURING AND MODERNIZING OUT-OF-DATE FACTORIES 35 D. THE WAYS OF TRANSFERRING KNOW-HOW ON THE USE OF SPECIAL PROCESSES AND SYNTHETIC RAW MATERIALS 40 A. Use of - iV - Page 1. Use of synthetic raw materials ..........
    [Show full text]
  • The Industrial Revolution - Making Cloth: the Start of the Industrial Revolution
    The Industrial Revolution - Making Cloth: The Start of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution - Making Cloth: The Start of the Industrial Revolution by ReadWorks The Industrial Revolution got its start in the textile industry. Before the Industrial Revolution, making cloth was a very slow process. Cotton from cotton plants is puffy and full of seeds. First, the seeds had to be taken out, by hand. Next, the cotton had to be spun and stretched into thread, by hand. Finally, the thread was woven into cloth, by hand. Every step along the way required the full concentration of one person. Making cloth took a long time. In 1764, the process of turning cotton into cloth began to change. The three main steps stayed the same. But people began to use machines instead of doing everything manually. The machines did each step faster and faster. Some of the machines were huge. They couldn't fit into a person's home. The first factories were built to house machines and the workers needed to run them. Look at the timeline below. It describes the most important textile machines that were invented. Use it to answer the questions that follow. 1764: The spinning jenny was invented by James Hargreaves. This machine made it easier to make thread. 1769: Sir Richard Arkwright invented the water frame. Now weavers could keep up with all the thread that was being made. After the invention of the water frame, one weaver could weave the yarn from four spinners! The water frame was too big for homes. It only fit in factories.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Spinning Technologies: Possibilities, Applications and Limitations
    Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research Vol. 17 , December 1992, pp. 255-262 An overview of spinning technologies: Possibilities, applications and limitations K R Salhotra Department of Textile Technology. Indian Institute of Technology. Hauz Khas. New Delhi 110016. India Received 12 August 1992 The new spinning technologies such as rotor, air jet and friction spinning have tremendous potential for hi gher productivity. However. at present these technologies not o nl y suffer from the problem of imparting some undesirable properties to the fabric but a lso have limited applicability due to the restricted choice of fibres and counts which can be successfully spun on them. Ring-spinning system, though having lower productivity, does not have these drawbacks. This system, therefore, with the incorporation of some recent improvements is likely to occupy the centre stage for the next few years. Keywords: Air jet spinning, Fabric hand, Friction spinning, Jet spin-assembly wind, Open-end spinning, Ring spinning, Rotor spinning, Twin spinner, Wrap spinning, Yarn properties 1 Introduction 'moire' effect in the fabric despite many modifications The ring-spinning system had remained made to the original yarn. This situation was entirely unchallenged since its introduction in the middle of different from the earlier developments from hand last century till the late 1960s. However, the spinners spinning to ring spinning when the product were becoming increasingly aware of the fact that low characteristics did not undergo any basic change in its productivity was inherent to the basic principle of structure. The systems such as hand wheel, flyer ring spinning. The system had reached a plateau in spinning, cap spinning, spinning jenny, mule regard to maximum production speeds.
    [Show full text]
  • And Interdisciplinary Nature of Textile Design Research of Linseed Fibres
    Multi- and interdisciplinary nature of textile design research of linseed fibres Tiina Härkäsalmi* and Ilpo Koskinen** Aalto-University, School of Art and Design, Department of Design Hämeentie 135 C, 00560 Helsinki, Finland *e-mail: [email protected] **e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: In the future there will be an increasing need for renewable, recyclable and environmentally safety fibres, which are compatible with existing, cotton-based textile manufacturing technologies and are competitive on price and quality. In this study as a raw material the linseed fibres are used, which is almost an unexploited resource for high value end uses. This paper describes a multidisciplinary design study that consisted of three parts, a microbiological study that devel- oped a Fusart®-method for cottonizing linseed fibres, a production model study aimed at showing how the fibres could be processed in an industrial scale, and a fibre quality evaluation study. In practise it means that lustrous and soft fibres, light coloured can be produced cost-efficiently and environmentally-consciously for textiles and potential for producing high-quality bio-based mate- rial with tailored properties. Keywords: design research, material research, fungus, textile design 1. Introduction The objective of this study is to explore the suitability of linseed elementary fibres in new textile and technical applications and creating prerequisites for product design and productization. The study is based on a multidisciplinary approach to the use of flax elementary fibres where, rather than tradi- tional long-linen textile processing technology, short-fibre methods are employed. Special attention was paid to the quality requirements of rotor spinning.
    [Show full text]
  • Cotton Mills for the Continent
    cotton mills_klartext.qxd 30.05.2005 9:11 Uhr Seite 1 Cotton mills for the continent Sidney Stott und der englische Spinnereibau in Münsterland und Twente Sidney Stott en de Engelse spinnerijen in Munsterland en Twente 1 cotton mills_klartext.qxd 30.05.2005 9:11 Uhr Seite 2 Cotton mills for the continent Bildnachweis/Verantwoording Sidney Stott und der englische Spinnereibau in afbeldingen Münsterland und Twente – Sidney Stott en de Engelse spinnerijen in Munsterland en Twente Andreas Oehlke, Rheine: 6, 47, 110, 138 Archiv Manz, Stuttgard: 130, 131, 132l Herausgegeben von/Uitgegeven door Axel Föhl, Rheinisches Amt für Denkmalpflege, Arnold Lassotta, Andreas Oehlke, Siebe Rossel, Brauweiler: 7, 8, 9 Axel Föhl und Manfred Hamm: Industriegeschichte Hermann Josef Stenkamp und Ronald Stenvert des Textils: 119 Westfälisches Industriemuseum, Beltman Architekten en Ingenieurs BV, Enschede: Dortmund 2005 111, 112, 127oben, 128 Fischer: Besteming Semarang: 23u, 25lo Redaktion/Redactie Duncan Gurr and Julian Hunt: The cotton mills of Oldham: 37, 81r Hermann Josef Stenkamp Eduard Westerhoff: 56, 57 Hans-Joachim Isecke, TECCON Ingenieurtechnik, Zugleich Begleitpublikation zur Ausstel- Stuhr: 86 lung/Tevens publicatie bij de tentoonstelling John A. Ledeboer: Spinnerij Oosterveld: 100 des Westfälischen Industriemuseums John Lang: Who was Sir Philip Stott?: 40 Museum Jannink, Enschede: 19, 98 – Textilmuseum Bocholt, Museum voor Industriële Acheologie en Textiel, des Museums Jannink in Enschede Gent: 16oben und des Textilmuseums Rheine Ortschronik (Stadtarchiv) Rüti: 110 Peter Heckhuis, Rheine: 67u, 137 Publikation und Ausstellung ermöglichten/ Privatbesitz: 15, 25u, 26u, 30, 31, 46, 65, 66, 67oben, 83oben, 87oben, 88u, 88r, 90, 92, 125l Publicatie en tentoonstelling werden Rheinisches Industriemuseum, Schauplatz Ratingen: mogelijk gemaakt door 11, 17 Europäische Union Ronald Stenvert: 26r, 39r, 97, 113oben, 113r, 114, 125r, Westfälisches Industriemuseum 126 Kulturforum Rheine Roger N.
    [Show full text]
  • Britannia Rules the Waves
    Working Paper No. 66/01 Britannia Ruled the Waves Timothy Leunig © Timothy Leunig Department of Economic History London School of Economics October 2001 Department of Economic History London School of Economics Houghton Street London, WC2A 2AE Tel: +44 (0)20 7955 7857 Fax: +44 (0)20 7955 7730 Additional copies of this working paper are available at a cost of £2.50. Cheques should be made payable to ‘Department of Economic History, LSE’ and sent to the Economic History Department Secretary. LSE, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK. 2 Britannia Ruled the Waves1 Timothy Leunig2 Abstract This paper uses new micro-level US data to re-examine productivity leadership in cotton spinning c. 1900. We find that output aggregation problems make the Census unreliable in this industry, and that Lancashire, not New England was the productivity leader for almost every type of yarn. This is true both for the operation of a given machinery type, and when comparing machinery typical in each country. Higher capital and labour productivity rates imply that Lancashire’s combination of a more favourable climate, external economies of scale and more experienced workers dominated the advantages that New England firms derived from greater scale. Keywords COTTON ¦ ECONOMIES OF SCALE ¦ LANCASHIRE ¦ MULES ¦ NEW ENGLAND ¦ PRODUCTIVITY ¦ RINGS ¦ SPINNING 1 This paper is based on work in my doctoral dissertation. I thank my supervisor, James Foreman-Peck for his advice. An earlier version of this paper was given at the 1996 Cliometrics meeting. I would like to thank participants there, especially Steve Broadberry and Greg Clark. I thank the Royal Economic Society, Nuffield College Oxford, and Oxford University’s Sir John Hicks Fund for financial support.
    [Show full text]
  • Ÿþm Icrosoft W
    Northwestern University Library Evanston, Illinois 60201 LI L MAIDS & MADAMS MAIDS & MADAMS A Study in the Politics of Exploitation Jacklyn Cock JOHANNESBURG RAVAN PRESS Published by Ravan Press (Pty) Limited, 409 - 416 Dunwell, 35 Jorissen Street, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa. © Copyright Jacklyn Cock First Impression April 1980 Cover art: Bill Ainslie- 1 Typesetting: Dorothy Wheeler r, ISBN 0 86975 177 8 (cloth) ISBN 0 86975 121 3 (paper) Printed by National Book Printers, Goodwood, Cape Acknowledgement: The publishers gratefully acknowledge the co-operation of all the women who participated in the making of the photographs for this book. t' U14 To Mother, Kathie, Margaret and Bill THE MAKING OF A SERVANT I can no longer ask how it feels To be choked by a yoke-rope Because I have seen it for myself in the chained ox. The blindness has left my eyes. I have become aware, I bave seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. He was sleek, lovely, born for freedom, Not asking anything from any one, simply priding himself on being a young ox. Someone said: Let him be caught and trained and broken in, Going about it as if he meant to help him. I bave seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. He tried to resist, fighting for his freedom. He was surrounded, fenced in with wisdom and experience. They overcame him by trickery: 'He must be trained.' A good piece of rationalisation can camouflage evil. I have seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox.
    [Show full text]
  • Samuel Crompton (3 Dec 1753 - 26 Jun 1827)
    Samuel Crompton (3 Dec 1753 - 26 Jun 1827) British inventor who contributed to the Industrial Revolution with his invention of the “spinning mule” to produce continuous, strong, fine yarn. (source) Samuel Crompton Crompton was born at Firwood Fold, near Bolton, England. He was 15 when he started working on a spinning jenny in the Hall'i'th'Wood1 mill, Bolton. The yarn then in use was soft, and broke frequently. He realized that an improved machine was needed. By 1774, at age 21, he began working on that project in his spare time, and continued for five years. He later wrote2 that he was in a “continual endeavour to realise a more perfect principle of spinning; and though often baffled, I as often renewed the attempt, and at length succeeded to my utmost desire, at the expense of every shilling I had in the world.” During this time, he supplemented his income from weaving, when the Bolton theatre was open, by earning eighteen pence a night as a violinist in the orchestra. Samuel Crompton (source) Drawing of the Spinning Mule Because of the machine-wrecking Luddites active during the Industrial Revolution, he worked as best he (1823) (source) could in secret while developing the machine. At one point, he kept it hidden in the roof of his house. (Luddites were handloom workers who violently rejected the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution, and destroyed mechanised looms, in their attempt to protect their livelihoods during harsh economic conditions.) In 1779, his invention was finished - the spinning mule. It was able to spin a continuous, strong, fine yarn by combining ideas from the spinning jenny of Richard Arkwright and the water frame of James Hargreaves.
    [Show full text]