Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for 2

Lead Researchers: Dennis Mombauer and Vositha Wijenayake

A product developed by Southern Voices on Adaptation in partnership with FORUMCC as the national implementing partner and SLYCAN Trust as the technical partner. The product has been developed as part of the activities of CARE Denmark’s CLAR programme with the financial support of the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) and the Austrian Development Agency (ADA). Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 3

i. Table of Contents ...... 3 ii. Table of Abbreviations ...... 4 iii. Executive Summary ...... 6 1. Introduction ...... 8 2. Climate Change Context for Tanzania ...... 10 2.1 Key Economic Sectors ...... 11 2.1.1 Agriculture and Livestock ...... 12 2.1.2 Energy and Manufacturing...... 12 2.1.3 Natural Resources and Tourism ...... 13 2.2 Key Development Priorities ...... 14 3. Climate Change Adaptation in Tanzania ...... 17 3.1 Institutional Framework...... 17 3.2 Key Policies, Plans, and Strategies ...... 18 3.3 Adaptation Sectors ...... 21 3.4 Climate Finance ...... 23 3.5 Data Availability and Accessibility ...... 24 3.6 Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting ...... 25 3.7 Gender and Climate Change ...... 26 4. Methodology ...... 29 5. Findings and Discussion ...... 31 5.1 Development Status of NAP and NDC Review ...... 31 5.2 Key Adaptation Needs and Priorities ...... 31 5.3 NAP Entry Points ...... 33 6. Conclusion ...... 43 7. Table of References ...... 44 Annexure ...... 51

Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 4

ADP Annual Development Plan IPM Integrated Pest Management AEZ Agro-Ecological Zone JPA Joint Principles for Adaptation AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and other LDCs Least Developed Countries Land Uses LEDS Low Emission Development AR5 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report Strategies BAU Business as Usual LGA Local Government Authority CBD Convention on Biological LTPP Long Term Perspective Plan Diversity 2011/2012-2025/2026 CDM Clean Development Mechanism MDB Multilateral Development CIAT International Center for Tropical M&E Monitoring and Evaluation Agriculture MIE Multilateral Implementing Costech Tanzania Commission for Entity Science and Technology MKUKUTA II National Strategy for Growth CSO Civil Society Organization and Reduction of Poverty DNA Designated National Authority 2010/2011-2015/2016 DT District Technician MKUZA III Strategy for Growth EAC and Reduction of Poverty EIA Environmental Impact (ZSGRP) III, 2016-2020 Assessment MRV Monitoring, Reporting, and EMS Emerging Small Towns Verification FDI Foreign Direct Investment NAFORMA National Forest Resources FYDP I First Five Year Development Monitoring and Assessment Plan 2011/12-2015/16 2009-2014 FYDP II Second Five Year Development NAP National Adaptation Plan Plan 2016/17–2020/21 NAPA National Adaptation FYDP III Third Five Year Development Programme of Action Plan 2021/22-2025/26 NBS National Bureau of Statistics GAP Gender Action Plan NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy GDP Gross Domestic Product and Action Plan, 2015-2020 GCF Green Climate Fund NCCCS National Climate Change GEF Global Environmental Facility Communication Strategy GMOs Genetically Modified Organisms NCCFP National Climate Change Focal HDI Human Development Index Point HNAP Health – National Adaptation NCCS National Climate Change Plans for Climate Change in Strategy Tanzania 2018-2023 NCCSC National Climate Change IAS Invasive Alien Species Steering Committee ICT Information and NCCTC National Climate Change Communication Technology Technical Committee INC Initial National Communication NDA National Designated Authority INDCs Intended Nationally Determined NDCs Nationally Determined Contributions Contributions Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 5

NEAP National Environmental Action STI Science, Technology, and Plan Innovation NEAC National Environmental SUA Sokoine University of Advisory Committee Agriculture NEMC National Environmental TDV2025 Tanzania Development Vision Management Council 2025 NEP National Environmental Policy TIC Tanzania Investment Centre NESR National Environment Statistics TIRDO Tanzania Industrial Research Report and Development Organization NFP National Forestry Policy TMA Tanzania Meteorological NGO Non-Governmental Agency Organization TWG-GS Technical Working Group on NIE National Implementing Agency Gender Statistics NTWG National Technical Working UGEAP Universal Green Energy Access Group for Environment Programme Statistics UNCCD United Nations Convention to OCGS Office of the Chief Government Combat Desertification Statistician in Zanzibar UNDP United Nations Development PMO Prime Minister's Office Programme POPC President’s Office Planning UNEP United Nations Environment Commission Programme PO-RALG President’s Office – Regional UNFCCC United Nations Framework Administration and Local Conventions for Climate Change Government VPO-DoE Vice President’s Office – SADC Southern African Development Division of Environment Community WMA Wildlife Management Area SDGs Sustainable Development Goals WUR Wageningen University SES Sector Environment Section Research SNC Second National Communication to the UNFCCC Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 6

Tanzania is vulnerable to the adverse impacts to be addressed first and most when it comes of climate change, especially floods, droughts, to adaptation. epidemics, and agricultural pests and diseases. These impacts are projected to Through national development visions and intensify over the next decades and seriously the United Nations Sustainable Development threaten the country’s food security, Goals, Tanzania aims to turn itself into a infrastructure, economy, ecosystems, and middle-income country. Tanzania’s communities. development priorities are food security, industrialization, economic growth, improved Tanzania’s institutional framework for health services, infrastructure, and a “learning climate change is centered around the society.” Division of Environment under the Vice President’s Office and consists of advisory A National Adaptation Plan provides human- bodies such as the National Environment driven adjustments in ecological, social, or Management Council and the National Climate economic systems or policy processes in Change Steering and Technical Committees. response to actual or expected climate The Division of Environment guides both stimuli.1 The NAP process is envisaged to be sectoral and regional authorities, but local continuous, progressive, and iterative, and to implementation is primarily facilitated by the follow a country-driven, gender-sensitive, Regional Administration and Local participatory, and fully transparent approach. Government Ministry under the President’s It is based on nationally identified priorities, Office. Among the key institutional gaps and national sustainable development planning, capacity needs identified are coordination and and the adaptation component of Nationally capacity needs as well as gaps in access to Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the climate finance, data, research, national Paris Agreement. monitoring and evaluation as well as reporting systems. The NAP aims to mainstream climate change adaptation into Tanzania’s national The most important sectors for climate development planning, commitments under change adaptation in Tanzania are the Paris Agreement, policies, and local-level agriculture, livestock, water resources, actions. By utilizing the identified entry points energy, forestry, health, coastal and marine and addressing the adaptation needs and environment, tourism, and human priorities, the NAP can be developed to settlements. Due to their contribution to the integrate with existing policies, plans, economy, their importance to large parts of strategies, mechanisms, and systems to create the population, and their vulnerability to the synergies and co-benefits. impacts of climate change, these sectors need To inform Tanzania’s NAP process, nine entry points for mainstreaming adaptation and

1 (LDC Expert Group, 2012) Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 7 integrating it into national processes have 9. Processes related to community, been identified. These entry points are as traditional, and indigenous knowledge as follows: well as the social and cultural framework 1. National development planning cycles These nine entry points as well as the NDC 2. National process for the implementation review process and the NAP readiness project of the Sustainable Development Goals, can support an inclusive and participatory NAP national development priorities, and process, which focuses on identifying development funding economic priorities and risks for adaptation 3. Processes to enhance cross-ministerial actions. coordination 4. Local level implementation mechanisms The purpose of this research is to support an and plans inclusive, participatory, evidence-based, and 5. Sectoral climate mainstreaming gender-responsive National Adaptation Plan processes process as well as to facilitate through 6. Data collection and research mechanisms research for multi-actors to gain knowledge and systems and insights to ensure that the NAP takes into 7. Awareness creation and education needs consideration the climate risks, economic 8. Gender mainstreaming priorities, climate vulnerabilities, and other key factors.

With a population of 58 million people and a Tanzania as well as the semi-autonomous total land area of 947,303 km2, the United and sub-divided into a Republic of Tanzania is the largest country in total of 31 administrative regions (Mikoa) and East Africa.2 It is comprised of mainland 169 districts (Wilaya).

Tanzania Country Overview Total Land Area (km2) 947,303 Total Population (2019, in million) 58.01 Estimated Population (2050, in million) 129.39 Total GDP (in million USD, 2017) 50,403 Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries, Forestry 17.0% Industry 26.4% Services 33.5% % of Labour Force in Agricultural Sector 66% % of Rural Population 66% % of Population in (Severe) Multidimensional Poverty 55.4 (25.9%) Ratified UNFCCC / Kyoto / Paris Agreement 1996/2002/2018 Submitted First NDCs/INDCS 2015 First/Second/Third National Communication 2003/2015/- Figure 1: Country Overview3

Tanzania could be divided into four Mt. Kilimanjaro, the Maasai Steppe, Lake geographical regions:4 Nyasa/Lake Malawi, and the Ngorongoro Crater. ● Eastern Coastal Belt: A hot and humid region along the Indian Ocean, including Tanzania has been categorized as a Least the Zanzibar Archipelago and containing Developed Country (LDC) in 1971, , and is about 25% of the total population. ranked at 159 out of 189 countries and ● Central Plateau: A hot and arid region territories on the 2019 UNDP Human with plains and arable land. Development Index.5 Two thirds of the ● Northern and Western High Lakes: A population live in rural areas and work in semi-temperate region containing Lake agriculture, approximately half live in multi- Victoria, Lake , and the dimensional poverty, and approximately one Serengeti. quarter in severe multidimensional poverty.6 ● North-Eastern and South-Western Health indicators of the country have tracked Highlands: A region that includes the improvement over the years, with the coldest parts of the country and contains

2 (United Nations, Department of Economic and Tanzania, National Bureau of Statistics, 2019), Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019) (International Labour Organization, 2010) 3 (The World Bank, 2019), (United Nations, 4 (USAID, 2018) Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 5 (UNDP, 2019) Population Division, 2019), (United Nations, 6 (UNDP/OPHI, 2019) Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2018), (Government of Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 9 country’s life expectancy rising more than 15 Tanzania also contains a wide range of cultural years compared to 1990. Only 61% of the and environmental resources. This includes population have access to improved drinking both Africa’s highest and lowest point (Mt. water sources, and only 19% to improved Kilimanjaro and Lake Tanganyika, sanitation.7 Further, while aggressive health respectively), four of the seven Natural programmes have reduced malaria morbidity Wonders of Africa9, seven UNESCO World and mortality, 93% of the population remain at Heritage Sites10, four Ramsar wetland sites11, risk of malaria, and new cases are emerging and six out of twenty-five global biodiversity even in areas which are marked historically as hotspots12. malaria-free areas.8

7 (UNDP, 2019) 10 (UNESCO, 2019) 8 (World Health Organization, 2019) 11 (Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, 2019) 9 (Sen Nag, 2019) 12 (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2019)

As a developing tropical nation with a majority well as biodiversity and natural resources, of its population dependent on rainfed leading to the disturbance and fragmentation agriculture and livestock production, Tanzania of ecosystems, drastic drops in the water levels is vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate of Lake Victoria, Tanganyika, Nyasa, and Jipe, change on its environment, economy, and and drastic reduction of Mount Kilimanjaro’s people. glacier.16

Tanzania’s National Adaptation Programme of Tanzania has extensive water resources Action lists as the main climate-related hazards (96,270 million m³ per year renewable, 13% of epidemics such as malaria, dysentery, which are transboundary17). But strong rainfall diarrheal diseases, cholera, typhoid, and seasonality has the potential to lead country to meningitis, prolonged droughts, floods, and spatial and temporal water scarcity in the arid agricultural pests and diseases.13 Increasing and semiarid regions. Mainland urban areas temperatures, dry spells, water scarcity, such as , , Kibaha, and reduced agriculture yields, land degradation, (with a combined population of more changes in land use, species loss, than six million) rely primarily on surface water deforestation, desertification, inundation, sources that are increasingly polluted and sedimentation, salt water intrusion along the further threatened by heavy rainfall events coast, and coral reef destruction further that wash mining, commercial, and domestic impact human lives, livelihoods and the pollution into rivers, lakes, and wetlands.18 ecosystems of Tanzania.14 Furthermore, with reduced surface water quantity and quality, coastal cities increasingly Mean annual temperatures have risen, depend on groundwater which is at risk of threatening key economic sectors. Over saline intrusion. Additionally, Tanzania is the several decades, parts of the country’s most flood-affected country in East Africa,19 Northeast and South have gotten drier while and heavy rainfall events present the central and northwest Tanzania experience likelihood to increase flood impacts to increased rainfall and more frequent floods.15 infrastructure and associated energy, water, Among the sectors highly vulnerable to climate and transportation services. risks and hazards are agriculture and energy sector which are threatened by prolonged For Zanzibar, climate change impacts are droughts, shifting distribution of mainly related to saltwater intrusion and agroecological zones, pests, vermin, and plant inundation. Mangrove forests along the diseases, reduced livestock carrying capacity, coastlines of the islands have been destroyed, and extreme weather events.

Furthermore, impacts of climate change are felt on cultural heritage and historic wealth as

13 (Government of Tanzania, Division of 16 (Government of Tanzania, Division of Environment, 2007) Environment, 2007) 14 (CIAT/WUR/CARE, 2018), (CIAT/WUR/CARE, 17 (FAO, 2019) 2019), (CIAT/WUR/CARE, 2019) 18 (USAID, 2018) 15 (Future Climate for Africa, 2017) 19 (UN-Habitat, 2014) Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 11 reducing flood prevention which in turn affects the future.21 This is supported by climate rice cultivation.20 change projections that predict consistent warming, more erratic rainfall patterns, Climate science indicates a high certainty that reduced overall rainfall, and more frequent these climate impacts and risks, especially and severe climate-related events over the temperature increase, shifting rainfall course of the century.22 patterns, and sea level rise, will continue into

In terms of GDP contribution, employment, priority sectors for mitigation actions. The and growth rate, the agricultural sector, intended emission reduction contributions including livestock, fisheries, and forestry, is a from these sectors are expected to enable the key pillar of Tanzania’s economy. It employs country to achieve a low emission growth two thirds of the country’s total labor force pathway while achieving the desired and contributes 28.2% to its GDP.23 Other sustainable development. major economic sectors include construction Apart from GDP, employment, and growth, (13% GDP, 12.9% growth rate in 2018), vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity wholesale and retail trade (9.1% GDP, 12.7% are crucial considerations for establishing employment),24 manufacturing (8.1% GDP), priority sectors for adaptation. Industry and mining (5.1% GDP), and tourism.25 mining are sectors where private entities Additionally, communication and financial might well be able to provide finance for services have been drivers of economic change adaptation actions, whereas sectors like over the recent decades.26 agriculture and livestock are dominated by According to the Second National smallholder farmers with very limited Communication, agriculture, forestry and resources. Human settlements and health other land uses (AFOLU) account for 93.2% of pose additional development challenges total emissions, followed by the energy sector especially in regard to unplanned settlements, with 3.8%, waste management with 1.5%, and internal migration, health risks posed by industrial processes and product use with flooding, insufficient infrastructure, and 0.5%.27 conflict over land use.28

The NDCs of Tanzania identify the energy, transport, forestry and waste management sectors as the top contributors toward economic development in Tanzania and the

20 National Stakeholder Workshop organized by 24 (Government of Tanzania, National Bureau of FORUMCC on January 23rd, 2020, in Dar es Statistics, 2019), (International Labour Salaam, Tanzania. Organization, 2010) 21 (Future Climate for Africa, 2017), (IPCC, 2018) 25 (Government of Tanzania, National Bureau of 22 (Tanzania Traditional Energy Development Statistics, 2014) Organization, 2017) 26 (FAO, 2013) 23 (Government of Tanzania, National Bureau of 27 (Tanzania Traditional Energy Development Statistics, 2019), (Government of Tanzania, Organization, 2017) National Bureau of Statistics, 2019), (International 28 National Stakeholder Workshop organized by Labour Organization, 2010), (Danish Trade Union FORUMCC on January 23rd, 2020, in Dar es Council for International Development Salaam, Tanzania. Cooperation, 2018) Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 12

from increasing heat extremes, flood losses, degraded pasture land and disease outbreaks, Tanzania’s national food security is severely including Rift Valley Fever.32 Loss of livelihoods threatened by climate change. The country is leads to increasing conflict, migration, and ranked 152nd out of 187 in the 2011 UN Human long-distance pastoralist travel in search of Development Index, and 54th out of 79 on the pastures.33 2012 Global Hunger Index. Most of the population is involved in small-scale crop cultivation or livestock production.29

Sector GDP Employment Growt Manufacturing (5.5% GDP) and construction h Rate (15% GDP) are among the backbones of Agriculture 16.2 66.9 5.0 Tanzania’s industry and set to further expand Livestock 7.6 (with fisheries 4.9 as the country pushes toward industrial & forestry) development and experiences rapid Figure 2: Agriculture and Livestock Economic Sector30 population growth, more than doubling its Increasing temperatures, longer dry spells and current population by 2050.34 more frequent and intense rains put crop and Sector GDP Employment Growth livestock production in Tanzania at risk. The Rate vast majority of agricultural production comes Manufacturing 8.1 3.1 8.3 from rainfed smallholder farms, and livestock Electricity 0.3 5.8 production is practiced by around 60% of rural Water & waste 0.4 7.4 31 households. management Construction 13.0 2.1 12.9 One third of cropland is devoted to maize, Figure 3: Energy and Manufacturing Economic Sector35 which accounts for 40% of caloric intake nationally. National maize production is For the energy sector, about 40% of Tanzania’s projected to decrease 8-13% by 2050 due to limited electricity supply (which reaches only increased heat stress, drying, erosion, and 16-18% of the population) comes from flood damage. Bean, sorghum and rice yield hydropower vulnerable to increasing projections follow similar trends, with evaporation, siltation from heavy rainfall decreases of 5-9% by 2050. Increasing heat events, and longer dry spells. Even though stress and expansion of the coffee berry borer historic emissions have been low, the beetle are expected to decrease coffee government's development efforts and the productivity from 225 kg/ha currently to less projected rapid population growth provides than 100 kg/ha in 2060. Along the coast, the potential for an increase in GHG emissions cassava and rice crops are subject to from various sectors, highlighting the need for salinization, waterlogging and inundation from a low-carbon, clean energy, green, and sea level rise. Livestock production is at risk

29 Focus Group Discussions organized by 33 National Stakeholder Workshop organized by FORUMCC in Tanzania. FORUMCC on January 23rd, 2020, in Dar es 30 (Government of Tanzania, National Bureau of Salaam, Tanzania. Statistics, 2019), (The World Bank, 2019), (The 34 (United Nations, Department of Economic and World Bank, 2019), (International Labour Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019) Organization, 2010) 35 (Government of Tanzania, National Bureau of 31 Focus Group Discussions organized by Statistics, 2019), (The World Bank, 2019), (The FORUMCC in Tanzania. World Bank, 2019), (International Labour 32 Focus Group Discussions organized by Organization, 2010) FORUMCC in Tanzania. Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 13 sustainable development pathway for garnet, emerald, alexandrite, and sapphire, Tanzania. industrial minerals such as kaolin, phosphate, lime, gypsum, diatomite, bentonite, and The industry sector contributes to climate vermiculite, and energy minerals such as coal change but also depends heavily on natural and uranium.39 Recent discoveries of large oil resources, which are vulnerable to the impacts and gas reserves in the deep sea off Tanzania's of climate change such as wildfires, heavy coast40 have increased the already vast rains, floods, strong winds, or droughts. reserves of natural resources and make Unforeseen budget expenditures, energy cuts, Tanzania one of Africa’s major mining increased health costs, decreased availability countries. of raw materials due to drought, and challenges in infrastructure are among other The government has enacted or updated a risks that impact the sector.36 number of acts and policies to regulate natural resource exploitation in recent years, such as the 2013 Natural Gas Policy, the 2013 Local Content Policy of Tanzania for Oil and Gas Industry, the 2015 National Energy Policy, the 2015 Petroleum Act, the 2015 Tanzania Sector GDP Employment Growth Extractive Industries (Transparency and Rate Accountability) Act, and the 2017 Natural Fisheries 1.7 66.9 (with 9.2 Wealth and Resources Act. Forestry 2.7 agriculture) 4.9 Mining and 5.1 1.1 1.5 Tanzania is also among the African countries Quarrying most visited by foreign tourists, and the Figure 4: Natural Resources and Tourism Economic tourism sector accounts for more than 20% of 37 Sector foreign exchange earnings.41 For Zanzibar, it is Tanzania has a wealth of natural resources of responsible for approximately 50% of the 42 various kinds. Forestry and fisheries are GDP, and direct and indirect contributions important sources of smallholder livelihoods, from the tourism sector amount to 9.1% of the with fisheries alone providing more than four total GDP for the mainland as well as almost million jobs and serving as an important source 1.2 million direct and indirect jobs.43 of protein along the coast and Tanzania’s many Since at least the 1980s, Tanzania’s tourism lakes.38 industry has been steadily growing and The country is rich in mineral resources developing. Capitalizing on the country’s including metallic minerals such as gold, iron, diverse ecosystems and biodiversity, the silver, copper, platinum, nickel, and tin, sector has expanded massively from just gemstones such as diamonds, tanzanite, ruby, around 50,000 tourist arrivals in 1983 to 1.5 million in 2018.44 Tanzania has 48 million

36 National Stakeholder Workshop organized by 40 (Reuters, 2011), (Reuters, 2016) FORUMCC on January 23rd, 2020, in Dar es 41 Focus Group Discussions organized by Salaam, Tanzania. FORUMCC in Tanzania. 37 (Government of Tanzania, National Bureau of 42 (ODI, 2016) Statistics, 2019), (The World Bank, 2019), (The 43 (World Travel & Tourism Council, 2018) World Bank, 2019), (International Labour 44 (Government of Tanzania, National Bureau of Organization, 2010) 38 Statistics, 2010), (Wade, Mwasaga, & Eagles, Focus Group Discussions organized by 2001), (The World Bank, 2019), (Government of FORUMCC in Tanzania. Tanzania, Ministry of Natural Resources & 39 (Government of Tanzania, National Bureau of Tourism, 2018) Statistics, 2018) Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 14 hectares of forested area, more than 50% of Tanzania’s ecosystems and species are the country’s total land area,45 sixteen National threatened by climate and non-climate Parks,46 and a network of game reserves and stressors such as sea level rise, ocean other protected areas.47 acidification, bleaching, strong waves, cyclones, and biodiversity loss for coastal Tourist Arrivals in Tanzania and ecosystems, warming and sedimentation for Zanzibar freshwater lakes, and land conversion and 49 2000000 deforestation for forests. 1500000 Furthermore, Tanzania’s tourism sector is 1000000 projected to be one of the fastest-growing in 500000 the world over the next decade, but the 0

conservation of its environment and

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2005 adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate Tanzania Zanzibar change will be crucial to facilitate this growth.50 Figure 5: Tourist Arrivals in Tanzania and Zanzibar48

Tanzania has adopted or developed a number Year Development Plan 2016/17–2020/21 of policies, plans, and strategies related to (FYDP II) combines the two separate sustainable development. On the international development frameworks of the First Five Year and regional level, this includes the 2030 Development Plan (FYDP I) and the National Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty by the UN General Assembly in 2015, the 2010/2011-2015/2016 (MKUKUTA II). As FYDP African Union’s Agenda 2063 - the Africa we II was developed after 2015, it also had the want, and the East African Community’s Vision opportunity to align the national strategy with 2050 from 2015 and 2016, respectively. The both the national NDCs and the global SDGs. SDGs, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk For Zanzibar, the Zanzibar Vision 2020 is Reduction, and the African Agenda 2063 are implemented through the Strategies for mainstreamed into the national development Growth and Reduction of Poverty, currently in plans. the third and final iteration (MKUZA III). The mainland’s long-term development vision To establish the main priorities for Tanzania's is outlined by the Tanzania Development sustainable development, TDV2025 targets Vision 2025 (TDV2025). Its realization is have been mapped with FYDP II priority areas, governed by the Long-Term Perspective Plan Zanzibar’s MKUZA III key result areas, and the 2011/12-2025/26 (LTPP) and implemented SDGs: through three Five-Year Plans as well as Annual Development Plans (ADPs). The current Five

45 (Government of Tanzania, Division of 48 (Government of Tanzania, Ministry of Natural Environment, 2014) Resources & Tourism, 2018) 46 (Government of Tanzania, National Bureau of 49 National Stakeholder Workshop organized by Statistics, 2018) FORUMCC on January 23rd, 2020, in Dar es 47 Ibid. Salaam, Tanzania. 50 (World Travel & Tourism Council, 2018) Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 15

SDG TDV2025 Target FYDP II Priority Area MKUZA III KRA 1 Absence of abject poverty 2 Food self-sufficiency and security Agriculture growth Modernized agricultural sector Food security and National and nutrition for human household food development security 3 Universal quality primary health care Health for human Improved access to Universal quality reproductive health development quality health services services Reduction in infant and maternal mortality Life expectancy of middle-income country 4 Universal primary education Education for human Inclusive and equitable development access to quality education 5 Gender equality Enhanced prevention of violence against women and children Improved gender- responsive climate change adaptation Gender equality and equity 6 Universal access to safe water Water for human Improved access to development quality sanitation and safe and clean water 7 Diversified and semi-industrialized Policy and institutions Competitive tourism 8 economy aimed at sustaining and hospitality sector businesses Macroeconomic stability Growth in Modernized manufacturing, manufacturing sector mining, construction Solid economic growth rate Fostering innovation Vibrant private sector and technological adaptation Growth in tourism and Enhanced trade entrepreneurial capacity Reduced environmental and social risks of economic activity 9 Adequate level of physical Improvement in Resilient and growth infrastructure quality and quantity of enabling infrastructure infrastructure 10 Learning society Access to quality social Improved social services protection schemes Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 16

Social protection Enhanced capacity to human development respond to emergencies Skills development for increased employability 11 Adequate level of physical Urban planning Access to housing, infrastructure improved land use 12 Moral and cultural uprightness Responsible corporate governance 13 Reversing trends of environmental loss Climate change Prevent environmental and degradation degradation 14 Reversing trends of environmental loss Environment growth Marine and terrestrial 15 and degradation ecosystems protected and restored 16 Rule of law Good governance for Rule of law human development Absence of corruption Macroeconomic Good governance stability systems and structures Macroeconomic stability A conducive business environment 17 Active and competitive player in Maximising on global Mobilized resources regional and world markets and regional economic for implementation dynamics Figure 6: Key Development Priorities and SDGs51

The government has placed a priority on rapid Climate change is now recognized as a industrialization and infrastructure challenge to national development within the development to reach middle-income status current five-year development plan.53 Without by 2025,52 as indicated by the clustering of large-scale adaptation actions, climate change priorities related to SDG 8 (Decent Work and will severely hinder Tanzania's development Economic Growth) and SDG 9 (Industry, efforts. Climate-induced losses across Innovation, and Infrastructure) in all three economic sectors, infrastructure, and human development documents. Another key focus is settlements will impact development toward capacity and skill development as per priorities becoming a middle-income country.54 related to SDG 4 (Quality Education) and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities).

51 Mapping of targets from (Government of Tanzania, Planning Commission, 1997), priority areas from (Government of Tanzania, Ministry of Finance and Planning, 2016), key result areas from (Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar, 2017), ,and the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. 52 (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, 2018) 53 (ODI / University of Dar es Salaam, 2013) 54 (The World Bank, 2015)

Adaptation Needs and Priorities:55

• Improving the coordination of institutions responsible for climate change and sustainable development for better integration and coordination and establishing a mechanism for coordination and climate action across ministries and institutions; addressing institutional fragmentation, poor horizontal and vertical coordination, and under-resourcing. • Improving connection between national policies and local action through better integration of climate change into the PO-RALG including a system of bottom-up feedback and participation. • Enhancing integration of non-government stakeholders such as CSOs, private sector entities, media, academia, local communities, NGOs, faith-based institutions, and public-private partnerships into the climate change adaptation process. • Building capacities on climate change and climate change adaptation among government institutions. change adaptation process.

Tanzania’s national climate change focal point (NCCFP) and primary institution for climate change adaptation is the Division of Environment under the Vice President's Office (VPO-DoE). It is headed by the Minister responsible for Environment in the Vice President’s Office.56

The National Environmental Management Council (NEMC) and the National Environmental Advisory Committee (NEAC) advise the Minister while the National Climate Change Steering Committee (NCCSC) provides policy guidance and the National Climate Change Technical Committee (NCCTC) provides technical advice to the Division of Environment. Based on this, the DoE guides both the sector ministries and the

55 Sources listed below and input from National Stakeholder Workshop organized by FORUMCC on January 23rd, 2020, in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 56 Compare Environmental Management Act of 2004, Section 75 for the mandate on climate change of the Minister Responsible for Environment, including to “take measures to address climate change, particularly the impacts of climate change and adaptation measures.” Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 18

Ministry for Regional Administration and Local Community Development, Gender, Seniors Government.57 and Children, the Ministry of Finance and The Ministry for Regional Administration and Planning, the Ministry of Lands, Housing and Local Government (PO-RALG) plays a crucial Human Settlements, the Ministry of Natural role in the implementation of adaptation Resources and Tourism, the Ministry of Water actions. While the line ministries are tasked and Irrigation, the corresponding Ministries with the drafting of policies, the component from Zanzibar, and agencies such as the for implementation of the measures falls Tanzania Meteorological Agency. under the purview of PO-RALG. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and private Among the challenges and gaps highlighted by sector entities cooperate with the government stakeholders is the lack of regular meetings by in implementing climate change strategies NCCSC and NCCTC, as well as the coordination through various projects and programmes of climate change actions across sectors and while development partners provide technical, government institutions.58 financial, and capacity-building support as well Figure : Institutional Framework as facilitate technology development and Other relevant ministries include the mainland transfer to various stakeholders in Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of implementing climate change strategies.59 Livestock and Fisheries, the Ministry of Health,

Adaptation Needs and Priorities:60

• Strengthening links between national policies and local implementation to facilitate an integrated, inclusive, participatory, and informed process of climate change adaptation. • Linking national policies more strongly with international or regional processes to benefit from enhanced cooperation; formulating clear implementation steps and closing gaps in concrete financing and capacity building for climate action. • Linking national policies on climate change adaptation with the Agenda 2030 goals and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction; creating synergies to prevent adaptation actions to fall only under shared aspects of the national development plans. • Formulating climate change policies and strategies for all sectors.

Climate Change is a core challenge for Tanzania Tanzania has submitted its INDCs and its in the short-, medium-, and long-term.61 To Second National Communication to the address its impacts, the government of UNFCCC in 2015/16. Its strategy for Tanzania has developed a number of policies, environmental action and climate change plans, and strategies. adaptation is laid out in the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) of 1994 and the following National Environment Policy of

57 (Government of Tanzania, Division of 59 (Tanzania Traditional Energy Development Environment, 2015), (Irish Aid, 2018), Organization, 2017) (Government of Tanzania, Vice President's Office, 60 Sources listed below and input from National 2012), (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Stakeholder Workshop organized by FORUMCC on Change and the Environment, 2018), (University of January 23rd, 2020, in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Gothenburg, School of Business, Economics and 61 (The World Bank, 2015), (Future Climate for Law, 2010), (USAID, 2018) Africa, 2017) 58 (ODI / University of Dar es Salaam, 2013) Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 19

1997, the Environmental Management Act in sectors: Agriculture, livestock, forestry, 2004, the National Adaptation Programme of energy, coastal, marine environment and Action (NAPA) in 2007, the National Climate fisheries, water resources, tourism, human Change Strategy (NCCS) and the National settlements, and health, as well as means of Climate Change Communication Strategy implementation as a cross-cutting issue.62 (NCCCS) in 2012, Climate Change Adaptation Besides the above-mentioned key documents, Plans for Water in 2012 and Agriculture in a number of sectoral and sub-national policies, 2014, the National REDD+ Strategy and Action plans, and strategies are relevant to climate Plan, the National Environmental Action Plan change adaptation and sustainable 2013-2018 and the Zanzibar Environmental development in Tanzania. However, only some Policy in 2013, the Zanzibar Climate Change sectors are covered by specific policies such as Strategy in 2014, the National Environmental the Agriculture Climate Resilience Plan, the Policy in 2016, and, most recently, the Health Climate Smart Agriculture Programme, the National Adaptation Plan 2018-2023 (HNAP) in Water Resources Management Climate 2018. Change Adaptation Action Plan, or the HNAP, As the main document under the UNFCCC while sub-national plans are not developed process, Tanzania’s (I)NDCs contain four yet. mitigation sectors (energy, transport, waste management, forestry) and nine adaptation Sector Policies, Plans, and Strategies Agriculture and Livestock • National Food and Nutrition Policy 1992 • National Land Policy 1995 • Agricultural and Livestock Policy 2001 • Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2001 • National Livestock Policy 2006 • Agricultural Sector Development Programme 2006 • Livestock Sector Development Programme 2011 • SAGCOT Investment Blueprint 2011 • Tanzania Agriculture and Food Security Investment Plan 2011 • National Food Security Act 2012 • National Agriculture Policy 2013 • Big Results Now 2013 • Tanzania Agriculture Climate Resilience Plan 2014–2019 • Climate Smart Agriculture Programme 2015 • Agriculture Sector Development Programme Phase II 2016 • Tanzania National Multi-Sectoral Nutrition Action Plan 2016-2021 Forestry • National Forestry Policy 1998 • Wildlife Policy 2007 • Beekeeping Policy 2008 Energy • National Energy Policy 1992 • Sustainable Industrial Development Policy 1996 • National Investment Promotion Policy 1996 • National Energy Policy 2003 • Electricity Act 2008 • Mineral Policy of Tanzania 2009

62 (Government of Tanzania, Division of Environment, 2015) Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 20

• Energy Strategic Plan 2011 • EIA Guidelines for Energy Sector 2012 • Power System Master Plan 2012 • Natural Gas Policy 2013 • Electricity Supply Reform Strategy Roadmap 2014 • National Energy Policy 2015 Coastal, Marine • Coastal Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 1995 Environment and Fisheries • National Fisheries Policy 1998 Water Resources • National Water Policy 2002 • National Irrigation Master Plan 2003 • National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 • Strategy for Urgent Actions on Land Degradation and Water Catchments 2006 • National Irrigation Policy 2009 • National Irrigation Policy 2010 • National Irrigation Act 2013 • Water Resources Management Strategic Interventions and Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation 2013 • Water Sector Development Programme Phase II 2014 Tourism • National Tourism Policy Human Settlements • Community Development Policy 1996 • National Human Settlements Development Policy 2000 • Construction Industry Policy 2003 • National Transport Policy 2003 • National Population Policy 2006 Human Health • National Health Policy 2007 • Tanzania Public Health Act of 2009 • Health Sector Strategic Plan IV 2015 Cross-Cutting • Disaster Management Policy 1990 • National Disaster Relief Coordination Act 1990 • Women and Gender Development Policy 2000 • National Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policy 2003 • National Disaster Management Policy 2004 • Education and Training Policy 2005 • National Research and Development Policy 2010 • National Biotechnology Policy 2010 • Guidelines for Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into National Sectoral Policies, Plans, and Programmes of Tanzania 2012 • National Guidelines for Mainstreaming Gender into Climate Change Related Policies, Plans, Strategies 2013 • National Strategy on Gender and Climate Change 2013 Figure 7: Sectoral Policies

On the international level, Tanzania has African Union and the East African Community, ratified the United Nations Framework both of which have developed strategies and Convention on Climate Change in 1996, the policies for climate change: the African Kyoto Protocol in 2002, and the Paris Agreement in 2018. Regionally, it is part of the Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 21

Strategy on Climate Change63, the East Africa Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for the Community’s Climate Change Policy64, or the Water Sector.65 Southern African Development Community’s

Adaptation Needs and Priorities:66

• Integrating enabling sectors such as education, service, financial institutions, urban planning, or transparency into adaptation processes. • Focusing on the sectors of agriculture and livestock, followed by water resources and energy, forestry, and health; adding disaster risk reduction as cross-cutting issue. • Apart from sector-specific adaptation actions, awareness creation, data access and research, coordination, management, and local community participation are of the highest priority for successful climate change adaptation. • Including existing governance systems in regard to decisions on infrastructure and similar areas into climate change plans. • Formulating policies especially for the forestry, coastal and marine, tourism, and human settlements sectors.

There are several adaptation priorities that are Energy (and Industry) 1, 7, 8, 9, identified by Tanzania’s existing policies and 12 plans. These include thirteen priority sectors Health 3 for climate change adaptation listed in the Forestry (and Wetlands) 13, 15 NAPA, fourteen sectors in the NCCS, eleven Coastal, Marine Environment, 2, 8, 14 environmental challenges in the NEAP, nine and Fisheries sectors in the NDCs, and six sectors in the SNC. Tourism 8, 12, 17 Human Settlements (and 9, 11, 13 Building on this, the following sectors emerge Infrastructure) in order of highest to lowest priority: Figure 8: Adaptation Sector Prioritization67

Sector SDGs By analysing the existing strategies and plans Agriculture 1, 2, 8 for climate change adaptation, a number of Livestock 1, 2, 8 highest-priority adaptation actions has been Water Resources 3, 6, 13 identified for each sector:68

63 (African Union, 2015) 68 To prioritize adaptation actions, this research 64 (East African Community, 2010) has analysed key documents related to climate 65 (Southern African Development Community, change adaptation in Tanzania and collected their 2011) respective adaptation actions into one table per 66 Sources listed below and input from National sector. Within the sectors, the actions have been Stakeholder Workshop organized by FORUMCC on ranked based upon the number of documents they January 23rd, 2020, in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania are listed in; for instance, the agricultural sector 67 (Government of Tanzania, Division of lists “improvement of agricultural land and water Environment, 2007), (Government of Tanzania, management” in all five key documents, giving it Division of Environment, 2012), (Government of the highest priority and importance. The Tanzania, Division of Environment, 2013), documents analysed for this are the NAPA, the (Government of Tanzania, Division of NEAP, the NCCS, the NDCs, and the SNC for all Environment, 2015), (Government of Tanzania, sectors, with the HNAP added for the human Division of Environment, 2014) health sector. The complete tables are available as a separate appendix to this document. Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 22

Sector Priority Adaptation Actions Agriculture Improve agricultural land and water management Promote indigenous and traditional knowledge Promote climate and other risk transfer mechanisms Strengthen extension services and agricultural infrastructure Increase irrigation and promote different irrigation methods Promote drought-tolerant, early maturing or short-season crops Shift crop farming to more appropriate agro-ecological regions Promote integrated crop and pest management Make better use of climate and weather data Strengthen early warning systems Livestock Promote (traditional) knowledge on sustainable livestock management Enhance development of livestock infrastructures and services Promote livelihood diversification of livestock keepers Promote development of livestock insurance strategies Promote development and implementation of land use plans Water Promote integrated water resources development and management Resources Invest in protection and conservation of water catchments Promote waste water reuse and recycling technologies Improve management and use of groundwater resources Develop alternative water storage/harvesting tech for communities Develop recycle and reuse facilities in industrial sector and households Facilitate access to water resources Promote water treatment and storage Energy Promote use of energy efficient technologies and behaviour Enhance the use of renewable energy potential across the country Explore and investing in energy diversification systems Promote application of cogeneration in the industry sector Promote clean coal for energy generation Forestry Enhance efficiency in wood fuel utilization Strengthen community-based, participatory forest management Promote community woodlots with fast growing tree species Enhance participatory fire management Enhance forest governance and protection of forest resources Enhance sustainable forest management Promote afforestation programmes in degraded lands Enhance development of buffer zones and wildlife migratory routes Promote lesser known timber species Promote use of non-wood construction materials Health Develop early warning system and emergency measures Ensure availability of sufficient trained staff at all health facilities Integrate climate change adaptation action into health sector policies Strengthen community awareness of preventable health hazards Establish health and climate collaboration and synthesis programmes Establish efficient and well-coordinated early warning systems Enhance information sharing and international communication Develop monitoring and forecasting mechanisms for health impacts Promote and ensure community participation in cholera programmes Strengthen coastal resource management and erosion control Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 23

Coastal, Marine Establish marine and coastal protected areas Environment, Promote livelihood diversification for coastal communities and Fisheries Develop mangrove and shoreline restoration programme Enhance conservation and fishery resource management Reduce non-climate stresses like pollution, overfishing or extraction Enhance integrated data management systems in the fisheries sector Tourism Promote sustainable tourism and climate resilient tourism Promote diversified tourist attractions (eco-tourism, cultural tourism) Establish alternative income sources for communities in tourist areas Human Develop sustainable and climate sensitive human settlement Settlements Facilitate universal access to adequate and affordable shelter Enhance awareness on climate change impacts on human settlements Relocate vulnerable communities to other areas Improve building codes and standards adaptive to climate change Figure 9: Priority Adaptation Actions by Sector69

Many adaptation actions are specific to their research needs among their highest priority sectors, but some hold significant cross- actions, six list enhancing management or sectoral importance. Seven out of nine coordination, and three list local community adaptation sectors list awareness creation, participation70. knowledge dissemination, and data or

Adaptation Needs and Priorities:71

• Establishing a budget tagging system for climate change to track relevant expenditures and creating a clear and transparent climate finance infrastructure and capacity to access bilateral, multilateral, and private sector funding. • Building capacities in proposal writing and accessing international climate finance; exploring opportunities to access regional financing without a prior accreditation process. • Establishing a national system for mainstreaming climate change adaptation into local-level/PO- RALG and private sector plans and activities. • Mainstreaming climate finance into national development planning; mainstreaming climate financing in the national budget and integrating climate change adaptation with the Ministry of Finance and Planning and existing finance flows.

At present, climate finance tagging mechanism Tanzania is eligible to receive funding from is not established for Tanzania’s national global environmental and climate change- budget, and the 2019/20 budget proposal only related funds like the Green Climate Fund makes one reference to climate change (in (GCF), the Adaptation Fund, the Special section xxvii).72 Climate Change Fund, the Climate Investment Fund, the Least Developed Countries Fund,

69 See footnote 68 70 Seven sectors in total list community participation in at least one of the main documents, but it is among the highest priority actions only for Energy, Forestry, and Tourism. 71 Sources listed below and input from National Stakeholder Workshop organized by FORUMCC on January 23rd, 2020, in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 72 (Government of Tanzania, Ministry of Finance and Planning, 2019) Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 24 and the Global Environmental Facility (GEF). Climate Resilient Development Programme Other bi- and multilateral funding agencies and Universal Green Energy Access include the European Union, the World Bank, Programme).75 The NEMC has prioritized AFDB, EADB, SIDA, CIDA, Norway’s adaptation projects on water, agriculture, and International Climate and Forest Initiative, health in an open process and selected four Germany’s International Climate Initiative, the projects with support from GIZ, one from UK’s International Climate Fund, and Japan’s Zanzibar and three from the mainland. All four Fast Start Finance. project concept notes are to be considered by the Adaptation Fund board in March 2020, No government institution has received after which they will go into the full application accreditation as an NIE by the GCF at the time process.76 of the preparation of this paper, although both the PO-RALG and the Ministry of Finance and Furthermore, among the needs for effective Planning are in the process of accreditation as climate adaptation action is a system for National Implementing Entities (NIEs). tracking climate finance flows, and measure However, Tanzania has several accredited the amount of climate-relevant expenditures entities such as, the CRDB Bank as well as within the national budget.77 Other challenges, external entities such as KfW- Deutsche Bank, gaps and needs identified include capacity UNDP, UNEP, FAO, IUCN, GIZ, and IFAD needs regarding proposal writing and focusing on climate action and project accreditation to climate finance, fiduciary implementation in Tanzania.73 The NEMC is standards, control over grant money, the only entity accredited by the Adaptation transparency, documentation, and reporting Fund74. among the key stakeholders including government and CSOs.78 Two projects to be implemented in Tanzania have been approved by the GCF board (Simiyu

Adaptation Needs and Priorities:79

• Establishing a national-level data portal for climate change adaptation; strengthening holistic data collection including up and downstream benefits, value chain analysis, co-benefits, and synergies. • Collecting adaptation-relevant data through already existing mechanisms of data collection and improving free data accessibility to facilitate knowledge-sharing and evidence-driven decision- making on all levels. • Integrating data gathered from NGOs, CSOs, and international organizations working in specific areas or sectors into national data collection; aligning the research of academic and research institutions with national priorities on climate change adaptation and directing their output toward the national data portal. • Collecting and integrating local, traditional, and indigenous knowledge.

73 (Green Climate Fund, 2019) 77 (ODI / University of Dar es Salaam, 2013) 74 (Adaptation Fund, 2019) 78 National Stakeholder Workshop organized by 75 (Tanzania Traditional Energy Development FORUMCC on January 23rd, 2020, in Dar es Organization, 2017) Salaam, Tanzania. 76 National Stakeholder Workshop organized by 79 Sources listed below and input from National FORUMCC on January 23rd, 2020, in Dar es Stakeholder Workshop organized by FORUMCC on Salaam, Tanzania. January 23rd, 2020, in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 25

• Making data and knowledge products available in English and Swahili and accessible by everyone without technological or capacity-related barriers; creating public policy documents that are short, easily understandable, and user-friendly.

As established in the previous sections, data Statistician in Zanzibar collect large amount of and research are of vital importance for statistical information and make it available for effective climate change adaptation. Among other government agencies, organizations, key needs identified are research on various and stakeholders. areas related to the impacts of climate change Regional Administration and Local and the options for adaptation, and the need Government Ministry under the President’s for a centralized data collection mechanism. Office is instrumental in the collection of data, While data collection and management portals from which TMA can feed data through exist for mitigation related actions and sectors existing structures of PO-RALG to make the in Tanzania, this does not extend to adaptation date accessible and user friendly. related sectors and actions. Existing mechanisms of data collection being While meteorological data is available, the effectively used, and adapted to collect accessibility remains on purchase, and upon relevant data for climate vulnerability and risk issuing of permits of approval from the assessing remains a need for Tanzania. This National Bureau of Statistics or the Tanzania would include evaluating and integrating Commission for Science and Technology.80 existing data tools, allowing them to add The National Bureau of Statistics collects data variables to provide more information on the as mandated under the 2015 Statistics Act and existing data. the 2017 Statistics Regulations and as outlined Additional gaps and needs to be addressed are by the Statistical Master Plans. In 2019, the accessibility of data; ensuring that data is user- government amended the act and regulations friendly to end users who are not to allow the publication of independent technologically-savvy. Further, there is also the statistical information by CSOs, opening up the need to demystify data to ensure their possibility to tap into additional non- applicability and increase the spectrum of government sources of data.81 Both the NBS users to ensure the widest accessibility and and the Office of the Chief Government reach.

Adaptation Needs and Priorities:82

• Integrating climate change reporting into existing domestic reporting mechanisms to ease the burden of M&E, MRV, and compliance with their requirements of capacities, finance, and access to technology.

80 Focus Group Discussions organized by FORUMCC in Tanzania. 81 (UN Women, 2019) 82 Sources listed below and input from National Stakeholder Workshop organized by FORUMCC on January 23rd, 2020, in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 26

• Developing a domestic M&E system that builds on existing M&E mechanisms and links up with international standards and reporting requirements to track the progress and benefits of adaptation actions.

Measurement, reporting, and verification are reporting on SDG implementation as well as on not only important for the mitigation sector, the indicators for the Sendai Framework for but it remains an important aspect for Disaster Risk Reduction.86 adaptation actions as well. For Tanzania, Among gaps identified is the lack of a tracking adaptation is at least as vital as mitigation and system for contribution by the CSOs to climate requires an efficient, effective, and inclusive adaptation actions. This would need to MRV system. encompass MRV of both financial A thorough MRV system for adaptation is likely contributions as well as the impact of CSO to be highly complex and require a large contributions to such actions. Additionally, number of data points, many of which could be tools that allow multi-stakeholders less straightforward than the ones for implementing climate actions, including CSOs mitigation.83 to record the impact of their programs, verify them, and communicate the information with Reviewing existing national MRV systems and the government stakeholders for integration integrating them with reporting under the into the MRV process are of benefits for linking Paris Agreement is of high importance. Setting government and non-government processes, up a separate institutional framework for MRV and creating and enabling environment for has proven to be beneficial and effective in multi-actor adaptation processes in Tanzania. coordinating the pre-existing data collection Further, such processes could contribute to mechanisms with UNFCCC and Paris the national processes such as the Agreement reporting.84 implementation of NDCs and the NAP. The VPO has a monitoring and evaluation plan, The NAP process is expected to develop a but it has not been implemented yet due to a national adaptation monitoring and evaluation lack of action plans. There is also a lack of system in accordance with technical guidance ownership and local suitability of existing M&E provided by the Least Developed Countries systems developed by external consultants. It Expert Group (LEG) and its supplementary has been noted that building on existing M&Es materials. Information from this M&E system systems would add value for climate may be used for domestic and international adaptation process in the country, compared reporting, and as entry points that could be to developing new systems.85 There is also a enhanced to contribute to the NAP process. need to establish a responsive and inclusive mechanism of coordinating, monitoring and

Adaptation Needs and Priorities:87

83 (SLYCAN Trust, 2019) 84 (SLYCAN Trust, 2019) 85 Focus Group Discussions organized by FORUMCC in Tanzania. 86 (IISD, 2019) 87 Sources listed below and input from National Stakeholder Workshop organized by FORUMCC on January 23rd, 2020, in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 27

• Further mainstreaming gender into climate change adaptation policies, plans, strategies, and actions. • Ensuring that customary laws regarding land rights, inheritance, and marriage recognize gender equality and the central role of women for many sectors of Tanzania’s economy. • Collecting gender-disaggregated data on climate change impacts and adaptation actions. • Including gender as a mandatory indicator for the evaluation of activities and programs.

Men and women are impacted differently by Despite being highly vulnerable to adverse climate change, and underlying gender impacts of climate change, women have the inequalities in Tanzania exacerbate the potential to be powerful agents of change and vulnerability of women to climate change. The already play a key role in agriculture and other country has made steady progress in key sectors. However, they have often less increasing the participation of women in access to land rights and agricultural inputs government and other decision-making bodies and therefore a lower income-earning as well as school enrolment. But climate potential, reducing their resilience to extreme change threatens to reverse some of this weather events, slow-onset impacts, and other progress.88 shocks to their livelihoods. In terms of food security, closing the gender gap in agricultural In Tanzania, women play a central role in many productivity would increase overall crop sectors, including agriculture (commercial and production by somewhere between seven and domestic crop production, water collection for nineteen percent in Tanzania.90 household use), energy (collecting household energy fuel), forestry (planting trees, Tanzania has committed itself to reducing and harvesting food, handicraft raw materials, ultimately removing gender inequalities and medicinal herbs, and firewood), and fisheries pursuing women’s advancement, first in the (seaweed farming, octopus fishing, fish 1977 Constitution (revised 2001) and the 1984 marketing, processing marine products).89 Bill of Rights, then in the TDV2025. The Ministry for Community Development, Gender However, their role often comprises time- and and Children published a Women and Gender labor-intensive tasks with little access to Policy in 2000 and a set of National Guidelines technology and lower earnings than men in the for Mainstreaming Gender into Climate same sectors, making them more vulnerable Change Related Policies, Plans and Strategies and less resilient to climate change impacts. In in 2012, followed by a National Strategy on agriculture, women suffer from a yield gap of Gender and Climate Change from the VPO-DoE around 20-30%, customary laws on land in 2013. A Gender Focal Point was established ownership, and limited access to education on with the Permanent Secretary of Environment climate change. They are responsible for as early as 2000, and major legislation related collecting water from often far-away wells and to land rights was amended to grant equal fuel for household cooking and lighting, using rights to women (for instance inheritance up a sizable part of their day. Furthermore, Laws, the Marriage Act, and the 1999 Land Law they also have special vulnerabilities, for Act and Village Act). On an international and example with high maternal mortality rates or regional level, Tanzania’s gender framework is heightened susceptibility of pregnant women guided by the Beijing Platform of Action, the to water-borne diseases. Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), and

88 (Government of Tanzania, Ministry for Community Development, Gender and Children, 2012) 89 (Government of Tanzania, Division of Environment, 2013) 90 (UNDP, 2019) Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 28 the 1998 SADC Declaration on Gender and identified, as have awareness campaigns and Development.91 capacity-building across sectors and governance levels.92 Among the implementation actions of the key national documents are giving women control Mainstreaming gender consideration is of of irrigation systems and rainwater harvesting, great importance for resilience and climate establishing links between women groups and change adaptation. The 2012 National LGA health officers, researching new gender- Guidelines for Mainstreaming Gender into sensitive energy technologies, identifying Climate Change Adaptation related Policies, benefit-sharing systems for women in forestry, Plans, Strategies, Programmes and Budgets and prioritizing coastal women groups to provides clear guidelines and states the roles access loans and technologies, for example for and responsibilities of key institutions, but seaweed farming, fish farming, and many of the other national and sectoral aquaculture. policies and plans still remain gender-blind or vague.93 However, these commitments have not yet resulted in action that could be considered There is often a mismatch between the gender transformative. Analysis of the identified gender gaps, needs, and constraints documents points toward a need for more on the one hand and the proposed policy research and information on gender solutions on the other. Integrating gender into imbalances and gender-specific issues, the the review of the NDCs and other key national collection of sex-disaggregated data, the documents presents the opportunity to revision of implementation plans, and more integrate gender-responsive or transformative robust action. A need for including gender as a actions into adaptation actions, to deeply mandatory indicator for the evaluation of embed gender considerations into adaptation activities and programs has also been planning.94

91 (Government of Tanzania, Ministry for 92 (CGIAR, 2016) Community Development, Gender and Children, 93 (CGIAR, 2016) 2012), (Government of Tanzania, Division of 94 (CGIAR, 2016) Environment, 2013) Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 29

The research aims to identify entry points to • Gender and inclusivity, the degree to inform the development of Tanzania’s National which climate change adaptation in Adaptation Plan (NAP). Tanzania is multi-stakeholder driven and participatory, including vulnerable To determine priority sectors as well as communities. existing gaps, needs, and opportunities, the country’s National Communications to the Based on the study of around a dozen key UNFCCC, its Nationally Determined documents, more than seventy other policies, Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris plans, strategies, and government documents, Agreement, and any other public document international and regional policies, and dozens validated by the government or reputed of other reputable sources from UN agencies international organizations have been to World Bank, USAID, GIZ, Irish Aid, academia, analysed in depth in respect to the following trade organizations etc., key entry points to aspects: inform the country’s NAP process have been identified and the aspects to focus on for • Key climate hazards, risks, and building resilience highlighted. The research vulnerabilities also includes recommendations on which • Key economic sectors based on GDP sectors and key aspects to include as part of contribution, employment numbers, the adaptation component of the NDCs and growth rate, and their importance for enhancing the existing NDCs on adaptation. communities and livelihoods • Key development priorities and their The Joint Principles for Adaptation (JPA)95 have alignment with the Sustainable been used as a main reference tool during the Development Goals (SDGs) research while analysing documents and • Institutional framework, coordination developing recommendations for the NAP mechanisms, institutional capacities, process entry points based the following engagement of local government principles: C (Mainstreaming and authorities, CSOs, and other stakeholders coordination), D (Local level adaptation), and E • Key policies, plans, strategies, and laws, (Vulnerability and diversity including gender the way and degree to which they address considerations). climate change, and their alignment with In order to ensure relevance and ownership of international and national processes like the study, the research has been conducted in the UNFCCC and the Sendai Framework for close cooperation with FORUMCC, a country- Disaster Risk Reduction level Southern Voices partner which has • Climate finance and funding sources on a assisted SLYCAN Trust in data collection from domestic, regional, and international key experts and by providing assistance in scale, including private sector engagement linking with the experts to facilitate the and private-public partnerships research team in gathering information and • Monitoring and evaluation as well as including the most updated data. FORUMCC reporting mechanisms conducted two focus group discussions, one in

95 (Southern Voices on Adaptation, 2015) Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 30

Dodoma focusing on key sector ministries and was re-circulated to a number of national one in Dar es Salaam focusing on non-state experts and key stakeholders for further input stakeholders who have been part of the NAP (see Annexure for a full list) before being processes and consultations in direct or shared with a wider audience at a national indirect form. For validation, a National workshop, after which an additional week was Stakeholder Workshop was conducted on given for feedback and corrections to be January 23rd, 2020, in Dar es Salaam with incorporated. representatives of the primary government It is the expectation that the findings, and institutions involved in the NAP process information shared through this paper will (including VPO-DoE, PO-RALG, NEMC, Ministry contribute to an evidence-driven, participatory of Livestock and Fisheries Development, and and inclusive NAP and climate change Ministry of Energy and Minerals), UNDP, GIZ, adaptation process for Tanzania. CARE Tanzania, and local NGOs and CSOs including FORUMCC, FECE, JET, HUDEPO, TIBA; IRCPT, HAFOTA, CFP, and TFCG. The final draft Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 31

The mandate for Tanzania’s National Regarding the NDCs, the commitments under Adaptation Plan is derived from the National the Paris Agreement submitted in 2015 are Environmental Policy of 1997 and the scheduled to be updated in 2020 in line with Environmental Management Act of 2004. The the outlined five-year cycle. The current NDC country’s NAP process effectively started in document is an update of the 2015 (I)NDCs and January 2013 and is yet to be completed.96 currently at a final stage waiting for approval by the ministers committee. It outlines priority After the development of key adaptation- sectors on both adaptation and mitigation related plans and strategies in 2012-2014 and which were identified through a review of a USD 300,000 GCF Readiness and Preparatory various documents relevant to climate change Support Program from 2015-2016, a multi- and economic development.100 sector and multi-agency NAP team was formed in 2016. This team comprises thirty experts 2015: GCF Readiness and Preparatory Support Program 2015- who received capacity trainings and 2016 (USD 300,000) workshops conducted in 2016 and 2017 by the 2016: National 30-person NAP team created government in collaboration with GIZ. The NAP team organized awareness raising events and 2016-2017: Capacity building of NAP team performed a national stocktake to identify available information on climate change 2017-2019: Stocktaking exercise undertaken by NAP team, impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation.97 NAP process roadmap developed by NAP team

After the stocktaking, the VPO-DoE developed 2019: Third Tanzania readiness support proposal for NDA strengthening and country programming proposal submitted a GCF readiness proposal with technical to GCF (USD 300,000) support of UNDP, but this proposal has not yet been approved.98 As of July 2019, Tanzania is 2019: NAP GCF Readiness proposal for integrating climate change adaptation into Tanzania's Planning Processes one of the 78 countries that have submitted a submitted to GCF (USD 3,000,000)

NAP Readiness proposal to the GCF, thirty of which have been approved so far.99 Figure 10: NAP process outline

The research has identified key gaps and needs as well as the highest priorities for a NAP.

96 (Government of Tanzania, 2013), (Government 99 (Green Climate Fund, 2019) of Tanzania, Vice President's Office, 2014) 100 Focus Group Discussions organized by 97 (NAP Global Network, 2019) FORUMCC in Tanzania. 98 (Irish Aid, 2018) Adaptation Needs and Priorities A Cross-ministerial coordination B Interconnecting national and local level Institutional Framework C Integration of non-government stakeholders D Build capacities among government B Lack of subnational adaptation planning B Strengthen links with local implementation Key Policies, Plans, and E Strengthen links with international and regional processes Strategies F Strengthen links to SDGs G Lack of climate change policies for certain sectors H Integrate enabling sectors like education or transparency I Focus on agriculture, livestock, water, energy, forestry, and health sectors J Enhance awareness creation Adaptation Sectors K Enhance research and data access A Enhance management and coordination B Strengthen local community participation G Forestry, coastal, tourism, and human settlements lack policies L Create a budget tagging system for climate change D Build capacities to access and utilize climate finance Climate Finance B Mainstream adaptation into local and private planning F Mainstream climate finance into national development planning K Establish national data portal for adaptation K Collect relevant data through existing mechanisms Data Availability and K Integrate the research of academic and non-government Accessibility institutions B Collect and integrate local and indigenous knowledge K Ensure free and easy access to relevant data Monitoring, Evaluation, M Integrate climate change reporting into existing mechanisms and Reporting N Develop a domestic M&E system for adaptation Gender and Climate O Gender mainstreaming Change O Recognize gender equality and the central role of women O Collect gender-disaggregated data on climate change O Include gender as a mandatory evaluation indicator for actions Figure 11: Prioritization of adaptation needs and priorities101

From this analysis, the highest number of Climate Change Strategy, and apply the lessons priorities focus on better integration between learnt for further actions. national- and local-level policies and actions The private sector and CSOs have not been (B), enhanced availability and access to fully included in the NAP and NDC processes, research and data (J), improved coordination and information from academia and research (A), capacity building among government (D), institutions could be better integrated with the and more synergies with SDGs and work of government agencies. For example, development plans (F). the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) has There is a need to evaluate what has been created a database that collects all research of done during past processes, for example students on livestock—this database could be stocktaking on the impacts of the Environmental Management Act or the

101 Identification based on research as outlined in the previous chapters. Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 33

used as an example of a knowledge portal and upscaled to a national knowledge hub.

As established by UNFCCC Decision 5/CP.17, adaptation into development processes, the the objectives of a NAP are “(a) To reduce building of capacities, awareness, and vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, knowledge among the government and by building adaptive capacity and resilience” general population, the need to address and “(b) To facilitate the integration of climate institutional fragmentation, poor horizontal change adaptation, in a coherent manner, into and vertical coordination, and under- relevant new and existing policies, resourcing, and the integration between programmes and activities, in particular national planning and local implementation, development planning processes and local communities, and other non-government strategies, within all relevant sectors and at stakeholders. different levels, as appropriate.”102 To develop a NAP that addresses these Among the main challenges for climate change challenges as well as the general issues of adaptation in Tanzania are the integration of financing, monitoring, reporting, gender

Figure 12: NAP Entry Points Overview

102 (LDC Expert Group, 2012) Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 34 responsiveness, just transition, inclusivity, and entry points and their associated actions multi-stakeholder participation, nine entry before the next section goes into more detail points have been identified. The below table for each individual entry point. provides a summarized overview over the nine

Overview: Entry Points and Actions Link adaptation planning with 2020/21 end of Zanzibar's development vision and FYDP II as well as NDC implementation start Link adaptation planning with Zanzibar's new vision 2050, which focuses on blue Entry Point 1: economy, industrialization, tourism, small industries, and economic Development opportunities in small islands while taking climate change into account Planning Cycles Link adaptation planning with 2025/26 as a time window for NAP review with end of FYDP III, LTPP, and TDV2025 Build on potential synergies with GCF project FP041 from 2019-2024 and consider upscaling for agriculture sector adaptation planning Build on alignment of agriculture, livestock, fisheries sector adaptation actions with SDG 2 actions, water resources with SDG 6, health with SDG 3, and tourism with SDG 8 and 1, all of which receive strong direct funding from the United Nations Consider that energy, forestry, costal and marine environment, and human settlements do not receive much direct UN funding Integrate adaptation into existing programmes and projects on infrastructure, mobility, electrification, social inclusion, and economic development and access Entry Point 2: development funding SDGs, National Collaborate with the Prime Minister’s Office, the Ministry of Finance and Development Planning, and the Inter-Agency Expert Group for SDGs and target the 2020/2021 Priorities, and Comprehensive Review for SDGs to build on SDG funding for adaptation actions Financing Use GCF project FP095 as an entry point for developing the climate finance mechanism for adaptation actions, as well as engaging private sector Access Blue Action Fund established under GCF project FP122 to implement climate-resilient coastal zone management and ecosystem-based adaptation, which aligns with Tanzania's funding needs for forestry, coastal and marine, and tourism, and could provide the opportunity to access additional sources of funding Use GCF project FP027 as an entry point for actions for the energy sector. Build on existing cross-ministerial mechanisms such as the Inter-Agency Expert Group for SDGs Include members and representatives of data-gathering entities such as the NBS Entry Point 3: and the TMA, of relevant sector ministries, PO-RALG and local government Cross-Ministerial authorities, Ministry of Finance and Planning, and other relevant agencies Coordination Allocate budgets for regular coordination meetings Build on component for institutional capacity building and enhancing coordination in third Tanzania GCF readiness support proposal for NDA strengthening and country programming Strengthen mechanism to communicate feedback and needs from the local level to policy makers Entry Point 4: Integrate adaptation planning with other plans on sub-national level to allow Local Level adaptation funding and expertise to be utilized for maximum effect Implementation Inform and train local level leaders on climate change and its long-term impacts and connect them to national government and policy processes Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 35

Identify champions in CSOs and other non-government entities as well as community multipliers and influencers to help implement climate change adaptation and make it a priority topic GCF proposal FP041 presents the potential to be upscaled and lessons learnt to be applied to future local-level adaptation planning in the agricultural sector Formulate policies related to climate change for the forestry, coastal, marine Entry Point 5: environment, and fisheries, tourism, and human settlements sectors Sectoral Policy Integrate adaptation planning for forestry and the coastal sector as well as Development tourism with the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan as well as the and Climate Aichi Biodiversity Targets to exploit synergies and utilize additional funding Mainstreaming Integrate the NAP with the HNAP and other health sector policies that relate to climate change research and implementation of adaptation actions Develop an Information Management System and web portal for climate change that can be accessed by all sectors on national and local level (including district technicians) Build on National Environment Statistics Report by NBS and the National Technical Working Group for Environment Statistics Integrate with process to develop a comprehensive report on climate change statistics by NBS and Climate Change Statistics Committee Use 2022 decennial population and housing census and new mobile GIS technology to collect adaptation-relevant data such as exposure, vulnerability, and adaptive capacities Integrate with PO-RALG data collection from district level and build a Entry Point 6: comprehensive data management and sharing process for climate change Data Collection Use 2020 Comprehensive Review for SDGs to collect and manage data for and Research climate change adaptation activities Align climate-related localized SDG indicators with national development plans and climate change adaptation Develop a national climate change research strategy as part of NAP readiness activities and mechanisms for sharing of data and research findings as well as accessing research funding Develop a process for climate data sharing which is open-source or free to access Create policies and allocate climate finance for government institutions like NEMC and TMA to share data without fee or access barriers Create a central knowledge hub for climate change adaptation, including a dashboard for early weather-based warning and weather forecasts Recognize awareness creation, knowledge dissemination, and research as key adaptation actions Create awareness and understanding for climate change adaptation to facilitate adaptation planning and action on all levels of government and society Communicate issues and approaches in local language and in a way that Entry Point 7: connects to local communities and other stakeholders Awareness Integrate climate change adaptation into the formal and informal education Creation and system Education Enhance multi-stakeholder process for awareness creation on climate change and create an interface between government, civil society, and media Establish a national dialogue on climate change to allow all stakeholders to present their mandates and activities and provide input and feedback for Tanzania’s NAP Mainstream gender into concrete policies and local-level adaptation actions Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 36

Entry Point 8: Establish planning framework that harmonizes and coordinates gender Gender integration in policies and sectoral plans Mainstreaming Build on UNFCCC Gender Action Plan process under the Lima work programme on gender Build on actions taken toward SDG targets related to gender, especially SDG5 Include gender as a mandatory indicator for the evaluation of activities and programs. Integrate NAP actions with commitments in the National Strategy on Gender and Climate Change and the Women and Gender Policy. Build on gender assessments and gender action plans of GCF proposals FP095, FP122, and FP041 as well as GCF NDA readiness support Integrate indigenous and traditional knowledge into the NAP process together with culture, traditions, and art Recognize cross-cutting issues such as employment, social security, social Entry Point 9: justice, local government planning, public service and management, local Community participation, cultural preconceptions, traditions, social benefits, taboos, Knowledge and gender roles, folklore, stories Sociocultural Use these issues to connect with wider public through CBOs, CSOs, Ministry of Framework Youth, Culture, Arts, and Sports, and other relevant stakeholders in society Create momentum for climate action and promote the concept of collective responsibilities and collective action as well as increased communication between government and non-government stakeholders Figure 13: Entry Points and Actions

Development Planning Cycles As the NAP process is continuous and Entry progressive, the relevant progress and Point JPA C: Mainstreaming and coordination integration of climate change adaptation into 01 Adaptation Needs: A, B, D, F, J, N development process could be a continuous process which would provide the possibility to NAPs provide the opportunity to enable review the initial actions of the first 5 years different government sectors to work in a cycle in 2025/26, when the third five-year plan, coordinated way. the LTPP, and TDV2025 all come to an end, Both Zanzibar’s development vision 2020 and providing space for next generation of the mainland’s second five-year development development plans to be developed for plan end in 2020/21, offering a unique Tanzania opportunity to enhance the integration of Furthermore, the USD 187.9 million GCF climate change adaptation into the next cycle project FP041 in the has a of development planning. 2020 also falls in line timeline from 2019 to 2024.105 Since the with the schedule for starting NDC project aims to develop a holistic approach to 103 implementation in Tanzania (2020-2030). strengthen agricultural resilience through Figure : NAP Entry Points Zanzibar’s new vision for 2050 is set to focus sustainable water provision and improvement on blue economy, industrialization, tourism, of farming conditions, it presents the potential small industries, and developing economic to be upscaled and lessons learnt to be applied opportunities in small islands while taking to future adaptation planning in the 106 climate change into consideration.104 agricultural sector from 2025 onwards.

103 (OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group, 2018) 105 (Green Climate Fund, 2017) 104 (Tanzania , 2019) 106 (Green Climate Fund, 2017) Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 37

SDGs, National Development that is “increasingly being allocated to low- carbon, climate-resilient projects.”108 Entry Priorities, and Financing JPA C: Mainstreaming and Point To build on funding for SDG actions that have coordination 02 commonalities with adaptation actions and Adaptation Needs: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H ensure climate resilience, the VPO-DoE could collaborate with the Prime Minister’s Office, United Nations funding for SDGs in 2019/2020 the Ministry of Finance and Planning, and the is largely focused on a number of main goals: Inter-Agency Expert Group for SDGs and target one third goes to SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and the 2020/2021 Comprehensive Review for 16.9% go to SDG 3 (Good Health and Well- SDGs (further adding to the timeframe Being), followed by SDG 16 (9.5%), SDG 5 outlined in entry point one). (8.5%), SDG 1 (7.3%), SDG 8 (5.9%), SDG 4 (5.3%), and SDG 6 (4.1%). Direct funding for There are also three regional GCF projects that climate action (SDG 13) is low at 0.4%, while are of high relevance to sustainable Life on Land and Life under Water (SDG 14 and development and include Tanzania. FP095: 15) only receive a combined total of 2.1%.107 Transforming Financial Systems for Climate is a USD 738.7 million, 20-year lifespan project to However, many of the most funded and scale up climate finance and engage the focused development activities align with private sector on sustainability and resilience adaptation sectors: Agriculture, livestock, and across seventeen countries, including fisheries with SDG 2, water resources with SDG Tanzania.109 This project could be an entry 6, health with SDG 3, and tourism with national point for developing the climate finance priorities linked to SDG 8 and 1. mechanism for adaptation actions, as well as UN funding is low for energy (SDG 7, 0.7% of engaging private sector as a key contributor to UN funding), forestry and coastal and marine the implementation of actions under the NAP, environment (SDG 14 and 15), and human or adaptation planning at national and sub- settlements (SDG 11, 2.3%), which are all national level in Tanzania. included in the TDV2025 (“reversing trends of FP122: Blue Action Fund is a USD 60.4 million environmental loss and degradation,” project across Tanzania, Madagascar, South “adequate level of physical infrastructure”), Africa, and Mozambique that establishes a the FYDP II (“climate change,” “environment Blue Action Fund to implement climate- growth,” “urban planning”), and MKUZA III resilient coastal zone management and (“preventing environmental degradation,” ecosystem-based adaptation, including “protecting and restoring marine and mangroves and coral reefs.110 Given the terrestrial ecosystems,” “access to housing,” funding needs for both forestry, energy, and “resilient and growth enabling coastal and marine environment as well as the infrastructure”). cost-effectiveness of ecosystem-based By adjusting existing programmes and projects adaptation, investing in mangroves and other on infrastructure, mobility, electrification, coastal ecosystems could provide strong co- social inclusion, and economic development to benefits and provide the opportunity to access take climate change into account and be additional sources of funding like the Blue climate-resilient, Tanzania will be able to Action Fund, the Commonwealth Blue access development funding and investment

107 (United Nations Tanzania, 2019) 109 (Green Climate Fund, 2018) 108 (Tanzania Urbanization Laboratory, 2019) 110 (Green Climate Fund, 2019) Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 38

Charter111 action groups, or the Indian Ocean strengthening and country programming Rim Association (IORA). proposal submitted to GCF, which should have an allocated component for institutional For the energy sector, GCF project FP027: capacity building, and enhancing coordination Universal Green Energy Access Programme for climate action. (UGEAP), which has a total value of USD 301.6 million to increase access to clean electricity in Tanzania and six other African countries could Local Level Implementation be an entry point for actions for the energy Entry JPA D, E: Local level adaptation, sector.112 Point vulnerability and diversity 04 Adaptation Needs: A, B, D, H, I, J, K Cross-Ministerial Coordination Local-level implementation of climate change Entry adaptation activities is critical, and a stronger Point JPA C: Mainstreaming and coordination mechanism to communicate feedback and 03 Adaptation Needs: A, B, D, E, H, needs from the local level up to the policy L, M, N makers would allow local stakeholders (including non-government ones) to Another entry point for the NAP focusing on contribute to the climate change adaptation addressing gaps and challenges related to processes. Integrating adaptation planning coordination of climate adaptation activities in with other plans on sub-national level presents Tanzania, is establishing a cross-ministerial the potential to create benefits and allow coordination mechanism between sustainable adaptation funding and expertise to be utilized development, climate change, LGAs and sector for maximum effect. ministries building on the existing cross- ministerial mechanisms such as the Inter- Local leaders are well positioned to take action Agency Expert Group for SDGs. It would be on climate change adaptation in their important to include members and communities, because of both their proximity representatives of data-gathering entities such to the local populations and their as the NBS (especially the NTWG and the understanding of local level environmental planned Climate Change Statistics Committee) issues. However, local level leaders show the and the TMA, of relevant sector ministries, the need to be informed, about climate change PO-RALG and local government authorities, of and its long-term impacts. They are also the Ministry of Finance and Planning, and currently to an extent isolated from the other relevant agencies, to the multi- national government and policy processes.113 stakeholder and inter-ministerial coordination Which highlights the need for greater cross- mechanism. sector co-ordination and communication on climate change.114 Additionally, it is important to allocate budgets needed for regular meetings among the Identifying champions in CSOs and other non- members, to ensure sustainability and efficient government entities as well as approaching functioning of the coordination mechanism. community multipliers and influencers could help to implement climate change adaptation One entry point to build on would be the third on all levels and make it a priority topic.115 Tanzania readiness support proposal for NDA

111 (Commonwealth Secretariat, 2018) 115 National Stakeholder Workshop organized by 112 (Green Climate Fund, 2016) FORUMCC on January 23rd, 2020, in Dar es 113 (BBC World Service Trust, 2010) Salaam, Tanzania. 114 (BBC World Service Trust, 2010) Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 39

The NDC review could contribute to local level adaptation and resilience in the human actions to be included into adaptation actions settlements and especially the urban sector.120 in Tanzania. GCF proposal FP041: Simiyu The situation is similar for forestry and the Climate Resilient Project presents the potential coastal sector121 as well as tourism. Since all to be upscaled and lessons learnt to be applied three of these sectors connect to biodiversity to future local-level adaptation planning in the and ecosystems, integrating adaptation agricultural sector. planning with the National Biodiversity Detailed climate risk profiles have been Strategy and Action Plan as well as the Aichi created for several districts (i.e. , Kilolo, Biodiversity Targets would allow policies to Mufindi) by CIAT/WUT/CARE with a special exploit synergies and utilize funding like the focus on climate-smart agriculture, water- one from the GCF Blue Action Fund, the smart agriculture, and increasing the resilience Commonwealth Blue Charter, or IORA of the agriculture sector to climate change (compare Entry Point 2).122 impacts. Research and proposed adaptation In 2018, the government published a National measures from these profiles could be Adaptation Plan 2018-2023 for the health integrated into the NAP and scaled up to sector, outlining gaps, needs, and priority include all districts of Tanzania.116 actions for climate-proofing healthcare and increasing the sector’s resilience. Climate Sectoral Policy Development change poses a great risk to human health and Entry and Climate Mainstreaming affects not only the wellbeing of the JPA C: Mainstreaming and Point population but also overall development and coordination 05 economic activity. Focusing on synergies with Adaptation Needs: B, C, D, G, H, HNAP implementation could benefit the NAP J, K, O process and facilitate further adaptation Despite the existence of guidelines for climate actions.123 mainstreaming into national sectoral plans, policies, and programmes,117 there is still a Data Collection and Research need in Tanzania for policies related to climate JPA C, G: Mainstreaming and change especially in the forestry, coastal, Entry coordination, evidence and marine environment, and fisheries, tourism, Point information 06 and human settlements sectors. Adaptation Needs: B, D, E, J, K, One third of Tanzanians live in urban areas,118 M, N and climate change has been globally Data has been identified as both a central need 119 recognized as a crucial challenge for cities. and as a gap for informed, evidence-driven However, urban infrastructure and services in climate change adaptation in Tanzania. Data Tanzania are not yet designed in a way that points are needed for the identification of takes climate change into account, and there is climate change drivers and the assessment of a need for policies and plans to address climate change impacts, models and

116 (CIAT/World Bank, 2017), (CIAT/WUR/CARE, 120 (Ifakara Health Institute, 2018) 2018), (CIAT/WUR/CARE, 2019), (CIAT/WUR/CARE, 121 (USAID, 2013), (Kuboja, 2013) 2019) 122 (Government of Tanzania, Division of 117 (Government of Tanzania, Vice President's Environment, 2015) Office, 2012) 123 (Government of Tanzania, Ministry of Health, 118 (United Nations, Department of Economic and Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2018) Children, 2018) 119 (UN-Habitat, 2016) Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 40 projections, assessments of risk (including The PO-RALG collects data which would be hazards, exposure, vulnerability, sensitivity, beneficial for climate risk calculations and and adaptive and coping capacity)124, and development of adaptation measures. evaluations of the costs and benefits of However, there remains gaps and needs that adaptation measures (including valuation of could be addressed to enhance its capacities. ecosystem services and comparison to BAU Currently, data is often collected locally in 169 scenarios). Both Tanzania’s Agriculture Climate districts, then sent to PO-RALG HQ via e-mail, Resilience Plan and the Water Resources and thereby compiled by hand. The NAP Management and Strategic Interventions and process for Tanzania could benefit from these Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation existing data related mechanisms, to build on propose the development of an Information a comprehensive data management and Management System and web portal for sharing process for climate change in climate change, but this system is not yet Tanzania.128 operational. Such a system would need to be Additionally the 2020 Comprehensive Review accessible by all sectors and on different levels, for SDGs also provides the potential to be from national government entities to district converted to an entry point, with regard to technicians and local authorities. data collection and management for climate There are a number of national data collection change adaptation activities.129 Further, processes that the NAP process could consider aligning climate-related localized SDG as entry points, and build on. The NBS and the indicators with national development plans National Technical Working Group for and climate change adaptation presents Environment Statistics (NTWG) have published another opportunity to derive co-benefits and the latest National Environment Statistics synergies between different data-gathering Report (NESR) in 2017 and plans to update it systems. every two years with data on “selected high To address the gaps and needs related to frequency environmental statistics such as climate research, the NAP readiness activities climate change.”125 The NBS is also currently or the NAP for Tanzania could include as an working on a comprehensive report on climate outcome the development of a climate change change statistics with which will include the research strategy which is based on country’s establishment of a Climate Change Statistics climate risks and vulnerabilities, key sectors in Committee as well.126 need of climate change adaptation and In 2022, the NBS aims to conduct the decennial mitigation efforts, and areas of focus that has population and housing census which could be least amount of research existing as prioritized used to collect adaptation-relevant data, for areas for research. The research strategy for example on exposure, vulnerability, and climate change in Tanzania could also identify adaptive capacities. New mobile GIS the roles and responsibilities of different technology is projected to be deployed for this stakeholders, develop mechanisms for sharing census, which offers an opportunity to of data and research findings, as well as integrate climate change considerations into accessing funding for conducting research the development process.127 deemed as key priorities for the country based on climate risks and other key factors.

124 (GIZ, 2017) 127 (Chuwa, The Citizen, 2019) 125 (Government of Tanzania, National Bureau of 128 (International Growth Centre, 2019) Statistics, 2018) 129 (Chuwa, 2020 Comprehensive Review for SDGs, 126 (Government of Tanzania, National Bureau of 2019) Statistics, 2019) Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 41

In addition, to enhance data accessibility for To facilitate climate change adaptation climate data, it would be important to develop planning and action on all levels of government a process for climate data sharing which is and society, widespread awareness and open-source based, or free to access. Creating understanding is an important factor, and policies and allocating climate finance for climate change adaptation could be integrated government institutions like the NEMC and into the formal and informal education system TMA to share data without fee or access Struggling with repeated droughts and barriers would help with the implementation worsening environmental degradation, most of adaptation actions and inter-ministerial Tanzanians are of the opinion that there is little coordination. they can do as individuals to improve Another important element to consider for environmental conditions. The cause for such data management, and knowledge sharing and belief, according to them, is a lack of the management for Tanzania’s climate change information and resources that would enable adaptation activities and the NAP process is them to cope more effectively.130 creating a central knowledge hub for climate The language of communication on climate change adaptation. This would allow for the change also remains among the key factors consolidation, collection, and distribution of that contribute to lack of awareness among information from different sources and enable most Tanzanians. Swahili translations for informed decision-making on all levels. It could climate change terminology do not effectively integrate with a dashboard for early weather- convey the causes or global nature of the issue. based warning and weather forecasts based on sector-specific variables for sectors such as Often, CSOs face problems in engaging with agriculture, health, and infrastructure. As the government and the climate change climate change preparedness is based on processes in Tanzania, which highlights the accurate information on weather variation and need for enhancing the multi-stakeholder prediction, strengthening meteorological process for awareness creation on climate services and making their information more change. A multi-stakeholder process for readily available would facilitate more awareness creation on climate change, and an effective adaptation measures. interface between government, civil society, and media would also allow for a more balanced media coverage and a corrective Awareness Creation and mechanism for information distributed on TV, Education radio, and other media. Addressing this need Entry JPA A, G: Participation and would allow for the NAP process for Tanzania Point 07 inclusion, evidence and information to create a serious national dialogue on Adaptation Needs: B, C, H, J, K climate change would allow all entities and stakeholders to present their mandates and Eight out of nine adaptation sectors in activities and provide input and feedback for Tanzania have identified awareness creation, Tanzania’s NAP.131 knowledge dissemination, and/or research as a necessary adaptation action, seven of them Gender Mainstreaming among the highest priority actions. Entry Point JPA E: Vulnerability and diversity Adaptation Needs: B, C, D, G, I, J, 08 N, O

130 (BBC World Service Trust, 2010) 131 National Stakeholder Workshop organized by FORUMCC on January 23rd, 2020, in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 42

While Tanzania has formulated a National could be an entry point to make systems Strategy on Gender and Climate Change in responsive and committing to tangible actions 2013, many of Tanzania's current policies and on gender responsiveness in the NAP.133 strategies related to climate change adaptation are either gender-blind or do not Community Knowledge and Entry adequately prioritize gender. Sociocultural Framework Point JPA E: Vulnerability and diversity Mainstreaming gender into concrete policies 09 Adaptation Needs: B, C, J, K and local-level adaptation actions will be critical to ensure that gender-related For a NAP to be effective and its actions to be disparities and issues are addressed implemented, climate change needs to be appropriately. This is important to address this driven by the society and tailored to its specific as a barrier to sustainable development and attributes and needs. climate change adaptation. It is important that indigenous and traditional The NAP process and ensuring gender knowledge are integrated into the NAP process responsive adaptation measures to be together with culture, traditions, and art. included into Tanzania’s NAP is important to While social sectors are easily overlooked, create sustainable, inclusive, and gender- issues such as employment, social security, sensitive interventions to mitigate and adapt social justice, local government planning, to climate change. However, the disharmony public service and management, local existing between the different policies and participation, cultural preconceptions, sectors suggests the need for a planning traditions, social benefits, taboos, gender framework that harmonizes and coordinates roles, folklore, stories, and others have great gender integration in policies and sectoral importance as a cross-cutting issue and allow plans.132 the process to connect with the wider public. Entry points for gender-responsive adaptation An important government stakeholder for this planning in Tanzania would be the UNFCCC would be the Ministry of Youth, Culture, Arts, Gender Action Plan process under the Lima and Sports, but the involvement of society work programme on gender as well as the SDG should go further. targets related to gender, the national Women From the grassroots level to community-driven and Gender Policy, the National Guidelines for action and the political process, mobilization Mainstreaming Gender into Climate Change and the creation of a momentum for climate Related Policies, Plans and Strategies, and the action could be an integral part of the NAP National Strategy on Gender and Climate process. Promoting the concept of collective Change. responsibilities and collective action as well as Both GCF proposal FP095: Transforming increased communication between Financial Systems for Climate and proposal government and non-government FP122: Blue Action Fund include a gender stakeholders as well as between CSOs, NGOs, assessment as well as a gender action plan, academia, the private sector, and other non- while FP041: Simiyu Climate Resilient government entities could create greater Development Programme includes a gender public support and mobilization for climate assessment. Building on experiences and change adaptation and the NAP.134 lessons learnt, the GCF NDA readiness support

132 (CGIAR, 2016) 134 National Stakeholder Workshop organized by 133 (Green Climate Fund, 2017), (Green Climate FORUMCC on January 23rd, 2020, in Dar es Fund, 2018), (Green Climate Fund, 2019) Salaam, Tanzania. Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 43

Tanzania is in the process of formulating its Further, climate change adaptation processes National Adaptation Plan. Under the in Tanzania needs to interlink and align with leadership of the government, the country national development processes, including the aims to finish both its NAP and the review of its SDGs, sectoral policies, plans, and strategies, Nationally Determined Contributions within and actions of local government authorities. 2020. This research has identified nine entry points The NAP itself is a document, but it is only one to link the NAP with other workstreams, part of the NAP process. For climate change funding sources, processes, and mechanisms, adaptation to be effective and successful, the create synergies and co-benefits, and engage NAP process and country’s adaptation key stakeholders both within and outside the activities need to be multi-stakeholder driven, government. Figure 13: Entry Points and participatory and inclusive. Input, Actions gives an overview of immediate and participation, and ownership from long-term actions connected to each entry stakeholders outside the government is of point and how they can be integrated into the crucial importance. Civil society organizations, NAP process. NGOs, academia, the private sector, grassroots It is the expectation that the findings, and organizations, and local communities all have information shared through this paper will their own perspectives, needs, and resources contribute to an evidence-driven, participatory to contribute to the NAP and its future and inclusive NAP and climate change implementation. adaptation process for Tanzania.

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The list of those who participated in the review of the research draft to provide feedback and input.

Name Designation Office/Organization Rebecca Muna Executive Director FORUMCC Angela Damas Director of Programs FORUMCC Euster Kibona Coordinator FECE Lucy B. Ssendi Executive Director SCATS Mwakibuga A. M Ag. ADP B Ministry of Works, Transport and Communications Sanford Kway CC - Coordinators PORALG Lucia Chacha Ag. HEMU Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Geneviva Kilabuko Ag. AIS Ministry of Industry and Trade Joyce C. Shayo STU Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development Gerald Mlyomi Regional Coordinator Jane Goodall Institute (JGI) Pulipina Labia Derictor FARAJA Maliki A. Maliki PEMO VPO Magreth Dominic PFSO Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Jacob Bulemo Economist VPO Dr. Freddy K. Manyika PfoE VPO - DoE Jimreeves Naftal PE RAS - Dar John Chikomo Executive Director JET Joshua Lyimo Environment Officer TATEDO Jeremiah P. Wandili Secretary General KINGONET Kellen Mngoya Coordinator HAFOTA Fredrick Mulinda Environment Officer NEMC Dennis Mombauer Director : Director: Research SLYCAN TRUST and Education Rev. Thomas Godda Executive Director IRCPT Mbarouk M. Omar Executive Director CFP Daniel Katebalila Program Manager Care Tanzania Nyashilu I. Musa Environment and Climate VPO Change Specialist Charles Leonard Project Manager TFCG - Morogoro Dominico B. Kilemo Executive Director FECE Samwel Sudi Advisor GIZ Abbas Kitogo Coordinator - Climate Change UNDP and Renewable Energy Sarah S. Pima Executive Director HUDEFO Marcela Lungo Executive Director TIBA Mussa Abbasi Environment - Energy Officer Ministry of Energy Dr. Baraka Lameck Kuguru Principal Research Officer Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute Msololo Onditi Derector CSADO

Entry Points for Formulating a National Adaptation Plan for Tanzania 52

Contact Point: Technical Partner: Country Partner: Obed Koringo Vositha Wijenayake Rebecca Muna Civil Society Advocacy Coordinator Executive Director Executive Director CARE Denmark SLYCAN Trust FORUMCC [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]