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Fantastyka a Realizm / the Fantastic and Realism

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Fantastyka a Realizm / the Fantastic and Realism Wydawca: Temida 2 Przy współpracy i wsparciu finansowym Wydziału Filologicznego Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku Redaktor Naukowy Wydawnictwa Temida 2: Eugeniusz Ru śkowski Rada Naukowa Wydawnictwa Temida 2: Przewodnicz ący Rady Naukowej Wydawnictwa Temida 2: Rafał Dowgier Członkowie z Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku: Stanisław Bo żyk, Leonard Etel, Ewa M. Guzik- -Makaruk, Adam Jamróz, Dariusz Kijowski, Cezary Kosikowski, Cezary Kulesza, Jarosław Ławski, Agnieszka Malarewicz-Jakubów, Maciej Perkowski, Stanisław Prutis, Eugeniusz Ru śkowski, Walerian Sanetra, Joanna Sie ńczyło-Chlabicz, Ryszard Skarzy ński, Halina Świ ęczkowska, Jaroslav Volkonovski, Mieczysława Zdanowicz Członkowie z Polski: Marian Filar (Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu), Edward Gniewek (Uniwersytet Wrocławski), Lech Paprzycki (Sąd Najwy ższy) Członkowie zagraniczni: Lidia Abramczyk (Pa ństwowy Uniwersytet im. Janki Kupały w Grodnie, Białoru ś), Vladimir Bab čak (Uniwersytet w Koszycach, Słowacja), Renata Almeida da Costa (Uniwersytet La Salle, Brazylia), Chris Eskridge (Uniwersytet w Nebrasce, USA), José Luis Iriarte Ángel (Uniwersytet Navarra, Hiszpania), Marina Karasjewa (Uniwersytet w Worone żu, Rosja), Bernhard Kitous (Uniwersytet w Rennes, Francja), Martin Krygier (Uniwersytet w Nowej Południowej Walii, Australia), Petr Mrkyvka (Uniwersytet Masaryka, Czechy), Marcel Alexander Niggli (Uniwersytet we Fryburgu, Szwajcaria), Andrej A. Novikov (Pa ństwowy Uniwersytet w Sankt Petersburgu, Rosja), Sławomir Redo (Uniwersytet Wiede ński, Austria), Ro ścisław Radyszewski (Uniwersytet im. Tarasa Szewczenki w Kijowie, Ukraina), Bernd Schünemann (Uniwersytet w Monachium, Niemcy), Sebastiano Tafaro (Uniwersytet w Bari, Włochy), Wiktor Trinczuk (Kijowski Narodowy Handlowo-Ekonomiczny Uniwersytet, Ukraina) Żadna cz ęść tej pracy nie mo że by ć powielana i rozpowszechniana w jakiejkolwiek formie i w jakikolwiek sposób (elektroniczny, mechaniczny), wł ącznie z fotokopiowaniem – bez pisemnej zgody Wydziału Filologicznego UwB i wydawcy. Recenzenci: dr hab. Anna Czarnowus (U Ś, Katowice) dr hab. Monika Brzóstowicz-Klajn , prof. UAM (Pozna ń) Korekta: Zespół Indeks: Zespół Skład, opracowanie graficzne: Ewa Frymus-Dąbrowska ISBN 978-83-65696-45-8 ©Copyright by: Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Białystok 2019 DRUK: PRYMAT, Mariusz Śliwowski, ul. Hetma ńska 42, 15-727 Białystok, tel. 602 766 304, e-mail: [email protected], www.prymat.biasoft.net Spis treści / Table of Contents Wst ęp 7 Introduction 13 WERONIKA ŁASZKIEWICZ Analyzing Postmodern Aspects of Medieval Fantasy Fiction: A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin 19 PRZEMYSŁAW GRABOWSKI-GÓRNIAK “The Age Undreamed of”: Reality and History in Robert E. Howard’s Fantasy 37 FRANCESCO BERNUZZI The Third Hemisphere. Lord Dunsany’s Journeys between the Real and the Fantastic 49 ALEKSANDRA DMOWSKA From Ethnos to Mythos . The Dynamics of Realism and the Fantastic in Terry Pratchett’s Tiffany Aching Pentalogy 65 MAGDALENA ŁAPI ŃSKA The Prevalence of Racial Prejudice and Segregation in Deborah Harkness’ All Souls Trilogy 79 PAWEŁ FIEDOROWICZ Tolkien’s Great Escape and its Role in the Harry Potter Series: How the Concept of Death Shapes J.K. Rowling’s novels 93 6 Spis tre ś c i KRZYSZTOF M. MAJ Światy władców logosu. O dystopii w narracjach literackich 113 KAROLINA WIEREL Literackie dystopie pocz ątku XXI wieku – mi ędzy realizmem a fantastyczno ści ą 137 JOANNA WILDOWICZ Mit utopijnej Ameryki w Drodze Cormaca McCarthy’ego: postkapitalistyczna, postkonsumpcyjna, postapokaliptyczna wizja świata 155 AGNIESZKA DZI ĘCIOŁ-PĘDICH Do Androids Dream of Human Bodies? – Becky Chamber’s Portrayal of Artificial Intelligences 169 STEFAN KUBIAK The Idea behind Philip Roth’s The Breast or why the Author of Realistic Fiction Resorts to the Fantastic 189 IZABELA TOMCZAK Playing with Puppets: Foucauldian Power Relations in BioShock and Borderlands 2 205 Biogramy autorów / Biographical notes 221 Indeks osobowy / Index of names 225 WSTĘP W Fantasy and Mimesis: Responses to Reality in Western Literature (1984) – wci ąż istotnej i cz ęsto wznawianej pozycji na gruncie anglosaskim – Kathryn Hume dowodzi, że literatura jest w zasadzie efektem dwóch równie istotnych impulsów – mimetycznego i fantastycznego, przy czym ten drugi de- finiowany jest bardzo szeroko jako „ka żde odej ście od konsensualnej rzeczywi- sto ści” ( consensus reality )1. W uj ęciu tym u żywany przez badaczk ę termin fan- tasy nie odnosi si ę do stosunkowo nowego gatunku literatury popularnej, lecz odgrywa wa żką rol ę – na równi z mimesis – w kreowaniu literackich wyobra żeń rzeczywisto ści, co uwidacznia si ę w bardzo zró żnicowanych utworach literac- kich, poczynaj ąc od sag islandzkich, a ko ńcz ąc na science fiction . W niniejszym tomie „fantastyczno ść ” rozumiana jest w podobnym, równie ogólnym sensie, co pozwala autorom bada ć relacje, w jakie wchodzi z szeroko pojmowanym „reali- zmem” nie tylko w fantastyce, lecz równie ż w literaturze głównego nurtu i in- nych nietekstualnych narracjach. W fantastyce, obejmuj ącej wszelkie narracje zawieraj ące elementy fanta- styczne, nadnaturalne czy futurystyczne, powi ązania pomi ędzy fantasy a mime- sis mog ą przybiera ć wielorakie formy i by ć stosowane w ró żnych celach. W Rhetorics of Fantasy (2008) Farah Mendlesohn podejmuje namysł nad rela- cj ą pomi ędzy tymi dwoma trybami w konwencji fantasy , wyró żniaj ąc jej cztery odmiany 2. Utwory typu portal-quest (np. Opowie ści z Narnii C.S. Lewisa czy Fionawarski gobelin Gaya Guvriela Kaya) przenosz ą bohaterów z rzeczywisto- ści przedstawianej w konwencji realistycznej do świata fantastycznego, podkre- ślaj ąc ich odr ębno ść . Fantasy intruzyjna, obejmuj ąca zarówno powie ść gotyck ą, jak i horror, przedstawia światy podobne do rzeczywistych w stylistyce reali- 1 K. Hume, Fantasy and Mimesis: Responses to Reality in Western Literature , New York and London: Methuen 1984, s. 21. 2 Koncepcje te zostały szczegółowo omówione w: F. Mendlesohn, Rhetorics of Fantasy , Middletown 2008. 8 W s t ę p zmu, konstruuj ąc fantastyczno ść jako swoiste wtargni ęcie, które zaburza ich normalne działanie. Akcja utworów okre ślanych przez Mendlesohn jako im- mersyjne (np. Dworzec Perdido Chiny Miéville’a) osadzone s ą w świecie w pełni fantastycznym, który musi by ć jednak wewn ętrznie spójny i logiczny pomimo faktu, i ż jego zasady odbiegaj ą od tych obowi ązuj ących w świecie em- pirycznym. Z kolei fantasy liminalna (np. Wśród obcych Jane Walton) zaciera granice pomi ędzy elementami fantastyki i realizmu, wywołuj ąc w czytelnikach efekt niepewno ści czy te ż wahania odno śnie ich proweniencji. O ile jednak stu- dium Mendlesohn daje ogl ąd ró żnych sposobów konstruowania pierwiastka fantastycznego i jego funkcjonowania w tek ście, nie wyczerpuje oczywi ście wszystkich mo żliwo ści omawiania relacji pomi ędzy fantastyk ą, realizmem i rzeczywisto ści ą. Literatura fantastyczna, bez wzgl ędu na to, czy jej akcja osadzona jest w pseudo średniowiecznym wyimaginowanym świecie, czy te ż w odległej za- awansowanej technologicznie przyszło ści, charakteryzuje si ę du żym potencja- łem podejmowania tematów istotnych dla czasów współczesnych i kreowania alternatyw zastanej rzeczywisto ści. Odnosz ąc si ę do science fiction , rozumianej jako „literatura wyobcowania poznawczego” ( literature of cognitive estrange- ment ), Darko Suvin dowodził, że polega ona na wyabstrahowaniu z empirycznej rzeczywisto ści pewnych jej aspektów celem ukazania ich w nowej perspektywie „implikuj ącej nowy zbiór reguł” 3. O ile w science fiction przesuni ęcia te musz ą by ć „spójne logicznie i metodyczne; (…) naukowe w tym sensie, że na śladuj ą, wzmacniaj ą i wyja śniaj ą proces poznania naukowego” 4, koncepcj ę wyobcowa- nia poznawczego odnie ść mo żna do wszystkich rodzajów fantastyki, która zaw- sze zaprasza czytelników do konfrontacji z zastan ą rzeczywisto ści ą poprzez immersj ę w wyobra żonym świecie, rządzonym odmiennymi zasadami. W zwi ązku z tym, utwory fantastyczne mog ą by ć postrzegane jako swoista for- ma konstatacji rzeczywisto ści empirycznej i próba stworzenia jej alternatywy – czasem w formie wyidealizowanej i nostalgicznej wizji przeszło ści, kiedy in- dziej poprzez stworzenie obrazu dystopijnej czy postapokaliptycznej przyszło- ści. Artykuły w niniejszym tomie podejmuj ą prób ę omówienia zwi ązków fanta- styczno ści z konwencj ą realistyczn ą z jednej strony i rzeczywisto ści ą z drugiej, oferuj ąc wgl ąd w procesy i efekty wynikaj ące z takich interakcji. 3 D. Suvin, Metamorphoses of Science Fiction , New Haven 1979, s. 6. 4 I. Csicsery-Ronay Jr., Marxist theory and science fiction, w: The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction , red. E. James, F. Mendlesohn, Cambridge 2003, s. 118. W s t ę p 9 Niniejsza publikacja stanowi kontynuacj ę wcze śniejszych pozycji po świ ę- conych fantastyce przygotowanych przez interdyscyplinarny zespół skupiaj ący zarówno polonistów, jak i anglistów. Pierwsza z nich, zatytułowana Motywy re- ligijne we współczesnej fantastyce , została wydana w roku 2014, kolejna pod ty- tułem Tekstowe światy fantastyki ukazała si ę w 2016. Podtrzymuj ąc tradycj ę uwypuklania obu, cz ęsto odmiennych perspektyw badawczych, zdecydowały- śmy si ę wł ączy ć do tomu teksty w obu j ęzykach. Pomimo faktu, i ż wi ększo ść autorów, którzy wzi ęli udział w tym projekcie tym razem zdecydowała si ę przedło żyć artykuły w j ęzyku polskim, wychodzimy z zało żenia, że umo żliwie- nie dialogu badaczom zajmuj ących si ę literatur ą polsk ą i angloj ęzyczn ą jest ide ą warto ściow ą i przynosz ącą korzy ści badawcze. Autorzy
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