Karate has been taught outside of for almost 40 years, and was exported to the rest of the world along both stylistic and organizational lines. By now, the namesof most styles have become familiar to martial artists everywhere.

Of all the traditional karate systems , Goju-ryu, Wado-ryu, Shorin-ryu, , Isshin-ryu, and Shito-ryu among them Shito-ryu remains the most obscure. Several of its leading practitioners, such as the charismatic Fumio Demura and the prolific Touro Hayashi, do have widespread fame, yet Shito-ryu remains little understood outside its own schools. Shito-ryu had been most often described as a combination of Shotokan and Goju-ryu. It is also generally known that its teachers utilize formal exercises (kata) from many Okinawan sources. Unfortunately, such explanations fail to adequately describe just what Shito-ryu really is.

In truth, Shito-ryu, along with Goju-ryu, Wado-ryu and Shotokan, is one of the four major karate systems of Japan proper (the Japanese islands excluding Okinawa). It was founded by (1889-1952), who, like most of karate’s old masters, was descended from Okinawa’s so-called warrior (bushi) class or aristocracy. Members of his family served Okinawan lords for hundreds of years. Mabuni started karate training at the age of 13 under Anko Itosu (1830-1915), the man who organized early karate in the Okinawan school system. Itosu was a student of one of Okinawa’s most famous karate masters, Sokon Matsumura (1792-1887), the forefather of Shorin-ryu. Itosu took a strong liking to his young pupil and Mabuni learned some 23 kata before the elder man died. Itosu’s death so grieved Mabuni that he built a shrine in front of the master’s grave and stayed close by for a year, practicing his kata daily.

Itosu was not Mabuni’s only teacher, however. While still in his teens, Mabuni was introduced by his friend, Chojun Miyagi (the founder of Goju-ryu karate) to Kanryo Higashionna (1853-1915). From Higashionna, Mabuni learned Naha-te, a Chinese-influenced karate style. Mabuni also trained under the reclusive Arakaki Kamadeunchu (1840-1918), who taught a style similar to Higashionna’s. Arakaki also taught Tsuyoshi Chitose, the founder of Chito-ryu, of Shotokan, and Kanken Toyama of the Shudokan school. Arakaki, who was an acknowledged bo (staff) expert, taught Mabuni the unshu, sochin, niseishi, arakaki-sai and arakaki-bo forms. During the 1920’s the insatiable Mabuni participated in a karate club operated by Miyagi and Choyu Motobu, with help from Chomo Hanashiro and Juhatsu Kiyoda. Choyu Motobu was a master of Shuri-te (the antecedent of Shorin-ryu) and gotende, the secret grappling art of the Okinawan royal court. Hanashiro was also a Shuri-te expert, while Kiyoda came from the same Naha-te background as Miyagi. Known as the Ryukyu Tode Kenkyu-kai (Okinawa Karate Research Club), this dojo (training hall) was one of history’s gems. Experts from diverse backgrounds trained and taught there, and it was there that Mabuni learned some Fukien white crane kung fu from the legendary Woo Yin Gue, a Chinese tea merchant living on Okinawa.

By this time, Mabuni had become a highly respected police officer and made several trips to Japan after Funakoshi introduced karate there in 1922. Mabuni spent many of his early traveling years with Koyu Konishi, a friend and sometimes student who later founded Shindo-Jinen-ryu karate. In 1925 Mabuni and Konishi visited Japan’s Wakayama prefecture where Kanbum Uechi, the founder of Uechi-ryu, was teaching. It was after training with Uechi that Mabuni devised a kata called shinpa. But Mabuni actually spent most of his time in , where he taught at various dojo, including the , the school of Kosei Kokuba. Choki Motobu also taught at Kokuba’s dojo. It was Kokuba who later formed Motobu-ha (Motobu faction) Shito-ryu. In 1929, Mabuni moved permanently to Osaka. Shortly thereafter, the sanctioning body, the Butokukai, pressured all karate schools to register by style name. At first, Mabuni called his style hanko-ryu (half-hard style), but by the early 1930’s Shito-ryu was the official name. It was coined from alternative renderings of the names of Mabuni’s two foremost teachers, Itosu and Higashionna. Not everyone agreed with separating Okinawan karate into factions through the use of style names. In fact, shudokan headmaster Toyama questioned Mabuni and others about their use of what he called “funny-sounding names.” Mabuni countered that giving the style a name would not only satisfy the Butokukai, but would give people something they could identify with and feel a part of.

Among Mabuni’s earliest students was Kanei Uechi (not to be confused with Kambum Uechi’s son of the same name), who by 1935 was also teaching in Osaka. In 1950, Uechi returned to Okinawa and established the Shito-ryu Kempo Karate-do Kai. On Okinawa, Uechi is considered the true successor to Mabuni’s art, but internationally, Mabuni’s eldest son, also named Kanei, is acknowledged as the head of shito-ryu and runs the Shito-kai. Younger brother Kenzo Mabuni (1927-2005) also aknowledged as the head of Shito-ryu was asked by his mother Kamae Mabuni to take over the style. Kenzo Mabuni was unsure and could not decide at the time what to do. So he went into seclusion in the city of Nagoya to train diligently and contemplate the great responsibility of carrying on the karate of his father. At the end of what became a two year retreat - most of it spent living in a utility-less dwelling, though he did spend some time training with Ryusho Sakagami and Ken’ichi Watanabe, Kenzo Mabuni decided to accept this great responsibility and hence became the inheritor of his father’s lineage. Kenzo Mabuni lived in the original family home in Osaka, where it is still headquarters for his organization the Nippon Karate-Do Kai.

Kanei Mabuni and his younger brother Kenzo head the karate programs at several universities, a task inherited from their father. Still other early students of Mabuni have their own distinct organizations and followings. Ryusho Sakagami, a contemporary of Kanei Mabuni, established the Itosu-kai just after Mabuni’s death. Sakagami’s son, Sadaaki, now oversees the Itosu-kai from the Yokohama area. In 1948, Chojiro Tani organized the Shuko-kai, where he taught Tani-ha Shito-ryu. Ever innovative, the Shuko-kai, under the present leadership of Shigeru Kimura in the United States, appears somewhat different in technique from the other Shito-ryu groups.

Since the 1970s, several other Shito-ryu factions have formed. Most prominent Hayashi-ha Shito-ryu under Teruo Hayashi. Hayashi was a protégé of Kosei Kokuba and also trained directly under Mabuni. Hayashi became president of the Seishin-kai sometime after Kokuba’s death. For awhile, he co-led that organization along with Motobu-ryu style-head Shogo Kuniba. Together they integrated the Tomari-bassai kata into their systems. The assertive Hayashi even studied in Okinawa under Kenko Nakaima, head of the longtime secret family art of Ryuei-ryu. Ryuei-ryu is derived from the same Chinese teacher who taught Kanryo Higashionna, a man named Liu Liu Kung. Another, younger member of the Motobu-ha group, Chuzo Kotaka, established Kotaka-ha Shito-ryu in Hawaii, revising all the kata and devising many new ones which he taught to his American students. And in Europe, a Tani-ha Shito-ryu student named Yoshiano Nambu broke off on his own, first founding the Sanku-kai and later the Nambudo. But possibly the world’s most famous Shito-ryu exponent is Fumio Demura, a former sparring champion who has taught Itosu-kai Shito-ryu in southern California since 1965.

Technically, the karate of most Shito-ryu factions looks pretty much the same. Not surprisingly, there are minor differences in the kata between the various groups, mostly due to the proclivities of their founders. Regardless, all Shito-ryu looks a lot like Shorin-ryu in application. A long, linear style, even its Goju-ryu-type kata (those derived from Higashionna) are performed in a lighter, more angular and rangy fashion than they are in schools derived from Naha-te alone. Shito-ryu is much like Shotokan in that it relies heavily on the reverse and front . The style also seems to place a strong emphasis on sparring. In so doing, Shito-ryu stresses speed, and fighting is generally initiated from a higher, more upright stance than Shotokan employs. On the other hand, because the style has so many kata, a great deal of time is spent perfecting any one of its 40 to 60 forms.

Shito-ryu has never forsaken its Okinawan roots when it comes to kobujutsu (weapons arts). While Mabuni trained under weapons experts such as Arakaki, many of today’s Shito-ryu teachers learned most of their kobujutsu from Shinken Taira, the man responsible for popularizing kobujutsu during a time when interest in this peculiarly Okinawan art was at its lowest. It seems that Shito-ryu schools were the most receptive to Taira’s art. Both the younger and elder Sakagami, Demura, Hayashi, Kuniba and Kanei Mabuni all trained with Taira at one time or another.

SHITO-RYU HISTORY

Mabuni Grave Site - Hattori Cemetery, Osaka

Shito-Ryu... Karate originated as a martial art thousands of years ago and was brought to Japan from China, Taiwan and Okinawa. Many of the famous Karate-ka, or Bushi, as they were known in Okinawa, experimented and developed their skills in such provinces as Shuri, Naha and Tomari. But unlike Judo and Kendo, Karate was a secret art, unknown to the general public. There was no fixed system until approximately 1907, when Yasutsune Itosu of Shuri and Kanryo Higaonna of Naha -- both of whom are regarded today as two of the most influential teachers of Okinawan Karate -- gained a good following for both of their own special styles.

Kenwa Mabuni, who had studied under both Master Yasutsune Itosu and Master Kanryo Higaonna, devised the Shito-Ryu system. Born in 1889, Mabuni was the 17th generation son of a famous samurai named Onigusuki. Mabuni was keenly aware of the accomplishments of his brave ancestors and, wanting to overcome poor health, began intensive karate training at the age of 13. He also studied weapon techniques of the Bo, Sai, Tonfa, Kama, and Nunchaku.

After learning from other masters like Master Aragaki and Master Matsumura and by mixing the teaching of Master Itosu and Master Higaonna, he developed a new system, originally named 'HANKO RYU' (Half-Hard style), but later changed it to reflect the deep respect he felt towards his two great masters and called his new system Shito-Ryu. (The Japanese government's martial arts sanctioning organization, the Dai Nippon Butoku-Kai, began to demand the different groups applying for Shito-Ryu membership, be more specific in the description of their Karate systems, and pressured them to name their systems).

The name 'Shito' is the combination of 'shi' and 'to' , the two first characters of the names of Master Itosu and Master

Higaonna .

In 1929, Master Mabuni made a permanent move to Osaka to teach at universities and police departments. Over the next few years, Master Mabuni dedicated himself to the further development and promotion of Shito-Ryu Karate-do in the Osaka area. He was faced with an extremely difficult task due to the unwillingness of the population to accept him or this strange looking system of self defence, resembling an ancient 'Okinawan-Fist Dance'. In order to bring Shito-Ryu to the general public's attention, Master Mabuni would perform many demonstrations where he would break bricks and boards to show the power of karate. Continually trying to gain acceptance of his art, Master Kenwa Mabuni would give free instruction at various police stations across western Japan. Master Kenwa Mabuni

Shito Ryu Karate-do became more accepted after this time, and Master Mabuni began to teach many students at his home and at many Universities that were forming clubs. Among his many students was his son Kenzo Mabuni, Kosei Kuniba (founder of Seishin Kai), Chojiro Tani (founder of Tani-ha Shukokai), Ryusho Sakagami (founder of Itosu-Kai), Yoshiaki Tsujikawa, Ken Sakio, Jun-ichi Inoue, Manzo Iwata, Toshiyuki Imanishi, Tokio Hisatomi and Ryusei Tomoyori. At first he taught his own students pure Shuri-te, then pure Naha-te, but he also gave instruction in other master's styles.

In Japan, Shotokan-Ryu, Wado-Ryu, Goju-Ryu and Shito-Ryu are the four main styles of Karate. Shito-Ryu is the style that preserves most of the original Shuri-te techniques, compared with other styles such as Shotokan and Wado. It also preserves original Naha-te techniques together with Goju, although each style places emphasis on different points. Technically, Shuri-te and Tomari-te have rather fast and straight movements, while Naha-te has circular and supple movements. Master Kenwa Mabuni wearing protective equipment Master Mabuni died in his 64th year on May 23rd 1952, but his system remains one of the four major styles in Japan.

A Brief History of Shito Ryu Karate

Kenwa Mabuni

Karate is a method of fighting using blocks, punches, hand strikes and to disable or defeat an attacker. Karate originated in the Ryukyu islands south of Kyushu (one of the four main islands of Japan). Okinawa is the largest of the Ryukyu islands and since early times has been a center for trading and commerce. Traders from mainland China, Korea, the Phillipines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan etc., often stopped at Okinawa to barter or sell goods and take on supplies. Thus, as with any trading center, the ideas of several cultures were exchanged. China, in particular, had a profound influence on the culture and social customs of Okinawa. Therefore, as the indigenious population developed a set of martial arts for self defense and police activities, they naturally had a strong Chinese flavor and incorporated may Chinese unarmed techniques. In fact, the original kanji or characters for Karate meant "Chinese Hand".

The true origins of Karate probably will never be fully determined because of a lack of written documentation. However, starting in the 1700's, some Karate experts do appear in various records. The exploits of individuals such as Sakugawa and later Marumura were noted and the unarmed fighting prowess of such men has taken on almost legendary proportions. For a more thorough discussion of these early experts and the history of early Karate, the reader is refered to John Sells' excellent book Unante: The Secrets of Karate (available from The Martial Source ).

Shito Ryu Karate was founded by Kenwa Mabuni (November 14, 1889 - May 23, 1952) . When he was 13 years old, Mabuni Sensei began training with Anko Itosu , a noted Karate master in the Shuri area of Okinawa. Itosu Sensei was not only highly skilled in Budo but also a great innovator in teaching the martial arts. Around 1905, Itosu Sensei introduced Karate into the Okinawan public school system. Among other accomplishments, Itosu Sensei created the (Heian) kata which are still practiced today as introductory or intermediate forms in many schools. Itosu Sensei had an important effect on Karate in the 20th Century. Evidence of this can be found in the number of ryuha or Karate styles that trace their lineage back to him. This includes notables such as Gichin Funakoshi , who was responsible for starting Shotokan Karate , Chomo Hanashiro , Kentsu Yabe , Choshin Chibana and others. About 1909, through an introduction by his friend Chojun Miyagi , Mabuni Sensei started to also train with Kanryo Higaonna (sometimes known as Higashionna ). Higaonna Sensei was a expert form the Naha region of Okinawa. Through Higaonna Sensei, Mabuni Sensei learned kata such as Saiha , , Seienchin , Seipai and others. Miyagi Sensei went on to found the Goju Ryu style of Karate.

In 1915, both Itosu Sensei and Higaonna Sensei passed away within a short time of one another. Mabuni Sensei continued his training. Ultimately, he and Miyagi Sensei joined with other students of Karate to start a research group aimed at practicing and spreading Karate. During this time Mabuni Sensei also trained in and taught various forms of Okinanwan weaponry or Ryukyu Kobudo.

In 1929, Mabuni Kenwa Sensei moved his entire family to Osaka. There he established a small dojo and began teaching his unique art. Hanko Ryu or Half- Hard Style. In the 1930's, the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai (the Japanese martial arts sanctioning organization) began to demand the different groups applying for membership, be more specific in the description of their Karate systems, and pressured them to name their systems. Originally, Mabuni Kenwa Sensei thought to name his system Hanko Ryu or " half-hard " style. However, ultimately Mabuni Sensei decided on the name SHI TO which was formed by taking the first characters (kanji) from the names of his two primary teachers, Itosu and Higa(shi)onna . Thus, the name Shito Ryu has no literal meaning but rather honors the two main teachers in Mabuni Kenwa Sensei's life. In the same context, the kata syllabus of Shito Ryu is still listed as having two lineages, Itosu Ke and Higaonna.

Mabuni Kenwa Sensei worked tirelessly to teach Karate throughout Japan. His efforts brought him into contact with other people who were essential to the growth of Karate in Japan. The impact that Mabuni Kenwa had on the development of Japanese Karate was tremendous. Many groups trace an element of their lineage back to him. Mabuni Kenwa died on May 23rd, 1952.

November 14, 1889 - Born in Syuri, Okinawa.

1903 - At age of 14,he became a disciple of Ankou Itosu Sensei, the great master of Syuri-Te.

1908 - At age of 19, he learned Naha-Te at Kanryou Higaonna with an  @introduction from Tyoujyun Miyagi. After graduation from junior high school, he became an police officer,and learned Bou- Jyutsu, Sai-Jyutsu, and Sueishi-Ryu Boujyutu of Ryukyu's traditional martial arts.

1915 - At age of 26, full mastership in Karate was given to him by both his teachers, Itosu Sensei and Higaonna Sensei.

1916 - At age of 27, he opened Do-Jo at his house.

1918 - He established Karate Study Society. Later, he changed its organization and name to Okinawa Karate Study Club.

April, 1929 - At age of 41, he moved to Osaka, and opened Do-Jo on Tsurumi Bashi Dori, Nishinari Ward. He eagerly diffused Karate.

1934 - He opened Karate Do-Jo, You Shu Kan in Osaka and he named Shito-Ryu after both his teachers, Itosu Sensei and Higaonna Sensei.

March, 1939 - He registered Shito-Ryu with Dai Nippon Butoku kai. In July, the title, Karate Trainer, was given to him by Dai Nippon Butoku Kai.

May 23, 1952 - Passed away at age of 63 The head of school Kenei Mabuni.

February 13, 1918 - Born in Syuri as a first- born son of Kenwa Mabuni, the founder of Shito-Ryu. From his childhood, he got Karate lessons from his father, Kenwa.

Soke Kenei Mabuni 1945 - After WW2, he taught and practiced Karate with Kenwa.

May 23, 1952 - On Kenwa Mabuni's death, he succeeded to the second head of Shito-Ryu.

1962 - He visited Mexico to teach Karate. He also taught in Guatemala,Honduras, USA and in many countries of the world from that moment.

1972 - He became an first grade referee of All Japan Karate-Do Federation.

January 15, 1984 - The Japan Martial Arts Distinguished Service Medal was given by Nihon Budo Kyougi Kai.

March 17, 1993 - World Shito-Ryu Karate-Do Federation was established and he became its president.

Soke Kenei Mabuni

Mabuni Kenei was born on February 13, 1918 in Shuri Okinawa. He is the first born of 3 children of Master Mabuni Kenwa , founder of Shito-ryu Karate-do. Beginning at an early age Kenei received personal instruction from his father throughout his childhood.

After the Mabuni family moved to the Kansai district of Japan in 1928, Kenei would sometimes accompany his father at various Karate related functions. He would be asked sometimes to participate in the demonstration with his famous father throughout Japan during the 1930's.

It was also during this time, March 1934, that Grandmaster Mabuni Kenwa first established a dojo in Osaka naming it Youshukan. Many times young Mabuni Kenei stayed with the Konishi family and was treated like a family member while his father continued to teach around the Kanto district.

In March, 1939, Mabuni Kenwa would officially register the name of his Karate style called 'Shito-ryu' with the leading martial arts organization, the "Dai Nippon Butoku Kai", that governed all martial arts in Japan at the time. Kenei knew many of the famous karate teachers who came to study with his father including Master Motobu Choki, Konishi Yasuhiro, Moden Yabiku and Funakoshi Gichin.

After the end of World War II he continued to help his father teach and spread Shito-ryu Karate throughout Japan.

Shortly after Master Mabuni Kenwa's sudden death from a heart attack on May 23, 1952, Mabuni Kenei succeeded his father as the Second Soke, or 2nd designated Master of the style.

In November of 1960, Kenei sensei became the Western (Kansai-President of the Shito-ryu Federation, while Iwata Manzo was named the Eastern (Kanto-President).

During 1962 Kenei Mabuni sensei travelled around the globe continuing to instruct in Shito-ryu Karate. He visited Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and the USA.

Kenei Mabuni at the age of 13. (left) Kenwa Mabuni,(right) Kenei Mabuni.

During the Inagural 1970 Ist World Union of Karate-do Organizations (WUKO) World Karate-do Championships Mabuni sensei first demonstrated the 'Nipaipo' kata of Gokenki sensei.

In 1972, he was certified by the Federation of All Japan Karate-do Organizations (FAJKO) as a first class examiner.

(Lef to right, standing): Funakoshi Gichin, unknown, unknown, Konishi Yasuhiro, and Mabuni Kenei( when he was at 13th), Master Mabuni Kenwa (seated).

On January 15th 1984, Mabuni sensei was presented 'The Distinguished Service Medal' for his contribution to the Martial Arts presented by Japan Martial Arts Council (Nippon Budo Kyougi Kai).

On March 17th 1993, in Osaka, Japan, Kenei Mabuni sensei helped establish the World Shito-ryu Karate-do Federation and was named it's 'Governor" (Sosai).

What Does a Black Belt Really Mean?

Reverend Kensho Furuya Through the popularity of this column, I get correspondence from all over the country. And the most commonly asked question is, "How long does it take to get a black belt?" I don't know how this question is answered in other schools, but my students know that asking such a question in my dojo would set them back several years in their training. It would be a disaster.

Most people would be overjoyed if I would say it takes just a couple of years to get a black belt, but unfortunately it does not. And though I am afraid most people would not be happy with my answer, I thinkthe general misconception about "what is a black belt?" should be clarified as much as possible. This is not a popular subject to discuss in the way I am going to. Indeed, I warn my students not to ask the question in the first place. The answer is not what they want to hear.

How do you get a black belt? You find a competent teacher and a good school, begin training and work hard. Someday, who knows when, it will come. It is not easy, but it's worth it. It may take one year; it may take ten years. You may never achieve it. When you come to realize that the black belt is not as important as the practice itself, you are probably approaching black belt level. When you realize that no matter how long or how hard you train, there is a lifetime of study and practice ahead of you until you die, you are probably getting close to a black belt. At whatever level you achieve, if you think you "deserve" a black belt, or if you think you are now "good enough" to be a black belt, you are way off the mark, and, indeed a very long way from reaching your black belt.

Train hard, be humble, don't show off in front of your teacher or other students, don't complain about any task and do your best in everything in your life. This is w hat it means to be a black belt.

To be overconfident, to show off your skill, to be competitive, to look down on others, to show lack of respect, and to pick and chose what you do and don't do (believing that some jobs are beneath your dignity) characterize the student who will never achieve black belt. What they wear around their waist is simply a piece of merchandise brought for a few dollars in a martial arts supply store.

The real black belt, worn by a real black belt holder, is the white belt of a beginner, turned black by the color of his blood and sweat.

Training Pattern

The first level of black belt in Japanese is called shodan. It literally means, "first level". Sho (first) is an interesting ideograph. It is comprised of two radicals meaning "cloth" and "knife". To make a piece of clothing, one first cuts out the pattern of the cloth. The pattern determines the style and look of the final product. If the pattern is out of proportion or in error, the clothes will look bad and not fit properly. In the same way, your initial training to reach black belt is very important; it determines how you will eventually turn out as a black belt.

In my many years of teaching, I have noticed that the students who are solely concerned with getting their black belt discourage easily, as soon as they realize it is harder than they expected. Students who come in just for practice, without concern for rank and promotion, always do well. They are not crushed by shallow or unrealistic goals.

There is a famous story about Yagyu Matajuro, who was a son of the famous Yagyu family of swordsmen in 17th century feudal Japan. He was kicked out of the house for lack of talent and potential, and sought out instruction of the swordmaster Tsukahara Bokuden, with the hope of achieving mastery of the sword and regaining his family position.

On their initial interview, Matajuro asked Tsukahara Bokuden, "How long will it take me to master the sword?" Bokuden replied, "Oh, about five years if you train very hard."

"If I train twice as hard, how long will it take?" inquired Matajuro. "In that case, ten years," retorted Bokuden.

Finding a Focus

What do you focus on if you don't focus on attaining your black belt? It is easier said than done, but you must focus your energy on practice. However, to think, "I will concentrate on my training to get a black belt," is simply playing mind games with yourself and will ultimately lead to your own disappointment. Can you simply think, "I forget about rank completely?" Can you simply say to yourself that you will never achieve it? Will you always be attached to your black belt, allowing the idea to linger in the back of your mind? In other words, can you simply concentrate on your training without regards for anything else? Can you finally realize that your black belt is nothing more than "something to hold up your pants?"

You should also realize that although you master all the requirements, the correct number of techniques, all the required forms and put in the appropriate amount of hours training, you may still not qualify for black belt. To achieve black belt is not a quantitative entity, which can be measured or weighed like buying string beans in the market. Your black belt has to do with you as a person.

How you conduct yourself in and out of the dojo, your attitude to your teacher and fellow students, your goals in life, how you handle the obstacles in your life, and how you persevere in your training are all important conditions of your black belt. At the same time, you become a model to other students and eventually reach the status of teacher or assistant instructor. In the dojo, your responsibilities are greater than the regular students and you are held accountable to much, much more than those junior to yourself. You responsibilities are great as a black belt holder.

Achieving Training Focus

How do we focus on our training? Successful training means, to a great degree, that we look at what we do from a reasonable and realistic viewpoint. More often than not, we are not looking at realistic goals but dreams and delusions. Do you want to excel in martial arts as a way to improve yourself and your life, or are you motivated by the latest cops and robbers movie? Is your practice motivated by a strong desire to enlighten yourself, or do you simply want to imitate the latest martial arts movie stars? Although experienced martial artists may snicker, it is amazing how many inquire about martial arts saying they want to be just like Chuck Norris or Steven Seagal. But those people are themselves by their own efforts. You are yourself. We all have our hero, role models, and our dreams, but we have to separate out fantasies from reality if our training is to be meaningful and successful.

Reality

Training has nothing to do with rank or black belts, trophies or badges. Martial arts are not simply playing out our fantasies. It has to do with your own life and death. It is not only how we protect ourselves in a critical, lethal situation, but how we protect the lives of others as well. You cannot be another person, whether he is a movie star, great teacher or multi-millionaire. You must become yourself - your true self. As much as John Doe dreams about becoming James Dean, Bruce Lee, or Donald Trump, he can only be John Doe. When John Doe becomes John Doe 100 percent, he has become enlightened to his true self.

An average person only lives 50 percent or maybe 80 percent of his life and never knows who he is. A martial artist lives 100 percent of his life and becomes impeccable. This is what the true black belt holder must come to realize within himself. He is no other than himself, and his practice leads to enlightenment into nature of his true self, his real self. This is the essence of our training in martial arts. Achieving your Black Belt

Think of losing your black belt, not gaining it. Sawaki Kodo, a Zen Master, often said, "To gain is suffering; loss is enlightenment."

If someone were to ask the difference between martial artists of previous generations and martial artists today, I would sum it up like this. Martial artists of previous generations looked upon training as "loss". They gave up everything for their art and their practice. They gave up their families, jobs, security, fame, money, everything, to accomplish themselves.

Today, we only think of gain. "I want this, I want that." We want to practice martial arts but we also want money, a nice car, fame, portable telephones and everything that everyone else has.

Shakyamuni Buddha gave up his kingdom, his palaces, a beautiful wife, and everything else to finally seek out enlightenment. The first student of Boddhidharma, considered the founder of Shoalin Kung Fu, cut off his left arm to study with his teacher.

We don't have to take such drastic measures to learn martial arts today, but we sh ould not forget the spirit and determination of the great masters of the past. We must realize that we have to make sacrifices in our own lives in order to pursue our training.

While the student looks at his training from the standpoint of loss instead of gain, he comes close to the spirit of mastery, and truly becomes worthy of a black belt.

Only when you finally give up all thought of rank, belts, trophies, fame, money and mastery itself, will you achieve what is really important in your training. Be humble, be gentle. Care for others and put everyone before yourself. To study martial arts is to study yourself - your true self. It has nothing to do with rank.

A great Zen master once said: "To study the self is to forget the self. To forget the self is to understand all things."

SEAGULLS AND KARATE MASTERS

Brian Tune Sheffield Hallam Dojo

Some time ago I read a book about a Seagull. In fact, a Seagull by the name of Johnathan Livingstone Seagull. Now, this book is only a small book of ninety od d pages (and half of these are taken up with pictures of Johnathan himself) and yet, nonetheless, it is a very profound and informative little book. I can tell you are puzzled. "What? "I hear you ask yourself," has a Seagull got to do with karate-do?" Well, I'll tell you - quite a lot actually. It is because Johnathan Livingstone Seagull is a discontented Seagull and discontented Seagulls can tell us a great deal about why we practice something as difficult as karate- do.

First of all let me tell you a little about Seagulls, particularly Johnathan Livingstone Seagull. Richard Bach (the author of the book) points out that "most gulls don't bother to learn more than the simplest facts of flight - how to get from shore to food and back again. For most gulls it is not flying that matters, but eating". However, for Johnathan "it was not eating that mattered but flight". In fact Johnathan Livingstone Seagull wanted to learn how to fly better than any other Seagull in the entire history of Seagulls. Consequently, he set about practising the art of flying.

Many of the other gulls, including his parents, severely criticised him for this to the extent that Johnathan, on occasion, stopped practising. He tried to behave like other Seagulls. He could be seen "…screeching a nd fighting with the flock around the piers and fishing boats, diving on scraps of fish and bread". (The human equivalent, of course, would be the January sales). Indeed, on one particular occasion Johnathan becomes so disillusioned that in a fit of despair he gives up practising how to fly altogether. "I am a Seagull", he says, "I am limited by my nature", he says, "I am a Seagull like every other Seagull and I will fly like one".

However, his passion for flying will not die and soon he begins his training again. Then, one day, he makes an incredible breakthrough. He learns how to fly at 214 mph which is regarded as "terminal velocity" for a Seagull. In fact it is faster than any other Seagull has ever flown before. He is ecstatic! He sees life in a totally different light, he sees how much more there is to life. He says "instead of our drab slogging back and forth to the fishing boats, there's a reason to life! We can lift ourselves out of ignorance, we can find ourselves as creatures of excellence and intelligence and skill. We can be free! We can learn to fly!"

I should point out at this stage that Johnathan receives no certificate, is awarded no rank and certainly is not given any badge of honour. In fact, Johnathan Livingstone Seagull is called to the "Council Gathering" of Seagulls and is declared an "outcast" because of his "reckless irresponsibility", that is because he behaves differently to other seagulls, because he has a passion, because he wants to learn how to fly.

Of course Johnathan protests - well who wouldn't? This is what he says: "who is more responsible than a gull that finds and follows a meaning, a higher purpose for life? For a thousand years we have scrabbled after fish heads, but now we have a reason to live - to learn, to discover, to be free". But, as you might have guessed, the "squares" in the "establishment" just can't get their heads round it and he is expelled from the flock.

The parallel then, between Johnathan Livingstone Seagull's attempts to learn how to fly and our own attempts to learn karate is quite clear. When seen in this way it becomes obvious that rather than training to pass our next grading we should in fact be seeking to improve ourselves through training. Training in karate is a way of developing our minds, improving our bodies and becoming more spiritually aware. It is not simply a way of gaining popular acclaim by amassing a huge number of Dan grades. The rank we hold in karate should be an indicator of how we are progressing as individuals, it should not be an end in itself.

This disregard of the grading system may seem to be based on a lot of lofty ideals but, as we all know, things are not always what they seem. Let's leave Johnathan Seagull for a moment and consider what modern, up to the minute, western psychologists have to say about motivation and exercise adherence. More importantly, let's see if we can link what they have to say to our karate training.

Research by social psychologists has shown that we can categorise motivation behaviour in three distinct ways. Firstly, psychologists have identified the type of individual who is "competition orientated". This type of person compares him/herself to members of their peer group and competes with them. The goal or objective of this type of competition orientated individual is to become "better" than other group members at performing the groups tasks or duties. With regard to karate, clearly this type of individual would attempt to become faster, stronger, and more technically proficient than other members of the club. This type of approach t training is solo orientated and in fact individuals who adopt this approach have least adherence to training. When competing with others the competitive individual may soon find that he/she has improved his/her performance to such an extent that other group members no longer provide a challenge and as a consequence this individual may stop training or train elsewhere! Indeed this would also be the case if this type of individual found that they were unable to improve their performance to the extent that they could beat everyone. The second category relates to those individuals who are socially orientated and work well within a group. They strive to co-operate with, and be accepted by, their peer group. At first glance it would appear that this group member would have the highest adherence to training since they are provided with the support and feedback which is typical of group membership. However, adherence to training only lasts as long as the group stays together. Thus, for e xample, if two or three of the group start missing training it may lead to other members leaving the club. Consequently, it may be stated that although exercise adherence lasts longer than with the competitive individual it is not as long as the adherence of those individuals who are concerned with task mastery - the third category of motivation behaviour.

The type of individual who is concerned with task mastery is independent of their peers and is solo orientated. These individuals are concerned primarily with "mastering" an activity and are thus self-supporting. They do not require group acceptance, for example, to be well liked by other members of the club nor are they influenced by external rewards or punishment, such as passing or failing gradings. In fact, the actions, attitudes and behaviour patterns of other club members is subordinated to the goal of task mastery (in our case of mastering karate itself). An individual who is primarily concerned with being accepted by their peers may leave the club if they felt they were not receiving the 'acceptance' or 'recognition' they require. This is not the case, however, with people who are concerned with task mastery and consequently it is this type of individual who has the highest adherence to training.

However, this is not the whole story. A key element in the interpretation of motivation and training adherence is the 'origin' of motivation. Motivation can be internal ('intrinsic') or external ('extrinsic'). Internal motivation comes from within individuals themselves, whereas external motivation is that which comes from an independent source such as an instructor or teacher. Individuals who are socially orientated derive external motivation whereas individuals who are concerned with task mastery are motivated from within.

Beyond doubt motivation which comes from within ourselves is to be preferred over external motivation since each individual is in control of their own feelings and behaviour. The internally motivated individual is not subject to the preferences, attitudes and indeed the capriciousness of others. In our karate training then, our goals and objectives should be based upon our desire to improve ourselves by mastering and kata, etc., in preference to simply passing our gradings.

In April 1998 a presentation was given at Loughborough University by D Harris entitled "The Motivation to Change". In his presentation Harris outlined the 'steps to intrinsic motivation'. Here is an adapted version of these steps:

STEP 7 Intrinsic Motivation "I do it because I want to!"

______Threshold of Intrinsic Motivation ______

STEP 6 Integrated Regulation "because it symbolises who and what I am"

STEP 5 Identified Regulation "because it is a means to an end I value"

______Threshold of Autonomy ______

STEP 4 Interjected Regulation "because I feel guilty if I do not do it"

STEP 3 External Regulation "because I am rewarded"

STEP 2 External Regulation "because I am forced"

______Threshold of Motivation ______

STEP 1 Amotivation "I do not believe it is worth it"

This model clearly lays out the "steps" to intrinsic motivation - the optimum type of motivation. On the lowest step we can see that an individual is apathetic toward training but as we move up the steps we can see that the motivation to train becomes more and more internalised. Step two indicates an individual who is pressured into performing an activity, for example, by a parent wanting his/her child to do well at a particular sport or karate, etc. Although a individual is 'motivated' to practice it is the worst kind of motivation. By step three an individual continues his/her training because he/she gains some type of reward for doing so, such as passing gradings. It is very interesting to see how low this type of motivation appears on our stairs to the 'best' motivation method!

Step four is the last step before we move from external motivation toward internal motivation. It is the phase where we know we should go to training in order to achieve our aims and objectives and we feel guilty if we do not. When we reach step five motivation begins to come from within ourselves. We train because it is 'a means to an end'. It should be stressed however, that the 'end' is an aim that we have set ourselves, for example, to master a particular technique or kata. It is not an 'end' which could be regarded as an external reward such as passing a grading. The penultimate step of integrated regulation signifies that an individual associates himself or herself with a particular task or activity. Some people would say that "I am a mountaineer", "I am a footballer", or indeed "I am a karateka". In the final step the individual becomes convinced that those activities they perform, e.g., karate training are "who they are". The individual no longer thinks about why they train, they train because that is what they do. It is as natural as breathing, eating or going to the loo!

Based on research evidence by social psychologists it is cl ear that our aims and objectives should be within our control and not dependent upon the actions of others if we are to maintain our training over a long period. In terms of our karate training simply being rewarded by being awarded grades is not sufficient in itself to motivate or encourage an individual to enjoy and continue their training. True motivation comes from within ourselves.

With this in mind let us return to Johnathan Seagull who, later in the book, becomes a teacher. By a simple twist of fate, Johnathan begins teaching other seagulls how to fly. However, the important thing to note is that he does not seek praise or honours for his labour. He simply wants to help other gulls improve themselves. His behaviour is completely selfless as he wants nothing for himself. His only reward is to watch as ordinary, regular seagulls find a higher purpose in their lives and become better, more complete seagulls. Contrast this with the local Neanderthal that you sometimes get paired with on a training course. The Instructor says things like "make light contact," "Do not hurt each other", "be careful", etc. The first thing our Neanderthal does is try to cut you in half with a reverse punch and then nearly breaks your elbow with an arm lock. One reason for this is that your new friend is simply out to prove that he is better than you! His ego demands it. He is a competition orientated individual who will stop training as soon as he comes up against someone he cannot beat. Moreover, it is not possible to truly master karate with this type of attitude, as it is ego-driven, selfish and thoughtless behaviour - the total antithesis of the true karate master. Chojun Miyagi Sensei knew this and he reprimanded his successor An'ichi Miyagi for "throwing his partner around the dojo" (taken from "The History of Karate" - Morio Higaonna Sensei). In fact Chojun Mijagi Sensei advised An'ichi Miyagi to help "his partner to develop not use his partner as a punching bag to develop his own techniques". (IBID).

If we attempt to help our partner by performing at a level only slightly better thanhe/she is it will encourage our partner to greater effort ensuring that they themselves will improve. It is like being in a race. When the race leader is only a few yards ahead we feel that we can catch him and win the race. If, however, the race leader is several hundred yards in front we feel we will never be able to catch him, we become despondent and we stop trying. So it is with a person who is paired with a better karate student. If the less able student is simply overwhelmed by the better student no one learns anything. However, if the better student performs only slightly better than the less able one then both students can learn a great deal. The less able student is encouraged to perform better and the more able student will learn attributes such as control and self-restraint, i.e. they will improve their character/mind. Indeed, to improve ones character is one of the highest ideals in karate.

Now I know that his mind, body, spirit thing i s a difficult concept to grasp and even more difficult to practice especially if, like our unfriendly Neanderthal, you have a brain the size of a walnut and an ego the size of Mount Fuji. Most people, however, are reasoned, intelligent individuals who would benefit greatly from following the advice Chojun Miyagi Sensei gave to his top student. The important thing is to learn the lessons that the sincere practice of karate has to offer not to batter your opponent into the ground for fun or add one more Dan grade to your belt.

So, you see, Seagulls can teach us a great deal about why we train in karate and, in all fairness, so can modern western psychologists. As we have seen it IS possible to practice karate for its own sake, to help improve ourselves and perfect our characters in the same way that Johnathan practised flying. We have also seen that "task mastery" is the most important factor in motivation behaviour not reward. This led us to the realisation that intrinsic motivation is the best way to motivate ourselves with regard to training and indeed, that reward - the passing of gradings - is a very poor motivator!! Moreover, we have seen that the grading system may discourage some students from training since the awarding of grades is out of their control! In short, it is more important to train for yourself than to do training because somebody else rewards you for it.

Wow, now that's a lot to take in isn't it? It certainly gave me a headache writing it. Maybe I should stop all this pontificating and do some training instead. Yes, I think that's a good idea. You know, it's no good just yearning for perfection, you must actively take steps towards it. Remember the old saying, "if a journey of a thousand miles begins with the first step you must take that step or you'll get nowhere fast" (or something like that!).

Basic Dojo Etiquette

Standing bow (ritsurei) Stand with your heels together, feet pointing slightly outward (like a "V"). Keep your knees straight, elbows straight and relaxed, hands open and at the seams of your pants (the outside of your legs), and fingers together. Bend at the waist, about 30 degrees forward. Unbend. The whole bow takes about a breath's length.

Kneeling (seiza) Place your left knee on the floor, then right knee. Sit down on your feet. The big toes of your left and right feet should overlap (either one on top). Keep your back straight and shoulders relaxed. Rest your left hand (hand open, fingers together) on your left thigh and your right hand on your right thigh, so that your fingers point inward. For anatomical reasons, men should have about a fist or two's width between their knees, and women should have their knees together.

Bowing in seiza Slide your left hand from the thigh to the floor immediately in front of the left knee (not too far in front, i.e., your left elbow shouldn't touch the floor). Do the same with your right hand, so that the right hand motion is slightly behind (in time) the left hand motion. Your palms should touch the floor to show deep respect. Bow at the waist, taking a little longer than for a standing bow (forehead comes close to the floor, but does not touch it). Slide your hands back up to their initial position on the thighs, this time with your left hand slightly behind the right hand.

Getting up from seiza Opposite of going down to seiza position, by putting right leg out in front with left knee still on ground and then pushing yourself to the upright position. Then pull right foot back to left foot. Bow before moving away.

Entering and exiting the dojo Bow, standing at the entrance, facing the dojo or towards the front of the dojo, whenever you are entering or exiting the dojo. Lateness: First of all, try not to be late. But if you are late, bow in, then quietly kneel near the entrance. Wait until the instructor acknowledges you. Then bow while kneeling, get up, and quickly join the group. If you arrive just as everyone is kneeling during the opening sequence (see below), don't move or make any noise -- just wait until class begins warming up, and bow in as when the instructor acknowledges you, in the manner described above.

Opening sequence When you hear "Line up!" or "One line!" (Or however many lines is necessary for everyone to line up), stand shoulder-to-shoulder facing the front of the dojo, in rank order. Try to line up so that the instructor, standing before your line, is right in the middle of the line. If class is so big that the senior student says to form more than one line, try to line up so that the lines are approximately the same length. "Seiza!" Sit down in seiza, so that knees are aligned with the person on your left. "Mokuso!" Quiet meditation -- just lower your gaze, relax, and breathe. "Mokuso yame!" End meditation. "Shomen ni rei!" Bow to the front of the room (which shows respect for your training space, to the institution of karate, and to the line of instructors). "Sensei ni rei!" Bow to the instructor. When you're bowing, you can say "onegaishimasu," which, roughly translated, means "Please," i.e., please teach me, please help me, please hold class, etc. (You may also say "oss," the ubiquitous sign of respect in karate.) "Otaga ni rei!" Bow to each other. This shows respect for each other. At the signal of the instructor, get up quickly, without necessarily waiting for the person on your left to rise.

Closing sequence This is the same as the opening sequence. During the bow to the instructor ("sensei ni rei!"), you may say "arigato gozaimashita", which means "Thank you." "Thank you" in English is fine, too. At the end, the instructor will get up. Wait until the person on your left bows and gets up before you do the same.

Clean-up After the class finishes, there is usually some sort of dojo-cleaning process. During this time, actively participate to the extent you can. Don't sit back and stretch when others are still cleaning.

Kiai Don't say any words when you kiai. "Kiai" itself, being a Japanese word should NOT be a kiai. Common kiai include "Ya!" and "Ei!" Don't be afraid to kiai! In general, people ten d to kiai too softly rather than too loudly. If you have a strong kiai, it will often spur others to work harder, as well. The overall tone of a class is set by the level of spirit of the class, which can be raised with better kiai. On the other hand, if your spirit is poor or your kiai weak, you might bring down the class spirit.

General etiquette during training

• The moment class starts, your mind should be on karate and on trying to improve your own technique. Concentrate, give spirited kiai, don't talk unnecessarily, and practice hard! (This is under "etiquette" because doing otherwise would be disrespectful to the instructor, as well as to yourself.)

• Don't wear jewellery, watches, etc. Don't chew gum. This is for personal safety and also for the safety of everyone training in the dojo.

• Whenever you're told to move from one part of the room to another, do it quickly (i.e., run or trot, at least). Also, don't pass in front of anyone -- go behind and around.

• Whenever you're asked to stand back or sit back and watch, do so in a normal standing or kneeling position, silently, without leaning on walls or distracting others.

• If you're ever in a kneeling position and you're uncomfortable, it's generally okay to bow and then switch to sitting cross-legged.

• Whenever you stand from a sitting position, switch to kneeling, bow, and then stand.

• If you ever need to leave a class early, let the instructor know beforehand. This is so that the instructor will not have to look for you needlessly because he/she thought you have injured yourself seriously!

• Every time you get a new partner for any exercise, bow. Every time you're about to switch partners, bow to your old partner before moving on to the next.

• When "Yoi" is called, come to attention rapidly and without fuss. Also there should be no extraneous movement whilst in "Yoi", such as looking around, scratching, fidgeting etc.

• Similarly when Yame is called everyone should stop training immediately and await the instructor's next command. For example, "Yame! Ok 5 minutes to relax now..." or "Change Partners". Students should NOT carry on training after the "Yame" has been called as this can lead to accidents and injury especially during pair work.

• Don't make overt displays of how tired you are, no matter how tired you are.

• If you're ever asked to count, count in whatever language you feel comfortable with, but make the counts short, sharp, and spirited.

• Do not hesitate to ask senior students and instructors for help before or after class. Time permitting, you should try to learn kata outside of class so that during class, the instructor can spend more time making comments about your technique rather than what move comes next.

• Check fingers and toenails are cut and clean before training.

• Don't eat or drink too much before the training.

• Don't push yourself too hard if your body is not in good condition.

• Do not practise free sparring without the permission of the instructor in charge.

• Respect your partner and help each other in the learning process.

• Follow the normal rules of etiquette that apply

Basic Japanese Terminologies

Japanese Titles and Honorific Suffixes Numbers 1 Ichi Karate-Ka Karate Student -san Mr, Mrs, Ms 2 Ni Kohai Junior (not used) -sama Superior honorific 3 San Senior (never For children, young Sempai -chan used for oneself) women and friends 4 Shi Teacher (never Sensei -kun For young men used for oneself) 5 Go Shihan Master (never 6 Roku used for oneself) 7 Shichi 8 Hachi 9 Ku 10 Ju

Dojo Ranking System Start-End Salutations Instructions No Dan title Mudansha Hajime Start Suki Attention holder Haopkyu 8th Kyu Yame Stop Rei Bow Nanakyu 7th Kyu Yasume Rest Naotte Relax Get Formal seated Rokkyu 6th Kyu Yoi Seiza Ready position Gokyu 5th Kyu Hai Yes Mokuso Meditation Yonkyu 4th Kyu Iie No Mokuso Yame Stop meditation Sankyu 3rd Kyu Kiai Shout Shomen Ni Rei Bow to front Nikyu 2nd Kyu Seiretsu Line Up! Sensei Ni Rei Bow to Sensei Ikkyu 1st Kyu Mawate Switch Otaga Ni Rei Bow to each other Dan Title Holder Please do me the Yudansha Hantai Opposite Onegaishimasu (Black Belt) honour Arigato Shodan 1st Dan Migi Right Thank you Gozaimashita Nidan 2nd Dan Hidari Left Sandan 3rd Dan Shomen Front General Terms Yondan 4th Dan Ushiro Back Hikite Pulling Hand Godan 5th Dan Tsuki Punching Rokudan 6th Dan Uchi Striking Shichidan 7th Dan Geri Kicking Hachidan 8th Dan Uke Kudan 9th Dan Judan 10th Dan

Karate Terms and Concepts Geri (Kicking) Wa Peace, Harmony Mae Geri Front Kick Do The Way Yoko Geri Side Kick Kai Association Ushiro Geri Back Kick Ryu Style Mawashi Geri Roundhouse Kick Empty Hand (Tang Ushiro Mawashi Karate Reverse Roundhouse Hand) Geri Crescent Kick(out to Dojo Training Hall Migazuki Geri in) Soto Migazuki Crescent Kick (in to Hombu Head Office Geri out) Hara Centre Fumi Komi Stamping Kick Kime Focus Hiza Geri Knee Maai Distancing Mae Tobi Geri Flying Front Kick Kesageri/Tobi Oss Strong "Yes" Flying Side Kick Sokuto Tobi Ushiro Flying Spinning Waza Technique Mawashi Mawashi Taisabaki Hip Shifting Ushiro Geri Back Kick Remaining Spirit Zanshin Jo/Chu/Ge Dan High/Middle/Low (Awareness) Budo Way of War Keage Snap Bushido Way of the Warrior Kekomi Thrust Maintain, adhere, Shuhari improve Go No Sen Defense then Attack Ido (Moving Basics) Block/Counter Sen No Sen Jun Zuki Lunge Punch Simultaneously Strike Before Front Kick Lunge Sen Kette Jun Zuki Attack Punch Ikken Hissatsu One Deadly Strike Gedan Barai Uke Downward Block Ki Energy Age (Jodan) Uke Rising Block Guard Ready Kamae Jodan Uchi Uke High Uchi Uke Position Centre of Lower Middle Block (out to Chu Tanden Chudan Uchi Uke Abdomen in) Jo Tanden Centre of Head Jodan Soto Uke High Soto Uke Middle Block (in to Ge Tanden Centre of Groin Chudan Soto Uke out) Centre Line of Senchusen Gyaku Zuki Reverse Punch Body Chikara Power Shuto Uke Knife Hand Block Nage Waza Hip Oi Zuki Forward Punch Ashi Waza Leg Throw Tate Ken Zuki Vertical Fist Punch Te Waza Head Throw Sutemi Dropping Throw Shime Waza Strangulation Kansetsu Waza Dislocation

1. "Why techiniques in katas are seldom seen when pratising ?"

Depends on what kind of kumite you see. I think you are talking about the free sparring you see in the dojo or at competitions. These are more in line with sports karate which are confined within many rules. These rules are written for safety of the participants and a relatively easy way for officials to judge who wins. Other than the basic punches, blocks and sweeps, you will see that alot of techniques in kata which are not used e.g. eye gouge, knee break, wrist locks, elbow strikes, knee strikes, neck breaks, grappling, vital point disruptions etc. As Chris says, these other ones we don't practise in sports karate, because eventually you find there will be no competitors, only injured or dead bodies. ;-)

2. "Does the in katas only applicable during upgrading exam?"

A resounding No. Bunkai is self defense. Self Defense is applicable when you or your friends/relatives are in danger. Bunkai should be practised with this in mind. That you must try and train so that it can be as close to the real thing without maiming and killing your partner. Maiming and killing your partner would be a bad move. One thing is that no-one would ever want to partner with you again. ;-)

Exams are only a small part of Karate. It shows an improvement that can be "measured". Have a read of the article I posted up at the SKA website title "What Does a Black Belt Really Mean?". (http://ska.org.sg)

3. "How can we efficiently perform these techniques during kumite session or in the real world?"

Without hurting your partner badly or going into a bar full of gang members to try out your skills, the problem of how to practise bunkai for real can be solved by practising it slowly at first and to understand the level that you and your partner will go to, in terms of reality combat training. Understand the techniques and how they should be performed, understand the consequences of these techniques and practise, practise, practise. Having a good partner goes a long way to training for something that you may be able to use in the real world.

4. "I have seen many kung fu movies and I am guessing that they are using almost every single techniques in their martial arts' katas. Why not karate too?"

As you say it's a movie. But in a real fight, you want to take the person down as quickly as possible. The effective technique that you use to disable the opponent will depend upon the environment, the opponent and what you have trained hard on. If you practise bunkai dillengently and understand the concepts, there is no reason why you could not use them in the real world.

Remember, in most fights, it may only last a few seconds. Using the most effective technique is the key. Karate and Kung Fu are no different when practising forms (kata), it is the analysis and application (oyo/bunkai) that differentiates the true martial artists from the sports oriented or "pseudo" martial artist.

5. "Shouldn't there be a fusion between kata and kumite?"

I hope the above has answered this one for you.

Some final points:

* Sports Karate has it's place in Karate-do as a medium for people to test themselves in a rules environment and to understand what it takes to compete. It is also a good medium for promoting the art, an excuse for a big get together and for encouraging contact with other stylists. But for a serious martial artists, one should always keep in mind that sports karate is only one part of the equation. They must understand that sports karate is just as it says, sports. Know the boundary and draw the line.

* It all boils down to what you want out of Karate. Some people like the sports side and compete. That's fine. There are numerous reasons for training in Karate, suffice to say that they are all valid in their own way. The only exception to this is when someone comes up to me and say that they do Sports Karate and it's the only real karate that should be done. Now that I would not agree with.

* For me, I have competed for many years. I wouldn't say I was any good as I am not. But I find that Sports Karate was fun, but for me now, the interest lies beyond Sports and more on the "traditional" side of Karate. The karate that hurts, kills, maim, and breaks bones. Now for me, that's more interesting... ;-)

Why should I exercise? Just listen to commercials and they’ll tell you: Just do it! Too bad, but that’s not good enough anymore. What drives crowds and crowds of women into spandex every day? What is the attraction for the middle aged man to strap on a pair of roller blades and take to the hills? Why can’t everybody just be content to sit down with their Haagen-Daz and enjoy watching their favorite athletes pound the court. They are professional. They get paid more money than I’ll ever see to exercise. So why should I exercise? If the recent health kick has left no one unbruised, then why do we keep coming back for more? Exercise does more for you than just wear you out. Before we ever were the intellectual giants (Ha!) that we have become, human beings were functional physical organisms. Whether you believe in evolution or creation, our bodies were built for action. The instruction manual to the human body is not that complicated: Use it or lose it! Our bodies adapt gloriously to exercise, even after we’ve hit warranty. Exercise is the most fundamental celebration of the beauty of the human body. Although sometimes we may feel like we have woken up with a mean hangover, our bodies ultimately reward us for living an active vigorous life. But what are these rewards? How does the body let us know "Exercise does a body good"?

Exercise causes some real physiological changes in your body. A lot of people are motivated to exercise to burn off the extra calories that they have eaten. Depending on your age, heredity, and many other factors, your body burns somewhere around one thousand calories every day just to carry out the basic functions of life. These calories are used for things like heartbeat and breathing. The calories your body burns just to keep itself alive is called your resting or basal metabolic rate. The total number of calories that your body consumes is the sum of calories consumed by your resting metabolic rate plus the calories burned from the food you eat plus the calories consumed during exercise. What people don’t usually realize is that exercise burns calories during the exercise period itself, as well as the during the hours afterward when the body is recovering. The amount of muscle mass also independently determines the resting metabolic rate. An athlete at rest will burn more calories than a couch potato at rest. This is why some athletes you know may eat and eat and eat without ever putting on weight. The idea is really pretty simple. When you exercise, you use up energy. Your muscles and your liver are exhausted of sugar and some fats. It then takes energy to replace that energy (the glucose and fats). Your body must replace what you have lost. So in a sense, exercise gives your body a double whammy. When you ride the exercise bike for thirty minutes the machine may tell you that you have burned something like 400 calories. This number is only a calculation of how much work was done by cranking the pedals around and around against a measured resistance. What it doesn’t tell is that your body actually burns at least that much during the period of rest just after you finish working out. The exercise activates your metabolism to burn more calories.

How does your body burn more? Where does the food get "burned"? Some of you may have learned what mitochondria are from ninth grade biology. Mitochondria are basically the power plants found inside the cells in your body. They take sugar (glucose molecules) and break them apart until all that is left is a bunch of carbon dioxide. If you exercise on a regular basis, you can actually double the amount of mitochondria in your body! The more mitochondria present in your cells, the more little power plants there are demanding fuel to burn. If you have twice as many power plants, not only can you burn more calories, but you also produce more energy. This is why people who are out of shape may complain that they always feel tired, lazy, or sluggish. They may be lazy, but that is another story. People who exercise on a regular basis often report having more energy throughout their day than those who rarely exercise.

So far we have seen that exercise increases your resting metabolic rate as well as your energy levels by doubling the amount of mitochondria in your body. How does it do this? Increased mitochondrion also improves the rate at which you can consume oxygen. Because you burn 5 kcals (1 kcal is the same as 1 calorie) for every liter of oxygen consumed, if you can consume more oxygen, you can burn more calories faster. This allows access to energy faster. More mitochondrion also improves the rate at which your body metabolizes fat. Exercise will jump start your body into action.

Exercise not only improves your body’s ability to process fuel, but it also improves your body’s ability to circulate fuel. A trained athlete’s heart can pump about 20% more blood with each contraction than an untrained person. In comparing a cross-country skier with an average man during intense exercise, both have hearts that beat at about 185 times per minute. However, during that 185 times, the untrained man only pumps 16.6 liters whereas the skier pumps 32 liters! In addition to improving the amount of blood your heart pumps with each beat, exercise has a number of other effects on the circulatory system. Your body does not circulate blood through every one of its blood vessels at all times. This is painfully obvious if your leg falls asleep. Exercise opens up many of the unused capillaries to improve circulation and allow more oxygen to get to your muscles. Because exercise improves the body’s ability to circulate blood, as someone gets more in shape, they are able to supply their body with oxygen for longer periods of time. This is why someone in shape is able to workout for so much longer than someone who is out of shape. Improved circulation and training also improves the body's ability to clear away the lactic acid produced during exercise. This way, when a muscle becomes fatigued and releases lactic acid, your body can clear it away faster so that the muscles keep working. The lactic acid makes you feel tired and exhausted. Lactic acid also prevents the burning of fat storages, so if you can clear away the lactic acid faster, you improve the amount of fat that you burn. This slows the burning of all the muscle glycogen (sugar) thus preventing muscle exhaustion. If you haven’t noticed already, everything is related. Exercise improves ability to process energy, as well as the ability to circulate energy. Improved circulation prevents exhaustion and improves fat utilization which accesses the huge banks of energy storage in the adipose tissue.

If you are trying to lose weight, all these things are important. Another thing that exercise does that will help you lose weight is it will reduce your appetite. Not only does it occupy time that you are not browsing the refrigerator, but it also draws all the blood from your stomach to your muscles. This way you forget about being hungry and concentrate on exercising. This is also the same reason that it is not safe to swim just after you have eaten. Your body has sent blood to your stomach to digest the food. Then it must take the blood away from the stomach and supply the muscles with enough fuel to keep you from drowning. Then your muscles cramp up and refuse to work because they are not getting the oxygen they need.

Another effect that exercise has on your body is to mobilize your joints. "Use it or lose it" is no joke. If your joints and muscles don’t go through normal range of motion on a regular basis, they stiffen up. Even on as little as a three hour car ride, when you stand up your legs may be stiff and your back will probably be sore. Exercise stimulates blood circulation to all the parts of your body keeping everything well regulated and well supplied with the nutrients needed for growth and function.

Faster metabolism will not only break down carbohydrates and other fuels faster, but it will also metabolize cholesterol and low density lipids faster. Cholesterol and low density lipids are responsible in part for deposits on the walls of the arteries. Exercise will help prevent excess deposits of cholesterol on the walls of the arteries. It also lowers high blood pressure. Overall it may be one of the most effective means of fighting heart attacks, atherosclerosis, and strokes.

For many people, exercise is a release. Many people go into the gym just to get away and forget all the stressful problems they have to deal with. The physical labor itself actually helps relieve mental stress and anguish. It may have something to do with some of the endorphins or other hormones released, but exercise definitely helps relieve psychological tension built up and often stored in muscles in your body such as your back or shoulders.

In our extensive coverage of physiology and adaptations to exercise, I have left out the most important and most rewarding aspect of exercise: It is fun!! There is nothing more fun than a great game of basketball or a beautiful bike-ride through the mountains. Exercise is not a chore. If you are exercising just to burn calories or just for any of the other physiological effects, you are missing the biggest reward. Exercise to be alive! Be alive to exercise! Don’t exercise for maintenance, or to improve your aerobic capacity, exercise because your body loves life! Your muscles should feel sore on some days after you exercise. If you go out and jog the same two miles at the same pace, day after day, you will never become faster, stronger or have greater endurance. If you stop lifting weights when your muscles start to burn, you won't feel sore on the next day and you will not become stronger. All improvement in any muscle function comes from stressing and recovering. On one day, you go out and exercise hard enough to make your muscles burn during exercise. The burning is a sign that you are damaging your muscles. On the next day, your muscles feel sore because they are damaged and need time to recover. Scientist call this DOMS, delayed onset muscle soreness.

It takes at least eight hours to feel this type of soreness. You finish a workout and feel great; then you get up the next morning and your exercised muscles feel sore. We used to think that next-day muscle soreness is caused by a buildup of lactic acid in muscles, but now we know that lactic acid has nothing to do it. Next-day muscle soreness is caused by damage to the muscle fibers themselves. Muscle biopsies taken on the day after hard exercise show bleeding and disruption of the z-band filaments that hold muscle fibers together as they slide over each other during a contraction.

Scientists can tell how much muscle damage has occurred by measuring blood levels of a muscle enzyme called CPK. CPK is normally found in muscles and is released into the bloodstream when muscles are damaged. Those exercisers who have the highest post- exercise blood levels of CPK often have the most muscle soreness. Using blood CPK levels as a measure of muscle damage, researchers have shown that people who continue to exercise when their muscles feel sore are the ones most likely to feel sore on the next day.

Many people think that cooling down by exercising at a very slow pace after exercising more vigorously, helps to prevent muscle soreness. It doesn't. Cooling down speeds up the removal of lactic acid from muscles, but a buildup of lactic acid does not cause muscle soreness, so cooling down will not help to prevent muscle soreness. Stretching does not prevent soreness either, since post-exercise soreness is not due to contracted muscle fibers.

Next-day muscle soreness should be used as a guide to training, whatever your sport. On one day, go out and exercise right up to the burn, back off when your muscles really start to burn, then pick up the pace again and exercise to the burn. Do this exercise-to-the-burn and recover until your muscles start to feel stiff, and then stop the workout. Depending on how sore your muscles feel, take the next day off or go at a very slow pace. Do not attempt to train for muscle burning again until the soreness has gone away completely. Most athletes take a very hard workout on one day, go easy for one to seven days afterward, and then take a hard workout again. World-class marathon runners run very fast only twice a week. The best weightlifters lift very heavy only once every two weeks. High jumpers jump for height only once a week. Shot putters throw for distance only once a week. Exercise training is done by stressing and recovering.

In the arena of exercise, reference to lactic acid has commonly evoked the most negative of responses. For years, lactic acid has been considered an exercise evil whose presence was believed to induce muscle soreness, fatigue, oxygen debt, and anaerobic threshold. No longer can such an all-encompassing and destructive label be placed on this metabolite. While lactic acid may play a role in fatigue (3, 6), its supposed role in muscle soreness has been disproved (9), and it is now being recognized as more of a positive player in metabolism. George A. Brooks has described lactic acid as a key substance used to provide energy, dispose of dietary carbohydrate, produce blood glucose and liver glycogen, and promote survival in stressful situations (3). This paper briefly describes the metabolic functions of lactic acid and relates the functions to recovery from exercise.

Muscle glycogen is one of the main energy sources for exercise. In order to be utilized, stored muscle glycogen must be broken down into glucose, a process known as glycolysis. During glycolysis, each glucose molecule is cleaved into two pyruvic acid molecules, and energy is released to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Normally, the pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria (the principal cell sites where energy is generated) and undergoes the oxidative stage of glycolysis to produce yet more ATP. However, when there is not enough oxygen present for this reaction to take place, the pyruvic acid transforms into lactic acid. From this point, lactic acid can diffuse out of the muscle cell into the blood. It is by this process (known as anaerobic glycolysis) that muscle glycogen can be converted into energy without the presence of oxygen as opposed to ATP production via aerobic glycolysis (6). Such a conversion allows glycolysis to proceed for minutes, when it could otherwise last only seconds (6). Thus, energy is supplied to promote survival in stressful times.

Once sufficient oxygen is restored, the lactic acid produced via anaerobic glycolysis can be utilized for energy or reconverted into glucose by the liver and other tissues (a process known as oxidation). This brings us full circle, and the rest of the metabolic functions as quoted earlier from Brooks have been met. This process also applies to the world of exercise.

In exercise, human bodies use energy for the purpose of muscle contraction. To accomplish this, both aerobic and anaerobic energy-producing systems need to function. Regardless of the system, lactic acid is continuously being formed and removed, even at rest (2). Studies show that during aerobic glycolysis lactate production seems to increase in proportion to our metabolic rate (2, 5). At some point, depending on exercise duration and intensity, a workload will be reached in which lactate concentration is greatly magnified. This is known as the lactate threshold and can usually be elicited between 50- 80 percent of a person's maximal oxygen consumption, VO2max (10). It is at this point in which the rate of lactic acid appearance becomes greater than the rate of disappearance (1, 10). This manifestation will often occur in anaerobic activities such as the 400 meter dash, 100 meter swim, tennis, or soccer (6, 7). What is the significance of this fact?

When lactic acid accumulates in the cell following anaerobic glycolysis, there is potential for problems. It is necessary to maintain the proper degree of acidity in the cell because when acidity increases important contractile and metabolic functions are hindered. In the case that acidity is not regulated, the accumulation of lactic acid may be a factor in fatigue.

Coaches, teachers, and athletes can address both training regimen (including warm down) and diet to successfully combat excessive lactate formation, glycogen depletion, and the consequent fatigue that may result. According to Brooks, "a major goal of training should be to minimize lactic acid production and to enhance lactic acid removal during competition"(5). He suggests a combination of high intensity interval training and prolonged submaximal training. Interval training will help to maximize cardiovascular adaptation and increase VO2max. The more oxygen consumed, the less reliance on the anaerobic breakdown of carbohydrate to lactic acid. Prolonged submaximal training can help to induce muscular adaptations such as increases in capillary and mitochondrial functional capacity. These adaptations will help to reduce lactic acid formation by increased utilization of fatty acids as a mitochondrial fuel source and will facilitate lactic acid removal (5).

Many athletes incorporate a warm down period into their training for the purpose of decreasing blood lactate concentration. In recent times, questions have emerged regarding the benefits of active versus passive recovery. Here, active recovery implies light exercise while passive refers to rest. In a study by Choi et al. (4), this question was addressed. They found that blood lactate levels decreased more rapidly during active recovery than during rest. However, the difference was not found to be very significant. Attention thus focuses on glycogen depletion.

Although active recovery decreased lactic acid levels faster, it may also further deplete the glycogen stores that need replenishment. Therefore, a combination has been suggested whereby active and passive recovery are utilized together to decrease lactic acid levels while promoting maximal glycogen resynthesis (4). In other words, the athlete should warm down until normal rates of breathing return and then rest. At this time, a high carbohydrate meal should be consumed to help replace the glycogen stores, which have been depleted through exercise.

In summary, lactic acid is not a useless metabolic by-product. It can serve as a very important and useful energy source. However, if the lactate threshold is reached during exercise, excessive lactic acid can accumulate, causing fatigue. Fortunately, this negative effect can be partially offset by proper training, warm down, and a high carbohydrate diet.

REFERENCES

(1) Brooks, G. A. (1985). Anaerobic threshold: review of the concept and directions for future research. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 17:1, 22-31. (2) Brooks, G. A. (1986). The lactate shuttle during exercise and recovery. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 18:3, 360- 368. (3) Brooks, G. A. (1988). Blood lactic acid: sports bad boys turns good. Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Sports Science Exchange 1: 2. (4) Choi, D., Cole, K. J., Goodpaster, B. H., Fink, W. J., & Costill, D. L. (1994) . Effect of passive and active recovery on the resynthisis of muscle glycogen. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 26:8, 992-996. (5) Donovan, C. M., & Brooks, G. A. (1983). Endurance training affects lactate clearance, not lactate production. American Journal of Physiology 244, E83-E92. (6) Guyton, A. C. (1991). Metabolism of carbohydrates and formation of adenosine triphosphate. In M. J. Wonsiewicz (Ed.), Textbook of medical physiology (8th ed., pp. 743-752). Philadelphia, PA.: W. B. Saunders and Company. (7) Guyton, A. C. (1991). Sports physiology. In M. J. Wonsiewicz (Ed.), Textbook of medical physiology (8th ed., pp. 939-949). Philadelphia, PA.: W. B. Saunders and Company. (8) Lieber, R. L. (1992). Skeletal muscle physiology. In J. P. Butler (Ed.), Skeletal muscle structure and function (pp. 49-108). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins. (9) Schwane, J. A., Watrous, B. G., Johnson, S. R., & Armstrong, R. B. (1983). Is lactic acid related to delayed-onset muscle soreness? The Physician and Sportsmedicine 11:3, 124-129. (10) Stanley, W. C., Gertz, E. W., Wisneski, J. A., Morris, L. D., Neese, R. A., & Brooks, G. A. (1985). Systemic lactate kinetics during graded exercise in man. American Journal of Physiology 249, E595-E602.

In 1947 after an examination he got a license for chiropractor.

When his father suddenly passed away on May 23, 1952, Kenei Mabuni became his Soke ( successor ), and he inherited the original name of Master’s Kenwa Mabuni’s personal dojo, "Yoshukan".

His knowledge and skills in Karate have made him famous and respected all over the world. Since the early 1960s, he has made numerous trips to many countries to teach Shito ryu Karate do.

During the inaugural of the 1st World Karate-do Championship (WUKO), in 1970, he demonstrated for the first time the "Nipaipo" kata of Gokenki Sensei.

In 1972, he was certified by the "Federation of All Japan Karate-do Organization" (FAJKO), as a first class examiner.

The Japan Martial Arts Council (Nippon Budo Kyougi Kai), presented him "The Distinguished Service Medal", for his contribution, on January 15th , 1984.

On March 17, 1993 in Osaka, Kenei Mabuni helped found the " World Shito ryu Karate do Federation ", of which he was made Governor ( Sosai ).

Kenei Mabuni has devoted his entire life to training and teaching Shito ryu Karate do and has succeeded in promoting his father’s unique system all over the world.