Ai Margini Del Dialetto

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Ai Margini Del Dialetto Bruno Moretti Ai margini del dialetto. Varietà in sviluppo e varietà in via di riduzione in una situazione di 'inizio di decadimento' Osservatorio Linguistico della Svizzera Italiana Bellinzona 1999 2 Il presente testo è stato accettato nel semestre invernale 1997-1998 dalla Facoltà di Lettere dell'Università di Berna come lavoro di abilitazione 3 Indice Introduzione............................................................................................................ 1 1. Il calo della dialettofonia e le varietà marginali ................................................... 10 1.1. Il dialetto come varietà ‘in via di decadimento’ ...................................... 10 1.2. Le varietà dei parlanti evanescenti........................................................ 24 1.2.1. Parlare dialetto: tra competenza e identità .............................. 25 1.2.2. Il ruolo dell'italiano ................................................................... 26 1.2.3. Fenomeni di asimmetria .......................................................... 29 1.2.4. La 'morfologia interlinguistica' e la costruzione lessicale nel dialetto lingua seconda ................................................................ 36 1.2.5. Il ruolo del francese come lingua d'appoggio........................... 48 1.3. Il riassestamento della diglossia............................................................ 51 2. Aspetti quantitativi della situazione ticinese da ieri a oggi .................................. 56 3. Varietà di non nativi........................................................................................... 82 3.1. Osservazioni relative alla metodologia d'indagine................................. 83 3.2. I parlanti evanescenti ............................................................................ 87 3.2.1. Quali sono i parlanti nativi che la lingua sta perdendo............. 87 3.2.2. Riattivare la competenza nel discorso ..................................... 93 3.2.3. I tre sottogruppi di parlanti evanescenti ................................... 95 3.2.5. Caratteristiche morfosintattiche delle varietà dei PE................ 99 3.2.5.1.L'uso dei pronomi clitici soggetto ................................ 99 3.2.5.2. Il caso di a.................................................................. 126 3.2.5.3. Le forme dei clitici soggetto........................................ 153 3.2.5.4. La terza persona plurale: clitici vs. marche sul verbo....................................................................................... 162 3.2.5.5. Il caso di ga obliquo nei PE........................................ 163 3.2.5.6. Morfologia verbale...................................................... 165 3.2.5.7. Morfologia nominale................................................... 175 3.2.5.8. La negazione.............................................................. 188 3.2.5.9. Le preposizioni di e da ............................................... 191 3.2.5.10. La costruzione della frase relativa............................ 193 4 3.2.6. Tra lessico e fonologia: alla ricerca dei modi di dirlo in dialetto............................................................................................... 199 3.2.6.1. I PE1 .......................................................................... 200 3.2.6.2. I PE2 .......................................................................... 217 3.2.6.3. I PE3 .......................................................................... 221 3.2.6.4. Conclusione sulle principali corrispondenze fonologiche tra italiano e dialetto............................................. 236 3.3. Gli 'ex-PE'.............................................................................................. 239 3.4. I non italofoni......................................................................................... 246 3.4.1. Non italofoni competenti .......................................................... 246 3.4.2. Non italofoni con uso solo passivo del dialetto ........................ 249 3.4.2.1. Elementi lessicali e regole produttive ......................... 255 3.4.2.2. Morfosintassi.............................................................. 262 3.4.2.3. La comprensione........................................................ 265 3.5. Le 'interlingue improbabili'..................................................................... 267 3.6. I bambini parlanti evanescenti............................................................... 274 3.6.1. Il polo vicino al dialetto: i codici 'totalmente separati' e le zone di transizione............................................................................. 274 3.6.2. Il polo dell'italiano: la ricerca di segnali di dialettalità ............... 281 4. Il dialetto come lingua materna.......................................................................... 287 4.1. Il dialetto rivolto ai bambini nativi........................................................... 287 4.2. La spiegazione del fenomeno ............................................................... 296 4.2.1. Il baby talk ............................................................................... 296 4.2.2. Gli antedecenti chiarificativi ..................................................... 300 4.2.2.1.Il ruolo dei diminutivi.................................................... 305 4.2.2.2. L'italiano nelle narrazioni dialettali.............................. 311 4.2.3. Antecedenti espressivi............................................................. 317 4.2.3.1. L'espressività dell'italiano e dello 'pseudo- italiano'.................................................................................... 317 4.2.3.2. Gli eufemismi ............................................................. 320 4.2.4. Il ruolo delle aspettative riguardo al comportamento dei bambini.............................................................................................. 324 4.2.4.1. L'italiano come lingua dei giochi................................. 327 4.2.5. Il BT come varietà periferica .................................................... 328 4.2.6. I paralleli .................................................................................. 330 4.2.6.1. L'universalità del BT................................................... 330 5 4.2.6.2. L'universalità dei tratti del BT ..................................... 335 4.2.6.3. BT mistilingui in altre società...................................... 337 4.2.7. La 'facilità' della commutazione di codice nelle famiglie bilingui ............................................................................................... 338 4.3. Gli sviluppi del fenomeno ...................................................................... 343 4.3.1. I mutamenti intervenuti nei comportamenti degli adulti............ 343 4.3.2. Le conseguenze sulle varietà dialettali dei bambini................. 349 4.3.3. Un tratto innovativo autonomo nelle varietà dialettali dei bambini nativi..................................................................................... 356 5. Conclusioni. Mutamenti, relazioni tra sistemi, apprendimento e variazione ............................................................................................................... 360 5.1. Le varietà usate con i bambini............................................................... 361 5.2. I parlanti evanescenti ............................................................................ 365 5.3. Le altre varietà ...................................................................................... 366 BIBLIOGRAFIA....................................................................................................... 369 6 Introduzione Al di là della cosiddetta 'crisi della dialettologia', i dialetti italiani continuano a costituire una miniera di fatti linguistici ben lungi dall'essere esaurita da parte della ricerca. Ma anche se un giorno la descrizione dovesse aver raggiunto valori soddisfacenti rimarrebbero comunque aperte nuove vie e prospettive per la dialettologia italiana, secondo il percorso che ha già caratterizzato tipicamente lo studio delle lingue standard: dai fatti centrali più appariscenti, ai fatti più marginali, meno importanti statisticamente ma senz'altro altrettanto importanti nel mostrare le 'frontiere del possibile' nei fatti linguistici. Persino una eventuale 'morte' dei dialetti', con l'impossibilità di raccogliere dati su varietà complete di nativi, aprirebbe al dialettologo la possibilità di entrare nel campo altamente significativo dello studio del decadimento e della morte di lingue. O, sul lato più sociolinguistico (ma le implicazioni linguistiche strette non sono da sottovalutare), occorrerebbe parlare degli aspetti 'macrolinguistici' dei dialetti e del loro eventuale contributo ad una teoria della diglossia e delle cosiddette varietà Low1. Questo lavoro vuole in parte anticipare questi scenari e si occupa quindi di fenomeni marginali, trasponendo metodi e interessi di studio tipici della linguistica delle lingue standard al dialetto. In ciò ci sostiene la fiducia che il postulato dell'equivalenza di tutte le lingue, del quale la linguistica si è fatta una bandiera 1 Nel concetto fergusoniano di diglossia (che vuole cogliere situazioni particolari di compresenza di due varietà di lingua utilizzate in modo complementare) si distingue tra varietà 'alte' (High) e varietà 'basse' (Low). La situazione che qui osserviamo non coincide con quella tipica considerata da Ferguson (1959)
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