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La Evolución De Los Glaciares En El UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA Departamento de Análisis Geográfico Regional y Geografía Física LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LOS GLACIARES EN EL COMPLEJO VOLCÁNICO AMPATO (PERÚ) JESÚS ALCALÁ REYGOSA MADRID, JUNIO DE 2007 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA Departamento de Análisis Geográfico Regional y Geografía Física LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LOS GLACIARES EN EL COMPLEJO VOLCÁNICO AMPATO (PERÚ) Proyecto de investigación realizado por D. Jesús Alcalá Reygosa y dirigido por el Prof. Dr. D. David Palacios Estremera para la obtención del Diploma de Estudios Avanzados. Miembros del tribunal de evaluación: Dr. D. Julio Muñoz Jiménez Dr. D. David Palacios Estremera Dr. D. Jose Juán Zamorano Orozco INDICE 1.-Introducción.................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1.- Características generales del Complejo Volcánico Ampato...........................................................5 1.2.- Justificación del trabajo de investigación.......................................................................................8 1.3.- Objetivos del trabajo de investigación............................................................................................8 2.- Contexto geográfico........................................................................................................................ 9 2.1.- Origen y características generales del Altiplano y la Cordillera Occidental de los Andes del Sur de Perú................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1.- Evolución geológica y origen del relieve....................................................................................9 2.1.2.- La tectónica y el clima como factores condicionantes de los procesos modeladores del relie- ve........................................................................................................................................................ 13 2.1.3.- La dinámica endógena y el relieve volcánico...........................................................................15 2.2.- Climatología del Altiplano y la Cordillera Occidental de los Andes del sur de Perú..................19 2.2.1.- Características generales...........................................................................................................19 2.2.2.- Zonalidad climática...................................................................................................................21 2.2.3.- Análisis de la temperatura.........................................................................................................22 2.2.4.- Análisis de las precipitaciones...................................................................................................22 2.3.- La vegetación del altiplano y la Cordillera Occidental de los Andes del sur de Perú...................................................................................................................................................... 25 2.3.1.- Características generales...........................................................................................................25 2.3.2.- Zonificación de los pisos bioclimáticos.....................................................................................28 2.4.- Población, usos del suelo y perspectivas de desarrollo................................................................33 2.4.1.- Características generales...........................................................................................................33 2.5.- Evolución volcánica y glaciar del complejo volcánico Ampato: estado de conocimien- to...........................................................................................................................................................37 2. 5. 1.- Evolución volcánica...............................................................................................................37 2. 5. 1. 1.- Historia eruptiva del volcán Sabancaya...............................................................................37 2. 5. 1. 2.- Riesgo volcánico del volcán Sabancaya..............................................................................39 2. 5. 2.- Evolución glaciar.....................................................................................................................41 2. 5. 2. 1.- Nevado Ampato...................................................................................................................42 2. 5. 2. 2.- Nevado Sabancaya..............................................................................................................42 2. 5. 2. 3.- Nevado Hualca Hualca........................................................................................................42 Pág 3 3.- Estado de conocimiento de la evolución climática y glaciar en los Andes centrales.................43 3.1.- La Línea de Equilibrio Glaciar.....................................................................................................43 3.2.- Fases glaciares anteriores a la última glaciación en los Andes Centrales...................................44 3.3.- El Último Máximo Avance Glaciar (LGM).................................................................................44 3.4.- Proceso de deglaciación y fases de reavance post LGM.............................................................48 4.- Metodología de la investigación...................................................................................................49 4.1.- Estructura.....................................................................................................................................49 4.2.- Métodos cartográficos..................................................................................................................50 4.3.- Método de datación......................................................................................................................52 4.3.1.- Características generales...........................................................................................................52 4.3.2.- Recogida de muestras en el trabajo de campo..........................................................................52 4.3.3.-Preparación de las muestras en el laboratorio de acuerdo con Vázquez (2005)........................53 4.3.4.- Análisis mediante el Acelerador Espectrómetro de Masas (AMS); laboratorio de PRIME (Purdue University, USA)....................................................................................................................54 5.- Aplicación y resultados.................................................................................................................55 5.1.- Análisis de la cartografía geomorfológica....................................................................................55 5.1.1.- Geomorfología del nevado Ampato: Formas del relieve de origen volcánico..........................55 5.1.2.- Geomorfología del nevado Ampato: Formas del relieve de origen glaciar...............................57 5.1.3.- Geomorfología del nevado Sabancaya: Formas del relieve de origen volcánico.....................61 5.1.4.- Geomorfología del nevado Sabancaya: Formas del relieve de origen glaciar..........................63 5.1.5.- Geomorfología del Nevado HualcaHualca: Formas del relieve de origen volcánico...............64 5.1.6.- Geomorfología del nevado HualcaHualca: Formas del relieve de origen glaciar.....................65 5.2. Significado geomorfológico del LGM y las reactivaciones holocenas en el Complejo Volcánico Ampato.................................................................................................................................................73 5.2.1. Propuesta cronológica preliminar del LGM y los reavances posglaciares en el Complejo Volcánico Ampato................................................................................................................................73 5.2.1.1. Resultados obtenidos de la datación absoluta (muestras 2005)...............................................75 5.2.1.2. Interpretación..........................................................................................................................75 5.3. Estado actual de los glaciares del Complejo Volcánico Ampato (2000)........................................76 6. Discusión y conclusiones................................................................................................................79 7. Futuras Líneas de Investigación...................................................................................................81 8 Bibliografía......................................................................................................................................82 9. Anexos cartográficos......................................................................................................................86 Pág 4 1. Introducción 1. 1. Características generales del Complejo Volcánico Ampato Los nevados Ampato, Sabancaya y HualcaHualca forman un conjunto de grandes estratovolcanes complejos, localizados en la Cordillera Occidental de los Andes Centrales, a 70 km al NW de la ciu- dad de Arequipa, al sur de Perú. Las cumbres de estos volcanes están ocupadas por glaciares, lo que representa una de las características comunes entre ellos (Fig. 1). El Nevado Hualca Hualca, con 6.025 msnm comienza su formación
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