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Source Model for Sabancaya Volcano Constrained by Dinsar and GNSS Surface Deformation Observation

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Source Model for Sabancaya Volcano Constrained by Dinsar and GNSS Surface Deformation Observation remote sensing Article Source Model for Sabancaya Volcano Constrained by DInSAR and GNSS Surface Deformation Observation Gregorio Boixart 1, Luis F. Cruz 2,3 , Rafael Miranda Cruz 2, Pablo A. Euillades 4, Leonardo D. Euillades 4 and Maurizio Battaglia 5,6,* 1 Instituto de Estudios Andinos, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; [email protected] 2 Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Geofísica, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04001, Peru; [email protected] (L.F.C.); [email protected] (R.M.C.) 3 Observatorio Vulcanológico del INGEMMET, Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico, Arequipa 04001, Peru 4 Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto CEDIAC & CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza M5502JMA, Argentina; [email protected] (P.A.E.); [email protected] (L.D.E.) 5 US Geological Survey, Volcano Disaster Assistance Program, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA 6 Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza-University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 23 April 2020; Accepted: 3 June 2020; Published: 8 June 2020 Abstract: Sabancaya is the most active volcano of the Ampato-Sabancaya Volcanic Complex (ASVC) in southern Perú and has been erupting since 2016. The analysis of ascending and descending Sentinel-1 orbits (DInSAR) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) datasets from 2014 to 2019 imaged a radially symmetric inflating area, uplifting at a rate of 35 to 50 mm/yr and centered 5 km north of Sabancaya. The DInSAR and GNSS data were modeled independently. We inverted the DInSAR data to infer the location, depth, and volume change of the deformation source. Then, we verified the DInSAR deformation model against the results from the inversion of the GNSS data. Our modelling results suggest that the imaged inflation pattern can be explained by a source 12 to 15 km deep, with a volume change rate between 26 106 m3/yr and 46 106 m3/yr, located between the Sabancaya × × and Hualca Hualca volcano. The observed regional inflation pattern, concentration of earthquake epicenters north of the ASVC, and inferred location of the deformation source indicate that the current eruptive activity at Sabancaya is fed by a deep regional reservoir through a lateral magmatic plumbing system. Keywords: volcano deformation; interferometric synthetic aperture radar; ground deformation modelling; GNSS; volcano geodesy 1. Introduction Sabancaya is a 5980 m-high stratovolcano located in the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ) of the Andes, 75 km northwest of the city of Arequipa, Perú. It is the youngest and most recently active of the three volcanoes of the Ampato-Sabancaya Volcanic Complex (ASVC), which includes Hualca Hualca to the north and Ampato to the south (Figure1). ASVC’s volcanoes are mostly composed of andesitic and dacitic lava flows and pyroclastic deposits [1], surrounded by an extensive system of active faults and lineaments (Figure1). Ampato is a dormant stratovolcano with no historical activity, consisting of three volcanic cones overlying an older eroded volcanic edifice [2]. The Pleistocene Hualca Hualca Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 1852; doi:10.3390/rs12111852 www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 1852 2 of 11 Remote Sens. 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW of volcanoHualca is believed Hualca volcano to be extinct. is believed There to isbe hydrothermal extinct. There activityis hydrothermal observed activity near Pincholloobserved near (Hualca Hualca),Pinchollo but it (Hualca could be Hualca), of tectonic but it origincould be [3 ].of tectonic origin [3]. FigureFigure 1. (a )1. Overview (a) Overview map map with with the the North North Volcanic Volcanic Zone and and the the Central Central Volcanic Volcanic Zone Zone of the of Andes the Andes (black).(black). (b) Satellite (b) Satellite tracks tracks used used in this in this study study and and the the main main volcanoes volcanoes in in southern southern Per Perú.ú.( c(c)) Studied Studied area, area, showing the main volcanoes of the Ampato-Sabancaya Volcanic Complex (orange triangles), the showing the main volcanoes of the Ampato-Sabancaya Volcanic Complex (orange triangles), the location location of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations (black squares), earthquake of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations (black squares), earthquake epicenters for epicenters for 2014–2018 (orange circles), and the main faults and lineaments in the zone. 2014–2018 (orange circles), and the main faults and lineaments in the zone. Sabancaya has had five historical eruptive episodes recorded since 1750 CE [4]. Between 1985 Sabancayaand 1997, it hasproduced had five several historical Vulcanian eruptive eruptions episodes with ash recorded columns since2–3 km 1750 high CE and [4 several]. Between small 1985 and 1997,surges it and produced pyroclastic several flows Vulcanian [1,5,6]. Crustal eruptions deform withation ash related columns to this 2–3 eruptive km high cycle and has severalnot been small surgeswell and characterized pyroclastic because flows [of1, 5a, 6lack]. Crustal of data. deformationThe volcano has related not been to instrumented this eruptive yet cycle and hasvery not few been well characterizedSynthetic Aperture because Radar of (SAR a lack ) scenes of data. suitable The volcanofor Differential has not Interferometry been instrumented of Synthetic yet andAperture very few SyntheticRadar Aperture (DInSAR) Radar studies (SAR) were scenesacquired suitable by the forEuropean Differential Space InterferometryAgency’s ERS Mission of Synthetic over South Aperture RadarAmerica. (DInSAR) However, studies Pritchard were acquired and Simons by the[7] were European able to Space create Agency’sthree useful ERS interferograms Mission over with South scenes acquired between July 1992 and October 1997. These scenes showed an uplift pattern centered America. However, Pritchard and Simons [7] were able to create three useful interferograms with near Hualca Hualca, circular in shape and with a radius of ~20 km. The deformation rate reached a scenes acquired between July 1992 and October 1997. These scenes showed an uplift pattern centered mean velocity of 20 mm/yr at the point of maximum displacement. [7] suggests that the inflation rate near Hualcawas constant Hualca, during circular the analyzed in shape time and span. with Unfortun a radiusately, of the ~20 poor km. temporal The deformation resolution ofrate the data reached a meanprevented velocity linking of 20 mmthe observed/yr at the deformat point ofion maximum to a specific displacement. eruptive cycle. Reference [7] suggests that the inflation rateIn 2013, was Sabancaya constant during experienced the analyzed a significant time increa span.se Unfortunately,in seismic activity. the [8,9] poor studied temporal the crustal resolution of thedeformation data prevented between linking 2002 and the observed2013 by applying deformation the DInSAR to a processing specific eruptive to data from cycle. ERS, ENVISAT, Inand 2013, TerraSAR-X Sabancaya missions. experienced They observed a significant several increase co-seismic in deformation seismic activity. episodes Reference and creep [8, 9along] studied the crustalthe Solarpampa deformation fault, between interpreting 2002 them and as 2013 tectonic by applying in origin. theThe DInSARregional circular processing pattern to datapreviously from ERS, ENVISAT,detected and in TerraSAR-X1992 to 1997 was missions. absent. They observed several co-seismic deformation episodes and The present eruptive cycle of Sabancaya began in November 2016 and remains ongoing through creep along the Solarpampa fault, interpreting them as tectonic in origin. The regional circular pattern May 2020, when this paper was accepted. It is characterized by phreatic and Vulcanian explosions previously detected in 1992 to 1997 was absent. associated with constant SO2 and ash emissions, accelerated lava dome growth, and thermal Theanomalies present [10]. eruptive Seismicity cycle during of Sabancaya this period began is concentrated in November mainly 2016 north and remainsof Sabancaya, ongoing around through May2020, when this paper was accepted. It is characterized by phreatic and Vulcanian explosions associated with constant SO2 and ash emissions, accelerated lava dome growth, and thermal anomalies [10]. Seismicity during this period is concentrated mainly north of Sabancaya, around Hualca Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 1852 3 of 11 Hualca (Figure1), similar to previous distributions [ 9]. AN analysis of the Sentinel-1, TerraSAR-X, and COSMO-SkyMed missions from 2013–2018 found inflation northwest of Sabancaya as well as creep and rupture on multiple faults [11]. Modelling of the inflation source showed that the location (~7 km N of Sabancaya) and depth (~15 km) were consistent with the source inferred by [7]. In this work, we present results relevant to the present volcanic unrest (October 2014 to March 2019). The DInSAR processing of an ascending and descending Sentinel 1 dataset and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data analysis shows a radially symmetric inflation similar to the one observed for 1992–1997 by [7]. The observed deformation field is compatible with a deep source, 12–15 km below the surface and 5 km north of Sabancaya, that has possibly been feeding the current Sabancaya eruptions. 2. Deformation from DInSAR and GNSS 2.1. Synthetic Aperture Radar Data The SAR dataset consists of 84 ascending (Path 47, Frame 1125)
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