Svrnn CanNrvonn CoNSERVATToN

The Newsletterand Journalof the IUCIVSSC Mustelid,Viverrid & ProcyonidSpecialist Group IUCN

Number25 October2001

SPEcrEsSunvrver- CoMMISSIoN

Nilgirimaften (/vlortes g'rotknsi) - Aftwork Jetr Cain Theproduction and distribulion of thisissue has been sponsored by "MarwellPreservation Trust Ltd", Colden Common, UK "RoyalZoological Society of Antwerp",Antwerp, Belgium "CarnivoreConservation & ResearchTrust", Knoxville, TN, USA "ColumbusZoo", Powell, Ohio, USA and "WildlifeConservation Society/Central Park Wildlife Center", NewYork, NY, USA

...l.hii! |tr{n. efuo lon tl. ht d.ri Svtnn CnnNrvoRE CoNSERVATToN TheNewsletter and Journal of theIUCN/SSC Mustelid,Viverid & ProcyonidSpecialist Group

Editor-in-chief: HarryVan Rompaey, Edegem, Belgium

Associateeditor: Huw Griffiths,Hull, UnitedKingdorr.r

Editorial board: AngelaGlafston, Rotterdam, Netherlands MichaelRiff'el. Heidelberg, Germany ArndSchreiber. Heidelberg, Germany RolandWirth, Miinchen, Germany

The viess expressedin fiis publicationare lhoseol the ruthors and do not ncccssrdly rcilccl lhose of thc lL-rCN.nor thc IIjCN/SSCMustelid. Vilerrid & ProcyonidSpecialisi cmup.

The arln ofthis publicaiion is to oller rh. menbcrs ol rhc IUCN/SSC NIV&PSC. rnd rlnNc $ho are corcernedwlth musl€lids.\'i!en s. and proc)onids. briel pxpcr!. nes! itenrs.abslrrcts. lrnd lirle! of r.cenr lnerxtue. Al1 readersarc invited Io send nraterial to:

Small Carnivore Conservation c/o Dr. H, Van Rompaey Jan Verbertlei,15 2650Edegem - Belgium Harry.VanRompaey@ tijd.com

Print.d on recr-cledfrl'er ISS\ t0t9-5041 Certain observationson the behaviour of Nilgiri m afien (Martesguatkinsi\ in Periyar Tiger Reserve,Kerala, India

DeepakumarN. KURUPand Gigi K. JOSEPH

The loresredlracts of rhesoulh Wesrem Gha6 in .ivcrs nlnrcly Mullayar, Pcriy{r. and Pamba. Thc tcnain is thc Indianstrbconlincnt rcmain rn rbodc li)r n n] endangercd undulatingwith lofty pedksand pfecipitiousslopes. The elevatior andendemic life fbrms.Even though a numberofstudles has been rrngc\ liom 100 m 1('2.019 n] abolc mcan ser le\'el.Thc climatc coDdtrctcdlo lsscssthc bi()divcrsityoi this regi()n.not mu.h i\ hunid and cool and the tenpenture variesbetween l5'C and doctrmcDratir)nof smallcr m{mmals has heendone $ tar. ll'C. These fbrestsreceive an avefageannual rainfall of 2.500 Particularl).the mustelidsand liverids rrc rmong thc lcast knownmanxnals thriling in rhesenountain.anges (Yogmand & Kumir. 1995;Clhristopher & Jayson,19961. Pcrilrr TiScr Rcserve is considcrcd to bc onc ol thc biolosically richest protectedareas of the western Ghats with Thc Nilgiri marLcn,M.r/r€r g}irttin'i. HoNield 1851.i! a 1.965 flowering planr species (Sasidharan, 1999). This fich tlneatenedmustelid. distributed exclusilely wirhin rhe sourh diveisity is due to the complex topogriphy nnd wide range of westemGhats of lndia (Pocock.I9,1IL Although nlan]- previous nicroclimalic and soil condilbns. which in lum resuhs in rhe authorshave attempied todescribe the range of disrribution of this tbnnarionol r mosaicol dillcrcnl vcgctrtion types.According lo species.direcr sighting reports are still scant) (Huttor. t9.l9i Chandrasekharan(1962) and Champion & Seth (1968). the Pfater.l9lJ0: Jerdon. 1984). Karanth (198'l)reported rhe preseme vegetationof Periyar Tiger Resene can be classifledinlo seven of Nilgiri marrenin Bnhnagiri Wildlile Sancturryin Kamatak.r. typcsr wcsl coas! Lropical evergreen li)rcsts. wc( co:rst scmi Morerecend' direct sighting reporls have come liom Eravjkulam evergrccnlbrcsts. vrulhcm moistmircd dcciduous forests, soulbem Nrti{)nalPark in Kctuh (Nfudusudrn.1995). rhe rpper Bhalrni hill toptropic,rlevergreen forests, southem montane wet temperate rcgn)noi thc Nilgirisin Trmil Nadu(Goktrla & Rrma.handran, f(trests.south Indian subnopic,rl hill sav{nnrhs. and southern 1995).Pcpt{n Wildlif€Srncturry rnd SilentV{lley Natbnal west montanegrlsslands. Parko1 Kcrula SLrtc (Chrinophcr & Jry$n. 1996).Thc prcscnt rotc is bascdon a dircclsighting ollhc Nilgirimartcnior thc fi*t o| |1\,frr.h )n(1').$hr'. n(n'h.r.,,fth.r:gcrr.'nir,,rin" time in PerilarTiger Reserve. te,un proceededthrough the sen evefgfeer patche!of Aruvi in PcfiyarTiger Relerve.a coupleofNilgiri nlarLcnwcrc sighlcd.Thc l'eriyarTi:er ReseNeis situaiedin the ldukki districtof aninlalswere obsened lbr 15 n Nies from 10:20to 10:15a.m. at KemlaState. 1he total exten! of lhe Reservei,i 777 knrr. encio!ing a distanceofjust dre€ rnetresawa). They werc iderilifiedwithout a centrallyplaced lake of 26 kmr. lt is bourrdedby Madumiand nistake by their striking black colour throu-lhout the body except R{mrnadhaturamdistricts of Tanril Nadustate to rheeast and in the thro,rtand chestregion. The lxtter regn)nwrs 'narkedwilh a north.Kou.tyrm district ol Kcrrh in thc wcst.rnd RanniForcst light orangcyclk)w cort. Thc hcad wrs trimgular and dorsally Di\ision nr thesouth (Fig I ). Thearca is dfainedmainly by three flatled. Totai bodl lengthircludirg tail excsdcd I m.

LocationMap of Perilar Tiger Rcserve

--.;l'r-| -*r/' .- ^i ; t;t"

I w er ln ie\ Table1:Sighting records ofNilgid Marten in PeriyarTiger ReseNe on thcir wry lionl Vellrmala. sas tour Daleof siohtil Nameolthe Nilgiri nra(ens ch.rsinga Mouse decr sl N1l!9'91 Typeot \Trdsulus m(mbtn) down towafds the ro..tionvegetationobserver/ NO Day lllonli Yeat team Vcllimrh Rilo (Tible l). They encircled Umfi*hu their qurnt fiom lhe shoresbut the mouse L ,gSZ I Eve€reenMr Mohanan 00an dccr renained inrnreFed ir the wrter for Pa.hakk Mr.0.P. Kaler some tme. Claw sounds wcrc trcscnt on 2 Unknown March 1999 Eveereen ,,-r-_+- ,3!9L IFS rhe nipe. fofehead.:rnd dorsal side of the Tigef nr)usc dccr's bod)-. Perhapsbecause they Semi 3 13 March 2000 monrtoring sensedhumao presence.the lnalten left off eveQteen Team their quarr] rDd scunied away. Ore of lhc Tiger rnimrls slid under a fallen C,/le,n? Nad!thot .rdrilldnr lree lbr sonretinre. in the nrean 4 13 2000 Everurcenrnononng EM Team time the mouse deer hrd escrfcd. Mr Tigetcensus Madhukunar :rttemptedphotographing the 5. 16 Deember 2000 Thama€Evergreen Team lnaltenwith an ruto lbcuscanera.Hecould approachas closc rs four merresfrom ihc lhble |. Sishfits trcotds oJNilsiriMu o in P?ri,\1rTig.r R.s.^'c marter clirnbing down a r.cc. Thc arca hNd an altitude of 1.200m ASL and wrs of lnitially one animalsas sightedon a hcc trunk rl lhc righl clcrgrccn biotope wirh lhe domiratirg nee speciesof Calleda sideofthe roadand wrs found alsrys bobbins ils head.When the ?\atillata. Drrpetes elutu. and Lupottid.rcnulatd. aormalnoticed our presenceil starcdNt us li)r.t sccondrnd came dosn to the grornd. lt appearedunconcerned by ou| prcsencebu1 Theseobscr!.rlions clc.rrly show lhrt PefiyarTigerReleNe proceeded in a leisurely nanner along lhe ground. climbcd is a potcntial arcr for rny little describedmammals like Nilgiri lnothcr big trcc to lt height of 2 ln. stopped.turned its head and marten. This stecies was prcliously describedonly lrom slarcd!Lus. Allerlt minute.itdescendedto the ground and crosi'ed F-ravikulam Natnnr{l Pa.k. Silenl Valley National Park. and the rcrd slowly. Then it we t on to clinb a vnsller trce. rurned Pepparawildlile Srncturry of thc 14 proFcted areasin Kerala towards.t snnll branch and startedlying down on the prcximal State( M rdu$rdr, I 995i Chrisropher& Jayson.| 996). Thoughthe forlion. The nnimal was observedlyirg flat on it! belly with all Nilgiri mancn is an elusile creature. it would seem that the its four limbs drglnrg licc in the air. While we were obsening this speciesis not as mre as it wai oncc thotrght,as beiog nunifesi in animal,rnothcr indjvidual alsodeInonstrated a peculidrbehaviour the recentsightings. Thcrc is .r possibility of sightingthis lpecies ofbobhing irs herd up lnd down. Subsequelly ir cameIo the open in other sanctuafies having similar hrbitals. Therelbre n is a.erand sniffedth. soil li)r a whi lc. It thencrossed rhe road slowly essentialto conduct a detriled survcy lbcusing nainly on the rna . lrmheJrhe 'dm" .,,rif r,\ rl-r ^rhe .rldrrcnqr' re.ri1! n r. nammalian diversity petaining k) lhis pafl oi the world. 'Ih. sccondlnimrl look resl o rhe samebranch fbr five ,ninntes nr lhe same iashion describedfof lhe other one. After fiftccn Acknosledgements nrinute! ol obscNation we lett the inimals there and proceeded lve souldlile roth{nl Vr Bullumar.11.Madhukunr. Nt Amar. lunher on our monthlv exefcrse. NIr NlohrDxtr.Vr Chelhppin.udMrGipr. rhe mcnrh.(.lthc ligcr Monnorin!Tenm. Mr. MohrDrn, onc ol our tiger nonitoring te:rn members rsscrtcdhrving sccn a similir specine| ofthe marien about nine Chanrpion.ll.C.&Serh.SK l9Oi A,.f,rl/r,,f$,//r1k,(r tura ol ltrliu Nes Dehli:Govc'nicm .t lndi.. )ears ago at the Unrmikkuppan area in the corc zonc ol lhc l96) F.re{rr_tc\rlKeralaStar. r/irr r,., 83:6(18J7. feserve. whi.h is cxcltrsilcly an evergreen arei. The locala Chandnrkharan.C Chrnn)ther.G&Ja)_!ri.E A. 1996Sightinesoi\ilgirlrn{nen(tt r.\3lr,*r i Nlarnan tfibal! cali this annnal Enungu' in rheir lrnguage. Ho6liel{l)il PepnafuWildl,1. Sai.tDdt andSilenl Valley Nrtionrl Ptrl(, Kcrxlx.lndia..l,ull anr,fo,? a,,rcr. li::l .1. On l3th Ma-r 2000,the tiger monitding tcrm on thcir \isir Cokul!.V &Rxnuchrndri..N K.1996 Arcco of lhe\ilgni ndcn (tt.,..r ro the core area of Periyar Tiger ReleNe. passedby- Mlappua gmrli,liHosh.ldl nr uppr tsharaniJ U.ddrIt, tJrr '',, 9l:82 Hutrn. A F 19.19Sd*.s xid mxnDdsolrhe High\\xrr_ \li)untiis. Madura Pcriyr trck path ind a little distanceffom the abandonedcoffcc District.souh tndii 1B.,Dnr^r t/,v J.....1S:681-69.1 cirdamon estaieof Nadulhottamsru a Nilgiri martcn silling on .edlrr.T C 193.1.1rdrD,,L.fth! nu'nnrL.l lvlh Dehi: MntrlPubi (:ullci'td r lnllen e\dnillata ree and tyirg to probe into the Krra.th. K. L 1931.Cdf.drr.n !1 rf.ttlt. t.nn,nr&qrt r".1n\ runlattt deca)ing log for possiblegrubs. On se€inglhe tean the annnal huhtdt h Ka dldko. Bnnlnlue: Detr of lrcologl and Lnrironnent. jtrmpcd olflhe 1ogand ran down the ravine below. The tinrc w$ (lo\r of Kafnakka. llidhu{ian. Nr. D lr)95 Sighridg.t Nillifi manenl,Vdr.r in l0:10a.m. andthe areawaswet elcrgrccn nxxrly of Holisantu sp. eMrri,r,) Eralifulxm Nrrionrl Prrt. KctuL. lndir sh.ll Cdmraft Coas.^-. ntl CulleNd (wrillaru. The ravine was coveredwith dcnsc rccd ().,'rlzrrlrd bralcs ( sp.). Pocock,R. l. rr.1l lh. .fuun. 4 Brili\h Inliu nthtdtrB l.\lo\ nnA Burni l-ondrn:Tar-lor & Fran.is r)8f|t Shfi. O. P. Kalcr. thc prcvious Wildlilt Preservalion Pfari. S.l l l h. h..k tt l,tltu| a"un.L Bomb.y:Eonrbx] Nd u '{. soc. Sa\idhrftn.N!991t.!nuli1r,n,[./r,?4P..^drlr3., R1\lnc KFRIRNcarch Officer of Periyrr Tigcr Rc\er!e. on having been lold aboui the RepodNo 150553 m. marrensighlings. said that he h,rdsccn ,r spccnncnin March 1999 Yolananl.T. R. & Kunu. A. I tl')5 lhe dnt'buti.n ol \nrll .arnnore' in N,l:ii :rt I'achaktanaln.on thc t'criphcr) ofthe Resene. BLo\phcr. Rcscn c. sourbenInlin: A lrrelnnuirry,.fon !;ru// aif,, Fz C,n\r,f. ll: I 2. On 16 December2000 a tigef censusingrcln lcd by Mr. Joji John. to.este. accomfrnied by Mr. Iladhukunff l.t tiger Periyar Tiger Reserve,Thekkady, Kerala, monitding wrlchcr) and ninc olherscovering ihe Thanrafxbbck India A new method to estimatethe speciesdiversity, density and biomass of water-living prey of semiaquaticmustelids in beaver ponds and small streams

VadimSIDOROVICH, Alexcy POLOZOY Inna IZOTOVA and Grigorii JANUTA

l'feliminary investigadonscanied out jn Belarus(Zharkov & Rodikov,l9T5i Sidorolich. 1990. 1997). Latvia (Ba1odis. 1990) :rnd Luhuania(Balciauskas & Ulcvicius, 1996)havc indicrted thrt rhc bcavcr Clrr."/ fl'el hrs r po\irire efiecr upon the otter arrld /rrld and both mink spe.ies Muncla lutrtoL.l d.ndM. , ijc/r. Usualll. semi'aquaticmustelid densities incrcrscdwith highcr bcrvcr dcn\iLics{nd thcir .isrociiledconsrruclion aclivilie\. Howe!er, rhere arc ltill no exact of detailed studiesrhat showhow beaveractilities leadto an increasein b!hirat cafrying capaciiy for se'ni aquatic muslclids. ln lur)pe. inlirmation related to ch{ng.s in the sl]eciesdiversit} and biomassof dreh aqLraticprey fiems (tish. crayf-rsh.aquatic beetles.frors hibefnating in watef) in brooks rDd sntall rivcrs in conncctionwith bcalcr danrnringis still citlrcr tcrl poor (Hiigglund & Sjijberg, 1999) or .tnecdotal (Djdko!. 1975i Balodis. 1990). In Norlh America. lhere are streams is usually canied out by the well'known nethod of (Bailey publicationson this topic & Stephens.1951i Huey & elecrofishing. Nevertheless,ln our experience.electrotishing in Wollru ,1956:Crrd.l96l iKnudscn.1962r HlDsoD &Canrpboll. cu!.ophic bealer pond! locatedon lbrclt br)oks sirh both l(ns ()1' 196l; Keasr & Fox. 1990).brt it is tbr anotherbcavcr spccies dcrd trcc maicrirl .rndo!crgrown b) !cgcl.rlion (aquaricplanls.r1 (t1 or rcnadc"sis) as well as ntr hotfi another landscapeand the botton and maNfi) he$s in the liltir'll) suggcstcdnnDy .onrincnt. Morcolcr.lhe nr.!orily ofthese rcsultsrelate to irout. slnnlcomingsof this mclhod for cslimrLingfish speciesdiversily rrd thcrc is lcss infomati()n lbout other fish species.Nearly and bn)mNssundcr complcx condili(ms.Aftcr electrofishingin a noLbingis publishedrbout trendsin crryfish rnd t(rg divcrsily o. net enclosureh.ts been compleled, a substantialpatr (11-195.. hronrass.and little intbrmation is available reLttlon to aquatic n=71 of the tish remainedhidden anong\t dead nee 'naterial hecdcs(McDowell & Nrilnan,I986) in streamecosyslcrns allcclcd (bctwccn r)ots, undcr bgs. clc.). dcnsc aqualic vegetationor in h! beaverdamming. the mud (as showr by the use of landing-nets). Moreover. clcctrolishnrg docs not gilc cxrct inlbrnalion on other waler- Onc of thc narkcd pr)blcms whilc rttcmptirg to cstimatc lhrngcs in rqu.ttic pre) as$ciations in coDncctionwith bcrvcr .l!nr construction is the lack of relevant equipment and .cthodok)gicson how 1orsscss stccics diversity and bnrnass in ..r!er pnds. Moreoler, ponds should be sludied dependingon :heir size. the proporlion of shallow to deep waters,age reiated . urmphication. and the abundanceof dead tree materials and :rosing vegeiation. Estrmationof fish diversity and bionass rr

Fig. 2n & 2b dwelling prey, i.e. craylish. aqraric beetlesand hihernatinglrogs bealer poDd ! area.In order to conrol prccision. we also do a (conlnnrnoffrcg /id,z .enl'ordrizr and ediblefrog R. kl. es.ulenta). \'isual estimaiiur of thc berver pond s area in both shallow and deep witers. Fbr this work il is importantb mcntNllylisuilize a Our nes,methGl of cslin.tling the species divers ity, dcnsity rectargle of difi'erenlsizes (5 m b) 10 m. l0 m by 20 n etc). It andb iom,rssof thc sltcr dwelling prey of senri aquaticmusrelids r. ol drtl-,Llr t.ir . \(rtbod) ro lel r Jl- {\p(rience. in berver ponds. and the in.rc.rses in these variables whcn compafedto thc partsol \treanN unaffectedb) bcrlcr darnming, 2. Scction census ofspeci€s diversiay and biomass of water- nerrly overcone! the lhortcomings nentioned. The melhod living prey of semiaquatic mustelids in a beater pond consisrsof the iollowing: Acensus ofwater li!ing prey canbe donein scclionsof 15 mr c.rchb] meansof spelial nct cquipment.lhe sectionsshould l. M€asuring a btaycr pond's area in its shallos and d€ep be situatedin both the shrllow .rnddeep watersof bcrver ponds. The lnjnimunr numberofsiudy sectionsis recommendedto be up This shouldbe donc by drawing the beaverpond's edgeon to 8 for both littoral rnd deep walef pads. dcpendingon their a detaiiedmap. Litlonl palls and deep wrtcrs shorld be m ked afe,rs.Thc preliminary data on rn increasein the prey species sepantely. fbrmerly wc uscd I m as thd border hetwccn the diversity found with higher nunber of lecLn'nsstudied suggest slr.rllow and deeperwarers. i.c. the pan of beaver pond wilh r thal lheir pooledarea shou ld coler approximatcly 0.5 lq. oflarge depth lessthan I m is drc lillortl. In practice.we measureddcpth beiver ponds(> | 0.000lnr). l- 107. of medium sizeciones ( I ,000- in different pafts of d beaver pond and td)k thrl to rssessthe t0.000mr).rnd30507.of snrallones(<1,000nr).Thenecessary prJponic'nbetwee n shallowrnd dcepwaters. Also. todifTefentirlc net equipmenl(Fig. l) consislsof lwo continuouslynanding net litloral deep-waterarea!in a bclverpond, we took inio an account w.rlls(lengih = 5 m. hcight = 3 n) which shouldbc localedacross the diltribution of aqualic planls nomrally growing densely in the pond at a distanceof 3 nl. ADolher two moving nct w,tlls sh{lkrw waters.After nlpping it is not difiicult to measurethe (lcnglh = I ln. height= 3 m) shouldbeused (Fig. 2). Thc nerwalls

ffir" tf,t I

Fig..ra Ijig. ,+b 'table 1. ,1e.:ies dirersit\ and bom^s o.l uquati( pte," ol seni-dqualir prc.lntors nt bcir(t ponds drd .o,rydtuble pafts o1 snull streans i,t th( Lorat rirer hedrl, Gorolok listritl, ViL(hskfteion. NE Belnrus,late October arul Norfltber ol2000

BPI ss1 BP2 SS2 BP3 ss3 BP4 SS4 I}P5 ss5 Beaver pord area.m' 640 161180 6500 t40 200 Bea\erpon,l rge. )ern ll 10

high high Nunber of secrionsstudied (rheirpooled area. mr) 4(60) r2(r80) 8(r20) r(.ls) 6(90) l-en8th of flooded paft l6 846 420 28

Length of non floodcd snlrll slrcam srudied.nl i58 158 r00 10 70 Numberof fish species

Number of frog speciei

10

t2 l9 1:l l0 Fi\h hi"mJ\\, kg 3.8 r65.:l 16.2 0.0,1 2.90 0.05 t.l 0.06 F.og biomass.kg 9.1 0.024 r40.1 0.5:l 8.2 1.60 0.63 0.10 1.3 0.r0 Crayfish bionla!!. kg r3.2 0.08 Aqultic bcctlc bidnass, kg 0.,1 0.001 7.6 001 78 0.0_2 0.12 0.001 0.1 0.001 Total prcy bnJrnass,kg I l.l 0.025 313.1 0.57 105.4 1.14 3.95 0.152 2.5 0.l6t

Denof1ion:BP1mdss1''..''..'BP5l1nl]SS5af'|he.htark]tel|ob?uf|po|nI\nndr|nparablepa|t\|)|non.|k\)dedsit Is||elns rre fixcd by woodcn sr*cs and ropes (Figs. t'31 and rnovedby readily measurcdby lbllo{ing the bank ffeeline by r)w boaling nrcrnsoi long ropes (Fig. 2. 3). By settinglhe net walls arcund ir lhc wam scrson.orby walking or ice in the cold scrson.Also. .r parricularsection of a beaverpond. thc section boltom should il can be 'neasuredfrom a detailcd mrp lJ1the area. foi he destrcyed.Aftcr lhc nel equip rert has been ixed in a beaverpond it shouldbe lefr o['cn lbr sclcral hours (Fig. 2a) i'nd 5. Ccnsus of speciesdiversity and biomass of watcrliring therrapidly closcd(Fig.2b). Theaquaticprey containedinthe nel prey in non-fl@ded str€am cnclosureare captured b) useof landing ncrsunLil rll arc caughr. This should be done in 100 m ol lhe part of the adjacent This is dclined by i zero asymptotein the lalch.esult fttr crch streamunitlecred by beaverdanrming, rgain b), meansofspecial prc) calcgory (tish. crayfish. tiogs and aquatic beerlcs).Thc nel equlpnlent.The dianretefoflhe nels uscdwis 0.6 cn. The net landing nets used have a mouth of 30 cn and are 70 cn in equipnreni(Fig.:1) consisls oi two ncl walls (length= 6 nr. height dianreter.The dirmctcr ol the nets used was 0.6 c'n. = I m, approxin.rlel)). The net walls are fixed by woodcDstdes and rope!. One ol ftc net walls his a catching cavity. Ils Doulh 3, ltxtrapolation ofth€ s€ction data to rhe whole bealer pond shouldbe 4U-60cm in diametefand locrlcd about50 cm oler the This should be calculaLcdas lbllo$s. The specres lower Det!ide. Thc ncLcr!ity lenglh is 100-150cm. The nct wrll composilionol waler-dwellirg prey for semi rqurric frcdatffs in wirh lhe catching caYity (i.e. c{t.hing neo is prolided with a r bcavcr pond is assumedto be their total divcrsit! in all lhe heavychainfixed on the lower sidc.By dontg fie censusofwater \ccrions studied.The biomNs of a gilcn spccicsor citegory of dwelling prey in a 100nr slrcamseclion. the net sall without the water dwelling prcy is cstimaledibr shallow and deep !.rers of catching calily (he guard retl should bc situ.tted across the r beaver pond seprrrLcl,"-,by oreansof nlultiplication of the upsrrcamprrt of the stream studied. All holcs throrgh whlch r\crage sectioobionass and the areaol shalloi or deep witers aquxtic pfey may elc,rpc upstrea r should be closed by thc ncr rin m:l divided by 15 (hc scctnrnarea). wall nnd othcr matcnal (for inslance.wood mrrcrirl li)und on the streambottonr). Thc catchingner shouldbe graduall) molcd by l. [stimation of lcngth of the stream part flood€d by the t\r'o (or bener, thrcc) pcoplc liom downstrea'n of the ltrcanr section. lwo pcoplc pull lhe nel by the woodenstak.! bracingthc llsurlly. thc stttanr pan llooded by a beaverl)ond can bc streambanks. The thfd persontakes carc lhiL(the iower net side of waler dwcllingprey ofsemi quatic predators in the her\crponds sNdiedwas nurkcdl)-higher than in non'flmded snall streanNtlo l9(11.8) \ crsusl-6('1.6J. U,=25. P<(1.002I. The dirteren.e in cruclebiomass of aqmtic pre! inbeaverponds compdrcdro the non floodcclsndl sreams las elen greater:tlsh = from lE ro 1905 fold Nnd higher. craytilh = 16:l lbld. tiogs = 5179. on alcrage 132lbld. aqualicbeelles = 33-:100(251) fbiil. totrl = 16 5,t9(ll7) fold (Tablc l). Fish bnnnassin the bearerfonds increased$iih age: 0.98 2.07 kg per 100nrr n rrlher old (6-l I years oldl bcrlerpond\ and0.59 0.55kg per 100m: in fie rewly afF{rcd ones. The same trend for aquatic beetle b()mrss was lbund: 0.12 0.10 versus0.05 0.1)6kg p€r lm m:. Concerningfrog hiomass,il seensthaL much higher valueswere associalcdwirh the nEdium aged bctler ponds (Tablel).

Fufthcr studieswhich will be canicd oul touchesthe sirelm botlorn.Another two peoplc halc 1(lclear the h] thc rbove-describedcensus mclhod, which will rcvcrl in detail strcrn bortom of the rclir)n ol wood and stonesas. wcll as ho$ both mink speciesand olters beDclitfiom the conslructi(,n graduallycarching prcy with lirding-ret!. Thc crlching cavity is acti!itics by beavers. lookcd firough fiom tine lo tim€. When the calching net 's cl(\c (about 5 m) to the guard net. the nncrpturedprey are caught b] larding ncts until all are caught. This is delined by a Tero BJlct.R W &Stphers.RF 1951.Elti.tofbeleron lish tLl'C,,r 15(6): asympktc in catch result tbr each prcy calegory (fish, c.ayfish. Bnl.iru\kr\.L & Ulcvrcrus.A. l99b I-lrhuai,rdotterenvitunnrenrcoft!!rs lIr frog\. rnd aquaticbeetles). Pnr.ccd,nli Semimr on the con\.rvation ol the Furonenn otcr (r!rz /itr,?) Lccuwarden.lheNetherlanlts.T ll June 199.1.Coun!rltl Eunrpe 6. Data analysis Pnblishing: l6l l6'l To relcrl the intluenceof bealer damntingon rhe species BJirdis. V. l99O lh. B.ar.t. Bhl.E\ dnJ Llt1nd3.,!c,r ti tu.ri, Publishine Rlgr (l Rusrn) iliversity andbn)mrss of lhe aquatictrey of scmi .rqurlicpredators Housc Zinlhe. Djakor. LrV l'll5 ltalrct\ i Et pM lt S,f, L'nn i. \'loskowsky in small streams,thc tdal dalalrom berverpoDdsand conparable rlun rabochy Plbli\h.r. s.rolcrsk (lr Rusan) stretchesof sndl streanrsshould be compared.The len-ethofthe Grd. R l96l ltfics ofher\eron trotrt,n S.eelrer Cr€ek. Crlilnmia ll1]i/l, I'Nn ol the snall si€anr used ior the comparisonshould cqual ils Mdiag. )5:211 211. length llooded by the beaver pond. The difference tlausibl) Hanson.$ D. &Crmpbell. R s. 1961. fheetlerL\ olln.lsizc xnd beater.clilny dependson eulrophic.rlionof both snall ttre,tmand beaverpond. on dinribulion rnd abuidancc of wrnr wrlerlishcs m a Dorh Missouri {rcmr. .1,i.r Mt1l r\dr 69 l.16 1.19 Alv,, lge.tnd sizeof beaverponds seen to be very imtonNnt and Higglund. a. & Srdbc|e.G. 1999 FllerG ofbcatcr drrn\ on rh€ l,\h litrm of must bc taken into account. Thcrclbre. all poss;ble diffcrcnt nrcn eam!. f.r.v F.1, ttd,/!1. l15::59 266 siturlions in respectto the thrcc paramete^ mentionedshould bc HncLw.S.& wolfrum.v H |956 B.aver troulrelaho snrNc$M.lco /'ro3. Fnn C!r"r^r 13 70 7l Kcan. A & Fox. v F 1990 Frh conmuniry dru.ru.. spnti.l dtrirrbulon and feedin! e.olo!y nr a benver Enr Bnl.Iisll.s.21:101211 By lrying andusing thjs method in lateOctoberand Novembcr Iionn Knudsen-G.I1962 Rclatiotrsof b€averlolnre{.tontanl}ildlileinwitoi"in (Corodok 2(Xn in rheLovat riler hcad dislricl.Vitcbsk region,NB *;lr. a.nt. D.pt. T(h Rull.)5 Belarus).the inlowing preliminary relulls wcrc obtnined(Table t'cDotrell. DM & \annan. R.J. lr)li6 Str.tur and iurcnon ol I b.itht l). ln total. five bealcr pondsand conparahlc pads ol live small invencbrar. {rcan coirmunlr)_r\ nnluco.cd b} benler d&,l,{z 68: $cams were studied.Thc small stream (l-lahovsky,Rudniinsky. S,d.r.vrh. \ E. 1990 E$lt)gi.rl lcanucs ol sernixqurri. nhabirr8 and Prosi,nkr)werc not europhic. and their width vrried liom 1.5 I)r.da(xs drninlgr tx h na.lrn\ In Inien\il,trcila votprci/v.dn! x ftsu*ol = m to:l m, deprh 0.2'l nr. The bcalcr pond areaslaried from l.l0 ohohichih 7hilohyh Kno!r 90 100. (In Rusur, to 16,880mr. Thelr agew.rs fronr I to 1l yearso1d. lhe degrccol Sidorovi.h. V.E. (ed.) lr)97 M^rzhlt in Itcknt\ F-trlrti.ru\ ..aloN.\' entrophicationwas ,tl$ dlfterent (Iable t). The nunrberof fish lobqtutht dri ,tetv!(iJit zturii,rl?J Toloto' llcy pnblisher. speciescatLured in the sectionslludicd was 3-7 0nean'1.6) in thc Zharkov,Iv. & Rodilo!. v P. !gl5.Relxdonlhitsbcttrcco be beaverponds versus0 l(0.,1)inthe reighboudngnon floodedpalts sonreeco\)_{em\ of Pript3t Polesse.In: 7i r'.)'rnf:rrlr3o 3.t .dp ol snall steam! (U.=25.P<0.002). lr looked like thc highestfish 2(2ll 97 10.1.(1. Russirn). speciesdile*ity could be rttributedto medium rged.large b€aver ponds. A sinil.tr rend fof .iqualic beetles(rrrr'-\.!r sur.) wts The VcrtebratePredation Rcsearch Group, reverlcd i6 10(7.1)versus 21(:1.0). U,=25. P<0.0021. Institute of Zoology,National Academy of Sciencesof Belarus,Akademicheskaya str.' 27' Concemingfrogs.lhe comnon trog rnd ihe edibleft'g $ere caught in h€rvcr ponds. where.rsonl] Lhc conrmor liog was Minsk-220072,Belarus censusedhihemating in srnall strcams.Crrr-klish, Ata.us othl(tts. e-mail:vadimsidl @mustbel'open'by wereonly discolcredin oneofthe threcbrooks sludied - both in the http://zoology.nsys.bY he{lcr pond and in its non floodcd part.The toml specicsnumber Zorilla war

PeterGRUBB

Eachspecies ofannnal hasa uniquescienliiic nane. This is skunk.In Builbn's plite. the ears:re oudired in white only so as usuallyquite clear.We all iccepl thal ihe stoatis Mrnelu eminea tobe seenagainsl blackpelage. and lhe colour paGrn on body and a d thegenet is G?nclras.nefa. Now and.tgainit is nol so ohvious. tail is ccturinly Lhr!ol thc skunk. yir".r? naP"fta, basedon the lbr exanple. some naturaliststhought that an annnal named samesource. must also be a spodedskunk. They concludedthat Vir(rd.orilld.n Muneld.rilld was the Nonh Americansported Zorilla is lirundedon aspolted skunk 1oo,and therefbre is a senior skunk (Si,tr,sal" I'rl,/i,i) whilc olhcn Lhoughrii wrs thc African synonln of.tpil'sa1e. Thcy xskcd rhc Intcmrlional Commission stiped polecrl (/..o'rr sr/idt r). Therewas a similu disagrccnrcnt on Zook)gical Nonrcnchlurc (ICZN) to place Zorillu on rhe about ihe generlc name Zorill.i. Zorilla is derived tion lhe Lain Oticial lndex. Thal neans it would be suppressedaDd could not AnErican zomllo. r dininulile of the Spanishzorra or fbx. and be used as a genericnane. mcrns ! lkunk. Il bccrmc an rltcmatilc vcnracularnanre for the stripedpolecat because natnralisls conltsed Aneric.rn skunkswith Not linding hc could agrce with Ellernan & Momson- Afficar polecats.the causeofall ihe trcublethat will be recounted Scott (1953). Hershkovitz (1953) altefed hi! opinion and stated here.Ar lea( sevenzoologisls becane involved rn an argumentthat thit Le Zonlle and namesbased on it could not be identifiedwith s roulderedtbr 19 years.On two occasionsedirors put r stopto the certaimy.The narnerv,J/.ri.o'illa was traceableto 6. ceoftioy. dispute continuing in their jounrals. yet it was able ro fill 1.1 1803 and was no longer regarded as a synonym of Vlrl,rrd icientific papercand 37 pagesir a bitter confrontationbetween nuputitu Mmlet.1116 ot of v. .orllld von Schreber.l777.It wai Anrericanand British taxononists,involving huniliation, blame, regardedas the lype speciesofZd.;/1a. The type specinen ofM. sarcalmrnd obduracy.The issueis now settled.Nevenheless it is ;drllld was the skin of a striped polecat #120 in Paris. with irstruclivc to sccwhat wcnl wrong andbow $ much ink wrs spilt pa.rl)I,cs#l2l 0d #122. over what wrs r€ally quite a simtle problem. Bllennan & Morison Scoii (195,1) concltrdcd rhal Lc Tlpes uc imponrnt in thc story. Thc typc of r spccicsis Zorillc of Buffon is rhc rypc of ZoltlL? becauselhis is the only a relirence specinen thrt we crn examine to make sure that lhe bibliographic rclerencegiven in lhe lype designation.but they st'ccicsis what wc think it is. Thc ty['c of! gcnusis a spcics that ignoredthe actual specimcnson which L Ceollroy lbunded this tesrifiesIo tlre natureof tbe genus.The perlbrnrersin our drama name. They upbraided Hershkovltz tor changing the type of were oul !o identify the type lpeciner of yir"'d .orllld and the ZoriLla fto|tr'Le Zotille ro Mrrtdd .-ol/lld E. Geoffroy, I 801 rnd type species()f the Senu! Zrrllld. considered6. Ceoffroy s work to be unpublishcdlnd therefore unavailable.not to be usedas a soufceof scientific names.They Bas.d on thc polccat' of pionccrnrturalist Mark Catesby, irtended to rsk the ICZN to confinn thai lhe non contentious Linnaeushltd mmed the spolledsku yn"Dz /rrhlnrr in l75il. nanes Lt)rl\. B/dd)ZA rrrntrs. and Spildgdleare availableby Much hlcr it wrs pl.rccd in thc gcnus.tptlosdl" Gr!y. 1865. plrcing Lhcm on thc Ollicirl Lisrs. and to st)ppressZorillu, vn?ffd i-.r,"illdlon Schreber.1776 (the nane that was to prove so VIerft .orilLtl a Musteld .orilLd. contentiout was bascd solclr- on an illustrrLion copied liom a 'Lc piclLrrcof an annnal clllcd Zorillc in Buffon's Histoirc Quoring L Gcorroy in lrrnslation. Hershkovirz (1955) Nrlurellc. The lcxt xcconrp.tnling voD Schrebeis plrte wrs rgrin cmphasiscdrhaL the anirnalon which Zofil/d was tounded pri ted laier, ir 1777.and hardly concernsus. The stripedpolec isan Atrican stripedpoleca(.He adnritteddrat the type designation *rs nol namcdlntil l8l0 whcn Pcny callcd it arutl\pts s,.idtus. of zblilla wrs.omposilc bur disagrccdthal Zrlilla uas basedon I-atcr it was placcd in rhe:cnus /.r,D-r Kaup. 1815.L Geoffroy Le Zorille. He now atlrihuicd Mmrzld .r/i//d not to E. Geoilioy had proposedlhe gems Z.Jrilla a little e3rlier.io 1826.with type but to G. Cuvier. I 798who hadearlier used this name con bination desigmtion Le Zorille. tsuff.. T. Xlll. pl. 4l: Mrl.ireLiZorilLd er for polecatsof the Cape of Good Hope. Vi?rtu Zorillo desartenrs systdinaiiques, but his text showsthat lhe new generic name \ras intendedfbr the sriped polecat.We Without any evidencewhatsoever, Flllerntan & Morrison would nos say that his specinrensof the sriped polecatand the Scoft(in China 11162)questioned thai 6. Geoff()y's specnrenshad rninul hc callcd MlJr.la (r vir.rn .orilla wctc syntypcsof rhc rcaUycomc fronr Afric! and wcrc genuinel]-stnped polecats. They fcn!\ hrilla thcy wcfc to sharc thc psilion of ty['c spccies Dotcdthat Hcrshko!it hadchanged the typ€ species of hrilLt ftotll until one was selectedfbr rhis role. Vit?rru ndputila Mnl|et. 1776 (yet Hershkolitl h,rdno1 said Lhis wasarlpc) 1oMzskld:o.i/ld E. Ccoll. l8l)l andlinally ro Mustekl Hershkovirz(1949) thought that Buftbn s Zorille was an .dr"i/ldG. Cluvier.1798. Butthe la\t mentioncdnrmc is thc samcrs Atiican stripedpolecar because of the diagnosticwhite edgesto vnlr/a:oriltu 'Linnaeus (= Gmelin) 1788,brsed in tur on von its earsand the large amount oi white on tbe tail. Fron the type Schreberaod BufTon.and theret'orenlust bc N spotlcdskunk. not a designationquoted above. he concludcdthat Zorilld I. Gcoffrcy. sl.ipcd polccat. So thc l),pc spccieslhat Henhkovitz chose lbr 1826was thc gcncricDrme li)r rhc slripcd polcc.tL.He thoughtthe Z,t/rr is a spoltedskunk. Ellenrnn & Moffi\on Scott werc right. eafliestspecific nane in the Senuswa! vlr'?r/d /rdparrd Miiller. TruJ. HerJrk.\irl $ h,' h,,Jn',,JJ rh" $'.1g rhoice. 1776.bascd also on Lc Zorillc. so thc srripcd polccat hrd to bc cnlled Zoti LLttnapui ta. China (1961) rcvicwcd ihc crse and requestedthe Comm ission to place/.ron-i rnd lJrz,]}7zr rrrulrs on lhe Ollicial Ellernran& Morison Scou (1953) lhowed very convin l-isls, and to suptrcss Z)rilla L Gcofiroy. 1826. Vi'.ta .otilLl cingly LhatLc Zorille is noLa stripcd polccrLat rll but a spotled Cmelin. 1788 anl Mrstela .oillo Cuvief. 1798. Bttr Muiela :,rtl/d Clulier. 1798c.rnnd be suppressedas no $rch nrmc cxisrs Hershkolitz had been quite wn,r8 to fiink thrl Bullbn s (Holthuis 1963)iit is nor a new name butjust a new combinatbn .inimal $as either a stripedpolecat of wai unidcDtilixblc,and hc of vircrrd .ori||d CIJ'cl;n,1788, $,hich is the Mun(ln.orilla er was not corcc! in design^t;ngMultelu .otilla ot E Geoffroy of vlr./rd .,r///d des rutcurs systamrtiqucs ol L Ceofiioy (1826). Cuvieras thetype species{)f r/trrrllld.bccruse n wasnot an original Thereforethe iype of Zrli11d is Gmclin s L .,/i/1d. accordingro scientitic nane. simpl]- a new nrnrc combinarion of vif./'d Chinn. A type sFcies (a lccktypc) should be selected.siid .orilLt. He saw rh^r Tnrilla was brscd on a conposite of species Holihuis. from thc literalurequored by Gmelin so as to detennine and though he did not dcsignarca lectotype.he was elsentialiy what kind ol annnalit is. In responseChina (1963) withdrew one corcctto saythari/rri11a rpplicd lo the Akican polecat.tsllennan ofhis fequest! (1osuppre!! Mxr.rid:"i/1a Cu!ier. 1798)but not & Morrison-Scottwere \yrong in insisting thal Z,rilla appliedto rhc othcr (o suppressZ,'1l.r). spoltedlkunks rnd wr\ a seniorsynonyn of Spllr8.l/.. or that it$ rype specieswas Mrrr./d or vi'r//a.,/illa. They had no reason Quotin8the original l:renchrcxt of L Ccol lioy, Hershkovitz io doubi the identity ofstriped l]olecatsiD thePiris Museum.They ( !961) rgain srrcsscdrhat -Z,r,1/d is basedon a single species.the ignored the evidencethrl syntypcsfor Zr.i1ld included both the stripcd polccrt. Mrrrefu ...i//d G. Cuvier. 1798 was the type by spned skunk an.lthc slripedpolecit. Bur they serc quite riShtto monolyp) ()nly onc spccicsrncntioned) nnd absoluletautonym) think that I-e Zorille ofBulli)n wasa sportedskunk. for lvhich V,rn (generic and specific nanes identical).Hc rcqucstcd the Gelder larer provided fuiher evidence.Wc had 10 wait tbr Vrn Comnission to place Tnrilld L Gcolfioy. lu26 and MusteLu Gelders insightful contribulion to rccognise lhat ZrIllla was .,t/la C. Cuvier, 1798 on the Ofticial Lists. bascdoD ! nrisidcntilledtype. The type of Trrtlld is thc Alrican stripcdpolccat lirst namedBr?/rrrr slrfuar Peny. l8l0 {nd long Chinr ( 1965)reviewed the conlroversyagain and cited the nrisidentifiedas M,rrsld .oti.La = Vi\erftl ..otilla \on Schreber, luthors to which Cmelin reitrred. He requestedthe Commission to tt16 = SpiLosaleputorius (Linnaeus.1758), which is thc North dcsignrter specimenof spoted skunk as a neotypelor vi?/rd Amcric.tn spolrcd skunk. vtr.r.t rd''illd was bascdcxclusivcly :orilld Gmelinso rhat Z,rira wotrldbccone r synonyn ofSzt/.rgaft,. onaspottedskunkbutolerLimc in thewritings of nany zoologists Zlnlh prcdares SpibsdLe so that would have neant morc trouble. ir had comc 1() include the striped polecat. Obdurac\ ol both canps inthe disputeprcvented allthis bcing madeclear.Theissue van Gelder (1966)pointed out thrt thc rulhor rnd dale of ol .db.rincesd\ rerll) $he her/./r//r 'h"uld m:linllrin.(niorir) vn?'iz.{rrilld is not Gmelin. but von Schrcbcr.1776, which we olerL1.rr]\. This casewas eventuall) put 1olhe Comrnissionand shouldhale known all along.and wc shouldnot wory.tboul a tlf€ Zoltll.r was suppressed.A great dcal ol spacewas given lo the 'yif?ra for .o/illd Cmclin' bccxuseit is not ll new nane. merely availability of i. Geoftu)y s Cdahgue of Mammals in the I'aris a quotationof von Sclxeber's.He prelentedfurthcr clidcncc lronr Museum. and ahhough this is an imponrnt point, il eventually the lireralure that I-c Zorillc was r skunk and appreciated ftat the proled to be irrele!ant to thc issuesin dispule.The expe(s ought type of vi'./rd rorilld must be the dninul figured by von Schrcbcr. to havc known better.but who are we to criticisc? We hrve (he a copy of Le Zorille of Bnttor. Vir.tra .orilla i^ne becomcsr rdvrntrgc of hindsight. juniorsubjectivesynonyn olVirerru putorius |.intlae\t'= Spilosale prt,/i&r (l-innaeus) Thus the statusof vi'era .r/illd wrs quile References detinidvely rnd finrlly dctcmincd. china.w.L 1962.zrril/d I Geoffror_.1826 (Mrdnalia): poposed nrppreston rnderthe plenrry tose( in lilour of /.tuq Kaup.1815. Srll Zrr7. t\. nt.n.to ur. 19 zal 2at. Thcn at last Van Gelderniade the point that was so crucral Chinr. W E 196:l Co'nmcna on the piopo\ed supjrr€ssioiol Z,rill, to drewhole contro!ehy: lhegenus Z,/illd is basedon .tmisidenlilied I Gcrlhot.l826. Bul! Zb! N.d.Mlatut. 10: )11 type species.Z/rllld is founded upon thc Afiican sLripedpolecrt Chinr.W.E.1965 Conncntonrhe proposedsunpresson olZr'riltu I Gcotlroy. miridentified as vircrrd .orilla (thc spoued skunk). Zrtlld had \t\26. Itull tanol.No'n.n.lar,p 22: l7 lll. bccnuscd exclusively as a namelbr rbesiriped polecar van Gelder ahinr.$ E 1966Comh€n(.nDi V.n Ccld.f s p,oNsa Btll /r.1 Nnn?n .tdtrrr 22: 21t 2at) requestedihe Conrmissionto designatcaradyrr r.rurrs (lhe Elerman.JR& Momn)nScort. Tc.s l95l lecbnlcalnane ol rheAlrican earliestspecific nane fof the Affican stripedpolccr0 as Lhctype munhondlgenus Lt,)rl .t. ttunn..14 \ll 116 sFcies ol Z,rilla and ro place vn,srd idrllr lon Schreb€r.1776 Lllcrnan. J.R & Monilon Scorl-T.C.S lr)51 ,tnrr (aup. 1815.the cor.ct Gkunk) and Z,/,lld (stripedpolecat) on the Official l-isti'. gci*i. iamc. aid /d,"!r J//rdal (Peq). l8l0- Lhecone.t sfc.itlc run,etur thc l\lri.an srnkmuishondJ. Md,r,. 3i 130 13L Hcr\hto\ill. P 19.19.Tc.btr1.rl namcs oilhe Aiic{n muahon,l(een'sZnillu) Hcrshkolirz (1966) srill insisted that M!s/.,1d G. .orlld anddrc Colombianho! nosei rkunk (genu\ (',,1r,ta). Pr,. Aid $.. Cuvicr. 1798 is the type of Zrli/l.r and is a difterent name irom |ldr/n,fh,6: l3 ]6 Vivrro.oriLLt von Schreber.1776. China (1960 rclracted his H.Ahto\irl. P. 1951.Zrriltu L Geoifo) rnd ltr,q.ll Gra!. .!cnd,cnanr.r tnr request lbr a neotype for vivrra .orilla Gnrcl;n and made two Atui.anand Ameriorn polec{ls, re\p€.ri\cly. J ,'',,'.. 1.1:ll8 382. proposrls.Eilhcr Z,/illil shouldbe placedon the Official List (so Hc6hto!n7.P 1955SratFoithegenedcnanreT.t/l,altlrnnnalial:nom.nclaturc br-n'le or b) cafi.. Ptu. anl. .1... Wdrr,'Bt r 68: l8j l9l that Ll.J,|4r becomesa juniof synonlm). or 7-.,ilLr rnd vi'cD? Ileshkovitz.Pl96lCommenl\onlrrepnrp.scdsDppresionol,r.,r/ful.Ceolfro]. :,rtlli? should be suppressed. 1826 Bt! hol N.nt n ltuuk zll:211 214 neAhtornz.F.l966.Commenl\onthcpi(JFosrlonz,rtlldbyDrvaf Celder d Haymn (in China 1965) had shown thar in sonre mrl')r rhecounrcr flroNsal by Df. Chirtx Bu!1. :h.l Nontn. lftrr? 22: 14 15 works of referencepublished after 1900, /.r.,,t:r had bccn used Holrlruis.L.Bl963.Co,nrnenl\,)ntheF)IXxed\upprcssonotZ,.t//.rl.Ceotrio,v. 1826 Uull TJnl Nrnqtlrnn! 2l:212 rine times as the genericnNme of thc Aliicrn stripedpolecat but lnrem{lronalConnn,\nrn od Zoological NoneNldure l96l Otlnxni8l8.Z,nrz Zotlr? only three tillles. ln 1967, the lrtemational Commi\snrn I Ceoilioy. 1826(vrnnnal'aJ: presel underlhe Plcn!'J-P.*e^ for Zoological Nomenclatureplaccd /.r.,,]a and rr/irt,s on the Bul! Zn! !\.h.n.latut.21: 153 t5A Olllciltl Lists. and perhapsinliuenced by Hayman'sob1crlrtions, Vxn(;eld.r RG 1966Conxncnrsondrepnpoglscoi.e.rnrFZ,riltuI Gcott.oy. suppressedZ,/i//a. There was no needto suppressv ,?r/a:,rilla \826.Itull Z.ol. N.n?n.latLr. 22:21ti419 bccauseirs staius as a jurior subjectivesynonym of .l2i/osa1e pi?r,ri'ial(l-innaeus) wrs finnly cnablishcd. End of nory. 35Dormhills Park Road, London Nl7 688 UK

Small camivore trappability: Seasonalchanges and mortality A casestudy on Europeanmink Mastela lutteola and Spotted genet Geflettagenelta

Jabi ZABALAT. Ifriso ZUBEROGOITIA'.Inazio GARIN1 and Joxera AIHARTZAl

Abstract probabilityof Anericanrnink changes markedly ituoughout the year(Ireland 1990 d Dunstone1993).In lhe sane way. Brzezinski Live'trappingis lafgely usedto capturecaminores for i?/di. (1992)found their sumnef polecat (Mrrkld pridlirsl live' ccnsusand mrnagenentof their populalions.Until now there rappingperiod 1o be unsuccesslul,with nost individualscaughr hrvc beenlcw sludiesdcaling with its reliabilitythrotrghonl thc betweenNolember and Fcbrufly, .rlrhough rhey did nol tesrlbr ycrr or irs possibledeleterious ellects on l.rppedpopuhlnJns. I. nalisticalsignilicirnce belwecn the dilterences. rhisprper we innlysethe ditftrences in tnppingresul$ between two difterentseasons canied out in the samearea. and propose a Many ecologicaland distributionalstudies of snall possiblecxplrnarion lirr thisphcnomenon bascd on dilltrcnccsin clmilores, and cspLci.tllyconserlarion programs for European snrallcarnivore behaviourdue to foodor maringrequirements. ln n nk,would benefit fron abetter knowledSe of seasonallariations addition.based on radjotracking data obtained. we discuisthe in captureprobability. So. the mair aim of our ltudy wns to negariveeffect of live tappirg on endangeredEufopeaD mink, investigateseasonal change! in captureprobability and, thercfore. rcsultingh the de3thof someaninals as a consequenceof post- to tesl the reliabilityof the censusdata obtained using capture' indices.We also lesled capture-probability changes irr the differert daysthat traps wefe operative durirg a givenseasolr. ln addition, Introduction we discussthe possiblenegative efttcts of live trappingon mink

Thc mustclids rrc thc mosl divcrsc group ol crrnivorcs, rnd crn bc found nrturllly on all continentsexcept Australia and Study area Anlarctica.However. due to their secretivelifeltyle, the mustelid family are the world's least known carnivorei. Several species The presentstudy was canied out in theUrdaibai B iosphere halc not bccn dcscribcd by scicncc, and n ny may disrppcar Rcscrvc(UBR), Brsquc counlry. nonhem IberianPeninsula. The beforestudied in detail(B lonqvisi & Mdran2000). This knowledse UBR spreadsovef avhole basinwith an a|eaol 270 tm'. Allitude paucny is nrore alarming in the case of some specieslike lhe rdnfe, 'ron, qsl . ( lrmJrer. ocernrc.rrerrge endangeredEuropean mink. which hasdisappeared from most of rainfall ranses beiween 1.200 and 1.600 mm. and January and its rangeand hasonly recenlly receivedscientific artenlion.Most July iverage remperaluresnre 6'C and 18'C, respectively.Winters nudies on the Europeannink derl with ils distribulion. mainl] are mild xnd rhereis no etliclive snow cover. basedo rapping d.ttr (Palaz6n& Rfiz-Olno 1992.Sidorovich 1993.PalaT6n 19117, MaiTefel .r d/. lg9lJ, Cena ./ d/. l!19!l).or The landscapeis hilly and ruggedi 70'l. of thc land is with the possiblecauses of it! disappearance(Mrrarr & Henttonen forested, mainl]' Pinut rutli.tta and Eur:dl\t1tu\gklhulus 1995,Maran st dl. 1998).Bur only recently hive deeperstudies plantations. Native holn oak ((l,.r.a.i llr.r) fofests dre also of it! ecology been carried out (Palaz6n & Rdiz Olmo 1993, common in rocky areas.Meadow! and csLuarinchabilaLs occupy Sidorovich2000, Sidorovich.r dl. 1999.2000.Garlr 4 !1.2(n1) 25% of the areat the remaining 5% is urban wiih learly .15,000

I fe \ r\errJ.dre'n,:ll. Jrnr\'{e.,irh lLdrnr gener. (r\er'. ancl o&ers) narive lcl Alrica and Asia. which are also poorly Rivers are sho{ and riparian vegetationis usually dense. known (Ewer 1998. Virgds & Casanovas1997). lt is widely with large dense branble (Rxr,r rrrr,{,il"t shrubs {k,rg the rlissunred thrt spottedgenet s lGenettager.ttu)havebeen introdrced shores.In thenpperparls ofthe riler galleryforests ofalder (Alrar ro Europe. probably from North Africn (Dobson 1998). Their gLuti|ost) ate not uncommon. the same is true of pine and prcscnccis wcll documcntcdfrun thc XIII '!'Ccntury onwrrds cucllyptra phntations. Thcrc is a moderate olerall pollution rarl/rda 1998),rnd nowrdays they are comnxrr ir the Iherirn lcvel. and near industrirliscd arcrs strcrms sho\,' significan{ l'cninsulaandin sourhrnd centralFrrncc (Corbct& Harris l99l). rmounts of hcNvynrctrls (Rodrisucz & Cid. 1995). Bul srudieso lheir ecolc'gyilt Europe are scarce(Palonares & Delibes 1988. Clevenger 1995, Virg6s .r d/. 1996). Materials and methods

lnfofnarion on the ecology and distribution of such small Animils were live-trappedir sirgle entry cagetraps ofour .rmivorcs is prolidcd mainlr by lr.rpping and rrdn) trrcking own design(25x25x:l5cmJ, britcd wilh sardinesh vegelableoil. drl!. Trxtping is widely used by technicirns in order tr) caprure Trapping u,asconducted in two different scrsons.lhc lirsl in latc :,r nJl,. mJrnlJ I,r ren,u ,rrrJf,'ful:,ri"n mJnJrerlenru.in! winter. tiom l | 02 1999to 20 0l 1999,rnd the sccond(canied crpturc indiccs as indicrtors of slrtus (Wilson et dl. 1996. our in lrtc summcr/carlyautumn) darted on 3l-8-1999 and Sutherland 1996). For above the techniquean assumptionthat tinished on 0.1-10-1999.The basin centre was subdivided into capture-probabilitiesdo lrol vary in dilterent seasonsis critical .r\in Jrer.. i.,ch rnfl:r1rn! \onre ot rhe nr,re rcpre.enur'\e (willon erdl. 1996).However. relulii iionl severalstudies appeaf habitaisand lardscapesin the UBR. Four rreas were lrappedin ro make rhir (aleore l unreliable. For inslince. Smilh er dl. hlc winkr. lnd in late sulnlner rhe remniningthree. plus one of ,loqlr LrI J IhJr','.1.n'n r-,r...f \i.ir:rr'n,.' \1lr .tJri"n..n those trapFd during thc first scason.Traps were set in dillerenl an island diflercd with scrv)ns. od thrt lhcy werc not corclatcd habitrrs in dr)sc rrcas (Tablc l). spacedal least 100metres apan. \nh ihe densily of raccoc'nson the island. SinilaJly. capture rnd werc opcrrrive 1br eighl consecuiive nights (wilson .r d!.

1996). Total cfforr was 1.199 trap nighrs h winler and 952 in responscto .rnaesthesia(up to 6 hours insteadof the usual :10or sunmer. Of !he!e ir,tps. :119trap-nighl! in winlcr and 507 lrap- 60 ninute!). No other carnilofe bul thc two Europeanninft died nigh6 in s0mmerwere let in rhe rrcli sanpled in both leasons. rs a consequenceof tr{pping. whencvcrpossible in or near the sanrcphce. Discussion Caplured animals were anrcdhelised. photogr,rphed. mcasured.weighed. sexed and rrgged. Some genet and rll the In our opinion ihc higher rappability obscncd in late mirk wcre firted wiih rddio collars. Animals were then relelsed winler is ll consequenceof lwo faclors: scarcil) ol li)od and at the placc ol capNre and observeduntil they fled. Recaptures erhologicalchanges during lhe nraling season.During th€ hcat.a hilc beenexcluded from thc drl.l analvsisto avoid po!!iblcbiases higber degree of activity rnd longer displaccmcntsshould be 'trap .trap-shy' dueto happy or behavburof difierentindividuals. expcctcd,rl leasr in males.due tr) their aciile learch for mates Animll livc lr.rppingand handling werc conductedunder license (Dunstone 1993, Lodd l9il9. Garin el d/. 2001). So. therc is a lr.!n rh{ BJ.qu( so\ernrnenr-n,l rh. UBR rdr.lrn,.rrJlun grcrlcr ch.tncefbr animals to cncounler traps. lndeed, thc heal pcriod lbr borh speciesin thc Ibcrian Peninsulais coincidenlwirh 'lh( Chr-'quJreren sr. J.cJ r,' dnJl).< \Jrirliurr ir our lare winler trappingpernd (Ruiz-Olmo 1997).Wintcr is also trappability betwecn diflerent habitats and scasons.This the seasonwilh the mosl severecondilions for mustelids.with conputdiion was noditjed by applying the Yates conectior for lcarcily ol lbod resoufces(Sidorolich 1992).Mustelids usually conlinuity when dealing wilh double dichotomy (Zar 1999). ln show a wider food spcc(run in winter (Brzezinski "t d1.1992. somc cases.data ffom Europcan mink were aDalysedtogcther cenovesi d/ d/. I 996. Virg(ts"r a/. 1996).and thcy aremore likely with gcnct datain orderto tulfillhc rcquirementsofthe chi squrrc b bc artracledbycarcasses (Z;clinski & Kucera 1996).Theretbre. anrllsis (Chalnrers.r d1. 1989). rhey would probably be more attracted to baits lhan in late sunner. when therc may be plenty of food. This igrees with Results Brzcrirski rr al. (1992). who statesthat nomdism litced by severewinter condilions was the most probrble reasonfor the lntotalninc mink,28 genetsand one stoncmarten (Mdr"l€r high numbcrs ot' polecat\ caught in winter. These two laciors /ri,a) were caught:scvcn mink, and 2l genet! in thc first seasor pfobably act over lhe activi!y fNlterns of each specics. .rnd two n nk. olre slonc marten and selen genetsddng the tjntbtunately, there is a shonage of ycrr-round studieson lhe second. Mirks wcrc only captured in riprrian hrbita6 whilst acti!ity of smrll musrelids.rnd lhose are not conclus'vc. genetswere found in llll habitats(Tablc l) crcepl open areas. Therc are tew studieson lhe monality of Europeanmink. Overall rrappingefficiency wasconclatedwith the season, Dunngourstudytwo minl oul ofnine died a! a dirccl consequence trappability being hjgher dnring late winter (X'=5.278. dt=I. of the trapping (i. c. 227.). Palaz6n(1997) ragged 15 Buropean p=0.022)-Genet capturabiliry*.rs also higher in winter but did mink. .1of which dicd in lessthan 12 dals rnd inother was found not reachsraristical sjSnificancc (X'=3..158. df=i. p=0.06:l).Data in an advanced strlc of decomposition 26 diys after its last from the areahapped in the tro seasonsalso showcd t nntistically recapture.Bcsides. six mint disappxrcd in less than sevendays significant highcr oler.rll efficien.y during winrer (X'=8 167. and were never recaptured.This implies a ceftificd monalily r3te df=1. p=0.004)for horhspecies rogether. and forgcncrs (x'=6.662. ofllq., and a disappeafancerale alicr captureof 40L,. Analvsisof df=r.p=0.01). the remainsfevealcd th three mink werc clubbed to death and anolhcrone died rs a reluk ofcold .rndstanation. In our opinion Two mink dicd during the study. ln thc winter trapping the very rcasonunderlying those dsuallies might he wc.tknessof period a male was recapturedbut died during entrxpmentdurinS animrls dueto post-capturestrcss. From a totalof :l I dcrd European a blizzard three days atier first capture.Also ir winter. a ttmtlc nint Arambarri er dl. (1997) cne one as dying during scientific renained lbr a weck 11 the place of releaseand finallv died. handlnrg.There are no lunher dataon (he sub.je.t.hut it would be Anrtonicaland pathologicrlrnalysis of both individnalsrevealed very inrercstingto hear news from other groups working wilh post capture stressas the cause of dcrlh. These rwo anrmrls Europeanmink. No papcrdealing with the dcclineof the European showcd a common pattefn during hrndling: a consistentlack of mink discusses thc dclelerious effecti' ol sonle methods uled lbr aggressioD,no vocalisation. weakncss and ar unusually k)ng scientificresearch on irs popularions(Mamn & Henttonen1995.

Tuble l: Nunher ol ttdp-tli1hts and capno?srcr habilut t'"p( h.ltfteren stusons(g = S et m = mink J = stt)nenurk t)

Habitat Trap-nights Trap-nights Trup nights Total rotal - 119 1" 1g 4g .13 ,11 ii:l 0 2E 2E Marshland 1.10 0 l:10 0 l]9 85 201 lg Eucalypti o 22 22. 0 0 0 5 83 88 0 861 63r 1.194 l8g.7nr lg. 2n, 1f ll ^._ Ovemll I t99 952 2l5l z'g! 7m 7g.2m.lf ,e..1).. ;

to Tumarov 1996).Indeed.itdoes nor secmacause of disappenrxncc Gerovcsi.P. 1r zl 1996 Dlet ol ionc mancns A. eixmtlc of ecological ofitseli bur in somesnall populationsitseffectcould be dnmatic. tbf\lbniry | tu.] , I.ntJan 2J8:545-555. Ccicli.R.1969 Activitt'parernsoirhcnnilMrv.LlrionSchreberhs.urhcnr spccifically in populalionslike the westem one which has low s$cden o&.r 20 ,l5l-,lr5t) geneticvanabiliry (Loda 1999)and is being systcmaticallytnpped L,odd,l 1995.A.tvny l)rrtemolpolecaa,Ulrstu /rur,trr L inrelaionrofood li)r scientificand nanrgcment purposes(Palaz6n 1997. Maizeret ?t habnsaid prer-rcti\ltl. l7l,olrlr l00i 295 :11)8 d1. 1998and rhis papcr).B{ause of this. we sh)ngly advisenot Ldd6.T l'l9q ccnc!. bo(leneckin the lhreareDedwc$cn polllarn)n .f cirryjng out live trapping in arcaswhere rhe Europcanmink is EutuIErnminf MlJlrd /!/rz,lo.l1.l L Znn,66:3a1 353 \'larz.rcr,C. ei rl 1998.Ripanitioo ct hxbnahdu vison (n/lrrtu suppsed to be presentunlcss necessary. due to thc negativeeffeci d Europe ht!.l.) en Ettnce.ADi.oh Arte\ ",|niot97" 6112. it might have on ils popuiations. Maran.T & Hennonen.H 1995.why is rheEurope.n nink(huskla ttuoLu) drsappcarnll A rdvies of rbe prccessrnd hyporheses,1r, Z.al For the samerclson, ue also adviserg,tinst live-rrapping tcrn..ll:11 51. rs { 'nethod to delerminelhe distribution ot Europeanmin}, and Mxran.T .r d/. 1998 Th. .onliuing declineoi lbe LuropeannnnL M^rpld /,rf.,/n: Evidencelbr thcrnragurld rgresion hypolhesis p()t'ose the developmcntand standardisalionof other inethods h Arrrytrr unl Eol.af ofRifatint Aludnrdlr.cd N. Dunirne lnd M L. corman. rpplicrble forthe species whole Nreain orderro rssesinteregional 297 31.1.CambridFc: Cxnrbndge Lnive6ity Pres .onrparability (phorographicrraps or foot-prini traps (lzielinski Pah/in. S 1997Drribu.i6i. norrolosiayecologiadel visdn EuroFo (M!sr.L & Kucera 19961lbr instance).in addilbn. seasonaldifTerencd in rrlzrtul.iinleu\, 1l6l)enl.Fcninsulalbdrio Ph.D.Lhesis.Uuive6itat trappmgsuccess make it hardto estimalethc statusofa popularion Palaz6n.S.&J.RrlizOlmo l9r):. lron a singlc trappin8period. They also underminecomparisons ShnrsollruropcanmirklMue?hhnrcola)in Spain..!.rA4diy ne .s.lud.r&/.1992 3:ll :1,10. anrong works conducted in dilltrenl seasoDs.or sarnpUngsof Prl!/6n,S.&Ruiz Olmo.J l99l Prel,mlnaDdatxontheuseofspa.crndd.ri!ily dilltrcnt subpopulationscffricd out nor simultaneously.Thi! is or theLuropcan nnnk lM^r.ld l!rr.r/d) asFrealed by radrorrcking. !ery imponant when nking into accountthar caprureindices are Smll Crn^or. (.ht.tr, a: 6 a a techniquc that is widely adliscd and used by biologists for Palonarcs.F. & Del,be!.M 1988.limc andspa.c us. by rso oonmoneenc6 (ca.td in lbeDonda NationrlPark sFcies censusand management(Sutherland 1996, Wilson dr dl. se!.td) ,r Mdnn.,69:635 611 Rodnguez.P & Cid. A 1995 E.oh\icidad de los efluenrcsindunnale\ en la 1996)..tnd which are currently being used to dcremine the comarcad. Lirddbniy pe$pectivascn cl .oitrol de los venidos.ln distdbution of Eu.opeannink in its soulh westernrange. Rz:tflot.ld EiasJ.rud. Unluihai:InwriEu innhie.a\ apli.dtd,cd. !. Angunrrnd I Quinc€es,2.15 255. ca{ei/: EusroJaurlarirza. Finllly. when it is necessaryto .apture wild mustclidsit RuizOlnro. J 199t.l-a rep( uccidnen Mu{il1dos.Vrvimd.\ y Eerdiidos Gdl.r$ 9: 15 28 seemsad\ivtblc to.ary out trappingsir late winter, at leasrin Sidoovi.h V E 1992 Conprarir. ,mlysis ol rhe die$ of Luropcannrink lreas withaclimatc similartothatintheUBR. Highereffecriveness (Mrnlrr /,rcroL).Anerican minkrMxr.l/, rn,n).and Polecnt(M,lztu nukes it lesscxpensiye. and there is lcsschance ro inrerlerewirh ?d,t,r) in Byelorssia..r,ull aaniwrc C.nsen ,6 2-1 .ilhef pregnancy or cub renring. Anyway, the possibiliry of Srdoruvich.V.E. 199:lThecunenLnnreolresearch intothciarDsoJ LheEuropem enlargingpostcapture monaiiry, at leastir some specics,should mi"k (Mrnlr.r turr.al,) in Belms sru|!aunn.t Cons.^,.8 )1. Sidororich.V. E 20OO Seasonalvtui ioi in rh€ l€edinghlbits ol iparian mFtclidsin nver !!lieyf of Nlt Betans.A(ki Thtri.l.45:233 212. Sidltrorich.V ! .//l 1999.Bodr sl,e.ard ideradionsberwcc. Eui)pcan ud Acknowledg€ments Li\encrn mink tvut.Lt lulrnl., rnd M. rd,,) in EanernLuropc.I The present study was founded by rhe departmenrsof Lml , btuloi Ua 521 521 Researchand Environmeni of the BasqueGovernment through Sidorovich.V. 1,..r ,1. 2000 Behav urrl interactionsb.twccn the natu(lized Amercai nint M!y.?d rro, aDdrh. iaiirc iipanan pR,jeclPU 1998-8.we wish to lhant L Gonzalo,L. Camposand nuielid\, NE Beraru\,sith inplicationstor populltionchanges. Snall adrnib , L Tones tbr licld alsiltance. a,,r.n. 2:: 1 5. snnh. W P ., d1 199.1.Sce nadonvrit asm inderri uru/nrc ur rdlcors: An expcnncntrlmaniNlaion. I Munn , 15: 617 641 \'rnLra0. R...r,1. 199?Seleccian de habftr,.Dnxldad ), ntrevripod..idn. Sulherland.WJ 1996.Ltok,!iLal.tn!ust..hniqr.rCanrb'idA.:PrcssSrnJrcare la di:tibucnindelvisdn Enrop.o{r,xr../, ldf../dl enAlava.Arrdnl ol drcUnirc6i] ofCanbidge. l?l Must. & Cicn.n\ Naturul.sd. Atua 12:211225. TDn'ado!.r. L 19'16.A pmblcnrof M(v.?d ,rr..?d: ReasonsoldisrlD.irdnce llldnqvi!, L. & Maran.T. 2000 A r.eionalcollertion plan for munclidsin d consex-alon*rarcgl zd 7l ,15: li91 1101. F.nope.Snall cthiru( Cont.a.,2a: 13 1a. Viry6s.E./n/ 1996Genet(Ccncr,a.n.r/L., t758)dierlhilrinnounrainsot rlrzezrskr M. rt r/ 1992 Winter hoDe rangcsaid movenen$ol polccaG ccnlralSpain Z lr,gfrtarl. 6l: ]21 227. ,U"t.tu /r,t ri, I in Rillowiezahineal |orcn, P.land Act th.tiol.,l1: Vn!6s.E&Clsanoras,l.C. 1997. HabfutselecLionoigenelc rhemountrin\ of cenlal spain. A.ia Th.riol. 12: 169 lt1. , /ril4 J 1998.CiDcracoDfr. C?n.na ecn.no Gnl.n.\: tt)tt): I I 1 WilsoD.DE.zrdl 1996tl.asu rEdh.ln.nr.rnryhnnoli..! tirr.6id. Stdatianl . ir. A ./ r/ 1999 Dtn1hu.rj|, .tutu: ) utu ttul n.dio p.r !rn. d(t rilan in th.tlsJ.r nrnnu\. Wn\hin9rm:Smilh\orian lnnitulo.. t.ttop.. lMuttlu hnre.l )?]1 la.u.n d d?l ri. Ehn lV lomtlts Zat,J H 1999.Anxturfual ardlrir. UppcrSrddl€Rrver:Prenrice llalt Espanolasde Cotrsc$a.i.iJ. Errudiode Mamilcros.S.go!i!. Zielinski.w. J. & Kucer. T. E. 1996.Atnlritan nhal,l\h.r, lrb, dnd hrlme^. N. ?r r/. l9a9 Th. OU prarct Buid!. Dor.herler:Field Studies '|otr?i1.: Sutacj"Dtctho'1s I.r trif rl.lria, Alblny:P.cificSonthwcn ResearcbStation. Foren serice.Unnel StatesDepadmctrrof Agnculture. I l.\engdr.A P 199:1.Finc ranci (M,rr.rdr,.rL.) honc raigcsand dctilny Z,elinski.W. J & sl[i.er- w D. 1981.Relationship b.rre.n hod hrbirsxnd tdterns on theisland ofMn!fta. Sprin.Z 5it!8rlt.r(..58: l7 l,1l. actiriq pa&rn: ol pinenanens. J. Munn..61 la1 196 1l!\.0g.r. A P 1995.Seasonalitt a.d r€lar.n\hiD ot food r.s.ur.c us€ol Mutk\ n.r?\. G.n na B.t n..nd F1lir.,rx1 in theBalenic lsl.nds. stlrn .4cr.t r/. /Irrz Vir, j0: 109 l3l I Zoologiaeta Animali ZelulenDinamika Saila, f.,bcr. G B. & Hxfiir. S. lt9l. Ihe huntlb.rkrJ Brn6h ,nonhalt. L.nd.n: Euskal Herriko Unibertjitatea, l)Lrhnii.Nl l9r8 lilammaldnributiois in rhe*eiem Meditctramai:The de 644p. k. E-48480,Bilbao, Basque Country ol lrumxtrinrc^endni Md,rrL /1.r.. 28 77 llll. )rnltone.ll. 1993lrr nn* London:I & A.D. Pors.rl-nl 'lcarus. C/ Pintor Sorolla 6. 1".26{X}7 Logroffo, Spain Frer. R. | 1998 lrf,,,zir,r.r lthacr:Cornell Unirc*ir) Pr€\\ filrin. i frdlln$css HomcnigeolEuopeln min( lMuittr lute.l I. iir E-mail Address:Jabi Zabala: Soulh*€seml:uope." A.k nr.,i,l [email protected]

tl The Crab-eating mongoose, Herpesles urlta

Harry VAN ROMPAEY

One of thc slightly bctrcr known hcrpeslidsol Asia is the Crab eating mongu)se. tkry?nc' ut1d. ranging ln)m Nepal io southernChina reachingir penirsuldrMalaylja it! louthem most diltrihurn,r. Thc spccicsw.ts dcscribed by B. H. Hodgsonin 1836, althoughspecinens werc broughtto Enghnd b] GcncrrlThon.rs H d$rJkeJbour rhe )

Distribution FiF. L Crub-eatngnongoos. NtrPAL Trans,PennNuhr Thailand (Klo!s. I 9I 7i Chasen.I 940): Chians I-owerandcenlral hi1ly rcgions (Hodgson, 1936). Corkha MBi rnd Chumphon(Lekgul & McNeely.1977)i Ntt. Kao ai (BMNH23.11.5.16). Chengli, rnd Boitari(Fry, 1925) Dolr. li,rng(USNM 08679I); Bor Phloy.Kanchanaburi (USNM 294964):and Pak Chong(USNM-252275). BHUTAN Hasirnara(P({ock, 1937). MALAYSL{ Ma(a Ayer Valley.nonh Perlis and tllu GombskVall€y. RANGI,ADESH Sclangor(IMR 87I97;Wells& Francis,I988): UluYamlorest. BariadhalaForest area (Khan. 1982) and Cox's Bazar, selansor(8. L. Lim. 1992)rrnd Fraser'sHill. Pahams(K. l'. t,inl. Chillagongirea. the Sal Forestof Grzni. nearJamalptrr. rnd l99l). Dinajpur (Khan.1985J. and KalengaRema Reserve. cr,lO kn NE of Habiganjtown. Sylhet ( Ahsan, I 989).May berestricted to I,AOS the eastemhilly forcstonly (Khltn.1985). BanThateng xnd Xiangkhouang (Thomas. I927; Osgood. 1932)iHien Quans Koo (Pocock,1937). Deuvc (1972) only INDIA menrionsthe far south:Khonphapheng Falls (Kh6neFallt. Pashok and Kurseong. ncar Darjeeling.Bengal Tefai Khinakrcgion. Ban Ayun. XekongProvincc (ZMA 24714r (Wroughton.1916a)t Hasimara, BhutanDuars (Wroughbn. Bergmans.1995)r and Ban Muangyo(FMNHi R. J. TiDminsin l9l7)t Sivok. BengaiTerli (Srnbom.1932): Tura. Garo Hills Du.kwofth,I 997).Specimens were observed or collecrcdin Nam rnd Rajapura,S. Kanrup (Assamand Mishmi Hills) (Hinrd & Kading NationalBiodiversity Conscrlation Areai NakaiNam Lindsay.1926): Naga Hills rnd Sadla, Assan (Poco!k.1937. TheunNBCAr Nakai Plat€aut Dong Hua SaoNBCAi Khurdin, 19,11)iModbung village. ca.25 km N of Imphal.Manipur. Assan Khammousn Limestone NBCIA (Duckworth ct dl.. 1994. (Roonwall.1949)i Namdapha Tig€r Reserve.eastern tuunachal Duckworth,1997. 1998).Nam Et and Phou Lou€y NtsCA Pradcshlnd NongkhyllemWildlife SanctuarJ.Ri Bhoi Dislricr (Davidson.1998). Nsln xan NBCA (Showler.rdl, 1998).and (Athreyn& Johnsingh,1995)r S€pahijala WS. Cumti WS. rnd thecentral part ofHin NamnoNBCA (Wrlston& Vinton.1999). Trishna WS. Tripur.r(Cupta. 1999). Foundall oler Assam (ChoudhuI.1994). CAMI}ODIA Cen.ral Cardamon Mts., jusr w of Aurrl Wildlifc BURMA (N{YANN{AR) Sanctuafy(J. Srnderson,in litt.). Arakan Rangc(Bllth, 1863);Meteleo,Cafin Hiils, NE ol Toungoo(Thonns. 1891):Myitkyina (160 km lio.n)(Anon., VIETNAM l9l6)r Tsrnu.Chin Hills (Wroughton.1916b): Mogaungi l0 km ChoChu (Chogu)and Bak Kan (Backan)(MNHN 1929- Nw of Kindat(BMNH 6.6.14.1)r Thandaung, near Toungooi :186iBounet. 1927.Tho'nas, 1928a)i Lang-Son (MNHN'1929- 'I'harawaddy; and Rangoon (Pocock.l9l7)i Dalui Lonkin: 383).and Phu Qui. NinhThurn Prolince (MNHN 1929380. Manthe:lrnd Nauswa. northedr Burmr (Cartcr.19'12)! Lonkin. 1929380r'lhomrs.1928a. 1928b: Osgood. l9:12)r Kim Son.Yen KachinSiare (AMNH-I13028): Sagaing, Di!. Dalu.E bankof RaJ Gao yan) (Dao Van Tien. 1966):Qu.ns Ninh Province. ChindwinR. (AMNH 112969ll27.l8)i Sagaing, Di!. Nmsua. TuyenQuangPrcvince.Ninh BinhPro!ince. Vinh PhuPro!ince, w. bankoi ChindwinR. (AMNH 112747) Bac Thai Prolince and Son La Province(Ph.trn Trong Anh, 19921:Cuc PhuongNational Pxrk (Szaniawskj.1987); Fan Si THAII,AND Pan region (KuTnetso\'& Rozhnov,1998). Observed rt Vu 'Ihriland Pracbai(Flower, 1900): Har Sanuk,I'eninsular QuangNaturc Reserve rnd Net Rirer watershed(Lamben zrdl, but not met with iLro(hern Thailand(Gyldcnstolpe. 1916): 1994),Na Hang Nature R€servc(Boonnrrna. 1998). Car Tien

t). NP (G. Polel, in |ln.), rnd Ea So, D.rk Lrk Province (Le Xuan (Tsai& Freih. lilTl). lapei: Tapei (USNM-309227.358578): Canh,?t dl. 1997). Shin Lin USNN1-309228)iShin Tien (USNM :10923.1);lvu Lai (usNM 109229.110761. 330767. 330768, 330769. 130778. CHINA 330779,330780. l:10786.130787i 3511643): Mt. Wulai (LISNM Thecrab cating mongoose seems tobe comnlonover pans 358577):Ping Tung: I-ai (USNM 310765.330766. 330773. ol {)ulhcm Chin.r.exlending as lar northas the mouthof the 330775.3307 76. 110777.3107 8 1 , 330782. 330783) t Chung-Jih Yingzi R. on theeastern coast. sherc fte mostnorthern rccord is (USNM 33077.1): LttE I Lan (USNM-33077i).33071 |,130'712)l Chinkiang.Jiangxi (Allen. 1938).ln 1999accordirg to Sheng Taichung:Ma An Lio (USNM-29.1299)IHualien: Tung Men Hclin(,1 ./1. (ili only occunlngsouth of theYangzi R. Chinkiang (USNM330763, 11076,1)r Pei-Shan-Kun (RMNH 20855)r & l ujian (Gee1930)i Wampu and e.$t of Siudsau (Mel1. l9l2); Fushanl'orest (clhuang& Lee. 1997). LDng-tao-shanlBZM-36597). Sin-hang (BZM-.13.158). Soei- //.?cver rnd wasenoneously listed by Heaney(1986) !uen-shan(BZM .1:1,159).rnd Fang-wan(BZM-.13.160). all in fionl I'alawanlsland. ftrrngdong(Bcchtold, 1939): Tengueh. Yunnan: l'u(howl Foki€n:ChungYang. S. Hubei: Chinteh. Anhui(Pocock. l917)i Habitat and status Kutchen!Lingshanhsien. cuangdong (Shih, l9.l0a)tLochang District. N of Yaoshan.Guangdong (Shib, I 930b)i His-Shuan- Forest.scrub.andnainlynearwatcr.Alsoinricetieldsard Pan-Naarca. sourhem Yunnan (Kao Yiieh-ting?t dl.. 1962): other agricultural human settlements(Pham southern(subtropical) pat of SichuanPro!nrcc (Scidcnsricker er Trong Anh. 19130).Rarely on high nountrins. but collcclcd rt d1.,198.t1. Chetrgtu. Sichuan (USNM 2.{006.1)tFutsing, Fujirn 1.650m (Kurscong.Bengal. lndia : wroughton. l9l6) and 2.000 ([,'SNM238737,23ti738);l'uqing,Fujiar(AMNH 15503.60188. nr (Naga Hills. Assanr,Indir: Pocock. 1941).Fourteen out of l6 8.1'1.11)iNanping. Fujian (AMNH 60151)iChunsan Hsien. rccords irom 10 sitesin Laos \ere trom ove.,l50 nt. suggcsting Fujiar: Yenpins, Fujian: Ningpo. Zhejiang(USNM 2,10870); that Lhcspecics occurs..it leastin southand centrrl Laos. mainlv Iune-Tao-Shan,Grangdorg (BZM-36597):Siu-Kang. in hills and nrounllirs; most wcre within l0 nl of pools of \treams cuangdong(BZM'13458. 13'160). (Duck\,'orth, 1997).All observatiorsir Laos werc in are,ls ol evergreenor seni evergreenn)rest. included heavily degradedor ZhangYong/u er dl (1997)gilc rhetbllowing locahdes: secondaryareas (Duckwodh, 1997).Uncomnon in the Jrlpaiguri Aphuii Dangtu,Fancbang, (;|rangde, (luichi, Jingxiar, Districl,Bengal. lndia (lnglis./ dl.. 1919).Nor uncommonin l,ansxi, Nanling, Ningguo, Qianshan,She an, Wuhu, and Assam.Arunachal Pmdesh. and nofth Bcngal.lndia (Choudhury, Xuancheng. 1997a.1997b. 1999). Rrrc in Bangladesh(Knan. 1982).Conrmon lqji4r Fuqing, Fuzbou, Jian'ou, Jingiiang, Longn' in Vietnan and Laos (Delacour. 1940)ilnost common nongoose Longyan,Nanping, Ningd€, Putian, Sanming, WuJishan, and in nollheln Vicrnam (Bourret. 19,12).Widespread ln ronhem Xiamen. Vietnan north ofThad Hoa. but in small nunbcrs (PhamTrong cuangdong:Longmrn andShantou. Anh. 1980. 1992). Exceedingly common in thc forcsts on the cuangxi: Da Yaoshan,Huangpu, Huidong, Jingxi, boundar) betweenThailand and Tenalserim (PcninsularBunna) \ingminta,Shrngsi, and Shaog an. (Gyldenstolpe.19161. Swinhoe (1872) s1r1cd rhlit inNingpo: the Guizhou:Anlong, Ceheng,Dushan, lanjingshan, crab eatingmongoosc.living in rbundanceon thecrab-fiequented Cuitang, Jiangkou, Kaiyang, Sandu, Shiqian, Suiyang, shol€sof ihe lake not far f(rn hcrc.is rlracted by ihe crabson our wangmo, Weng'an,Xingyi, Yuping, Yuqing, Zhen'an, and brin] rivcr to the neighbourhoodof ou| houses.and thcre soon Zunri. gainsatasieforpultfy and thcn cggs".ln Assan lndia it wasnot Hundn: Guidong, Suinine, Xinning, Yizhang, and observedneaf hunran habitathns (Choudhury. 1997). Zhaoyang. Jr!!gsu: Jingiiang Description Jiangxi:AnJuan, Botang, Gan an, Jishui,Nanchang, andTaihc. The crab-eatingmongoose varies grc.rlly in colour. The Sichuan:Chonqing, Fulin, Jianjing, Nanchong, Neijiang, pelage is de$ bed as lullous iron-grey. brown. to blackish. Shizhu,Xiushan, Xujong, andYs'an. Gu.ird hairs corrsc and usrally white-tipped and descnhcd by Yunnan:(;anlanba, Cejiu, Hokou,Honghe, Jinghong, Ashan (1989) as muhi bandcd(brse to ip): yellowish. blackish. Jinpine, Lnchun, Menghai,M€ngla, Nlcnglun,Mengzi, and pale brown, hhckish. rnd whitish. with the blackish bandsbeing Yuanjang. larger.Averagc lcnsth oi guard hairs: 6..1cm (5 7.5). Thc Zheiillg: Anii, Changshan,Chun'an, Lin'an, Ningbo, slructure lrnd pattern of rhe guard hairs was studied by De & Shaowing,Wuyi, rnd Yuhang. Chaknborty (1995). Undedur soft and woolly. dark brown at the Neolirhicrenrainshavebeen found in GuiliardinHcmuduo baseard pale brown at the rip. Top of head pale grelish brown. (ZhangMinshua. 1981) linely whire-speckledimuzzle pale ycllowish. Chin white ard Hainanlsland: Mt. wuzhi (A1len.1905)t Nodoa (Allcn. thrcat greyish. Nosc llcsh cobrred wilh a deep vetical groo!c. l9l8)r Dan Xian (,^MNH-59963.60092)i and Dsnzhou, Shofi. bfoad. urnded cars fincly clad wlth lery !ho(. greyish Diaolmshan.rnd Dongfang(Zhang Yongzu.r.?/.. 1997). hairs A whitc strip gradually tipering fr(nn the .omcr oi lhc Hong Kong: Prcbablyextincl. last spccinen recorded in mouth ilong lhe side of the reck neady 1o lhe shoulderis abou( L96l(Mdrshall & Ph;1lips.1965). 9 l0cnlongandca.0.Scmwideatthcbase(Fig.1).Linbsbrown to bhck. Fcct wirh shallow interdigiral wcbs rnd srong claws. TAIWANI Naked sole on hind foot olrly exlending about l\I'o thifd! the Listedby Aoki. 1913.Rankoro (Pocock.l9:17)i Teraso distan.e to thc hccl. Tail bushy and tapenngwith s$nc colour is (BI'IZ2116'7,21169.21111.21173.21 175.21178,2l 180.21 182, body hut bccomirg progressi!el]-ochreous or flavoust()wrrds the ll I8.1,2l lltS.21195. 2l198. 21200t Bechtold. l9:19). Mountain tipr in L{o! !)nrclimes narkedly reddish(W. Du.kworlh, in lill.) slopesio l'ong-san.Kaohsiung Hsien and Fan-liao. Ping'Tung alerages 63% (58-68. n=i0) of the lcnsth of head & body. Iris

l3 eggyelhw (Mell. 1922).brrwnish (Roonwall.1949). lo deep Taiwlrn showed that insectshadtheh ighest p€rcentNgc occunence brown(Swinhoc, 1870). The dnal glands on eachside ol fte anus (969.). fbllowed by crustaceans(74.1q.), anphibians (6sq.), are aboutthe size of a cherryithey secrck an aquaeousfclid reptiles (,18%), cffthwonns (18.:19.),gairropods (l7 l%) and iecrctionwhich can bc squirtedout with grcatlbrce. A delailcd chitopods (ll.77d). Crustaceansand insects hrd rhe hjghen descriptionof the genild organsaDd anrl gl,tndsis given by relative inrponlnce (29.3'1,'tnd 2'7.6q..respeclilely). tbllowed Canpbell (1837).Thrce pails of abdominalmammae (Ashan. by arnphibians(15.67.) and rcptiles (14.3'l.): lhese four items 1989).Dental n)rmula: I 3/3,Cl/I, PM,1/'1.M2/2 ='10 comp sed. on average.86.6E of the total faecal content.More n\ecl) $crf c:ren In,urnm(' rnd aulurnn.m..re cru.lJ(edn. in Meanlength of hend& bodyis 5l.2 cm ('17.755 13;n=l'1): winler, andmorerepriles in late springand edrly summer(Chuang nr€rnlength oftail ;sll.2 cn (28.031.0i n=11) (Gyldensldpe, & Lee. 1997). In China it is.xllcd'Ni ch iu mao meaning'k)!ch 1916;Pocock. 1937i Dro Van Tierr, 1966;Wells & Francis, cat asit is commonlysee among lcmced ricefields in mountainous I988).M n condylobrsal length of malesis 96.I mm(93.098 3; regioni. whcrc ir is saidto find rhc loache!ofwhich it is supposed n=6)xnd of fenlaies93.2 lnn (91.8-95.7:n=6). skull Ineasuremenrs to be very fond (Allen. 1938).Captives refused tixits. roors.and showthat nales arc slightly larger thrn iemales.Weight I I 1(rl 7 nuts bur thrived on a diel of fish and snails (Acharjyo & Misn, kg (n=6,rwo malesand lbur females)in Taiwan(Tsai & Ftesh. 1972). Snrils and any othcr hard objects are laken with thc I971): I to 2.3tg in China(Sheng Helin dr a 1.. 1999): and 3-4 kg forcpawsand crashedwith force betwcenthe hind limbs 1oa hard in Thailand(Leknsul & McNeely,1977). A fem.rletrom tsunna surfacebehind (Kunstler & Chanrc, 1906: Brownlow, 19'10) weighed2 kg (Pocock.l94l) and one from Malaysia2.5 kg (wells & Francis,1988). Reproduction Habits Mcll (1922) was brought a fenale with two suckling young. Two 1o fbur young (ShengHelh "r dl., 1999) Btceding Several authors (Pococt. 19'llr Lekagul & McNeely, rirne is u*nown buLaccording !o Lc Hien Hao (in Pham liong 1977:Corbet & Hi1l, 1992)considered the cr,tb eatingmongoosc Anh, 1992) thc large size of thc lesticlesof mxles caughl in lrle to be noctumalb l PhamTrong Anh ( 1992)found it acriveusually Mrrch-early Apfil. may show thatthis couldbe ahrccding season inthe lrlorningand intheevening. All recordsin Laoswcredunng Gesrarionperiod is gilcn as 50 to 60 days (Sheng Helin c/ .r/, daylight (Duckwonh, 1997).Obserlxtions were madein CalTien 1999) md 63 day! (Ducngkae.1998) NP. Vietnamat 06:30 l0:30 l2:15-and l5:00h(G.Polet.in "wcre lilt.). They generallyseen in pairs coming down to lted or Parasitesand diseases to drink and were very quick and agile in their behrviour'' (Cyldenstolpe. 1916). Pham Trcng Anh (1992) obscrvedthem Tcn oul of l8 specimensfrom Taiwan had hearlsand lxngs living in pairs or in groupsof 3-.1individuals. Duckwotth (1997) intected wirh r nematode.Prlnorrlon8)fus ,l?ry,Prrirlctrxs ?r cites nine record! of singles,ibur oftwos, one ofa pack of three dl., 1970). Iu cight out of I,l specimensthe pelvic fomiccs and lwo o1fbur. adding thal recordedgroup sizeswere probibly containedeggs and worm! ofa Capilldrld sp (Cross. 1978) Thc under-estimates!s additionalanimrls nay have heenoverlooked species does not seem t suitable host for ,4r8tusr/an8)/ra in groupr which tled, (all animals were on rhc ground) The cdtrr,r?nris (Crosserdl., 1970)butcNn be experimentallyinfected lpecieshunts along tbc banksof srrearnslteling under slonesand (WoGl, I 965). A new specicsof trombictli.l mire,Heryetacarus in rock c.evices with its paws lbr crabs and sn.tils,or scratches. rusumd( was delcribed fiom the Masked palm d\er lPdgma digs and lniffs at the floor. Supposedto be a good diver and lan^atd) ^nd frcfn Hurcster Lr'td from Fujian Provincc. China swimmer as r spccimenrepeatedly visited a tank stocked with (wang Dun-Qing d dl.. 1980). goldlishr having laken many fish it must havedived from the lide ofthetanklo securethem.Reported to live in holesin the grou.d. Three out of six examinedspecinrens collected in Taiwan and no doubt lie up in rock crevicesfor sheller(Po.ock, I 941) ln were posilive tbr leptospirosis:two for tuProrpird rrru xnd one Laos. r group of four grve airy barks after they noticcd the for t. no:d.rfr (Tsai & Fn:sh. l97l). observerand othcrs grunted when ihey were flushed by boatsl observed aDimals usually flcd in extreme haste (Duckwonh. Haernogramand chromosomes 1997).The spccieslames ealily and is considercdinrelligent. Shih (1930)saw it in Nanningforsalc in cages.and it is saidto be a good Haemogram(wallach & Boever,1983) '.rattel'. In colonial times it sas oflen kepl rs a pet jn Vietmm 'blind (Kunsrler& Clhaine,1906).ln Chinr it is sometimescallcd H lHrem"ulobin) r/dl: t4.4-t6.2 cat' jn rclerenceto it! apparentnearsighlcdness. for it may be RBC (Red blood cells) 10'/mmr: I t.2-12.t approachednorc readily than most wild animdls (Allen, 1938) PCV (Packedcell volune) %: 45,52 According to Pocock (19,11)the fact thal the speciesmay be MCv (Mean corpuscularvolumc) lllnr: 40.1,12.9 approachedmorc readily is elidence of it! fenlessness and MCD (Mean corpusculardiameter) Fm: s.05.65 waming cokNtulion (white neck stripe and defcnse with anrl wAC (WhiF blood cclls) 1000/mm': glandt. N (Neutrophils)%: 35,17 L (L€ucocytcs)%: Food M (Monocytcs)%: E (Eosinophilt %: 04 Fish. liogs. crabs. nntlLrscsand cmllish. Deule (1972) B (Basophils)7.: 0 rlsomentions smallrnannuls. birds and eggs Mell(1922)tound sccdsofgrass in two specimensand Phan Trong Anh (1980.1992) Knryotype2n= 35/36 (icnale)(t\cdga.1977) Thc rlso mentions insectsand herbs bul considersamphibians and lrryotype of H. ,nd sbowsonly ninor difltrencestiom Lhe (rredgt. worlns 1o be its nlain nrd. Analysi! of l7,l ftecal samplesfrom kzryorypeot H. btuch"-urus^r'dH.aurcPunctatut 1972)

14 LongeYity Conseryationstatus

An adulrnale waskept in captivityfor 9 years.I I monrhs Basedon it! rcsrrictcddislribrtion (<2.000 km') in threc .nrdl9 drys andirs eslinatedage at thetinre of deathwas rboul fragnented locations (Assrm, Arumchil Pradesh.and Tripura) I I yerrs( Achrrjyo& Mohap.rtra.I 976). Another one was kepl for rnd continuing declhe in area of occupancy and quality of l: ye{rsand ,1 months (Joncs, 1982) habital.lhe crab-eatingnronSoose is listcd in SchedulelV of the lndian Wildlife (protection)Act. 1972.in Appendix III ofCITES Predators (India).andclassifiedas VU. BI2AC duringthe CAMP worklhop (BCPP CAMP Repoll, 1999).In thc EnropeanClonnunitv it is In Taiwan Arayal. Bunun. Ami and Yami aborigincshunt listed on Appendix C ol the OrdnranceNo. 272,1/2000(30/l I ^X)) both the masled palm civcr. Pagutnalunda, andthe crab eating published l8/12l00 (trade free in tbe European Comnunityr 'nongoose.whose flesh is erten nw (Fan?r dl.. 1992).As with all impon fromandexpontoothercountriesncedaCITES document). rediumsiTedcarn;vores it isprcdxlcdon an opportunisdcbasj! by \ illagcN acrcssLaos (W. Duckworth.in litt.). Coatsmade ofpchs Acknowledgemcnts ,if the crab erring rnongooseirre widely sold at Chinesemarkets I am grateful to the cu.Ntus of the AMNH. New York: iTan Bangjie, 1989) dnd .mimals in Guangdong and Guangxi RMNH. Londoni BZM, Berlini MNHN. P.rnsi RMNH. Leiden; mafkets. as weli as in bodcr to\)'/nmarkets. The offer is even grcater and USNN{. washington. DC. lbr infornation about their in Guangxiwhere the speciesis protected"(Li "r d/., 1996).Live collections,W. Duckwortb lbr rending and conrmcntrngon lhc rnimalsrrc soldas pets at the marketin Poipe!.Canrtx)dia. a !illage nanuscript as well as infomrtion. and to Bamey l-ong. Cert nearthe Thai bordcr (Mnnin & Phipps.1996). Pelt! and nreatof Polet. and Jim Sandersonfor infomrlion. ..ah cding mongoosesoriginating from Yunnanare sold rlong rhe Yunnm Vietnxm border (Li & Wang. 1999). Cazcttccr

Thxonorny Albl€viditur5: BD: Bangladesh;BT: BhutanrBU:Burmri KH: Cxmbodia;CN: China:HA: HainanI.. Chinai lN: lndia: LA: (;r1, ,ru Hodgson. 1836.J. Arn r. So.. uengal5:238. Laos; MA: Pcninsulir Malaya. Malaysir; NP: Neprlr TH: 'l'hailandi i ,rr? .z,.rirold Hodgson. 1831.J. Asiat. So.. Bensdl 6:561. TW:Taiwrn;VN: Vietnam.Dueto lhe confusionmade \l! sobena . oioivon Hodgson. 18,1-4. Cdl. r'd J' Ndr llisl. ,l:288. by diffcrenl spelling of Chinesenames no ltlcmpl was nade to Hd4).e€r ar',a Anderson.1818. Anut. Zxn. R?s.Erped. vunna lind coordinaieslbr all localities on thc Chinesenainland. l:l89. t|lrgos xrrd Aoki. 1913.AnnoL Z\n. .lupan 8:316. Arrii, Jiang\u,CN: :10".{6N. 119".+08; Anlong.Gui^ou, CN: '75:31. tt.rtlettes tun(rirra Hol,tell. 1929.Proc. US Natl. ttlus. 25'05 N, 105'10Ei Bac Thai Ptulince, VN: cr. 22"N.106'E:Aak Kan. VN: 12'09 N, 105'50lli Itad fhrleng. LA: 15"22N. 106"23E: N, ll6'lti !.: Cat TieD NP. VN: ca. Gray (18,12)proposed Orneri.rrlrr& for an aninulhchad Boyang. Jiangxi.CN: 29'00 1l'15 N.107'25iljCcheng, cuilhou. CN:24"58 N,l05"5l E:Ccntrul sly ( 1830-1834) namedv ,.ra afrcran illusmdon in frcriou &r.d Cd.damonMis., jusr W of Aur.l wildlifc srnctuary.KH: I I '.1r385'N. rations t',tiar tlbolost . Thc figure mostemphatically does Illusl 4 103'46.8.17E: Changshan.Zhcjiang, CN: 2ti'5.1N. I l8"30 Ei Chiang not replesenta moDgooseof any kind (Pocock.1937). Mai,TH, l8'48'N,98'59E:Cho Chu.vN:21"54N. 105'39 Ei chongqing, Sichuan.CN: 29"10'N, 106'35Ei cbumpbong, TH: Heryeste s urva han ns isMllscbie, 1901t. Wrrr"u r.r. trger. l0'10'N.99'll E: Chun'an-Zhciiang- CNr 29'15 N. I l9'02 E: Cox's I:\Fd. Filchn?r ChinaTibet. X Ran.1.tTeil. Zxl. Stmml.P.lt)O. Brar. BD: 2l'?5 N. 91'5911;Dan xiar. HA: 19"1,1N,109'35'E: \I.itschie (1908).on the basisoffour skins from Hankou (Hubei). Dangtu. Anhui, CNr ll'.1.r'N. l l8'll t]: Dinaipur, BD: 25"llj N. 'lhc ,:!ve the name Und hanensisro the Chinese Ntulation. 1i8".1.1'EiDushan, Guirhou. CN: 25'50 N, l{)7":ll E: Ea So. VN: pelrge difterencesare not considereddisticrivc by Allen (1929) l2',19 1-l'01N. 108"31-.l.1 Er lanchang.Anhui. CN: ll"06 N, sho regardsthe name as a synonym of t?/l'estcr rnt. Howell 118"04!: lan Si Pan .egn)n,vN: 22"19N, 103'.16'Erlangl,iao, TW: 22"22N, 120'16E: luling, Sichuan,CN: 29'.14'N.107'22 !i 1929) accepted thc lbrm lentatively with subspecific rank, lushan Forest,Tw:26',16 N, l2l'l4 ErI'uqing. Fujian, CN: 25'43N, Hcrp.n.s.dn riroru hdrcnris. bui ibund it open to considcrablc 119'll E: Fuzhou.|!jio, CN:26'09N, 1l9'17E: Ganxian.Jilngxj. uecht(nd ( I 919) rnadeit synonymouswith H. a/r d l]nd. ! uesrior. CN: 25'53N. 115'02F: Gejiu. Yunndn.CN: 13"25N, 101"05'Ei Gorkha. NP: 28"01N, 1J,1':17'EiCuangde, Anhul, CN: 30"55N, IIeryestesuna unnont?nstrBechtold, I936. Z Szasert /k I l9'2:l E: (;ui.hi. Anhui.CNr 30 .12N, I l?"25 E: (luidong. Hunm, l1rl50. Femaleskin and skull. PhuZui, Annarn (Phu Qui. CN: 26'07 N. 113'56E: Guirang, Cui^ou. CN: 26"35N. 106'_40|i vicrnam). Collecied by Delacour and Lowe. BMNH-211.7.1.42. HabigrDj, BD: 24'24 N, 9l'25-E: Hekon. Yunnrn. CN 22"10N. 103"5,11--r Hin Namno NBCA. LA ca: 17',10N,106'Ei Honght. Hery?st(sund lornosdnrr Bechldd. l9:16.Z .tz:r"sert"rfr. Yunnan.CN: 23'25 N. 102"25Fri Jamalpur. BD: 2:1"54N. E9'57-Fl: I l:151. Female skin and skull. Teraso.Fomosa (Chu l-ao Shur Jiangiin, Sichuan.CN: 29'l:l N. 106"20-Fl:Jiangkou. Goizhou. CN: ll 0l'N, 120'518, TaiwanJ.Collected by H. Sauterin 1908. 2?'41'N.108'5.1 E: Jiin'ou, Frji.n, CN:l7'{).1'N. I l8'20 E:Jinghong, Jirngsu.CN: 32'01 N- B/.M 2t111. Yunmn. CN: ll'5E N, lm'50 1! Jingjiang. 120'lE E; Jingxiln. Anhui.cN: lo',15'\. ll8'30 E: Jishui, Jilngxi. (lN: l?'ll'N. I l5'l0 E: Kaiyang,Cuizhou, CN: 21"01'N.106'57 Ei Bcchtold. 1936. Z. Si.iuq?ti?rk. Heryest?s un,a rn@ris Kanchlnaboi. TH: 1.1"02N. 99'l? l: Kao-Hsiung.TW: 12'36 N. I 1r152.Mrlc skin and skull. Lung tao shan.Gurndong Prolince. 120'17-l:Kim Son.VN: 1.1'16N.10E"56 !i Lang Son.vN: ca. nr0r China. Collectedby I)r. Mcll. BZM :16597. 22'00'N.106']0E: Langxi,Anhui. CN : 3l'01'\. l19"06E : Lin'an, Jiangru,('N: l0-16 N. I l9':l3 E: Longmcn,Cuang.lon. CN: 2l'.13 N. SubsNcicswere describedon pelage and skull diffcrcnccs. ll.r'05-E: l,ongyan.Fujian. CN: :5'06 N, I lr"02 E: LonkiD. BU \o laxonomic work hasbeen done ,ecentlyand it is not known if 2j'40 N.96'2l E:Menghai-Yunnan,CN:21'59'N.100'15 E:]llengla. .uryol the sLrbspeciesis valid. Yunnan.CN: ll'10'N. l0l':16E: IIcnSzi,Yunnan. CN: :l'2{) N,

15 l0.l'21'Ei Lnchun, Yunnxn.CN: 22'5.1N. 102'1l E; MogtunS.BU: Ashan-M F 1989Occurience,il rhc Crab eating 'nooEoolelI7 ,71v.r "/rd)rn Bunqlud.shJ71xn 11:81a8 25"20 N. 96'5:l Er Myirkpia, BU: 25'2.1N. 97'25'F1:Na Hang Sylher.Bmgt.deih threya.V R &Johnsingh.A.J 1995SuFey olrhcClouded le.Frd (N.,Ji,/n NaturcReserr€. VN:ca. 22"20'N.105'25 E: Nakai-NamTheun N BCA. ,.b,tivrinnonh eanIndii UrrpnblReP.d.wildlifeln{nurcollnd'r, lli',10'N.105'05E; Namdaph! Tige. Rcscne IN: 27":3' LA: c!. Deh Dun.,10pp Er NBCA. I-A: .a 20'30 N,101"1E: 27'39N,96'| 5''96"58E:Nam BCPPCAMPRcpon. 1999 End€tnr and non endcmic.i!et! and n$.!oose\ in Nam Xln NBCA.LAr c!. 20'15 N.10.+.30Ei Nanchang,Jlangxi. cN: andour ol lndixn/oos. Ptu1lll. ,,\ Prirr l4(3) l0 18. 2E'll N. l l5'58 ]j: :{anchoDg.Sichran. CN: 30'5'1N. 106'06E: B.chthold.C. l9l9 Dicsdischen Fonn.ndd Gatlung,9 ,rrJr.r. lhrcsv{cm.nh. Nanline.Anhui, CN: 10'55N, ll8'l8 E: Nanping.Fujian. CN: Otologi.. Vcrbreirungund ihrc Zusanrme.hdneenit denrhkanischer 26'40 N. llE'07 Er Neijiang.Sichuan. CN: 29'32 N. 105'03E: Net Anen Z .trlr3c/t./a, l 1rI L:l219 River salenhed.vN: ca. l8'00 N. 106"00'EiNingbo. ZhejianS. CN: B.rgmans.\\. 1995.On mannal\ liom lhe Peolles DenocriLicReNblic oi 7on. Z-, 29'54 N. 121'll ti; Ningde.Iujian. CN: l6':vJ N, | 19"10'EiNingguo. Laos. nainly lion Sc(on! Pr.lidcc anl HongsaSpecirl :r06. Anhui. CN: 30'16'N. ll8'55 rr Ninh Binh Prclin.e. VN: ca. .td!!,r.,'1., 60:286 Blyrh E llt6l. Cnt .1!u?ol ]tu Mannaiiu in th. Mr!-"" Arr,. *ni?tr 20'20 N.105",10-EiNingming, cuang{i. CN: 22'08 N. 107"06E: Calcutr: Sdvicllc& CQnenburgh.BengrlPri.tina ConrPrnv Limircd Nonekhyllcmlvildlife Sanctua.I. lN: 25"'16N 91"15E: Phu Qni. Boonraiana.R 1998.lrnfa & Floralnrernatn)ml lndochinaProlramne: Na cN: 25'32N. ll9'02 Ei vN: ls':o-N. 105'268; Putian.Fujiln, Hd.! Rainfore{Co0scoarion Pn,je.t HaDoi:FFI IndochinaPogrxmm. t'rolio.e QiaNhan, Anhui. CN: 10'15 N. 116"18E: Quang Nioh Bouret. R 1927.llvenr!tr. gdndnl de l l dochinel-a lidnc de l lftlrhnie vNr ca.ll"N, 107'EiRaryoon, BtJr 16':17 N,96'l0 Er Sagaing,tstl: VenJbras.5o.. Ga.gr tdnri lrl 80 2I'55 N.95'56 Er ssndu-Guizbou. CN:26'04 N 106"1'l'I1lSanming. Boutrci.R. 19,12Les mamnif.Es de lrcollecliondu laboratoirede Toologiede Fujian.CN 26'16'N.117'15 Fl: Shatgsi. Cuangli. CN: 22'll N. l [.olcsu&ieured€ss.icnces.,\btc\Tr^ L.ol( Skl SLi Unir'Im].(hn1 108"03E: Shantou.Guangdong. CN: ll'2.1 N, I 16'11)E: ShaorinC, (H1rPrr.J lad ZhejianS.CN: 10"02N. l20"l5 Ei Shexitn. ]\nhui CN: 29'51-N B()wil.q. A. L E. 1s.10Tlrc Cftb ealingmonsoose lH.dls l) Hie S,. 891 I lu'27'E;Shiqidn. Guizhou, CN: 2r'2,1N. i08'II tt;Sbizu.Sichurn. ncaprivity ./ B,nrr! Ndr ,11:8r)3 Canrpb€ll,A i8l?. rtrd.dr.,nY,/ Hodgson,(nrl.l Nlarchl!. i337 ./ Arkr cNr 10'02 N, 108'07E: Son La Protincc.vN: cr' 11'20 N,1()'1'!,i .sa af,!r/ 6:561565. Hulan. CNr 26"1.1\. 109'501: SuiXang.Guizhou. CN: Suining. caner.T. D 19.1:l.lhe nammalsol thc VernryHopsood Chmsid L\pednron- N. 9t'5l F-; Taihe, Jiangx', 27'56 N. 107"10-Fl:SXlhet. BD:2:r"5l DonhemBurma 3111. Atur ttr: r!,1 ,9nr. 8::99 lll. BU: CN: 26'47 N, I 14'52E: lamu. BU: 24'56'N.9'1'20E: Toungoo Chr\en.FN !9.10.A handli{ol Mah!ian Inamn.lsBult Rdlll.sMut.t5t l8'5r'N.96'26-ErTrang. TH: (J?'10N, 99'18-LiTuyen Quang Pn,!in.e.VN: c! 2:'N.105'104: Ulu Yam.MA: {)1"26N. l0l"lil-Ei Choudhur!.A 199.1Ch4k1I14 th.,unnul: of A$1,' 'nrwrlrxri:Glbh'i vinhPhtrPrcvi,rce.vN12l'20N, l{)5 20 EiVuQuargNaturcReserlc. vN: 18'20N-105'20 8i Wlngdo. Guizhou,CN: ls'08 N, 106'08'Ei Choudhury,A.1997n Thc dirributirn md * usof iMll .trnivoE\ (Inunclids, (irJ.rr. \Yeng'an- Guizhou.CN: 27 0l N. 107"2t1L: Wuhu, Anhui CN: vivemds.aod herp€nidt in Assam.India Jt nll Cd,7n,z :ll'23 N. ll8':5 Ei Wuri- Zhejiane.CN: 28'51N. 119'50E: MI choudhu4.A 199?bSnallclm,v.rcs(mtrslelids.rilerid\'hdp.{lds.andone $u?ni. HA: lll'59 N, 109":15Er Xieng Khou Ang. LA: 19"21N. ailruid)in Anrnachalh esh.lndt S"nll aun'inr. Conr.tt \1:1'9 101'23Er XinSyi.Guizhou- CN: 25'05 N. 105'00E: Xinning.Hunan Choudhury.,\ 1999.Cds.rv.rion of \nrall cdnnore\ (nrusclid! lirerids. Anhui.CN: 10'57N. I l8'41'Ei CN:26'l.l N. I l0'.15Ei Xuancheng, h.Qcnids.rn{lone ailLu ) in nonh Bengal.I li' l"'l "nnY'z Xianen. fujian. CNr 2.r'28 N. l18"05 E: Xiushan. Sichuan.CN: c,,r.rr..20:15i7 28"25N, 109'00E: Ya'dn, Sichuar.CN: 10'00 N, l0l'i)2 L: Yen ChuangShun An. dd L.e I ingl-ni! 1997 Fix)dhabir! ol ihre€.rrnrvore R!y, VN: 21':13N, l0'1"54'EiYiylng. Hunao,CN: 28'19 N. I l2'l0 E: \per\.sIVix rtnnd n nu.11.4 YuanJan.Yunnan. CN: 2l'll N. 102',19Ii;Yuhang ZlEjians.cN: lushanFore{. no'tlrernTri"x'\ I hol, Lnl,211:1179 28'10'N.l2l"l5Fri YupinS. Guihou. CN: 27'16 \. 108'50!: Yuqin8. Corbcr.C.8.&Hill.I E.1992 lh( nunnr\Df t( lltl.,rdldldn..gt r'Oxtord: Gurzhou.CN: 27'13N. 107"50Ei Zeng'an.Guizhou, CN: 28'25r", Oxtod UniveAiryPrcs\ Crcs!-I H 1978.Kdney tqr,lldid in theFornrosan rnong.os. J Pd?\t'l. l0r'35 Er Zunyi- Cuilhou. CN: 27'15 N. l0r5"1it'E. Cros\.I H chcD.S S & shci Kuei 19t0 Fudher(udie\or th. develol)ntil Museum abb.cviations olAr3rrJrr,,A]/!r."rr.x.,ri\ ii rhcI om.\d'nonloose J Pdulr,,1. AMNH: Anerican Muscun of Nalurrl History. Ncw York. NY, USAiIIMNH:The NaturrlHistory Museum,London, DroV.nTicD.1966 Suruncdeuxiinccollcclonde\n,anmifire\delxralnrnd. Yan Rr,(Nold vielnan) z,rl Ablt.ttdl Ji'lIt li't* Dtr!14128:285 UKi RZNI: Museum liir Naturkundc der Humboldt Uni!e|siliir. 291. IMR: Inltilrte for Modical Resedch. Kuala Bcrlin. Gernany: Davdioi, P..ed 1998A wildlilem{thrbitar $neJ.t NxmEl rnd PhoDLouer_ Lumpur. Malalrsia: MNHN: Musdurn Natioral d Histoire Nlli(iial Biodive^ir! cotrscrarionrr.as. llounplnnhProvircei. L$ Nrltlrelle, Iraris. Francer RN{NH: Nati{)nrrl Natuu rislorisch PDR CPAWMA!ildl,lcCotrserv{ln,n Sociery. Muscun\ Leiden.The Netherhnds:USNN{:National Museum ot De..l.K & chaknbonJ_.R 1995.Structurc rid paternolguard hairsof crrb carnrgnongoo\c. Il!.p.r.\ r,ru (Hodg{m)(Manrn.lia:Crrnrv.n Nrtural Historj-. washjnSton. DC. USA. llerl]enidrcJPr.. ,/,,1 S,. Cir.rtd 18:3116 Dellcour J. 19,10.I nrc Prorisoirele\ n'atmiflre! d€ l lndo.hinelfunqrsc. ltlunnai 1 1:16all. Ach]rl).o.LN.&Nljfr.R,l9]2'onlh.ticdinghlbl\.tclabeahngnodeooseDeuVe,j|g12L.sn0ni|lr^duLa.: (H.rtfr?J rn?) i..attivnt.-l B.nhdr Ndl Hin Snt 694t1I) Achdiyo.L N & Mohrpalrx.S. 1976Lon-q.vit! ollso \ne.rcsol Innirn Durks.nh.J\\.lggl.Sinallcnni\.rcsiDLxo\:AnatusFriestrithnoreson nongoos.sincaplivlll / 8,,?)dr 'ndr ,r/ir/.\r..71:512 523 .cology.bel,alnrur and con\e rlon. Sn,l/ adrrnord a,a?rf, 16: 1 ,\lldr. C. M l9l'r. Virernl\ lion rhc Asl!{ir erp.dirion\ a,,.. ,t/!r N.r. 7\. Du.ksonh. J w. 1998 A su'rcy of [rse n,a'nmalsin llrs ..dtrl Annrnne Allcn.CM rt)l3.ThcinanrmrL\olChina.nd N{(mgol,x,\'ll/ Hnt alnntl At. 'nounliin:ol Laos.Z I-dr3.t?,1 63:1.192t0 Du.k$onh.lW.T'nmins.R LThcslis.R C E\xns.TD & And.AonC Q Allen,J A L909.lunhern.r.s on nramnrahi.m lhel\Lrd ofHxinrn. Chnra 1994F,.ldobseralninsotmanDnl\inLxos,l912 lC9:1,\,t,AiJLBxll Etll 1n4.ltlrs. i"tt '/^r..:6 2-192'll. Srd, S0. .11lll105

rJth...ol.Sit1 AulL ot th? .!?t1iht t6 b\tn?n lunt.n l'\6lir,1 Pol,.J and Plannin!. /f75. Londl,n: B.rn{l Quan|h frn.P C.Chune.W a.S.h.C. l.&Kotn.n Nl.l- 1992lating hrhiG.f ljl! Anoilmou! lq16 Pna_ccdingsJ A,,,rlr ^lrr tlrt .t,.. 2'1:lrl7 619. Asi.D peoplc and tfan$i\\nrn oftacnir\n ,t ar 7,4. 50 30j :rl5

.t .. ldrl,r 1900i106.179

l'.d!r. K. l9ll Chrtriolrnal .hanlcs iD reneb(re evolutoi Pm. R Jr. PhanrTr)ng Anh 1980.lNllrpholoe] rnd ectlt)gt of V,v.ridae iD Vietnlml Ioilrn Bl99111191. Zxt Zh.5'riq05.91.1(ln InAfrn I ,1. T. B. l9l5 Bonhry Nittral HistorySocieq r nrnrmrl \urv.\ ol lndia. PhrnrTtun3 Anh L99l lcd]ilons ol \onh Vi.riutn.k\ kb1.3n al tttln\ it1 tsurnrrhand cer_l.n RqDnN..llia). Nep.l J Bonh.\ Ndt Hnt. stL.. r'/.rtr,1.81 L12 NIL\co$:l.lauk. Puhlicrlnttr (lnRuslanl Po.ork.R L9:17.Th. Nrnloos.s oi Brirl\hIndir ndMiDe Cer_lonrnd Bunnx (ir!. I F 1830lt\14 lllutatn,^.l ttrlktn :o.1.3\| thi?tl\ :!l!r tltl h.n th. J B,,/,!r ,!n, 1/n7.Jr..lq:2ll lili dn!..rn,t.lMdi, Glntntl Hun?'.tt? 2 \oli Inlnln) L.ndon:lidnel P.rorf. R 19.11.Tlt lutu.d.l utti\11h itl itt!tultrB (.rl.n nni Btnru Gi].J.E 13,11.Descrlption\.llmci.slcNmandliliyunrecoed\Pec,3\tl Morulnl r.1 tt Londrn:Tiilol & Ftunrr\ l,lanmallr An, t/d{ Id. H^, (l)10:155207 Roon\i L M I- 11)19Conkibutioos ro de faunaol Nldipur Srar..Alsdn III ljrFk. A X 1999 Nlunclids.vilcnids xnd herpeni& ol Trnura ln EN!'/S Nlnnnll\.$rrhsNcialrcfcr.nc.tolheliniilyMnrrdac(o erRo{tenrial Ittl!.1i": Wiltllituann t)nn& 1el rtu^ Mu!.h.ls. \ r'.rnlt an.1h!tlrtit1\ R... InllinnMr\.11 | 61 ,, /,rlu, cd s A llusain. l(l):5.1 a8 srnbom.c C l9il. Ivtmmll\ ol thc suydan CultingSrtkiii E(pcdilon J C\lJ€r(olp.. N 1916.Zoolo!ic.l resulr\oltht S{.dishZool.cicalE\pedilion\ B)ntu\ Nrt H6t Ja .:16:lltl187. rJ S,xD l9l l.l9l: & 19lJ l9l5 rr,{r/ 5'1,rtr lit rrld/dtud S€rd.ini.kcr.J.. Lisenber!. J F & Sin$i\. R. I98.1.TheTrngi,xh€. Wrnrlanl Htnt!] ,5l).59. andt .nerongrhriGirnl Pridr RcscLresrnd bn,logicrl..is.fv ion n) H.a.cI.L.R 1986B i,,ge.:rrtl,y ol maflnalsm SL A lli enln le\olrxrrs ol rhePeotld'\ Republi. ofChini ln, 4,,r.n.. :3r2ll 15l .ol,)nilxto.. .xrin.riooaDd lpecirrn)n Bk I li,D. S,. . 2li:l2l 165 Shen!H.lnr. Ohr$lri. \. & Lu Hrlji 1999Ttu n.rr"altnn.f(ah1nr' Bciin!: llinron.M A & Lidds.!. H. Nl l9l(J. Mrmmd \urv.!.1 I'idia.llurm and Ch,nal'onify Ptrbll\hlngHoL\e Ce)lon RcponN. .11.Assrrn an! I\ll\hni Hill\ I Brr1b.\ Nrt llit Shih.C N{ lg:ll)a.Prcliniftry repoaon remammals lrom Yno\hu. Ks!i!si. J,... :llrl8l.10-1. collecledbJ_ rh. Ya.shanLxl'elition !l Sui Yascn UniveBitv.Cnnron. ldg\on. B H llt:16.Sytropri.rl description ol 'undryi.{ air (l\n\x Atll D.t| Eial )'.n Cri, a',n ..1:l l0 in llk rahnrgrc.l Nipalesenrimm{l\ .t Ai,L S,r Af,r,/ 5::11 218 Shih (l Nl l9:r0b.Aooreonrsnrrllcollc.roiofmr n.ls fromYr.shai. Nodh rl,)*ell.AB l929.MxnNalsibnChinrinlhe$11..!ons.lthcUnnedSfule\ R,vcr.KNafltr ltull.Ir,l, Bi., Y?n(htn t:rir .8:l 2 Nxt.iil Mnscun P/o.. l,\,\rrl,ltA.75:L 82 Sho"ldr.D.. Daridson.P..Sr i\ong. K & Khounboline.K 1998Au,ldlitand H.sri.ld.T. l35l.A aidrdl,S!..f tht lit.ntulirl nt th. Mtt.u"tolth? H., Edt habirar\urvcy rf Ndr XaD Nxlonrl Bn i!€^ny ConscN.rionA'€a. lrlid ('.n',nr I ondoi J & ll. cor. Hourphdh PnrvLncc,Lno lDR. Vlenhnc:CPA\ U^!CS Lrllis.CNl.Trrve^.w l-.o'Doi.l,H.v &Shebb€are.EO l9L9.\t.ntxivc S$inhoe.R li70 cdrlogrc.lrhenxnrnr !o1(rh,ia(son$oflheRierYxnte) Li{ol$e renebrnre!ol th.laharSui Dntricl.Bensd. J. Aonrll,\rr. ud thel5lrid or Fomrosx.P/4.. zaol. S.I bnt." \A7A:615635 tnr t,r..26i819.825. S*riho.. R. lsr2. \oles on Ch,ne\eMammalia obserled ner Ningp. Pr,. l(!r.s.M L. l9rJ: I-ongevr!ot..Encrd nals Z,,l Cd,1., N F.i2 l ll-118. Ttnt sa Lnl.,t la12:813 A1a |\]oYiiehTing.I-uChrgK$un,ChangChiehrnd\rnSu.g 196:.lN13Dmals S/nnirs\li.A l98T.AssistrDceronrengihcnCucPhuongNarionalPrrklnr.ritr .f rhe Hs ShuadPan'N! are. ln { hern Yu.iai.l .4.r! Zrol. S .. Fr\O RcportI CP/VlE/6ij5.l,15pp. 1.1:180196 (ld Chinese) Tdi BxdAilc 1987.Con\enrtn)n xnd..o.omc iDpodrnceol rh..nst'lrds aod Xhan.NI A R 1982 llillliJt d adn\lkltih. A.lt .k n Dhrkr: lln,rcsit! al vneFid\ nr Chiri SnullCdtni,r. (:on:etr. | 5-6 Th!ma\.O 891 Or thcMaNnilii collectedb! SienorLeon&, F€r rn Builna f,hrn.[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[1A.R.1985 Mrn,,l | /,| BanNl.d.!lt. A licld Sukk Dhtu Nr/mrRcza andTenr*.nnr..4n,trr (n. ttur Nrr.a;.,d?(2)10:'lll 919 KL,'s.( B l9iT.Onthenronloo\e\ollheVrlatPctrinsulaJ.aed Molo\ Sttt\ lhonas.O. 1927.The Delrour Lxtldation olF.en.h lid. China \'lunnals. tt^ . 7:L2:l ll5 Pta. Lnl. S.t. Lakl.r l1))11154. K0niLer.l&Chin..J 19015Lunaersesnntus Pr 11.r.t,r.\.t Prlr '!lrr Thona. O | 923..Thc DelacortrF.:pl{nlnni ol lr€nchlftb Chinx Nldnnxh. A.nbau\ 19116f1. ll. Onmrmmalscolecreddunngdr.{inrerofl9z6 27 Pr,. 2,,/ .!,. huTneGrr.G.v..andv v RoThnor1998 oi $c mounla]n reg0n ol bn.l., lt)8:139 la1 [Mamnrfi 'lhomr\. Sr Paand Fan SlPxn: bDdiv.riry andproble'n\ of$encons.rr.rion lD O 1928bThc D.lmour Llxploturi.nolFrcnchlndo Chjnr N{anhrl\ Mdturntl:rllnn4t.alatul b.tnnnrl $udit: itl Ftn Si Pd, wn,nn ata lll. Nlannals co lecieddunig th. wi er of 192728 Par' Zo.1 S.. lNdhlitrrhl erls.L P Ko'trn&Nl.V.Kxllrkin,l29159 Mortos trrlr, l9l8b: ll3L 8.11 Hdoi: RDsrn Academ!oi Science\rid Joint Rnssid Viernrnre\e Tfr,. C. C & I re!b. J. W r)71 L+t.spir.\ ir the H.rr,ndll^ nndP.nono Science{nd Td.hnologi..land Tropical Ccntre lr Ru*,atr1 serogroup\t'om nronloo\e\in T/i*^n. li.t, C.qr. Mrd.zl:2\ll 2lr3 i J'nb.n.I'.R,Erme!.1 C &Ngulctrcn. 199.1SurveyiInrend€nii.th.asanrIn lvallifh- J D & BN\cf. $ l. 198:1.Dncdt.\ ,/ dor. d,Mnls: nt?ti.ut dtl $e Anname\el. xndsol Viemam.lune Julr_1991 Starusoi aDd \xrllrdl r?!rnf,/. PhiLidenhir: \\ B Saunde6Co conserrxt.n rcconmeDd[ion\ ntr v,etrinr.n' phcxsaDra.trpd Wnkbn. J. L. & Vinron.V D. eds 1999.A wildlllerndh$nar rcloillin hdlnir.rJt andlmFi!l thearrta iul/n,ln ClandC)nrhrldge: IUCN Namio \rln)nrl Biodlv.sitl CoDservrrniiArcr aDdadj.cent [e]s. SFcies Srrvi\al Comnissiof Khtun,nouaDeProlince. Lxo PDR Vlenrane:WWF Lao ProicdOftice I Xuid Cann.Phanr Trung Anh. Du.\qonlr.I $.. vu NSocThnnh xnd Li. r,lu'l l, ', r'cn..o,to.e IJ r"f Vurhu 199?.A survelollxrge manrmxls in Dal LlL Pnnrn.d.V,criam wu! Drng Qing.Llo HaoRong & Lin Zu Hur 1980llro nes lronbr.ul,d Hanoi:WWF lndochi Pro-{rnmnre/ Ill( N mit.\ ol de genu.'/.r/,1r,,r,2s.) Ada tu\tuxi .5t,. 5::182-r85 (ln r.fagDl. B. &Mc\eel!,J. A 911 Mdnn.lt .f I hotlnul. Rrngt.r Kunsapha Chnr\. Fi!lish abinct) WeLl!.D R & Ftui.is. C. Nl. 1988.Cruh exh! monloo\er'.4,?{?s u^u, a I wcniun& wansHaibin lr)99 wildhlctad.inYunnrnPrxince chnrx.arrhe mrnnul .cN o P.niNtrlar\lrlxy\ir M,/d. ]\dL J.. ,12i1?1 | . bo ersilh vrtu Trullir arll . t8t1)21 tt) Word D.E. 1965Lxp.riDenrrllnl;crnn otx rDnSoo\ewith,4'!i. /r,rr]r/"r I LWenrui.Fullcf.T.K.&wangSung1996.,^s0tv.!ofrndlii!nrdeinGuangii .unt.Nr\i\ lctn\. L Putu:inl., 51 911 ard Culnsdds. chnr lrdl/t llk//.. 16(l):9 l6 Wrt)ugh!)n.R. C. l9l6a. Eombly NdufulHrtorl SooieryiMrmmrl Survcyof I'. B L.l9r2 Moigoos.sof Nlalalsin.Ilrdf. Mtlur\ntnul6:11 lndia.Burmr rnd Ccllon. No. 21 Siklim rnd B.dgalTcrai J Brardr Lii. K l( l99l The CrabdatinF monsoose. a7.4,.!1t xrfd. lmscfs llill, Nrr. Hn, .\a...2l:168 l9l Pahare.P.niNular Mdn]\i. Mrl,a Mr.. .1.1(2/l)::021. wtuulhron.R.C l9l6b aombayNarurrlHi(ory S.cietys MammllSu ct ot \lr6hrll. P M & PlIllr$. J. G. lL)65.Pl!n\ lnr.onsc'rin.!the$ildlile!l Hone l ia.Btrmrlrnd(lc)l.n\o 25 ChinHills J 3,,,r,1A,rr atnr'So.. Kong irr r 8:107I12. 2,17587r3. \linln.F.B &PhippiNl 1996Are\iesolrh€ {,!d.nimaltude inC{n&dir Wrouehroo,R C. I t17 RoJnb.INxtural llilrtry So.ict-vs Mann.l \urvey !l Ttrtlli thtt., t6l)):aa 6a lndir. Btrnnaaid ccrlon No. 2l Bhurx.DuaA. J R.rthar N.t El1 \1.{\.he.P 1903Lb.r chi'rlsclr. SaDgeriereben)ndr^ aus dcn Sammh,ngen S.. , 25il rl des Hcrn Wilhelm Filchner li }^r1,r.fu/r/i.1. r'rB.h"ir! Jtt zhan!N1inghuxlr)8J [Ap'clinimryiu{lyof mrnrnalianliuni]nlhene.lnhi. E\tllilbh f i!.hn.r rn(h Chin. nd Tib.t l9A3 l90i X Banl I Ttil \ire\ol$urhchina lA.rrTh.flt 5i". 1:177185.(lnChin€s!.En8l1sh TJrrotkh( Sdhnluq.r.lll 2.1.1Bcflini Lrni Sie-liriedMirtl.r & Thrng YoilzD ./ dl 1991.Di\hihulitrl .l nd",Mtu, Vk i.r in ardd Chinr \1.11.R.l912 Beiiilge/urFxumsn,.a.lDieVenebrlrenSndchiiasiFildli\ren Fd€{r! Pnbliirir! Hotr\c undle dnorendersitrFer.Vag.l.Repdlien.Brtrr.hi*ii, r\tr"/!.r.r.. Jan Verbertlei,15, 2650 Edegem, Belgium ).!.od. \\. H. l9l2 ManNa !of$e Kcll.y RooscvclcaDd l)ellcour Anitt hpednbns Pxrl FieLlilr\. Nut.Hkt l,,t.51r. l3rl9l 139. [email protected]

11 Recent Literature

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Rodcnt and critical reapprlisal. Tub(rLulosis 8l: 185 187. predatorpopulation dynamics in an eruptivesystem. rtol. Hancox, M. 2(nl. Caille pass TB Lo badgers. BAC I'lld/de Ilod?llins 142:221-215.( Mustela enrined) l9(l):96. Bolhroe.T.. Jcppesen.L. L. & Leirs. H.2000. Bchrvioural Hansen.C. l'. & Jepl'cscn.L. L. 2001. Swimming Ncriliry ol iarn rcsponseoi lield voles under mustelidtrcdati('! risk in the mink (n/rsr.ld r;r"r) and its felation lo stc.eotlpes.A./.? laboraroryimore than neophobia. Ann. ho|. Fot1..31:169. Agri.ult. S.an.litluri.a A,5|t]l'76. Cain.J. 1998.Wollerine. Man,r. N.r,r ll5il0 11. Hansen.C. P. & Jefpescn,L- L. 1001.Use ofwrlcr for swirnning Cheadle.M. A. c, dI.2001. The Stripedskunt (M?plitis nethitis) and its relationshit ro temperaiureand othcr lactds in is an intermediatehost for S.rr.o.lr-tt' neunna. lnt. J. ldm mink (M,rlpla rison). Ada AgriLull. Scdndinarica airdr;lol., 31:8.13849. ,\51: 89-91. C.,^\. J. \.,, r/ 2001 A th)l,,sirgraph.cpr'.pec.ir<,'n Hcrih, J. P-. McKay. D. W.. l'itcher, M. O. & Slorey.A. l'-.2001. endenism tu the Alexandcr Archipehgo of southeait Changesin the reproductivebchaliour of the end,rngered Alaska. Bnrl Consefl.. 9'7:215-227.\Mot|.s xncti.dra, Newfoundland m^tren (Martes (ntt.ana atrutd): Musteta enlnku) Impli.ations ft'r c.rp(i!ebreeding prcgrrms. Can. J' Zo,/.. Dek-ker.J 2001. Ecrste dassenburchtin Flevoland. Z"dKl;"r 79:1.19l5l. t2( t):26-21. lMeles wL(s) Hcllslcdr.P.. Killio. E. & Hanski.12000. SuNilal r,rlc ol Diebefger.J. 2001.Bc.jrgung und Bekampfungder Maderartigen captive born rclcasedLeast weasel! in sourhem Finland. in Vergangenheitund Gcgcnwrrt. Wissensth.lttitt. Mann. Rer.. 30:228. (PosLcrabstract) Ni?lttiisterrcich. Land.\nuseum 11:13-29. Hcnry, C. 2000. Le blaifeau eurasicn el les autres blaircaux. Dierks. K.2001. Denial crrics and periodontitis in macented Courier Nutut( t81:t9 23. skulls dcmoDstratedby badgers(Md?r zeles Linna 1758) Hutchings.M. R., Scrlice.K. M. & Harris.S.200i. 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l8 J(drzejewsk!. B. et al.2OOI Fccding hrbits of the otter and Ozkuri, ;. et al. 1000. On colourition and karyology of the Amc can mink in Bialowieza Prineval Fofest (poland) Marbled polecar VanneLdt)eresu\tu, in Turkc\. 2,,1. comp:rredto otherEurasian popn lations. &?s /dplr 2:1:I 65 Mi.ldl( I..ast21:t3 18. 180. l'otvin. F., B€larger, L. & Lowell. K.2000. Marten habirar JohDson.D. D.. Macdonald.D. W. & Morecroft. M. l). 1001. An selectior h lr clearcut boreal landscape.Conrc^. Bnr.. analysisof social sprcing in the EuropcrDbadser (M./.J l:l:8.l:l 1i57. ,r./.i) in the UK. Wirrdrr.r. Miu. NieJ?iist? ei.h. Pricur. D. J.. Corhlnr. J. R. & Wood. R. K. 2001. Dist.ibtrtionof land(!museum 11:l6l-110. ty()sine .rDirotran sferase activity in nrink (Mrri.ld !,lror). Ki g. C. M. & Powell. R. A. 2000. Thc paradox of lariahle Lon\). Bioch?n. PrirkJl. Part B 130:251'256. reproductiveefibrt in lenule Stoatsduring rodenrclcles. PtrscniusJ. & Osllcld. R. S. 2000. lffccl! ol sloaLs prcsenceand Mann. Re\.,:10:228229. (Postcr lf'stract) audiiory cues indjcating irs presenceor tree reedling K)lc. C. J. & Strobcck.C.2001. Gcneti. stru.tue of North prcdationby nleadowloles. Otk^ 9l:123-I30. Anericin Wollerine (GrL, s,1., populartuns.M,1. r..o1.. Putman,R. J. 200L I)iet of lline ma{ens MdlrzJ Mari?J l-. in wesi l0:3-17'3.17. Scotlrnd. ./. Ndr. Hist..11:193 191. Kyle. Cl. J.. Robitaille,J. F. & Slrobeck,C.2(X)1. Ccnclic Rcvilla. E. 2000. The social organi/aii(,r ol Eurrsian hrdgers in vrrirti{)n .rnd ltructure of Fishet (M(1rk's ! htitti) Spain.,ltddn.Rf f., 30:13L populatnrnsacros\ North Americ,r. Mol. F.ol.. l0:23'll Revilla. E. & Palonares.F. 2001. Differencesin key habiratuse 2319. bctwccDdominantrndsubordinrtcanimnls:Intralcnitoirl l.iger. f. & Steimer,F. 2000.La fouine. C.J!r, t.fNdr,.d 185:20- doninance payolls in Eurasian badgers?Cun. .1. Zxn.. 26. 79:165170. Leyssac.N. & Madsen,A. B.2001. Age determnraionofEurasian Revill.r.8., Palornares,F. & Dclibes.M. 2001. 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l9 van Teetfelen.A.. Elmeros. M. & Madsen.A. B. 2001. Diurnal Mustelidaeand Viverridae resring of Europeanbadget (M.l?s n(l?s) in Dennark. Wiss.ns.h. Min. Ni?11?riistetreiLh.Land?smtseun Frrgrllo.J. A. zrl1.2001.Nestboxprovisioning ll] a rxral population l4:l'71 l'73. of Eurasixnkcstrcls: Brccding perlbmnnce. nesl predition i van Wieren. S. E. & Wonr, P. B. 2001. The use of mot(nway and parasitism. /ttld Srdl 481236 211. \Mates sp..G"nettaJ wildlife overfassby lxrge nanm^l\. NetherLdntlsJ.'zool.. 5l:97 105. Procyonidae& Ailurus Virkc, C. M. 2001. Somc commcntson thc rcvicw (n Nimon and Broonmon fhe welfarc of fdrnred \1ink. Anin. wcLjAr. Burger. J. .r dl. 2000. Metal! and metallothioncinsin lhc lilcr ol I0::ll5 32:1. ccoons: Ulilily lbr environnrentalassessment and Virg(is,I]. 2001.Role of in)larionand habiLat quality in shrping monitoring.J. Ioi.ol. LDir.nnL Hetlth 60(A):211261. specie! abundance:A test uith badgers(Mde' n?l€s) in Choudhury.A. 2001. An oveNiew ofthe stalusand.onscrvNtion a gradient of tbrest fragnrenlation. J. Biogcngraph," of ihe red pandaAllarllJ r/la.rr in Indir, wirh rcfcrcnccto 28:181189. its gk)bal status.OD:r 15: 250 259. Walkef. C. W. er dl. 2001. Gcnctic !.riatn)n and poptrlation Duvall, S. E. & Baron. M. C. 2000.A scrceninglevel probabilistic structure in ScandiDavianWoverire (Orlo .ql1/o) risk assessmentof mercuryin Fiofniaeverglade! fo(Xl wcbs. population!. Mol E.ol. l0r5l 61. Lcotoricol. EtNiro nL Sd/.^ 47:291i :105. lPro.:'"on lotor) Websrer.J. A. 2001.A revie\r of the histoncalevidence ofthe ha- Flynn, J. J. c, dl. 20m. Whence the red panda I o/.,.a/ar bilrl ol thePine mnnen in Cunbria. Mdnn. Rer.,l1:17-32. Phrlos?net. Ero|.. 11:19{)199. Won Changman& Smith. K. G. 1999.A hislory rnd cuncnt (atus Ghole. D.2001. Encounterswith thcrcd prnda.,Qrdo Foundution of m.tmmalsor the Korean Peninsuh.Mann. R"'.. 29:3- far ndturc ot NE Inlid N(Irls/..3:12-13. 33. (Mustelicls) GiDsburg,L.. Maridet. O. & Mein. P.2001. Un Ailurinae Wright, A.. Fielding. A. H. & Whcrrcr, P. C. 2000. Prcdiclingthc (Manmalia. Crrni!orr, Ailuridae) dansle Miocane moyen distributionof Eurasianbadger(M"/"r,rpl"r) seltsoveran dc Four (lsare. France).Gsolfc,"rirdr 23:81-85. u$anjzed landscape:A GIS ltproach. Phatogwneti. Han r. A. N. & I)ubey. J. P. 2001. Mlocarditis and cnccph.rlitis Engin??ting & Renote S.rrirS 66:423 428. associatedwith 5)r.o.!rlir r.rroxd intection in ra.coons hpata. S. C.. Travaini. A. & Mariinez'Peck.R. 2001. Seasonal (Pto.\on Lottr). Vat. Poizsnol.. !15:3353,10. teding habits of the I'atagonianhog nosed skunk Kays. R. W. 1999.A ho;stablearboreal mrmmrl trap. Wildl. So(. (irkt patushurtbol.ltii itl soulhcmPalagonia..4.rd 7;r,e/n .. Bull.. 27:298 300. 91-102. Kays. R. w. 2000. The behavior of Olin-sos(Rdrrdriqon sabii) Zalewlki. A. & Jddr4jesili, w.2Ofi). Horncrangc\i/c. uliliTation and their compctilion with kinkajous (Pok^ lldru\) in and spatial organlzationof Pine martens in Bialowieza. central Prnama. MatnuLia 64:1 10. MamL Rer.. 30:232. (Posterrbslract) Krys,R.W..Ciltlenm.J. G. & Wiyne, R. K.20(U.Micniatellite ana Ziclinski. W. J. e.al. 2001. StalusofAmerican martensn coastal llsis of kinkajouscr-ial organizariot. MoL EtoL..9:113-151. lbrests of the Pacific states.J Mxnn..82.118 .1'91). Kays.R. w. & Giftlenan.J. G. 2001.The n)cial orgdrizali(r ol lhc Kirkajou P,rar far,ls (Prrlonid.re). J' 2,1.. 253:'191-501. \tverridae Page.L. K.. Swihall, R. K. & Kazacos.K. R. 2{X)1.Chinges in rransmissionof Ad!/isar. utis proctotlis to irternedidte Brofienon. P. N.r,r rl. 2001. Offspringfood allocationby parents hosts as a function of spatialscrlc. Ottor 9l:213 220. and helpers in a cooperatile mamma]. Behtr Etvl.. Page.L. K.. Swihart.R. K. & Kazrcos,K. R.2001. Secd l2:59U599. lsu ti.:atu suti.:al|aJ preference! and foraging at raccoon ldrines in lhe Crnt. M. A.. Otali. Ij. & M$,anguhyr. F. 2001. Evictnnr rnd transmissiondlunics of lhe raccoon round!onn dispersal in co-operatively breeding banded mongooses (Btt,"List/Jcarisproc)oritJ. Can. J. 2.n1..19:616 622. tVdlt*^ ntp!, \. L 7,\1.- 25 :l:5-162. Queiroz.A. O.. Cabello.P. H. & Jansen.A. M. 2000. Bblogical Clutton'Bfock. T. H.. Brothedon, P. N. & McllraLh.G. M. 2000. and bn)chcmical charrctcrization of isoiates of Tbpd- Individu.tl conLnbutionsto brb!sirting in .t coopcralive ,dr,,Lr eranrt fron PantaralofNlatogrosso Bra/il. v.r mongoose.Sul.drd sui.atta. Pra(. Ro,". Sot. London Pardsit.l., 92:101 I 18. (NdJ"a ndslll) Se..B 267:301. Su. B. er al. 2001. Gcnctic dilcrsit) and populationhistory of the Cluiton tsrc.k. T. H. er al. 2001. Contibutions lo coopcralilc rcd pandr (Ar'l,r,s/,lscur) as infered from mit{{hondrirl rearing in meerkats.A,t'. Bth..6I.105-110. DNA sequencevariathns. Mo|. Dbl. Ero|..l8:1070-1076. De Luca, D. W. & Ginsberg,J. R.2001. Doninance, reproducdon ardsurlival ir Bandedmongooscs i ToN ird\ dn cgalilarirn General social sysren? A,m. Beh.. 6 l: 11-30. L6ger. F. I 999. I -a GenettedarN la ragx)n Linn)usin. Ep.rpr 44: 17 l:1. Mon.idjem. A. 1998.ltlu'ntu ! ol Sr,a.i/zrrd.The Clonservatjor Moss, A. M.. (luthn Brcck. l. H. & Montf(trt.S. L. 2001. lrust of Swrzihnd & Big Grme Parks. Longitudinrl gonadalsrcroid cxcrctn'n in licc living nnle Ray. J. C. 2001. Cunivorc biogeogriphy and conseNationin the irnd ltmale meerkais lsrti.atu suriutkt). Gen. Co"tp. Alrican rain fbrest: a community pcrspcctilc. In,4fkdn E a(tino!.. 122:158-11L runtJbrestecologr tind ':o,r?nttn),. cd. W. Weber. L. J. Mudappa.D. & Chcllam, R.2(X)1.Cnplure ind inlnobilizalion of T. While. A. Vedder& L. NaughbnTreves. 214l:12. wild Brown civetsin western Ghars.J. lvrld l)ir., 37:383 Ne$ Haven: Yale University Prcss. :186. Schrcibcr,,\.. Eulenberger.K. & Bauer.K. I 998. 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t5 Sponsors

We are grute|il to the.fitllowing Jbr sponsoringthe publi.dtion of our newsletter:

ZookrgischerGarlen, Kciln,Cermany ColchcsterZoo, Stanway,Essex, UK Woodhnd Park Zoological Gardens,Seattle. WA. USA St. Louis Zoological Park, Saint Louis, MO, USA The Royal Mclbourne ZoologicalCardens, Parkville Victoria, Australia Toledo Zoological Society,Toledo, OH, USA EdinburghZoo, Edinburgh,Scotland. UK Helsinki Zoo. Helsinki, Finland RiversideZoo, Sconsbluff.NE, USA CopenhagenZoo, Frederiksberg,Dennrark Mr. Emnanuel Fardoulis,Randwick, NSW, Australia SacramentoZoo Chapter.American Associationof Zoo-keepers.Sacramento, CA, USA

Crab'ealrogmongoose ll/ ry(n?\ u^d) - Photo:Jnn Sanderson

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The aim of the Newsletteris to promotecommunication betrdeen all interestedin mustelid,viverrid and procyonid conservation and to stimulate conservation relat€d activities for the speciesinvolved, In order to do so we shouldbe financiallyindependent. Any assistancein the firrm of donations,sponsorship, and subscriptionsis most welcome.