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Economic Incentives to Promote Environmentally Friendly Maritime Transport in the Baltic Sea Region

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Economic Incentives to Promote Environmentally Friendly Maritime Transport in the Baltic Sea Region Economic incentives to promote environmentally friendly maritime transport in the Baltic Sea region Traficom Research Reports 6/2020 0 Traficom Research Reports 6/2020 Date of publication 11 May 2020 Title of publication Economic incentives to promote environmentally friendly maritime transport in the Baltic Sea region Author(s) Hermanni Backer Johnsen, Elina Kari, Eija Kanto Commissioned by, date Finnish Transport and Communications Agency 27th January 2020 Publication series and number ISSN (online) 2669-8781 Traficom Research Reports 6/2020 ISBN (online) 978-952-311-483-8 URN http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN: 978-952-311-483-8 Keywords Baltic Sea region, co-financing, economic incentives, environmental investments, environmental performance, environmental regulation, environmentally differentiated fees, EU, HELCOM, IMO, maritime transport, new ships, ship financing, state aid, taxation Abstract Within environmental policy, economic incentives refer to economic measures that accelerate improvements in the environmental performance of human activities, such as maritime transportation. In the maritime field, economic incentives include measures such as environmentally differentiated operational fees and taxes, as well as national and EU co-funding for investments in technology and practice. A relatively diverse palette of such economic incentives is currently available in the Baltic Sea region. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the existing economic incentives for maritime transportation in the Baltic Sea region. The aims are to estimate the impact of these incentives, to recognise challenges related to them, and to discover best practises. These provide material for considering international recommendations on economic incentives. The specific purpose of this report is to contribute to work within the HELCOM GREEN TEAM on the use of economic incentives in the Baltic Sea Region. The report is based on a comprehensive literature review and on questionnaires sent to national administrations, shipowners and shipowners’ associations. For shipowner respondents, the questionnaire was followed-up by semi- structured interviews. Economic incentives to promote investments to improve the vessels’ environmental performance, both in new ships and retrofits to existing ships, were found influential in reducing the environmental impact of shipping. The administrations of the Baltic Sea region have established several measures to support sustainable maritime transport. National state aid, EU co-funding and financing tools have been relevant instruments and have promoted the investments into environmentally friendly technology. In addition to these methods, environmental taxation was found as an effective economic incentive. Financing a new ship appears to be a challenge for shipowners today. According to the results, various ship financing possibilities should be further developed to ensure the implementation of environmentally friendly technology in new ships. In the short term, banks in the region could be encouraged to sign agreements with the European Investment Bank (EIB) to facilitate access to its green ship financing instruments. Environmentally differentiated operational fees were not found to significantly influence the investments on improving the vessels’ environmental performance. Besides the low economic benefit compared to the magnitude of the required investments, the concept was questioned as the gain is not directed to the investor. The shipowner responsible for the investment may act as a tonnage provider and does not necessarily bear the operational fees. The findings highlight the importance of sharing of information and best practices on different economic incentives on a regional level and in public-private collaboration. The available co-funding for forerunners to invest in environmental technologies appeared as an important tool to lower the investment risk and to promote additional environmental investments beyond existing legislation. Predictable and coherent systems of economic incentives were called for and should be designed with a long-term perspective. Contact person Language Confidence status Pages, total Adjunct Professor (PhD) Anita Mäkinen English Public 83 [email protected] Distributed by Published by Finnish Transport and Communications Agency TRAFICOM Finnish Transport and Communications Agency TRAFICOM 1 Traficom Research Reports 6/2020 Julkaisupäivämäärä 11.05.2020 Julkaisun nimi Economic incentives to promote environmentally friendly maritime transport in the Baltic Sea region Tekijät Hermanni Backer Johnsen, Elina Kari, Eija Kanto Toimeksiantaja ja asettamispäivämäärä Liikenne ja viestintävirasto (Traficom) 27. tammikuuta 2020 Julkaisusarjan nimi ja numero ISSN(verkkojulkaisu) 2669-8781 Traficomin tutkimuksia ja selvityksiä ISBN(verkkojulkaisu) 978-952-311-483-8 6/2020 URNhttp://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-311-483-8 Asiasanat alusrahoitus, EU, HELCOM, IMO, Itämeri, merenkulku, rahoitustuki, taloudelliset kannustimet, valtiontuki, verotus, ympäristöinvestoinnit, ympäristösääntely, ympäristönsuojelun, ympäristöperusteiset maksut Tiivistelmä Ympäristöpolitiikassa taloudellisilla kannustimilla tarkoitetaan taloudellisia ohjauskeinoja, joilla ihmistoimintojen ympäristövaikutuksia voidaan vähentää. Itämeren alueella on käytössä monipuolinen valikoima taloudellisia kannustimia, jotka keskittyvät erityisesti meriliikenteen ympäristövaikutusten vähentämiseen. Meriliikenteen alalla taloudellisten kannustimien käsite kattaa ympäristöperusteiset maksut, verot sekä julkiset (kansalliset ja EU) tuet ympäristöinvestointeihin. Tämä tutkimus luo kattavan yleiskatsauksen Itämeren alueella sovellettaviin taloudellisiin kannustimiin. Tavoitteena on arvioida näiden kannustimien vaikutuksia, tunnistaa niiden käyttöön liittyvät haasteet ja löytää parhaat käytännöt. Tunnistettuja parhaita käytäntöjä voidaan tulevaisuudessa jalostaa kansainvälisiksi suosituksiksi. Tämän raportin erityinen tarkoitus on tukea HELCOM GREEN TEAM -alatyöryhmän työtä Itämeren alueen meriliikenteen ympäristövaikutusten vähentämiseksi taloudellisten kannustimien avulla. Raportin tulokset perustuvat kattavaan kirjallisuuskatsaukseen sekä kyselytutkimukseen, johon kutsuttiin kansallisia viranomaisia, Itämeren alueella toimivia varustamoita sekä varustamoyhdistyksiä. Laivanvarustajien kirjallisia vastauksia täydennettiin haastattelun avulla. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen perusteella Itämeren alueen maissa on käytössä monipuolinen valikoima taloudellisia kannustimia. Kyselyyn osallistuneiden mukaan nämä taloudelliset kannustimet ovat tärkeitä työkaluja ympäristöystävällisen merenkulun edistämisessä, sekä uusien ja olemassa olevien alusten osalta. Erityisesti kansalliset ja EU tuet sekä julkiset lainat ja takaukset ovat edistäneet laivanvarustajien investointeja ympäristöystävälliseen tekniikkaan. Näiden keinojen lisäksi ympäristöperusteiset verohelpotukset todettiin tehokkaiksi taloudellisiksi kannustimiksi. Vastausten valossa erityisesti ympäristöystävällisten uudisrakennusten rahoitus näyttäytyy merkittävänä haasteena laivanvarustajille. Erilaiset laivanrahoitukseen liittyvät tukitoimenpiteet ovat tästä syystä tärkeitä ympäristöystävällisen tekniikan käyttöönoton varmistamiseksi ja niitä tulisi kehittää edelleen. Lyhyellä aikavälillä Itämeren alueen pankkeja voitaisiin kannustaa allekirjoittamaan vaadittavat sopimukset Euroopan investointipankin (EIP) kanssa vihreän alusrahoituksen saatavuuden helpottamiseksi. Saatujen vastausten mukaan ympäristöperusteiset satama-, väylä- ja muut operatiiviset maksut eivät olleet merkittäviä tekijöitä varustamoiden päätöksissä, jotka koskivat ympäristöjalanjälkeä vähentäviä alusinvestointeja. Ympäristöperusteisten maksujen ja alennusten pienuus verrattuna vaadittujen investointien suuruuteen oli yksi juurisyy. Tämän lisäksi alennusten ei koettu toimivan kannustimina aikarahtimarkkinoilla toimiville laivanvarustajille. Tutkimuksen tulokset korostavat taloudellisiin kannustimiin liittyvien parhaiden käytäntöjen jakamisen tärkeyttä, niin valtioiden välillä kuin osana julkisen ja yksityisen sektorin yhteistyötä. Vastaajat toivoivat myös ennustettavia ja keskenään johdonmukaisia taloudellisia kannustimia, joita kehitetään pitkäjänteisesti. Yhteyshenkilö Raportin kieli Luottamuksellisuus Kokonaissivumäärä Johtava asiantuntija, dosentti (FT) Anita Mäkinen englanti julkinen 83 [email protected] Jakaja Kustantaja Liikenne- ja viestintävirasto TRAFICOM Liikenne- ja viestintävirasto TRAFICOM 2 Traficom Research Reports 6/2020 Utgivningsdatum 11.05.2020 Publikation Economic incentives to promote environmentally friendly maritime transport in the Baltic Sea region Författare Hermanni Backer Johnsen, Elina Kari, Eija Kanto Tillsatt av och datum Transport och Kommunikationsverket (Traficom) 27 januari 2020 Publikationsseriens namn och nummer ISSN (webbpublikation) 2669-8781 Traficoms forskningsrapporter och ISBN (webbpublikation) 978-952-311-483-8 utredningar 6/2020 URN http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN: 978-952-311-483-8 Ämnesord beskattning, bidrag, ekonomiska incitament, EU, fartygsfinansiering, HELCOM, IMO, miljöavtryck, miljödifferentierade avgifter, miljöincitament, miljöinvesteringar, Östersjöregionen, miljöreglering, nya fartyg, offentligt stöd, Östersjön, samfinansiering, sjöfart Sammandrag Inom miljöreglering syftar ekonomiska incitament på ekonomiska åtgärder som accelererar utvecklingen mot en minskad miljöpåverkan av mänskliga aktiviteter, såsom sjöfarten inom Östersjöområdet. 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