River Rejuvenation by Adopting Continuous Stream Storage Approach in Mula-Mutha Basin Using Geospatial & Simulation Tools by Dr R K Suryawanshi Prof

River Rejuvenation by Adopting Continuous Stream Storage Approach in Mula-Mutha Basin using Geospatial & Simulation Tools By Dr R K Suryawanshi Prof. Emeritus, COEP, Pune [email protected] Ph 9879200630 Study Objectives

• Rejuvenation of urban rivers •Maintain continuous environmental flows •Maintain minimum storages in streams •Maintain water quality •Maintain the present water uses • Ensure continuous Ground Water recharge Study Basin Basin Parameters Catchment Gross Basin Project Area Storage ( ) ( ) Panshet 120 303 Warasgaon ��130�� 374 Mutha Temghar 38 108 Khadak’sla 218 86 Mula Mulshi 244 654 Pavana Pavana 114 305 Approach

• Use of existing storages for stream rejuvenation • Development of continuous stream storages along the streams • Identification of storage locations and potentials (ARC-GIS, HEC-RAS) • Development of simulation model for integrated operation of existing reservoirs for various water uses (RIBASIM) • Model simulation for stream rejuvenation with continuous stream storages with environmental flows and its effect on other water demands Identified Stream Storage parameters CSS PARAMETERS Max River Bed Max Capacity CSS Location Area River CSS ID Level at FRL (Long- Lat) at FRL ( RL-m) (Mcm) ( ) 73 49'38.916"E MT 1 ° 536 1.49 4.67 18 29'15.732"N �� Mutha ° 73 51'31.614"E MT 2 ° 532 0.87 3.36 18°31'34.116"N 73 45'9.896"E ML 1 ° 541 4.93 13.78 18 34'38.576"N Mula ° 73 51'52.752"E ML PWN ° 538 8.99 42.13 18°34'53.962"N 73°38'54.868"E PWN 1 557 3.93 13.08 18°41'49.189"N 73 43'57.991"E PWN 2 ° 552 5.09 15.62 Pavana 18°38'32.655"N 73 46'28.034"E PWN 3 ° 545 2.62 3.04 18°37'45.106"N 73 47'51.905"E PWN 4 ° 541 1.98 5.65 18°36'15.615"N Mula- 73 54'1.434"E ML MT ° 525 2.12 3.61 Mutha 18°32'30.657"N Total 32.02 104.94 Simulation Model

Catchment Gross Basin Projects Area Storage ( ) ( ) Panshet ��120�� 303

Warasgaon 130 374 Mutha Temghar 38 108

Khadak’sla 218 86

Mula Mulshi 244 654 Pavana Pavana 114 305 Total 864 1830 Simulatiom Model- Reservoir operation

Simulation Results-Demand Management

Table: Simulation results: Irrigation performance Irrigation (Mcm) Parameters Scenario Khadakwasla Pavana s Irr. CSS Env flow ( ) Avg Demand Avg Shortage Avg Demand Avg Shortage Eff.(%) � � I 30 No - Τ 776.12 106.52 69.58 4.34 II 30 Yes 2 776.12 143.80 69.58 13.72 III 35 Yes 2 665.24 82.62 59.64 11.13 IV 40 Yes 2 582.09 50.71 52.18 7.30 V 45 Yes 2 517.41 36.92 46.39 5.86 VI 50 Yes 2 465.67 26.61 41.75 5.13 Khadakwasla: Irrigation Pavana : Irrigation 1000.00 Avg Demand 80.00 Avg Demand Avg Shortage 800.00 Avg Shortage 60.00 600.00 40.00

(Mcm) 400.00 (Mcm) 200.00 20.00

Avg Demand and Shortage Shortage and Demand Avg 0.00 0.00

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Shortage and Demand Avg Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Figure: Simulation results: Irrigation performance Conclusions

• Continuous Stream Storages (CSS)filled with minimum environmental flows is easily implementable approach for stream rejuvenation.

• Rivers with upstream storages can be rejuvenated without much impact on the other water demands

• Upstream storages need to release environmental flows • For Mula-Mutha basin urban streams in Pune can be rejuvenated using environmental flows from existing storages.

• Slight increase in irrigation efficiency (10%) or by changing the present cropping pattern substantial water can be saved which is useful for stream rejuvenation.

• With CSS , no productive land submergence , continuous ground water recharge, very cost effective solution for river rejuvenation for all rivers in the country. Thank You Rejuvenating River Yamuna by Assessment and Implementation of Environmental Flows

Anupma Sharma, Vishal Singh, Sharad K. Jain, Manohar Arora, Pradeep Kumar, Rajesh Singh, Ajay Ahirwar, Shailendra K. Kumre

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HYDROLOGY, ROORKEE

Special Session -1 on Rejuvenation of River Ganga – from Planning to Action Introduction

▪ Flow is the major driver of biodiversity in rivers. ▪ River flow regime, ranging from low flows to high flows, significantly affects the river ecosystem. ▪ For various water demands, water is stored and diverted through various structures built on rivers that change the flow regime and reduce flow in the downstream reaches -- degradation in the services that society gets from rivers. ▪ Need to decide the extent of changes we want in our rivers and how much of the natural regime we would like to maintain. E-flows

▪ Environmental flows are the quantity, timing, and quality of water flows required to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems and the human livelihoods and wellbeing that depend on these ecosystems (Brisbane Declaration 2007).

▪ Emerging science of e-flows aims to ensure a balance between the use and the protection of natural water resources for people by analyzing data from hydrological, hydraulics, social, environmental, biological, and other relevant sectors. Yamuna River – Issues & Challenges

❑ Modified flow regime ❑ Dry river segments during non-monsoon ❑ Water quality degradation ❑ Encroachment and dumping of waste Yamuna River – Issues & Challenges

▪ Construction of diversion structures such as Hathnikund barrage, Wazirabad barrage, Okhla barrage, etc. -- has modified the flow regime -- river water abstracted at different locations for varied uses including irrigation water supply to canal commands and domestic water supply for Delhi. ▪ Lack of regulation in the groundwater abstraction -- has depleted the water table -- dry river segments are commonly observed between Hathnikund and Wazirabad barrage in non- monsoon period. ▪ Wastewater inflow in river Yamuna through various drains -- has aggravated the water quality problems -- adversely affected biodiversity and aquatic ecosystem. ▪ Encroachment and dumping of municipal and construction waste on the flood plains -- impeded river flow and impaired natural ability to rejuvenate itself. Need for Maintenance of E-flow

• Environmental flow is essential for Yamuna to regain the characteristics of a healthy living river system. • Hon'ble NGT has given directions for maintenance of requisite e- flow in River Yamuna downstream of barrage at Hathnikund and at Okhla, so that there is enough fresh water flowing in the river till Agra for restoration of ecological functions of the river. • Hon'ble Supreme Court has directed that a minimum flow of 10 cumec (353 cusec) must be allowed to flow through river Yamuna. • As per the report 'Action Plan of the Monitoring Committee for Rejuvenation of River Yamuna’, the release of 10 cumecs of water in lean months is completely insufficient to sustain the flow in the river as 10 cumecs of water released from Hathnikund barrage evaporates or percolates into the ground as it flows downstream. Major Features of Study Reach between Hathnikund & Okhla Barrage

Study area selected from Hathnikund to Okhla barrage in Upper Yamuna River Basin. Hathnikund barrage was commissioned in 2002 to regulate the flow of Yamuna for irrigation in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh through Western Yamuna Canal and Eastern Yamuna Canal, and, municipal water supply to Delhi. Points of water abstraction and additions in Yamuna river (modified from CPCB, 2006)

Discharge observed by CWC at Kalanaur, Karnal, Mawi, Baghpat, Palla and Delhi Railway Bridge in study reach.

Percentage of water abstraction

• Irrigation water supply 94% • Domestic water supply 4% • Industrial & other uses 2% Field Investigations in Delhi Segment • Field surveys conducted in June 2019 show DO values were non- detectable in river stretch below Wazirabad barrage. • DO value in Yamuna at Dahesara village was 10.3 mg/l. Fishermen informed that the river contains fish of size 15-20 cm and during monsoon they get bigger fish . Nazafgarh drain joining Yamuna near Signature Bridge, Delhi

Downstream of Wazirabad Barrage

Waste water coming from drain in Sonia Vihar Keystone Species and Fish Biodiversity

• Observations in other rivers have indicated that reduced discharge alters the micro and macro habitat characters favouring the increase of non-indigenous species. • Besides meagre flows in non-monsoon season, the study reach receives heavy load of domestic and industrial wastes. • All these factors have impacted the fisheries in the river as reflected by decline in fish catch, a discernible shift in fish species composition and an increasing presence of invasive fish species. • Systematic information on the diversity, community structure, impact of habitat alteration and ecological integrity assessment for the Yamuna river is lacking. Methodology for Assessment of E-flows

The methodology involves development of an integrated modeling framework (i.e. hydrological & hydrodynamic) along with: ➢ Field-based survey of cross-sections ➢Water quality parameters ➢Aquatic species suitability information under different flow conditions Phase I Phase II Phase III Assessment of E-flow Releases • 1D steady flow simulation performed using HEC-RAS (5.0.7 ver). • Accuracy of various DEMs -- SRTM 30 m, SRTM 90 m, ASTER 30 m, CARTOSAT 30 m and ALOS DEM 12.5 m was checked against available surveyed river cross-sections in study reach. • SRTEM DEM with 30 m spatial resolution compared well with surveyed cross sections and adopted in this study. • Manning’s n varies from 0.012 to 0.045. The u/s BCs were estimated using Hathnikund barrage inflow-outflow data for corresponding dry, normal and wet years, while for d/s BCs, water level and normal depth were used. • Average seasonal inflow for different climatic conditions i.e. Monsoon period, Lean period and Non-Monsoon/ Non-Lean period for corresponding dependable years was computed. Similarly, average seasonal outflow for identified years were calculated. Average Seasonal Flows

Inflow at Hathnikund QAve (cumec) SN Season Dry Year Normal Year Wet Year (2009) (2017) (2013) I Monsoon (June, July, Aug, Sep) 320 531 973 II Lean (Dec, Jan, Feb, Mar) 77 51 164 Non-Monsoon/Non Lean (Apr, May, III 372 402 678 Oct, Nov)

Values for HEC-RAS model upper BCs deried from dry to et years’ alues

Season Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Monsoon (June, 140 232 325 417 510 603 695 788 880 973 July, Aug, Sep) Lean (Dec, Jan, Feb, 5 22 40 58 75 93 111 129 146 164 Mar) Non-Monsoon/Non Lean (Apr, May, Oct, 18 91 165 238 311 385 458 531 605 678 Nov) HEC-RAS Model Setup – Cross Sections Geometry Main Window

Flood Depth Map

HEC-RAS Geometry Model Setup – 1D

Flow Cross Section Profile Analysis Depth, m Velocity, m/s WSE, m HEC-RAS Output

(Selected Events – 28 June - 5 July 2018 )

Discharge vs Depth

Palla (Lean) 2.0

1.5

1.0

Depth (m) Depth 0.5

0.0 0 50 100 150 200 Discharge (cumec) Keystone Species and Fish Biodiversity Habitat requirement of important fishes of Yamuna River (Source: Wildlife Institute of India) Fish species River sector Reason for species selection Size Depth & range velocity use# Chagunius Yamuna Nagar Native Riverine fish, Sensitive 20-25 40-50 cm; chagunio to pollution, Economically cm 0.1-0.2 m/sec important fish Raiamas bola Yamuna Nagar Native Riverine fish, Sensitive 30-35 70-100 cm; to pollution, Economically cm 0.2-0.3 m/sec important fish Banganadero Yamuna Nagar Native Riverine fish, Minor carp, 25-30 50-100 cm; & Panipat Economically important fish cm 0.2-0.3 m/sec Cirrhinus reba Yamuna Nagar Native Riverine fish, Minor carp, 20-25 50-80cm; & Panipat Economically important fish cm 0.1-0.2 m/sec Labeo bata Yamuna Nagar Native Riverine fish, Minor carp, 25-30 50-100 cm; & Panipat Economically important fish cm 0.1-0.2 m/sec Cirrhinus Yamuna Nagar Indian major carp, Economically 30-40 100-120 cm; mrigala & Panipat important fish cm 0.2-0.3 m/sec #Depth velocity use are based on observation in other river basins such as Ramganga & Ganga, however, this needs to be evaluated for Yamuna river field sites. Flow requirement of important fish for Yamuna River

Fish Depth & Min. Discharge Required (cumec) species velocity Requirement Kalanur Mawi Bhagpat Palla DRB Raiamas 70-100 cm; 25 10 10 20 40 bala 0.2-0.3 m/sec

Bangana 50-100 cm; 15 10 10 15 30 dero 0.2-0.3 m/sec

Labio 50-100 cm; 15 10 10 15 30 bata 0.1-0.2 m/sec Summary ▪ Establishing e-flows entails striking a balance between social and economic preferences and our knowledge and understanding about the requirements for protection of ecological functioning of the river for sustainable water resource utilization. ▪ Present study utilizes integrated hydrologic and hydrodynamic modeling approach for assessing the e-flows in 3 phases. ▪ In Phase I, the HEC-RAS 1D hydraulic model has been used to develop plots of depth vs discharge and estimate e-flow requirement for important fish species of Yamuna river. ▪ Minimum discharge required varies from 10 to 40 cumec for the sites Kalanaur, Mawi, Bhagpat, Palla and Delhi Railway Bridge. These values are preliminary in nature since some parameters for habitat requirement of fish species are based on observations in other river basins and need to be evaluated for Yamuna river. ▪ Under Phase II, flows generated using SWAT would be incorporated into HEC-RAS, with high resolution data, to generate e-flows with updated parameters for habitat requirement. Acknowledgments The R&D study is sponsored under the Namami Gange Program of National Mission for Clean Ganga, DoWR, RD&GR, Ministry of Jal Shakti, GoI. Hydro-meteorological data for the study was provided by Yamuna Basin Organization, CWC, New Delhi. Information on aquatic biota was provided by Dr. J.A. Johnson, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. THANKS! Nodal Organization: International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID)

Er. B. A. Chivate, Director (Tech), ICID, New Delhi Er. A. B. Pandya Secretary General ICID New Delhi Welcome to Panel Discussion (PD-11)  ICID established in 1950 is a leading scientific, technical and not-for-profit scientific international organization.

 Network of professionals spread across more than a hundred countries, has facilitated sharing of experiences and transfer of water management technology for over six decades.

 Dedicated to enhance the world wide supply of food and fibre for all people and believes that food security at various levels: global, national, local and household, and provision of assured livelihood starts with stable agriculture production.

 Encourages public private partnership in development and management of water resources. Prime Minister Mr. Jawahar Lal Nehru and the then President The Central Office building inaugurated by Dr. A.N. Khosla at the French National Committee Pavilion (1951) Vice President Dr. Zakir Hussain (10 January 1966) Agenda 2030 provides opportunity to ICID to revisit its vision and mission Agriculture cannot be made solely dependent on rains as it amounts to gambling with the nature.

- Kauṭilya’s Arthshastra, 371 BC Sr Sector Water Demand in Km3 (or BCM) No Standing Sub- NCIWRD Committee of MOWR 2010 2025 2050 2010 2025 2050 Low High Low High Low High 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 Irrigation 688 910 1072 543 557 561 611 628 807

2 Drinking Water 56 73 102 42 43 55 62 90 111

3 Industry 12 23 63 37 37 67 67 81 81 4 Energy 5 15 130 18 19 31 33 63 70 5 Other 52 72 80 54 54 70 70 111 111 6 TOTAL 813 1093 1447 694 710 784 843 973 1180 State Major & Minor projects Total Medium Surface Ground projects Uttar Pradesh 12.1 1.2 16.3 29.7 Bihar 5.2 1.5 4.1 10.8 Madhya Pradesh 4.9 2.1 9.2 16.2 Andhra Pradesh 5.0 2.3 3.9 11.2 Maharashtra 4.1 1.2 3.6 8.9 Others 27.2 9.0 27.0 63.1 All-India 58.5 17.3 64.1 139.9 State Completed Under Total Construction Maharashtra 1676 145 1821 Madhya 899 7 906 Pradesh Gujarat 598 68 666 Andhra 283 51 334 Pradesh All-India 4711 390 5101  It is estimated that there is a gap of about 15% in the irrigation potential created and utilized. Full utilization of the created facilities has been identified as an important strategy.  Irrigation -State subject but

 Central Government of India had taken many efforts considering the importance of water. To manage and get maximum benefits from the created irrigation potential efforts are being made at various levels.

 Command Area Development (CAD) concept.

 The update and revised National Water Policy framed in year 20123

 WUAs Formation

 National Water Mission- One of the goal is to improve the efficiency of water use at least by 20%.  Some of the Strategies included under the goal are as follows:

 Promotion of water efficient techniques and technologies.

 Incentive through award for water conservation & efficient use of water. Farmers Participatory Action Research Programme (FPARP)  Initiation of 5000 Farmers as partners in FPARP throughout the country with the help of Agricultural Universities/ ICAR institutes/ Engineering colleges/ WALMIs etc. for demonstrating the technologies available on shelf to the farmers for increasing the productivity and profitability of agriculture through generating synergy among water, crop, agronomic practices, soil nutrients, crop variety and implements etc.  It is very difficult in agriculture field to control the water pump manually. One has to visit in fields to switch ON and OFF.

 In worldwide, where electricity is the main problem, villagers frequently don’t have the electricity. In that situation, Solar Energy is used to give the power to water pumps.

 New technologies related to several aspects of crop management

 Focused in facilitating the increase of net income to farmers

 Drones and Satellites can be effectively used to manage specific crops

 At present, remote sensing technologies (including images and vegetation indices obtained by drones and satellites) have begun to be widely used. Figure 3: (a) and (b) Droning D-820, Open Source equipment developed by Droning to carry out the photogrammetric work; (c) and (d) initial design based on Droning D-650 ICID is a unique platform for the exchange of knowledge and information related to agricultural water management. ICID organizes International Congresses on Irrigation and Drainage, and World Irrigation Forum, Regional Conferences, Micro Irrigation Congresses, International Drainage Workshops, Symposia and Workshops, Seminar and Special Sessions, etc. to address and discuss issues of global/regional importance.  World Irrigation and Drainage Prize – Instituted to recognize the contributions made by an individual or an institution in the field of Irrigation and Drainage that have far reaching and wide impacts.

 WatSave Awards - Presented to promote and encourage the best technological applications or projects which have been successful in saving water.

 Best Paper Award - Instituted to recognise the outstanding paper contributed to ‘Irrigation and Drainage’, the Journal of ICID.

 World Heritage Irrigation Structures – Instituted to recognize the structure with more than 100 years old  World Water System Heritage (WSH) – Aims at identifying and preserving the people-centred water management systems.

 Best Performing National Committee – Instituted to recognize the contributions made by an individual or an institution in the field of Irrigation and Drainage that have far reaching and wide impacts.

 Best Performing Workbody - Presented to promote and encourage the best technological applications or projects which have been successful in saving water.  Recognizing the need to encourage innovations in irrigation and drainage, ICID instituted WatSave Annual Award(s) in 1997 and are presented each year to recognize outstanding contributions to water conservation or water saving in agriculture.

 The WatSave Awards are given in four categories: (i) Technology (ii) Innovative Water Management (iii) Young Professionals; and (iv) Farmer.  Promoting and encouraging the best technological applications or projects which have been successful in saving water and/or recovering waste waters/low quality waters.

 From Year 2000 to 2019 (19) Awards  Innovation promoting non-technological interventions and/ or innovative land and water management/ techniques for increasing the availability of water for different uses;  Promoting research that leads to substantial savings in water applications or uses; or Promoting development of new policies/approaches for water saving leading to cost effective and beneficial use of water.  From Year 1998 to 2019(22) Awards  Recognizing young professionals (below 40 years) contributing in original research and innovative water saving techniques leading towards sustainability.

 From Year 1999 to 2019 (13)Awards  It is presented to farmer or farmer(s) who has successfully developed or implemented water- efficient farming techniques in the farms as well as the community. (From year 2009 to 2019 6 Awards)

 During last 22 years the WatSave Awards are confirmed to number of innovative ideas under above mentioned categories, details can be seen at https://www.icid.org/watsave_past.html#Techno logy Title of the Winning Name of the Winner(s) Contribution Contribution 1 2 3 Title of the Winning Name of the Winner(s) Contribution Innovative water ManagementContributionMr. James Winter and Mr. Tony Transfer/sale of water to the Australian 1 2 3 Award: Quigley (Australia) Government in return for funding to Trangie-Nevertire RenewalInnovativeAn water Mr. James Winter and Mr. Transfer/saletotally of watermodernizeto the the irrigation Irrigation InfrastructureManagement Award: Tony Quigley (Australia) Australian Government in return Trangie-Nevertire Renewal for fundinginfrastructureto totally modernizeof the Trangie-Nevertire Modernisation SuccessAn Story Irrigation the irrigationCo-operative infrastructure Ltdof boththe off and on farm Infrastructure Trangie-Nevertire Co-operative Technology Awards:ModernisationMr Success. TIAN Fuqiang (China) Ltd bothMulched off and on farmDrip Irrigation (MDI), a Story Water and salt TechnologyregulationAwards: Mr. TIAN Fuqiang (China) MulchedsurfaceDrip Irrigationdrip (MDI), irrigationa method scheme under mulchedWater anddrip salt regulation surfacecombineddrip irrigationwithmethod film of both saving irrigation for cottonschemein underarid mulched combined with film of both saving drip irrigation for cotton in water and labour and increasing crop regions water and labour and increasing arid regions crop yieldsyields Young Professional'sYoung Award Professional's: Mr. Ali MahdaviMr. Ali Mahdavi Mazdeh; Mazdeh; Mr. MCOP MCOP includes aincludes float-spring a float-spring blockage Award: Applications of Mr. Mohammad Bijankhan; blockage system inserted into an Applications of constantconstant flow rateMohammadcontrol Mrs. Narges Bijankhan; Mehri; Mr. Mrs. ordinarysystem orifice thatinserted maintains into a an ordinary orifice rate control valvevalveinin water savingNarges Mehri;Hadi Ramezani Mr. Hadi Etedali and quasi-constantthat maintains flow by being a quasi-constant flow by saving RamezaniMrs.Etedali Fatemeh and Tayebi Mrs. (Iran) insensitivebeing to both insensitive upstream and to both upstream and downstream pressure fluctuations. Farmers Award: FatemehMrTayebi. Karan (Iran) Jeet Singh WaterdownstreamConservation by pressureuse of fluctuations. Farmers Award: Mr. KaranChathaJeet(India)Singh ChathaSprinklerWater& DripConservation Technologies in by use of Sprinkler Paddy Crop (India) & Drip Technologies in Paddy Crop  The innovation: Secondary salinization induced by improper irrigation is recognized as a crucial threat to agriculture, especially in arid and semi- arid areas.

 Secondary salinization is typically caused by flood irrigation;

 Utilizing micro-irrigation techniques also leads to increases in salinization, but in this case secondary salinization is caused by insufficient leaching due to inadequate watering as demonstrated. * Mulched Drip Irrigation (MDI), a recently- introduced micro-irrigation approach incorporating surface drip irrigation methods combined with film- mulching techniques, has the advantages of both saving water and labor and increasing crop yields. . * Institutional reforms for implementing action plans prepared on the basis of best practices in water management. * Technical and financial support to for implementing action plans prepared on the basis of best practices in water management. * Sharing of success stories of best practices in water management. * Recognising and Awarding best practices in water management. Thank you

ICID Vision 2030

A Water Secure World Free of Poverty and Hunger Achieved Through Sustainable Rural Development 6th IWW- Session: Rejuvenation of the River Ganga – from Planning to Action (SS1) 27th September, 2019 Challenges in the Implementation of E-flows in Ganga Basin

By Bhopal Singh, Chief Engineer, UGBO, CWC, Lucknow Mrs Deepti Verma, AEE, UGBO, CWC, Lucknow Outline

• Policy and Prevailing provisions on River conservation and Maintenance of Environmental Flows in Rivers in India • Provision of E-flows in Ganga River • Challenges and SOPs for Implementation of E-flows in Ganga River Need For River Conservation in India

➢The river system in India have so far been exploited for various human uses without looking at requirement of its own ecosystem. ➢These exploitations(sometime excessive) coupled with pollution ingress have led to degradation of many rivers/river stretches in the country (about 351 river stretches in 275 rivers are polluted—CPCB, 2018) ➢Flow discharges of certain magnitude, timing, frequency and duration are needed to sustain holistic flow regime for river dependent ecosystems primarily to ensure the health of the aquatic life in rivers and also to sustain various goods and services being otherwise provided by the rivers ➢This aspect has been duly recognized in National Water Policy (2002, 2012). River Conservation Policy and Provisions in India

❑ The river conservation and protection are covered under Environment Protection Act, 1986 (amended in Sep, 2006) which mandates prior environmental clearance for implementation of any projects from Central Govt./State level Environment Impact Assessment Authority as the case may be.

❑ The environmental management plan is an integral part of planning of any water resources development project.

❑ The river conservation activities are broadly looked after by National River Conservation Directorate, MoJS. However, this office concentrate mainly on the water quality aspects of the river.

❑ For Ganga river basin, NMCG (under DOWR,RD&GR) has been entrusted the task of river conservation/protection vide notification dated October, 2016. E-flows Policy and Provisions in India

❖ An Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) for River Valley and Hydroelectric Projects, constituted by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) examine the study reports and recommends the required environmental flows in the affected river reach

❖ Earlier, EAC used to recommend, 20% of average lean season discharge (4 leanest months) in 90% dependable year to be released as environment flow. However now, E-flows are required to be assessed scientifically as per requirement of aquatic biota in the affected river reach in all season and provided.

❖ Cumulative Impact Assessment Studies carried out for some of the important basins, are also referred while recommending the requisite e-flows.

❖ Some of the river reaches/sub-basins are declared eco sensitive zone barring any developmental project

❖ As such the current policy and practices duly emphasize on assessment and provision of requisite environmental flows in the affected river reach by any human intervention. Provision of E-flows in Ganga River

Vide Gazette Notification dated 9th October, 2018, the Government of India has notified the minimum environmental flows for River Ganga that has to be maintained at various locations on the river. (A)E-flow Norms for Projects in Upper Ganga Basin up to Haridwar Percentage of Monthly Average Flow SN Season Months observed during each of preceding 10- daily period 1 Dry November to March 20 2 Lean October, April and May 25 3 High Flow June to September 30

(B) E-flow Norms for Projects in Main Ganga Stem from Haridwar to Unnao

Minimum flow releases Minimum flow releases immediately Immediately d/s of downstream of barrages Location of Barrages (In Cumecs) (In Cumecs) SN Barrage Non-Monsoon Monsoon (October to May) (June to September) Bhimgoda 1 36 57 (Haridwar) 2 Bijnor 24 48 3 Narora 24 48 4 Kanpur 24 48 Implementation of E-flows in Ganga River The Central Water Commission (CWC) has been entrusted the responsibility for supervision, monitoring, regulation of flows and reporting of compliance to NMCG. Monitoring status report is to be submitted on quarterly basis. The monitoring of projects for implementation of mandated E- flows has been commenced w.e.f. 1st January, 2019. Currently following projects are being monitored.

SN Name of the Project Owner Agency 1. Maneri Bhali Stage-I UJVNL 2. Maneri Bhali Stage –II UJVNL 3. Tehri Dam THDC 4. Koteshwar Dam THDC 5. Vishnuprayag HEP JPVL 6. Srinagar GVK 7. Pashulok Barrage/ Chilla HEP UJVNL 8. Bhimgoda Barrage UP. Irrigation 9. Bijnor Barrage UP. Irrigation 10 Narora Barrage UP Irrigation 11 Kanpur Barrage UP Irrigation MONITORING AND COMPLIANCE PROTOCOL

• A Standard Operating Procedures for monitoring and No. CWC/UGBO/EF/SOP1 implementation of environmental flows in river Ganga

has been evolved based discussions during review

meetings. MoJS DoWR,RD&GR Central Water Commission • Efforts have been made to keep the SOPs simple and easy Upper Ganga Basin Organization

to implement while keeping intact the sprit of Govt IMPLEMENTATION OF MINIMUM ENVIREMENTAL FLOWS IN Order. RIVER GANGA (Up to UNNAO) Monitoring Interval • The data of inflows, diversions, downstream releases and changes in storage to be monitored on hourly basis. • The flow data of each project shall be transmitted to E- flow Web Portal/ CWC on real time basis (preferably on hourly basis) • Till installation of automatic data acquisition and transmission, the hourly flow data for the entire

previous day shall be transmitted by project authorities to CWC on daily basis by 11am. Suggested Standard Operating Procedures

September, 2019 SOPs for Projects in Upper Ganga River Basin up to Haridwar (i) Dry and lean Period • Flows during lean and dry periods are mainly contributed by base flows and snow melt and are quite steady. • As there are not much day to day variations in inflows during this period, e-flow targets may be defined on 10 daily period. • For the ease of monitoring and compliance, the e-flow targets for given ten daily period may be assessed based on the inflows during previous ten daily period. Sl No Season Months Mandated E-flows 20 % of average inflows observed during each of preceding 10-daily period 1 Dry November to March For example, required E-flows during December 11-20 ten daily period shall be 20 % of average inflows observed during 1-10 December ten daily period. 25 %of average inflows observed during each of preceding 10-daily period 2 Lean October, April and May For example, required E-flows during March 11-20 ten daily period shall be 25 %of average inflows observed during 1-10 March ten daily period. • To account the diurnal variability in the inflows, the e-flow release rate (discharge) during the day may vary within 20 percent range of target e-flow rate for the day. However, the flow volume released during day shall not be less than the targeted daily volume of e-flow release. SOPs for Projects in Upper Ganga River Basin up to Haridwar

(ii)During June to September ( Monsoon Period)

1600 Flows at Joshimath Lot of variability in 2012 2013 1400 2014 2015 flows during flood 2016 2017 period and setting Min 10 per. Mov. Avg. (Min) 1200 targets to E-flows is a

1000 big challenge

800

Flows Flows Cumecs in 600

400

200

0 1 5 9 1317212529 3 7 111519232731 4 8 1216202428 1 5 9 1317212529 3 7 111519232731 Day ( June-Oct) 2500 Flows of Ganga at Karnprayag 3000 Flows of Ganga at Rudraprayag 2012 2013 2012 2014 2015 2013 2016 2017 2500 2014 2000 2018 Lower 2015 10 per. Mov. Avg. (Lower) 2016 2000 2017 2018 1500

1500

1000 Flows Flows inCumecs Flows Flows Cumecs in 1000

500 500

0 0 1 6 11162126 1 6 1116212631 5 1015202530 4 9 14192429 4 9 14192429 1 6 11162126 1 6 1116212631 5 1015202530 4 9 14192429 4 9 14192429 Day (Jun-Oct) Day (Jun-Oct) Flows of Ganga at Devprayag Flows of Ganga at Rishikesh

10000 12000 2012 2013 2012 2013 2014 2015 2014 2015 2016 2017 2016 2017 10000 8000 2018 Min Lower 10 per. Mov. Avg. (Lower) 10 per. Mov. Avg. (Min) 8000 6000 6000

4000

Flows Flows Cumecs in Flows Flows Cumecs in

2000 2000

0 0 1 6 11162126 1 6 1116212631 5 1015202530 4 9 14192429 4 9 14192429 1 6 11162126 1 6 1116212631 5 1015202530 4 9 14192429 4 9 14192429 Day(Jun-Oct) Day (Jun-Oct) Flows at any location can be split into two parts: Baseline flows, Baseline flows may be defined as Flood fluxes which is the component of variable flows the lower envelope of flows observed during past resulted from high rainfall in the catchment. The flood fluxes years say last 5 years. These baseline flows normally follow the seasonal trend, being highest in last for few days and are stochastic in nature. Their the month July or August. This component of flows occurrence is random and is difficult to predict. are normally stable and predictable. Suggested E-flow Norms For Monsoon Season (from June to September)

Looking at the characteristics of flows during monsoon period, the E- flows may constitute of two components, one based on baseline flows and other based on flood fluxes. (a) E-flow Component based on Baseline Flows

10 daily Period 10 Daily Average of Baseline E-flows Baseline Flows of Alaknada at Joshimath Moving average (Cumecs) 1600 2013 (Cumecs) 1400 2014 Jun-I (Jun 1-10) 110 33 2015 1200 Jun-II (Jun11-20) 153 46 2016 Jun-III(Jun21-30) 198 60 1000 2017 Jul-I(Jul1-10) 286 86 800 Jul-II(Jul11-20) 287 86 600 Jul-III(Jul21-31) 251 75

400 Aug-I (Aug1-10) 244 73 Discharge Discharge inCumec 200 Aug-II (Aug11- 245 73 0 20) 1 7 13192531 6 12182430 6 12182430 5 11172329 4 10162228 4 10162228 Aug-III (Aug21- 193 58 Day 31) May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Sep-I(Sep1-10) 130 39 Sep-II (Sep 11-20) 83 25 Sep-III (Sep21-30) 56 17 10 daily Period 10 Daily Baseline E-flows Baseline Flows of Ganga at Rishikesh Average of (Cumecs) 12000 2013 2014 Moving 2015 2016 average 10000 2017 Min (Cumecs) 10 per. Mov. Avg. (Min) Jun-I (Jun 1-10) 406 122 8000 Jun-II (Jun11-20) 431 129

6000 Jun-III(Jun21-30) 453 136 Jul-I(Jul1-10) 582 174 Jul-II(Jul11-20) 718 215 Flows Flows inCumecs 4000 Jul-III(Jul21-31) 1220 366 2000 Aug-I (Aug1-10) 1563 469 Aug-II (Aug11-20) 1767 530 0 Aug-III (Aug21-31) 1294 388 1 6 1116212631 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 4 9 14192429 3 8 13182328 3 8 13182328 Sep-I(Sep1-10) 721 216 Day Ma Jun Jul Au Sep Oct Sep-II (Sep 11-20) 503 151 Sep-III (Sep21-30) 405 122 Suggested E-flow Norms For Monsoon Season (from June to September) (b) Flood Fluxes E-flows As flood fluxes are stochastic in nature, e-flows corresponding to flood fluxes may be released any time during the month preferably at the time of high flood wave(s). The project authorities shall be at liberty to release the E-flows corresponding to flood fluxes at any time during the month. However, the quantum of flood fluxes e-flow component should be adequate so as to meet overall target of e- flows ( 30 percent of gross inflows during the month including baseline e-flows). Typical E-flows Releases During Monsoon at Joshimath

700 Gross Inflows Baseline E-flows Flood Fluxes E-flows Gross E-flows

600

500

400

300 Flows Flows inCumecs 200

100

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29 Day (Jun-Sep) Typical E-flow Releases at Rishikesh During Monsoon

3500 Gross Flows Baseline E-flows Flood Fluxes E-flows Gross E-flows

3000

2500

2000

1500 Flows Flows inCumecs

1000

500

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29 Day (Jun-Sep) Projects in stretch of main stem of River Ganga from Haridwar, Uttarakhand to Unnao, Uttar Pradesh

Minimum flow releases Minimum flow releases immediately Immediately downstream of barrages downstream of barrages Location of Sl No (In Cumecs) (In Cumecs) Barrage Non-Monsoon Monsoon (October to May ) (June to September)

Bhimgoda 1 36 57 (Haridwar)

2 Bijnor 24 48 3 Narora 24 48 4 Kanpur 24 48 Issues in the implementation of e-flows in ganga river

• Seamless data flow on real time from each project to web portal/CWC • Many of the existing projects were not planned and accounted for the recent e-flow norms and adhering to these norms may impact their commercial interest and meeting their water demands. • Initiating requisite measures like revising PPA, improving water use efficiency etc by project authorities Current Focus Areas by CWC

➢Development of Data Framework for Assessment of E-flows. Preparation of Habitat Atlas for all major rivers in the country ➢ Standardise the methodology(ies) for assessment of E-flows for different hydro-climatic regions in the country including model/software requirement ➢Framework for integrated basin planning and management for optimal and sustainable allocation/utilization of limited water resources of a basin duly safeguarding the river ecology ➢Evolve a mechanism for assessing quantitatively the socio-economic benefits/impacts of E-flows/ river eco services ➢Strategy for implementing E-flows