De Edipo a La Máquina Cognitiva

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De Edipo a La Máquina Cognitiva DE EDIPO A LA MAQUINA COGNITIVA Introducción crítica a la antropología psicológica Carlos Reynoso UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES [email protected] INDICE 0. Introducción ............................................................................................................................................................. 7 1. La antropología psicológica antes de la eclosión de las grandes escuelas ............................................................. 16 2. Cultura y Personalidad 2.1 - Presentación ................................................................................................................................................... 24 2.2 - Benedict y la fundación del Configuracionismo ............................................................................................. 27 2.2.1 - Sapir: la antropología como disciplina psiquiátrica ..................................................................................... 31 2.2.2 - Margaret Mead ............................................................................................................................................ 33 2.3 - La fase clásica de Cultura y Personalidad ....................................................................................................... 40 2.4 - Heterodoxos y marginales .............................................................................................................................. 50 2.5 - El Carácter Nacional ....................................................................................................................................... 61 2.6 - Formalización y colapso ................................................................................................................................. 68 3. Psicología transcultural .......................................................................................................................................... 81 3.1 - Extensiones culturales de la psiquiatría ........................................................................................................... 82 3.2 - Psicología comparativa ................................................................................................................................... 84 3.3 - De la antropología psicológica a la Psicología Transcultural: El mainstream ecléctico ................................. 94 4. Interaccionismo Simbólico ...................................................................................................................................112 5. Antropología y Psicoanálisis 5.1 - Edipo y la contienda de las disciplinas .......................................................................................................... 119 5.2 - El reduccionismo psicoanalítico ................................................................................................................... 127 5.3 - Instancias del psicoanálisis antropológico .................................................................................................... 132 5.4 - Sueños: Antropología y psicoanálisis en el camino real al inconsciente ........................................................136 5.5 - Balance de gestión ........................................................................................................................................ 140 5.6 - El retorno de Edipo ....................................................................................................................................... 143 5.7 - Addenda: Antropología y Antipsicoanálisis ................................................................................................. 148 6. Después del Psicoanálisis: Devereux y la interdisciplinariedad agonística .......................................................... 150 7. Modelos biológicos, ecológicos y conductistas 7.1 - Conductismo: Vindicación preliminar........................................................................................................... 159 7.2 - Conductismo y Psicología Operante ............................................................................................................. 162 7.3 - Modelos darwinianos y adaptativos .............................................................................................................. 171 7.3.1 - La etapa Haeckeliana ................................................................................................................................. 171 7.3.2 - La etapa Darwiniana................................................................................................................................... 176 7.3.3 - La etapa Wilsoniana .................................................................................................................................. 185 7.4 - Psicología ecológica y ambiental .................................................................................................................. 186 8. Psicología evolutiva ............................................................................................................................................. 193 9. Psicología Interaccional ....................................................................................................................................... 205 10. Psiquiatría cibernética, pragmática y Terapia Sistémica .................................................................................... 217 11. La Psicología Cognitiva 11.1 - La imagen computacional de la mente ....................................................................................................... 228 11.2 - Estructuras cognitivas: esquemas y marcos ............................................................................................... 233 11.3 - La integración del significado: semántica de prototipos ............................................................................ 238 11.4 - Esquemas del mundo: los mapas cognitivos .............................................................................................. 247 11.5 - Esquemas narrativos y modelos de integración ......................................................................................... 251 11.6 - Heurísticas culturales y modelos de procesamiento de información .......................................................... 259 12. Las psicologías olvidadas 12.1 - La disolución de la Gestalt ........................................................................................................................ 268 12.2 - Apogeo, decadencia y resurrección del Jungismo ..................................................................................... 271 13. Articulación y Conclusiones .............................................................................................................................. 279 Referencias Bibliográficas ....................................................................................................................................... 293 INTRODUCCION Hace ya mucho tiempo que no se producen enfoques sintéticos del campo de la antropología psicológica ni evaluaciones comprehensivas del estado de la investigación en esa área. Lo menos que cabe decir del material que puede obtenerse es que es vetusto, que se encuentra consecuen- temente desactualizado, y que como saldo de ese desfasaje el panorama que presenta ha dejado de ser real y los problemas que plantea han dejado de ser apremiantes, cuando es que ya no se los concibe como problemas. Esto, sin embargo, no es lo peor que ha sucedido. No conocemos ningún encuadre de síntesis en el que la presentación de la historia de los estudios psicoculturales sea algo más que el prólogo extendido a la exposición de alternativas teóricas que se erigen, una a la vez, en protagonistas absolutas. De allí en más cabe desconfiar de lo que sobre las demás se dice, pues todo cronista sólo tiene por objetivo real persuadirnos de que la suya es la mejor teorías de cuantas han habido, y que toda la historia de la ciencia debe sonar como el preludio a su propia apoteosis. Tampoco hemos dado con ningún trabajo abarcativo que recupere cabalmente los detalles de esa historia en función de una perspectiva estable, en términos de un diseño equilibrado, de una gestión crítica rigurosa, de una evaluación ponderada. La variedad ha sido pretexto para el desequilibrio, la profusión ha justificado el desorden. La crónica de esta especialidad disciplinaria se ha planteado siempre como relato y nunca como la investigación dirigida por hipótesis que debería ser: de allí su naturaleza de acumulación amorfa, de recolección anecdotaria, de muestrario teratológico. Los libros breves (como el de Price-Williams o el de DeVos) son caóticos y espas- módicos; los textos extensos (como el de LeVine) morosos y repetitivos, colmados de esa melaza de tautología que en las ciencias blandas hace las veces de riqueza de detalle. Los estudios de casos se han mezclado, sin orden ni concierto, con los manifiestos teóricos programáticos, y se ha dedicado tanto o más espacio -digamos- al problema de la presencia o ausencia del complejo de Edipo entre los mundurucú o a la promiscuidad al rojo vivo en el interior de la casa comunal baruya, como al análisis lógico de las distintas estrategias de base. Como habrá de verse, el aspecto peor resuelto por los diversos cronistas es el de la clasifica- ción de los trabajos analizados y su inserción en un esquema de categorías teoréticas de conjunto. Nadie parece tener una idea clara sobre cuántas y cuáles clases de estrategias
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