Year 8 History Home Study Work Pack

Contents Task Pages When to do 1-5 – Edward I 2-5 Week 1 – first half of the week 6 and 7 – Edward I 5-6 Week 1 – second half of the week 8 and 9 – Renaissance 7-10 Week 2 – first half of the week 10 and 11 - Renaissance 11-14 Week 2 – second half of the week

Week 1 of home study Edward I (complete these tasks in week 1 of your home study): You are going to be studying about King Edward I of England who ruled from 1272 to 1307

TASK 1:

Complete the diagram of the feudal system from what we’ve already studied.

TASK 2:

Edward I had two nicknames:

Edward Longshanks

Hammer of the Scots

What can you infer about him from these two nicknames?

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STRETCH:

Why was the king so powerful in medieval times? (Use your feudal system diagram to help you)

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TASK 3:

Copy these into your glossary:

Edward I – the King of England from 1272 to 1307. He established parliament and increased the power of England over Wales and Scotland.

Plantation – planting people to live in a certain area

TASK 4:

As you read the sheet, highlight the things that Edward changed in one colour, and the things that stayed the same in another colour

Key:

Ways Edward changed Wales = Ways Wales stayed the same =

The conquest of Wales by King Edward I

Edward I was an ambitious man. His father Henry II had made sure that although Wales was loyal to England, it was still ruled by a Welsh prince. However, Edward wanted to be King of all the British Isles. He set out to conquer Wales through several methods. We are going to investigate how successful Edward was at changing Wales.

In 1282 different Welsh lords joined together to launch a rebellion against King Edward. They wanted Wales to be ruled by the Welsh and disagreed with Edward forcing them to follow English laws.

Edward gathered a large army and marched into Wales, to not only destroy the rebellion, but also to fully conquer Wales once and for all. Edward was an excellent soldier and after a number of battles he was able to defeat the rebels and to execute their leaders. Edward needed to consolidate his power and he did this in three ways.

To make sure that there were plenty of loyal followers in Wales, Edward ‘planted’ thousands of English people in Wales. He took land from the Welsh people and gave it to new English migrants and even created special towns in Wales, like Flint, where only English people would be allowed to

3 live. This meant that if there was a rebellion amongst Welsh people, there would be lots of Edward’s followers around to stop it.

He also built huge castles in important places all over Wales. Edward built huge castles in towns such as Conwy and Harlech which helped to show English power and allowed his soldiers to keep watch of the local area, just as William the Conqueror had done. The most important of Edward’s followers lived in these castles, and controlled the people who lived around them. They would be quick to stop rebellions against Edward, if any broke out.

In 1284, he passed a law, called the ‘Statute of Wales’, which stated that all of Wales would use English law. This ensured that Edward would be in full control of all important decisions that happened in Wales.

However, Edward’s attempts to change Wales to make it part of his lands were not completely successful. The Welsh people continued to speak Welsh after Edward’s attempted conquest. We know this because monks, who went to Wales to set up new Churches and monasteries, had to learn Welsh. Furthermore, in 1188, Edward sent Archbishop Baldwin to oversee a legal trial, and the Archbishop had to have translators because he did not speak Welsh.

Also, the Welsh continued to tell traditional Welsh stories, especially those from a book called the Mabinogion. This was a set of Welsh myths. Keeping their language and their Welsh stories helped the people of Wales to feel that they were not completely part of Edward’s English kingdom.

TASK 5

Answer these questions in full sentences:

1) Why did the Welsh rebel against Edward in 1282?

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2) What was the outcome of the Welsh rebellion?

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3) How did Edward make sure that he had loyal followers in Wales?

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4) Where did Edward build castles, and how did they help him?

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5) When did Edward pass the statute of Wales, and how did it help him?

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6) How do we know that people continued to speak Welsh?

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7) What did the Welsh continue to do, which helped them to keep feeling separate from the English? Two things

Stretch

Overall, do you think that Edward was successful at changing Wales? Why/why not?

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TASK 6:

Now read through these ‘chronology cards’ on Edward’s reign.

Highlight in 2 different colours

Key:

Edward gaining power = Edward losing power =

1.Establishment of 2. Consolidation of 3. Exclusion of Jews 4. Wars in Scotland Parliament Wales Edward fought many Edward increased battles in Wales and Edward successfully taxes on everyone in Though Edward was Scotland so he needed consolidated his power England to pay for his at first successful in to ask the Barons for in Wales by building battles. When some taking control of their permission to castles and creating Jewish people could Scotland he faced increase taxes to pay for English only towns in not afford to pay rebellions all these battles. Wales. This meant that these huge taxes throughout his rule. He was the first King England now Edward passed a law This cost England to hold parliament controlled all of Wales that banned all large amounts of regularly and it became directly and could raise Jewish people from money and ensured an important part of the taxes and soldiers living in England in that England and way England was ruled. from this land. This 1290. This allowed Scotland would This meant that power made English Kings Edward to confiscate continue fighting for was more shared more powerful. (take) all the many years after. around and that Barons property that Jewish and Lords had more of a people owned. say in how the country It would take should be run. almost 400 years for Jews to be allowed to return to England. 5. Laws 6. Relations with the 7. Personality 8. Money problems Barons

Edward was a clever Edward was a strong – Edward had a fierce When Edward died King who worked hard minded man. He often temper and many he left England with

5 to improve the laws of argued with the people who worked a huge debt. His wars the country. He made Barons. Though by with him were often in Wales and sure that the same laws holding parliament scared of Edward. Scotland had cost were followed in every more often it gave the Although the people England a huge part of the country. Barons more of a say of England did not amount of money. This made England a in the country Edward necessarily like King Edward’s son Edward more unified country was still in control. The Edward they did fear II spent a long time and strengthened the King and Barons and respect him. of his reign trying to power of the King. argued throughout his pay his father’s debts reign about how much and finish the tax they should pay campaign in and how many soldiers Scotland. they should give to Edward’s army.

TASK 7:

Write 2 PEE Paragraphs answering the question below:

’Edward I completely changed Wales’. How far do you agree? (8 marks)

Structure: 2 PEE paragraphs:

• A clear point • Detailed evidence about what Edward did • An explanation of why this was a change • Repeat for more evidence and explanation

A conclusion, saying whether you think that Edward completely changed Wales or not

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The Renaissance (complete these tasks in week 2 of your home study): Our next topic of study will be the Renaissance. This means ‘rebirth’ and led to new discoveries in many areas and the decline of the Church’s power after the Medieval period. TASK 8: Read the information below then complete the questions below the reading. The Renaissance and its geography During the medieval period less time was spent on recording and remembering the great ideas of the Romans and the Greeks. Over time, these ideas began to be forgotten. People were less curious about the world around them as they looked to the Church to give them all their answers about life. For most people, their life was about surviving and being a good Christian so they could go to Heaven when they died. Thinking about new types of art and remembering what the Romans and Greeks had done 1,000 years before was not important. Between 1400 and 1500, educated Europeans began thinking about the world in a new way. This change marked the turning point between the Middle Ages and Early Modern times. People began to rediscover some of the amazing ideas, science, literature and art from the Ancient Greeks and Romans. We call this period of rediscovery the Renaissance (which means rebirth in French)

The Renaissance began in Italy and it spread all across Europe, including England. Renaissance Italy was similar to Ancient Greece in that it was made up of independent city states which relied on trade for their wealth.

1. Trade. Italy traded with cities all over Asia and Africa. With this trade they were able to discover the writings from Ancient Greece and Rome that had been lost in Europe but recorded in the Islamic Empire. With trade came the ideas and new inventions of all the different areas Italy traded with. 2. Wealth. All this trade made Italians incredibly wealthy. This meant they had lots of money to spend on the paintings and art of the Renaissance. Famous artists like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci could spend all their time producing incredible masterpieces. The Renaissance could not have happened if there was not enough money to support and pay for it. 3. Competition. Different city states wanted to show off how wealthy and powerful they were. They paid for copies of arts and books to be made to show off their wealth.

Now answer these questions, using your reading:

1. What were people concerned about in the Middle ages?

2. What types of ideas did people begin to re-discover?

3. What was Italy made up of?

4. What did these different city states compete for?

5. Who did Italy trade with and what did they get from this trade?

6. What did Italy spend lots of their wealth on?

TASK 9:

1. Read the following fact files on Copernicus and Gutenberg. 2. Give each a rating out of 10 for their achievements. 3. Answer the questions on page 9 4. Complete the questions in the table on page 10

Name – Nicolaus Copernicus

From – Torun, Poland

Life – 1473-1543

Achievement – produced a paper where he created a model showing that the Sun was actually at the centre of the universe and that the Earth orbited the Sun. Previously people had assumed that the Earth was at the centre of the universe.

Impact – Copernicus’ ideas changed the way people thought about the universe. Other scientists began to investigate more about the world and our planet’s place in the universe. It also would cause lots of arguments with the Church as it went against what the Church had taught, that the Earth was at the centre of the universe. Copernicus’s ideas changed the way people thought about their place in the universe. 8 /10

Name – Johannes Gutenberg

From – Mainz, Germany

Life – c.1398-1468

Achievement – created the Gutenberg printing press which was a machine that could print books. It hugely reduced the time and cost to produce a book. Before this invention, books had to be copied by hand and had been controlled by the Church.

Impact – Gutenberg’s printing press invention spread around the world. It allowed people to produce books quickly and cheaply so more people could read and learn about new ideas. Without the printing press the ideas of people like Machiavelli and Copernicus would not have been able to spread so quickly.

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1. What did Copernicus discover?

2. How did Copernicus challenge the ideas of the Church?

3. What did Gutenberg invent?

4. Why would this help ideas spread?

5. How would this challenge the work of the Church?

Renaissance What did people What was this Renaissance How did this help to challenge scholar think before this scholar’s achievement or medieval ideas? person came along? discovery? Copernicus The universe What did Copernicus produce, What did Copernicus’ idea Everyone believed and when? challenge? that God had made the world. The Church told people that the earth was at the centre of the universe and that all planets and the What did the Bible say, which What did Copernicus’ idea make sun went around was different from Copernicus’ people think about the Bible? earth. idea?

Gutenberg Books What did Gutenberg create, How did Gutenberg’s printing The only way to make and when? press help Copernicus to spread books was to write his idea? them out by hand. This would take a long time and make books very expensive. How did printers print a page on the printing press? At this time the Was it only monks who could Church was mostly in now produce books, or could charge of making other people print books too? books. This meant What effect did this have on monks did the job of the time it took to produce writing out books. books? This meant most of Do you think that all books still the books they wrote had to be about religion, or about was on religion. would they also publish other What effect did this have on things? Why? the price of books, and why?

TASK 10: Read the following factfiles on Machiavelli and Columbus . Give each a rating out of 10 for their achievements. Then answer the questions on page 12.

Name – Niccolo Machiavelli

From – Florence, Italy

Life – 1469-1527

Achievement – wrote a famous book called ‘The Prince’ which challenged the way that a ruler should act. He described all the different ways that a ruler should act if they wanted to be successful. This encouraged rulers to worry less about what the

Church told them to do and think more about what was best for getting their decisions carried out. Impact – Machiavelli said it was ‘better to be feared than loved’ and that a King should not just have the bravery of a lion but also the cunning of a fox. This encouraged rulers to lie, cheat and use violence if it meant it would give them more power. This challenged the way the Church wanted Kings to act but many Kings and rulers were influenced by the writings of Machiavelli.

/10

Name - Christopher Columbus

From – Genoa, Italy

Life – 1451-1506

Achievement – sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and

discovered the Caribbean and Central America.

Impact – Columbus’s journey gave other Europeans the confidence and knowledge to discover a whole new continent. European countries like Spain and Portugal began to conquer and control huge areas of land in North and South America. This made countries like Spain and Portugal very rich and powerful.

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Now answer these questions, using your reading:

1. What was Machiavelli’s book called, and what did it say?

2. How did Machiavelli’s book change the way people ruled?

3. Where was Christopher Columbus from?

4. What did Columbus achieve?

5. How did Columbus’ achievement impact others?

TASK 11:

Now complete the question below with two PEE paragraphs, one on Gutenberg and one on either Copernicus or Columbus

How did the ideas of the Renaissance change Europe? (8 marks)

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