DOCSLIB.ORG

IBM Personal Computer XT Hardware Reference Library Technical

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
IBM Personal Computer XT Hardware Reference Library Technical FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION RADIO FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE STATEMENT WARNING: This equipment has been certified to comply with the limits for a Class B computing device, pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC rules, Only peripherals (computer inputloutput devices, terminals, printers, etc.) certified to comply with the Class B limits may be attached to this computer. Operation with non-certified peripherals is likely to result in interference to radio and TV reception. Notice: As sold by the manufacturer, the IBM Prototype Card does not require certification under the FCC's rules for Class B devices. The user is responsible for any interference to radio or TV reception which may be caused by a user-modified prototype card. CAUTION: This product is equipped with a UGlisted and CSA-certified plug for the user's safety. It is to be used in conjunction with a properly grounded 115 Vac receptacle to avoid electrical shock. Revised Edition (April 1983) Changes are periodically made to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated in new editions of this publication. Products are not stocked at the address below. Requests for copies of this product and for technical information about the system should be made to your authorized IBM Personal Computer dealer. A Reader's Comment Form is provided at the back of this publication. If this form has been removed, address comments to: IBM Corp., Personal Computer, P.O. Box 1328-C, - Boca Raton, Florida 33432. IBM may use or distribute any of the information you supply in any way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligations whatever. O Copyright International Business Machines Corporation, 1981, 1982, 1983 PREFACE - The IBM Personal Computer XT Technical Reference manual describes the hardware design and provides interface information for the IBM Personal Computer XT. This publication also has information about the basic inputloutput system (BIOS) and programming support. The information in this publication is both introductory and for reference, and is intended for hardware and software designers, programmers, engineers, and interested persons who need to understand the design and operation of the computer. You should be familiar with the use of the Personal Computer XT, and you should understand the concepts of computer architecture and programming. This manual has two sections: "Section 1: Hardware" describes each functional part of the system. This section also has specifications for power, timing, and interface. Programming considerations are supported by coding tables, command codes, and registers. "Section 2: ROM BIOS and System Usage" describes the basic inputloutput system and its use. This section also contains the software interrupt listing, a BIOS memory map, descriptions of vectors with special meanings, and a set of low memory maps. In addition, keyboard encoding and usage is discussed. The publication has seven appendixes: Appendix A: ROM BIOS Listings Appendix B: 8088 Assembly Instruction Set Reference . Appendix C: Of Characters, Keystrokes, and Color Appendix I3 Logic Diagrams Appendix E: Specifications Appendix F: Communications Appendix G: Switch Settings A glossary and bibliography are included. iii Prerequisite Publication: Guide to Operations for the IBM Personal Computer XT Part Number 6936810 Suggested Reading: BASIC for the LBM Personal Computer Part Number 6025010 Disk Operating System (DOS) for the IBM Personal Computer Part Number 602406 1 Hardware Maintenance and Service for the IBM Personal Computer XT Part Number 6936809 MACRO Assembler for the IBM Personal Computer Part Number 6024002 Related publications are listed in the bibliography. TABLE OF CONTENTS .. Section 1: Hardware IBM Personal Computer XT System Unit ............. 1-3 IBM Personal Computer Math Coprocesser ............ 1-25 IBM Keyboard .................................... 1-65 IBM Expansion Unit ............................... 1-71 IBM 80 CPS Printers .............................. 1-81 IBM Printer Adapter ............................... 1. 107 IBM Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter ........ 1-113 IBM Monochrome Display .......................... 1. 121 IBM Color/Graphics Display Adapter ................ 1. 123 IBM Color Display ................................ 1. 149 IBM 54" Diskette Drive Adapter ................... 1-15 1 IBM 5-%" Diskette Drive ........................... 1-1 75 Diskettes ......................................... 1. 177 IBM Fixed Disk Drive Adapter ...................... 1-179 IBM lOMB Fixed Disk Drive ....................... 1. 195 IBM Memory Expansion Options .................... 1. 197 IBM Game Control Adapter ......................... 1-203 IBM Prototype Card ............................... 1-209 IBM Asynchronous Communications Adapter .......... 1-215 IBM Binary Synchronous Communications Adapter ..... 1-245 IBM Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) Communication Adapter .......................... 1-265 IBM Communications Adapter Cable ................. 1-295 Section 2:ROM BIOS and System Usage ROM BIOS ....................................... 2-2 Keyboard Encoding and Usage ...................... 2-11 Appendix A: ROM BIOS Listings .............. A-1 System BIOS ..................................... A-2 Fixed Disk BIOS .................................. A-85 Appendix B: 8088 Assembly Instruction Set Reference ................................. B-1 Appendix.. C: Of Characters. Keystrokes. and Colors .................................... C-1 Appendix D: Logic. Diagrams ................... D-1 System Board ..................................... D-2 ... Type 1 Keyboard ................................. D-12 Type 2 Keyboard ................................. D-14 Expansion Board .................................. D-15 Extender Card .................................... D-16 Receiver Card .................................... D-19 Printer ........................................... D-22 Printer Adapter ................................... D-25 Monochrome Display Adapter ...................... D-26 Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter .................... D-36 Color Display .................................... D-42 Monochrome Display .............................. D-44 5-% Inch Diskette Drive Adapter .................... D-45 5-% Inch Diskette Drive. Type 1 ................... D-49 5-'/4 Inch Diskette Drive. Type 2 ................... D-52 Fixed Disk Drive Adapter .......................... D-54 Fixed Disk Drive. Type 1 ......................... D-60 Fixed Disk Drive. Type 2 ......................... D-63 32K Memory Expansion Option ..................... D-66 64K Memory Expansion Option ..................... D-69 641256K Memory Expansion Option ................. D-72 Game Control Adapter ............................. D-76 Prototype Card ................................... D-77 Asynchronous Communications Adaptei .............. D-78 Binary Synchronous Communications Adapter ......... D-79 SDLC Communications Adapter .................... D-81 Appendix E: Specifications ..................... E-1 Appendix F: Communications .................. F- 1 Appendix G: Switch Settings ................... G-1 Glossary ........................................ H- 1 Index ........................................ I- 1 i I viii I Notes: SECTION 1: HARDWARE IBM Personal Computer XT System Unit ............. 1-3 IBM Personal Computer Math Coprocessor ............ 1-25 IBM Keyboard .................................... 1-65 IBM Expansion Unit ............................... 1-71 IBM 80 CPS Printers .............................. 1-81 IBM Printer Adapter ............................... 1. 107 IBM Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter ........ 1-1 13 IBM Monochrome Display .......................... 1-1 2 1 IBM Color/Graphics Display Adapter ................ 1-1 23 IBM Color Display ................................ 1. 149 IBM 54''Diskette Drive Adapter ................... 1-15 1 IBM 54''Diskette Drive ........................... 1-175 Diskettes ......................................... 1-177 IBM Fixed Disk Drive Adapter ...................... 1. 179 IBM lOMB Fixed Disk Drive ....................... 1. 195 IBM Memory Expansion Options .................... 1-1 97 IBM Game Control Adapter ......................... 1-203 IBM Prototype Card ............................... 1-209 IBM Asynchronous Communications Adapter .......... 1-2 1 5 IBM Binary Synchronous Communications Adapter ..... 1-245 IBM Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) Communication Adapter .......................... 1-265 IBM Communications Adapter Cable ................. 1-295 The system unit is the center of your IBM Personal Computer XT system. The system unit contains the system board, which features eight expansion slots, the 8088 microprocessor, 40K of ROM (includes BASIC), 128K of base R/W memory, and an audio speaker. A power supply is located in the system unit to supply dc voltages to the system board and internal drives. System Board The system board fits horizontally in the base of the system unit and is approximately 8-112 by 12 inches. It is a multilayer, single-land-per-channel design with ground and internal planes provided. DC power and a signal from the power supply enter the board through two six-pin connectors. Other connectors on the board are for attaching the keyboard and speaker. Eight 62-pin card edge-sockets are also mounted on the board. The 110 channel is bussed across these eight 110 slots. Slot J8 is slightly different from the others in that any card placed in it is expected to respond
Load more

Recommended publications
  • User Guide Ty Pe S 8143, 8144, 8146 Ty Pe S 8422, 8423, 8427
    ThinkCentre™ User Guide Ty pe s 8143, 8144, 8146 Ty pe s 8422, 8423, 8427 ThinkCentre™ User Guide Ty pe s 8143, 8144, 8146 Ty pe s 8422, 8423, 8427 Note Before using this information and the product it supports, be sure to read the “Important safety information” on page v and Appendix D, “Notices,” on page 43. Second Edition (June 2004) © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2004. All rights reserved. US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents Important safety information . .v Erasing a lost or forgotten password (clearing Conditions that require immediate action. .v CMOS) . .24 General safety guidelines . .vi Replacing the cover and connecting the cables. .25 Service . .vi Power cords and power adapters . .vi Chapter 2. Using the IBM Setup Utility Extension cords and related devices . vii program . .27 Plugs and outlets . vii Starting the IBM Setup Utility program . .27 Batteries . vii Viewing and changing settings . .27 Heat and product ventilation . viii Using passwords . .27 CD and DVD drive safety . viii Password considerations . .27 Additional safety information . .ix User Password . .28 Lithium battery notice . .x Administrator Password . .28 Modem safety information. .x IDE Drive User Password . .28 Laser compliance statement . .xi IDE Drive Master Password . .28 Setting, changing, and deleting a password. .29 Overview . xiii Using Security Profile by Device . .29 Information resources. xiii Selecting a startup device. .29 Selecting a temporary startup device . .30 Chapter 1. Installing options . .1 Changing the startup sequence . .30 Features . .1 Exiting from the IBM Setup Utility program . .30 Available options .
    [Show full text]
  • And PC 750 (Type 6887)
    Technical Information Manual PC 730 (Type 6877) and PC 750 (Type 6887) Technical Information Manual IBM PC 730 (Type 6877) and PC 750 (Type 6887) Note Before using this information and the product it supports, be sure to read the general information under Appendix B, “Notices and Trademarks” on page 65. First Edition (June 1996) The following paragraph does not apply to the United Kingdom or any country where such provisions are inconsistent with local law: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION PROVIDES THIS PUBLICATION “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Some states do not allow disclaimer of express or implied warranties in certain transactions, therefore, this statement may not apply to you. This publication could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodically made to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated in new editions of the publication. IBM may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described in this publication at any time. It is possible that this publication may contain reference to, or information about, IBM products (machines and programs), programming, or services that are not announced in your country. Such references or information must not be construed to mean that IBM intends to announce such IBM products, programming, or services in your country. Requests for technical information about IBM products should be made to your IBM reseller or IBM marketing representative. IBM may have patents or pending patent applications covering subject matter in this document.
    [Show full text]
  • LICENSED PROGRAM SPECIFICATION and STATEMENT of PROGRAM SERVICE for the IBM 3270 WORKSTATION PROGRAM 90X7283
    LICENSED PROGRAM SPECIFICATION and STATEMENT OF PROGRAM SERVICE for the IBM 3270 WORKSTATION PROGRAM 90X7283 The following Licensed Program Specification applies only to the United States and Puerto Rico. IBM 3270 Workstation Program Licensed Program Specification Statement of Limited Warranty IBM 3270 Workstation Program is warranted to conform to this Licensed Program Specification when properly used in its designated hardware and software environment. Any other documentation with respect to this licensed program, excluding any documentation refer­ enced in this program specification, is provided for information pur­ poses only and does not extend or modify this IBM 3270 Workstation Program Licensed Program Specification. The IBM 3270 Workstation Program Licensed Program Specification may be updated from time to time. Such updates may constitute a change to these specifica­ tions. This limited warranty and the gO-day program media warranty are contained in the IBM Program License Agreement supplied with this product and is available to all licensees of IBM 3270 Workstation Program. Statement of Function Warranted IBM warrants that: • The media of the software disks, the IBM 3270 Workstation Program User's Guide and Reference manual, and the Problem Determination Guide and Reference manual are not defective; • The program is properly recorded on media; • The IBM 3270 Workstation Program User's Guide and Reference and Problem Determination Guide and Reference manuals are substantially complete and correct and contain the information which IBM deems is necessary for use of the software; 2 • The program functions substantially as described in the IBM 3270 Workstation Program User's Guide and Reference and Problem Determination Guide and Reference manuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Ibl\1 PERSONAL SYSTEM/2(TM) and PERSONAL COMPUTER PVBLICATIO~ and EDUCATION REFERENCES
    IBl\1 PERSONAL SYSTEM/2(TM) and PERSONAL COMPUTER PVBLICATIO~ and EDUCATION REFERENCES As of 01-13-89 The following list of PC publications is for marketing and market support purposes. This list was taken from the product Ivory Letters and all other known sources. The bulk of the publication numbers pertain to PC hardware products, as these are the ones in most demand. Some entries are listed in multiple categories because they pertain to each category within which they are shown. The publications shown in this list are only some of the PC publications available; most PC pub­ lications have been assigned 7 -digit part numbers instead of 8-digit form numbers. The follo\ving list is composed of only form numbers, so that you may readily order these publications from Mechanicsburg. Technical publications may be obtained from either an IBM Representative, an Authorized IBI'v1 Dealer, the Technical Directory (1-800-IBM-PCTB), or the IBM Software/Publications Response Line (1-800-327-5711); the latter is normally used by dealers. A change to the information since November 16, 1988 is indicated by a vertical line to the left of the change. Rich Berman Tieline 396-4887 RHBERMAN at DEM014 \Vestern Area Technical Support Ctr., Dept. CUU ii Table of Contents General/:\-liscellaneous ......................................................... 1 Managing \Vorkstations ....................................................... 11 Personal System/2 ............................................................ 12 PC AT ...................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LAS TARJETAS GRÁFICAS Pedro Góngora Soria INDICE
    LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LAS TARJETAS GRÁFICAS Pedro Góngora Soria INDICE 1.Historia 2.Evolución 3.Paseo gráfico Historia Las tarjetas gráficas no se consideraba en un principio como una parte fundamental. Se trataba de tarjetas integradas en la propia placa base, en las que con que dieran salida a la imagen (sólo texto a 80 o 40 columnas) hacia el monitor ya cumplían sobradamente con su misión. Pero como podemos ver hoy en día todo esto cambio radicalmente con el paso de los años y la evolución de la tecnología Historia El Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA), también tarjeta MDA o Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter (MDPA), fue introducido en 1981. Junto con la tarjeta CGA, fueron los primeros estándares de tarjetas de exhibición de vídeo para el computadora IBM PC . El MDA no tenía modos gráficos, ofrecía solamente un solo modo de texto monocromático (el modo de vídeo 7), que podía exhibir 80 columnas por 25 líneas de caracteres de texto de alta resolución en un monitor TTL que mostraba la imagen en verde y negro. La tarjeta MDA, al igual que la CGA, usaba el controlador Motorola 6845 para generar la imagen. Historia La Color Graphics Adapter (Adaptador de Gráficos en Color) o CGA se empezó a vender en 1981, y fue la primera tarjeta gráfica en color de IBM y el primer estándar gráfico en color para el IBM PC (y en aquella época, hablar de ordenadores personales era hablar de IBM). Solía tener 16KB de memoria (VRAM), y trabajaba a una resolución de 640x200 (tanto en modo texto como gráfico), soportando una paleta de 16 colores, de los que podía mostrar simultáneamente 4 colores a una resolución de 320x200.
    [Show full text]
  • Lenovo's Acquisition of IBM's PC Division
    Lenovo’s Acquisition of IBM’s PC Division 1 @2009, ESCP Europe Business School, London ecch the case for learning This case was written by Dr. Terence Tse and Jerome Couturier, ESCP Europe Business School. It is intended to be used as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a management situation. The case was compiled from published sources. Lenovo’s Acquisition of IBM’s PC Division: A Short-cut to be a World Player or a Lemon that Leads Nowhere? Terence Tse and Jerome Couturier INTRODUCTION On April 20, 2004, a group of directors at Lenovo gathered in a windowless conference room on the 10th floor of a high-rise building in Beijing, at the Lenovo’s headquarters. The meeting was of critical importance to the future of the company. The one and only item on the agenda was to evaluate the potential acquisition of IBM’s personal computer (PC) division. Amongst many concerns debated, the central one remained whether Lenovo’s executives were capable of running a complex global business. Such an acquisition would open the way for China’s largest computer manufacturer to purchase Big Blue’s PC division for US$ 1.75 billion. In turn, IBM had agreed to take an 18.9% stake in the new Lenovo. Based in Beijing, Lenovo began as a spin-off of the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ (“the Academy”) new technology unit in 1994. It started its life as a reseller/distributor for AST computers and later HP and IBM. The company began making its own brand PC in 1990.
    [Show full text]
  • Section 3. Operating Your System
    A Ilz -N to First Edition (September 1988) The following paragraph does not apply to the United Kingdom or any country where such provisions are inconsistent with local law: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION PROVIDES THIS PUBLICATION "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Some states do not allow disclaimer of express or implied warranties in certain transactions, therefore, this statement may not apply to you. Changes are periodically made to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated in new editions of the publication. IBM may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described in this publication at any time. It is possible that this publication may contain reference to, or information about, IBM products (machines and programs), programming, or services that are not announced in your country. Such references or information must not be construed to mean that IBM intends to announce such IBM products, programming, or services in your country. Requests for copies of this publication and for technical information about IBM products should be made to your IBM Authorized Dealer or your IBM Marketing Representative. IBM is a registered trademark of the International Business Machines Corporation. Personal System/2 is a trademark of the International Business Machines Corporation. © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1988. All rinhts reserved. The warranty terms and conditions applicable in the country of purchase in respect of an IBM product are available from the supplier. Please retain them with your proof of purchase.
    [Show full text]
  • IBM Highlights, 1985-1989 (PDF, 145KB)
    IBM HIGHLIGHTS, 1985 -1989 Year Page(s) 1985 2 - 7 1986 7 - 13 1987 13 - 18 1988 18 - 24 1989 24 - 30 February 2003 1406HC02 2 1985 Business Performance IBM’s gross income is $50.05 billion, up nine percent from 1984, and its net earnings are $6.55 billion, up 20 percent from the year before. There are 405,535 employees and 798,152 stockholders at year-end. Organization IBM President John F. Akers succeeds John R. Opel as chief executive officer, effective February 1. Mr. Akers also is to head the Corporate Management Board and serve as chairman of its Policy Committee and Business Operations Committee. PC dealer sales, support and operations are transferred from the Entry Systems Division (ESD) to the National Distribution Division, while the marketing function for IBM’s Personal Computer continues to be an ESD responsibility. IBM announces in September a reorganization of its U.S. marketing operations. Under the realignment, to take effect on Jan. 1, 1986, the National Accounts Division, which markets IBM products to the company’s largest customers, and the National Marketing Division, which serves primarily medium-sized and small customer accounts, are reorganized into two geographic marketing divisions: The North-Central Marketing Division and the South-West Marketing Division. The National Distribution Division, which directs IBM’s marketing efforts through Product Centers, value-added remarketers, and authorized dealers, is to merge its distribution channels, personal computer dealer operations and systems supplies field sales forces into a single sales organization. The National Service Division is to realign its field service operations to be symmetrical with the new marketing organizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamicsilicon Gilder Publishing, LLC
    Written by Published by Nick Tredennick DynamicSilicon Gilder Publishing, LLC Vol. 2, No. 9 The Investor's Guide to Breakthrough Micro Devices September 2002 Lessons From the PC he worldwide market for personal computers has grown to 135 million units annually. Personal com- puters represent half of the worldwide revenue for semiconductors. In July of this year, PC makers Tshipped their billionth PC. I trace the story of the personal computer (PC) from its beginning. The lessons from the PC apply to contemporary products such as switches, routers, network processors, microprocessors, and cell phones. The story doesn’t repeat exactly because semiconductor-process advances change the rules. PC beginnings Intel introduced the first commercial microprocessor in 1971. The first microprocessors were designed solely as cost-effective substitutes for numerous chips in bills of material. But it wasn’t long before micro- processors became central processing units in small computer systems. The first advertisement for a micro- processor-based computer appeared in March 1974. Soon, companies, such as Scelbi Computer Consulting, MITS, and IMSAI, offered kit computers. Apple Computer incorporated in January 1977 and introduced the Apple II computer in April. The Apple II came fully assembled, which, together with the invention of the spreadsheet, changed the personal computer from a kit hobby to a personal business machine. In 1981, IBM legitimized personal computers by introducing the IBM Personal Computer. Once endorsed by IBM, many businesses bought personal computers. Even though it came out in August, IBM sold 15,000 units that year. Apple had a four-year head start. When IBM debuted its personal computer, the Apple II dom- inated the market.
    [Show full text]
  • IBM Enhanced 5250 Emulation Program User's Guide Version 2.4 Publication No
    G570-2221-05 IBM Enhanced 5250 Emulation Program User's Guide Version 2.4 GS70-2221-0S IBM Enhanced 5250 Emulation Program User's Guide Version 2.4 Note! ------------------~--------------------------------. Before using this information and the product it supports, be sure to read the general information under "Notices" on page xv. Sixth Edition (April 1994) This edition applies to the IBM Enhanced 5250 Emulation Program Version 2.4 and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions. The following paragraph does not apply to the United Kingdom or any country where such provisions are inconsistent with local law: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION PROVIDES THIS PUBLICATION "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Some states do not allow disclaimer of express or implied warranties in certain transactions, therefore, this statement may not apply to you. This publication could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodically made to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated in new editions of the publication. Products are not stocked at the address below. Additional copies of this publication may be purchased from an IBM Authorized Dealer, IBM PC Direct™ (1-800-IBM-2YOU), IBM AS/400® Direct (1-800-IBM-CALL), or the IBM Software Manufacturing Company (1-800-879-2755). When calling, reference Order Number G570-2221 and Part Number 82G7303. Requests for technical information about these products should be made to your IBM Authorized Dealer or your IBM Marketing Representative.
    [Show full text]
  • Microcomputers in Transit : a Software Handbook
    HE 203 MICROCOMPUTERS IN . A56 no. 84-47 TRANSIT apartment of transportation A Software Handbook JULY, 1984 m no- W-m 1/ Microcomputers in Transit: A Software Handbook Final Report July 1984 MAR d-^3OO j Prepared by Eve Wyatt and George Smerk Institute for Urban Transportation Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana 47405 Prepared for Urban Mass Transportation Administration U.S. Department of Transportation Washington, D.C. 20590 Distributed in Cooperation with Technology Sharing Program Office of the Secretary of Transportation DOT-l-84-47 TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. DOT- 1-84-47 D0T-IN-11-0009-2 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Dote July 1984 A Software Handbook. Microcomputers in Transit: 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author's) 3. Performing Organization Report No. Eve Wyatt, George Smerk 9. Performing Organisation Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. Institute for Urban Transportation Center for Transit Research and Management Dev. 11. Contract or Gront No. 825 East Eighth Street IN-11-0009 13. Type of Report and Period Covered _ Bloomington. IN 47405 12. Sponsoring Agency Nome end Address Urban Mass Transportation Administration Final Report U.S. Department of Transportation July 1984 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 400 Seventh Street, S.W. UMTA Washington. D.C . 20590 IS. Supplementary Notes This document is being distributed in cooperation with the Technology Sharing Program of the Office of the Secretary of Transportation. 16. Abstract This handbook introduces management and staff of small to medium sized transit agencies to the use of microcomputers in transit operations.
    [Show full text]
  • Know Your Personal Computer 3
    SERIES I ARTICLE Know Your Personal Computer 3. The Personal Computer System Software S K GhoshQI This article surveys system software organization in per­ sonal computers, using the IBM personal computer soft­ ware. Details of the hierarchical levels of the system soft­ ware organization are explained. Introduction Siddhartha Kumar Ghoshal works with An overview of the system software organization of a PC is given whatever goes on inside in Figure 1. BIOS (basic input output system) is the lowest level of parallel computers. That the operating system. It hides the details ofthe specific motherboard includes hardware, system and projects a higher level interface to the physical hardware. software, algorithms and applications. From his MSDOS (microsoft disk operating system), the most common early childhood he has operating system of the IBM PC uses it to run application pro­ designed and built grams. These programs can be written in anyone of a number of electronic gadgets. high-level languages (HLL) such as Pascal, C, FORTRAN. Each One of the most recent ones is a sixteen HLL presents the programmer with an abstract view of the processor parallel computer. computer with IBM PC motherboards. The complex operations supported by a HLL are implemented by a runtime library (RTL) specific to that language. The RTL makes calls to the MSDOS operating system so that various tasks may be performed by the IBM PC hardware and BIOS. Figure' System software of computers are organized· Organization of System Software into Levels in layers like an onion. Appllcotion progrom Organizing system software into many hierarchical levels or Runtime IIbrory MSDOS layers as shown in Figure 1 gives it the following advantages: BIOS II Hordware II Portability: Programs written using a PC can be moved, com­ piled and run on any other computer.
    [Show full text]