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Disk Operating System - -------- ---- --- Personal Computer -------_.---- - - --- Computer Language Series Disk Operating System Second Edition (May 1982) Version 1.10 Changes are periodically made to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated in new editions of this publication. Products are not stocked at the address below. Requests for copies of this product and for technical information about the system should be made to your authorized IBM Personal Computer Dealer. A Product Comment Form is provided at the back of this publication. If this form has been removed, address comment to: IBM Corp., Personal Computer, P.O. Box 1328-C, Boca Raton, Florida 33432. IBM may use or distribute any of the information you supply in any way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligations whatever. © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1981 Preface This reference manual explains how to use the IBM Personal Computer Disk Operating System (DOS). It provides information on how to issue commands to DOS to create, edit, link, debug, and execute programs. Prerequisite Publication Regardless of your background or previous programming experience, you should look at the Guide to Operations before reading this manual. The chapter on "Using DOS" should be especially helpful to you before you approach the more detailed information that appears in this manual. Organization of this manual This manual has six chapters and six appendixes. Chapter I has some introductory information about DOS and files. Chapter 2 contains information about starting DOS, as well as directions on how to use the control keys and DOS editing keys. Chapter 3 contains detailed descriptions of the commands you can issue to DOS. These commands enable you to manage files, maintain diskettes, and create and execute programs. Chapter4 describes how to use the Line Editor (EDLIN) program to create , alter, and display source language files and text files. Chapter 5 describes how to use the linker (LINK) program to link programs together before execution. Chapter 6 describes how the DEBUG program provides a controlled test environment so you can monitor and . cnntrol the execution of a program to be debugged; by altering, displaying., and.executing6bject files. iii Appendix A lists messages generated by the programs described in this manual. Appendix B contains general technical information, and introduces the technical information in Appendixes C-E. Appendix C describes allocation of space on diskettes. Appendix D describes the system interrupts and fun cti on calls. Appendix E describes control blocks and work areas, including a Memory Map, Program Segment, and File Control Block. Appendix F contains detailed information about .EXE file structure and loading. Data Security The IBM Personal Computer is a powerful and useful tool to help you with your personal and business information processing needs. (As with any information system, inadvertent errors may occur and information may be misused.) We suggest that when processing sensitive or highly valuable information, you take steps to ensure your data and programs are protected from accidental or unauthorized disclosure, modification, destruction, or misuse. Simple measures, such as: removing diskettes when not in use, keeping backup copies of valuable information, or installing the equipment in a secure facility, can go a long way to maintain the integrity and privacy of your information. iv Summary of Changes This manual includes the following DOS Release 1.10 enhancemen ts: • Revisions to the linker (LINK) program (Chapter 5). • Support for an intermix of single sided and dual sided diskette drives (Chapter 2 and wherever applicable in Chapter 3 and Appendixes B and C). Commands of special interest include: - FORMAT - DISKCOMP - DISKCOPY • DEBUG can now load files longer than 64K and includes a command to com pare two blocks of memory (Chapter 6). • A new command, EXE2BIN, converts .EXE files to .COM format programs (Chapter 3). • The MODE command now includes the capability to set the speed and protocol for the Asynchronous Communications Adapter, as well as redirecting parallel printer output to an Asynchronous Communications Adapter (Chapter 3). • Several new messages have been added (Appendix A), as well as new prompts or screens for: - DATE - TIME - FORMAT - CHKDSK - ERASE v • Tables of values for single sided and dual sided diskette maps are included (Appendix C). • The COpy command provides support for concatenation (that is, combining) of files (Chapter 3). • Directory entries include the time, as well as the date, when each file was last written to (Chapter 3). CAUTION The DOS 1.10 commands should never be executed when you are running DOS 1.00, and the DOS 1.00 commands should never be executed under DOS 1.10. Because of the internal changes required for DOS 1.10, any attempt to run Level 1.00 commands on a 1.10 system (or vice versa) may result in the loss of data. vi CONTENTS Preface ............. iii Prerequisite Publication . iii Organization of this manual iii Data Security . iv Summary of Changes . v CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1-1 What is DOS? . 1-3 What Are the Parts of DOS? . 1-3 A Few Words about Files . 1-5 What Is a File? . 1-5 What Can I Name My Files? 1-5 How Many Files Can I Have? 1-6 How Does DOS Keep Track of My Files? . 1-6 Why Is This Information Important to Me? 1-6 Formatting Your Diskettes ........ 1-7 Why You Should Back Up Your Diskettes 1-7 CHAPTER 2. STARTING DOS . 2-1 How to Start DOS ......... 2-3 If Your Computer Power Is Off 2-3 If Your Computer Power Is Already On 2-4 What Happens When You Start DOS? 2-4 How to Enter the Date and Time . 2-5 Specifying the Defaul t Drive . 2-6 Automatic Program Execution . 2-7 Important Notes about Diskette and Drive Compatibility . 2-8 Single-Drive Systems ........... 2-9 Control Keys . 2-11 DOS Editing Keys ............ 2-16 Examples of Ways to Use DOS Editing Keys . 2-20 To Start EDLIN 2-20 Example 1 2-22 Example 2 2-23 Example 3 2-24 Example 4 2-25 Example 5 2-26 vii Example 6 . 2-27 Example 7 . 2-28 To Stop the Editing Session 2-30 CHAPTER 3. DOS COMMANDS 3-1 Introduction ....... 3-3 Types of DOS Commands 3-4 Format Notation . 3-5 DOS Command Parameters 3-6 Reserved Device Names 3-8 Global Filename Characters 3-9 Detailed Descriptions of the DOS Commands 3-12 Information Common to All DOS Commands . 3-1 2 Batch Processing ........... 3-14 The AUTOEXEC.BAT File ... 3-15 Creating a .BA T File With Replaceable Parameters . 3-17 Executing a .BAT File With Replaceable Parameters . 3-18 CHKDSK (Check Disk) Command 3-19 COMP (Compare Files) Command 3-21 COpy Command 3-23 DATE Command . 3-32 DEL Command . 3-34 DIR (Directory) Command 3-35 DISKCOMP (Compare Diskette) Command 3-39 DISKCOPY (Copy Diskette) Command 3-42 ERASE Command 3-45 EXE2BIN Command 3-47 FORMAT Command 3-50 MODE Command . 3-53 PAUSE Command 3-58 REM (Remark) Command 3-59 RENAME (or REN) Command 3-60 SYS (System) Command . 3-61 TIME Command ...... 3-62 TYPE Command ...... 3-64 Summary of DOS Commands 3-65 CHAPTER 4. THE LINE EDITOR (EDLIN) 4-1 Introduction ........... 4-3 How to Start the ED LIN Program 4-4 The ED LIN Command Parameters 4-6 The ED LIN Commands . 4-9 Information Common to All EDLIN Commands . 4-9 viii Append Lines Command 4-11 Delete Lines Command 4-1 2 Edit Line Command 4-16 End Edit Command . 4-18 Insert Lines Command 4-19 List Lines Command . 4-22 Quit Edit Command 4-26 Replace Text Command 4-27 Search Text Command . 4-30 Write Lines Command 4-33 Summary of EDLIN Commands 4-34 CHAPTER 5. THE LINKER (LINK) PROGRAM 5-1 Introduction 5-3 Files ...... 5-4 Input Files . 5-4 Output Files 5-4 YM.TMP (Temporary File) 5-5 Definitions . 5-6 Segment 5-6 Group . 5-7 Class . 5-7 Comlnand Prompts 5-8 Detailed Descriptions of the Comlnand Prompts . 5-10 Object Modules [.OBJ]: . 5-10 Run File [filespec.EXE] : 5-11 List File [NUL.MAP)]: 5-11 Libraries [.LIB] : 5-12 Linker Parameters . 5-13 How to Start the Linker Program 5-1 7 Before You Begin . 5-17 Option 1 - Console Responses 5-17 Option 2 - Command Line . 5-18 Option 3 - Automatic Responses 5-20 Example Linker Session ....... 5-22 Load Module Memory Map ... 5-26 How to Determine the Absolute Address of a Segment 5-27 Messages . 5-28 CHAPTER 6. THE DEBUG PROGRAM 6-1 fu troduction ........... 6-3 How to Start the DEBUG Program 6-4 The OEBUG Command Parameters 6-6 ix The DEBUG Commands ........ 6-11 Information Common to All DEBUG Commands . 6-11 Compare Command . 6-13 Dump Command . 6-14 Enter Command . 6-17 Fill Command 6-20 Go Command .. 6-21 Hexarithmetic Command 6-24 Input Command 6-25 Load Command . 6-26 Move Command 6-29 Name Command 6-30 Output Command 6-32 Quit Command . 6-33 Register Command 6-34 Search Command . 6-39 Trace Command 6-40 Un assemble Command 6-42 Write Command 6-45 Summary of DEBUG Commands 6-49 APPENDIX A. MESSAGES . A-3 APPENDIX B. DOS TECHNICAL INFORMATION B-1 DOS Structure ..... B-1 DOS Initialization . B-2 The Command Processor B-3 Replacing the Command Processor B-4 Available DOS Functions .... B-5 Diskette/File Management Notes B-6 The Disk Transfer Area (DTA) B-7 Error Trapping ........ B-7 General Guidelines ...... B-8 Example of Using DOS Functions B-9 APPENDIX C. DOS DISKETTE ALLOCATION C-l DOS Diskette Directory .......
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