The History of the General Electric Company up to 1900 – Part 1

47 From the GEC Archives... The History of the General Electric Company up to 1900 – Part 1 by H. HIRST, M.I.E.E. Chairman of the GEC 1910Ć1943 During 1920, Hugo Hirst gave a series of lectures to the GEC Debating Society, of which he was Chairman at that time. During these talks he described the events that took place during the five years leading up to the formation of the General Electric Company in 1886, through to the year 1900. These lectures were recorded in shorthand and subsequently transcribed into typescript. The final version, with annotation by Hirst himself, now resides in the GEC Archive collection. In this paper, which is divided between successive issues of GEC Review, we present selected extracts from these lectures, some 100 years after the events which he H. Hirst, first Baron Hirst of Witton, was born in Munich in 1863 described took place. We have reproduced the and came to England when he was 16 to build up a career which made him a leader in the electrical industry. It was at original text without amendment, except in the the age of 19 that he entered the electrical industry, but it was instance of obvious typographical errors, and not until 1886 when he joined Mr. G. Byng in a little electrical have illustrated the extracts with photographs shop in Queen Victoria Street London EC4 that his life's work and drawings from other publications contained can really be said to have begun, for this business was the seed from which sprang the G.E.C. He became Managing in the GEC Archives. Director of the Company in 1900 and Chairman in 1910. Lord Hirst was one of the first to realise the importance of research in industry, and the Company's research laboratories are I have often been asked to write the history of the among the leading industrial laboratories in the world. A G.E.C., but I am still too busy to grant myself the recognised authority on international trading, he served as time that such work would require. I have, howĆ Economic Adviser to the Cabinet Research Committee and on ever, fallen a victim to many entreaties to try some many committees, such as the Cabinet Trade and Employment Panel, Advisory Committee of the Board of evening to give you that history. Trade 1922-25, 1929-32, 1936-39, as well as the Committee on I have been thinking over how such a task could Unemployment Insurance 1925-26, and the Committee on be fulfilled without wearying you and yet be useĆ CoĆoperative Selling in the Coal Industry 1926. In addition he was a member of the MelchettĆTurner Conference and also ful. I do not know exactly at this moment how to served on the Committee of Industrial Research. He was also treat the subject, but one thing I am certain is it canĆ a member of a number of industrial and research institutions not be done adequately in so short a time as is connected with the electrical and its allied industries. For the allowed and is usual and desirable at a meeting of two years 1936-38 Lord Hirst was President of the Federation of British Industries, having formerly acted for some years as a Debating Society. I also wish to make it quite chairman of the Empire Committee of that body. He was clear that I am not here to give a story of my life. My President of the Radio Manufacturers' Association from 1938, life must necessarily play an important part in the hon. member of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, past development of the General Electric Company president of the Association of Technical Institutions, and a past president and one of the founders of the Institute of Fuel. because the two things have been so interwoven; Further, he was a past president of the British Export Society therefore if I speak much of myself I do not want it to and the British Electrical Development Association, as well as be misunderstood. the Incorporated Society of British Advertisers and the The G.E.C. is not the work of one man; the G.E.C. Decimal Association. He was Master of the Glaziers Company for two years from 1928-1930. A baronetcy was conferred is the work of many people from its earliest days upon him in 1925 and he was raised to the peerage in 1934. He onwards, and I can only describe it as I saw it at died, after a short illness, at his home, Fox Hill, Earley, any time, I can only give you the impressions such Reading, on January 22 1943 at the age of 79. as I have experienced from time to time, and if (From the Financial Times, January 24th 1943) GEC REVIEW, VOL. 14, NO. 1, 1999 48 H. HIRST therefore I omit the names of some who have colĆ In 1881 I was appointed as private secretary to laborated it is not from any selfish motive, or trying the Managing Director of the then new Electrical to take glory where it is not deserved, it is simply Power Storage Company. It had been only quite because in reviewing a long period of 35 years recently incorporated, I think with Pritchetts and without having prepared any notes it is impossible Gould, which Company, with the exception of the to do justice to everybody. vicissitude I will refer to presently, led an honourĆ I intend to give you this history of the G.E.C. with able life for 20 years. That Company had the patĆ an object. It is my intention as I wander through the ents for accumulators. That was during the period many years to endeavour to describe the condition when all electrical invention seemed to be made. of the time so that you will better understand the Mr. Edison had just invented his carbon lamp, and risks which one ran and the reasons why one did Mr. Swan had simultaneously invented the Swan certain things or did not do certain other things; lamp; the Jablakoff candle was shown off on the and if I succeed in that I hope that this address or Thames Embankment, and other arc lamp makers lecture, or I might even venture to foreshadow a appeared in the world with new inventions. Arc series of lectures, will be instructive as well as lamps were in those days driven by clockwork; interesting. they allowed the positive and negative carbon to move at a fairly equal speed, and the makers tried The Early Days to calculate out the speed equivalent to the burnĆ In order to give the history of the G.E.C., I must ing capacity of the carbon; with the unreliability of introduce my humble self through the few years the carbon you can imagine how these lamps preceding the actual starting of the G.E.C. I think burnt and what flickering and what other effects my experiences during the years from 1881 to 1883 took place to make arc lighting an impossibility. and from 1883 to 1886, the actual starting of the Dynamos were in those days very unreliable G.E.C., were very largely contributory to the charĆ things. The soĆcalled Siemens dynamo which acter which the G.E.C. in due course assumed; it shewed in the incandescent lamp supplied by it a was a creation entirely different from any other flicker every time the belt passed a certain position electrical concern when we started it, largely on was at that time the best machine. The invention, my suggestion, in 1886. There were no central therefore, of accumulators seemed in those days [generating] stations; there was no general electric the ideal thing for the electric light: you could supply; there were makers of dynamos and charge accumulators during the day, took your makers of submarine cables who first started to current from the accumulators during the night, make some rubber coils to suit the dynamo and you would have a steady light. Well, I know a makers. Many a time a dynamo was run for little of what I stepped into. I used to write articles months before lamps could be supplied or shades for newspapers which may inform Mr. Palmer that put on the lamps; and the idea of the G.E.C. when it my connection with the Press (and you know what was started was to make it a supply business for the the Press is capable of) dates back to 1882. We used benefit of contractors and installers. Our speciality to boom the possibilities of accumulators. We sold was to study what all these different people used so patents to Russia for £184ā000 (sums of which I did as to be able to tell them: not appreciate in those days), and we sold patents to every other Country, but I never saw money, I `We have it in stock; you need not delay your only saw stocks and shares. We carried on installaĆ installation; we keep everything in stock'. tions for which we were never paid. We fitted up We were laughed at at the time as being an elecĆ the Grand Hotel, but it was not my managing. I trical business which did not do any installing, but stood aghast and looked at the proceedings. We in course of time the usefulness of the idea was fitted up the `Gaiety' [theatre] for no payment but appreciated and supported, and we had imitators simply to have the advertisement of what the accuĆ in this and every other country.

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