ANALYTICAL PROJECT VLADIMIR PUTIN‘S RUSSIA January 9, 2014 No. 8 Do traces of KGB, FSB and GRU lead to Islamic State? Marius Laurinavičius, Senior Analyst, EESC Again, this article will not be related to the Crooke’s headline can be rephrased like this: ‘Is structure, clans, their interrelations, and KGB it really possible to fully understand the basis in Putin’s current regime. This essay is a phenomenon of the Islamic state without paying sequel of the previous piece which aimed to attention to the alleged links between Russian take another glimpse at Putin’s suspicious links secret services and Chechen terrorists?’ with international terrorism. Some things are hard to deny This time I decided to draw attention to a significant role (which was a surprise for many In general, the links between Chechen terrorist experts) of Chechen terrorists in a battle of and Russian secret services cannot be denied Islamic state that has become a main threat to even by those Western experts and the West. Based on this role, it is not only commentators who tend to call these links a possible, but vital to examine the potential links conspiracy theory. between the Islamic state and Russian secret services. The fact that the famous Shamil Basayev, Ruslan Gelayev and some others Chechen One of the inspiration sources was the article terrorist commanders began their career not published in ‘The Huffington Post’ called ‘You only fighting on the Russian side during the Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the Georgian-Abkhaz war, but were directly trained History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia’1. It was by the special forces of Russian military written by Alastair Crooke, a famous expert of intelligence (GRU), was basically never even the Middle East terrorism, a former diplomat denied in Russia.2 The traces of GRU agents and a ranking figure in British intelligence MI-6 were not a secret as well.3 That article is definitely worth reading for all of those who want to understand more about the Even Yuri Drozdov, the legend of Russian phenomenon and threats of the Islamic state. secret services, former KGB General-Major and And I don’t even consider arguing with the a longtime chairman of the board at ‘S’, in his famous expert, especially when I, myself, do not interview for fontanka.ru in 2011 publicly aspire a career of terrorism expert. admitted that all this information about Basayev was true. According to Drozdov, Basayev was However, after long years of exploring Putin’s current regime and it’s KGB roots, I believe that 2 Миф о Басаеве - или кого он представляет на самом деле. http://www.apsny.ge/analytics/1128329041.php 3 Борис Кагарлицкий. С террористами не 1 Alastair Crooke.”You Can't Understand ISIS If You разговариваем. Но помогаем? Версия взрывов домов в Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia” России. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis- http://2000.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2000/03n/n03n- wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html s08.shtml 1 www.eesc.lt ANALYTICAL PROJECT VLADIMIR PUTIN‘S RUSSIA ‘one of the leaders of a special military However, this time the examination should not division’4. start from the aforementioned allegations. It is worth following Crooke’s example and examine Also undenied is the fact that Basayev’s the history of Wahhabism - not only in Saudi incursion into Dagestan and house bombing Arabia but in Chechnya and the former USSR in afterwards contributed, to say the least, to general. Because namely the so-called Chechen Putin’s coming to power. The Western world Wahhabis are now battling for Islamic terrorists has less and less doubt that this was all a well- - they were always the synonym for the term executed, although seemingly unthinkable, ‘terrorists’ in Russia. operation of Russian secret services. Russian journalist Sanobar Shermatova, who Whether we read Litvinenko's and Felshtisnky’s died in 2011, was considered not only a book ‘FSB blowing up Russia’5, David Satter’s journalist, but also one of the best Russian ‘Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian experts of Middle Asia and Caucasus. After the Criminal State’6, John Dunlop’s ‘The Moscow events in Chechnya and Dagestan in summer Bombings of September 1999: Examinations of 1999 she wrote a serious analytic piece called Russian Terrorist Attacks at the Onset of ‘The so-called Wahhabis’11. Vladimir Putin's Rule’78, or the especially popular investigation carried out by Karen In this essay Shermatova digs into Wahhabism Dawisha, professor at the Miami University, roots not only in Chechnya and Dagestan, but called ‘Putin's Kleptocracy: Who Owns also in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kirghizia. Russia?’9, it is difficult to deny the tons of odd She doesn’t tend to any conspiracy theories, and coincidences and inexplicable actions of examines various links of ‘the so-called Russian government. In the meantime, Putin’s Wahhabis’ - also with Afghanistan, Pakistan regime closed all doors to any kind of and Saudi Arabia. investigations, and many people, who were trying to shed some light on these allegations, But the story begins with the protests in were murdered or died under very strange Dunshanbe in autumn 1991 that resulted in circumstances.10 Tajikistan government allowing the first free elections and registering the Islamic party12 (not What are the roots of Chechen’s without the help of Moscow’s go-betweens, Wahhabism? including Vladimir Putin and Anatolij Sobczak,1314 who is more likely Putin’s comrade rather than a democrat which he is often 4 Юрий Дроздов: Россия для США - не поверженный referred to - aut. note). противник, http://www.fontanka.ru/2011/03/05/042/ 5 Александр Литвиненко, Юрий Фельштинский “ФСБ взрывает Россию”, http://www.felshtinsky.com/books/FSB%203rd%20ed.20 Many authors in Tajikistan itself claim that 11.pdf namely the pressure from Sobczak-led 6 David Satter. “Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the delegation led to Tajikistan’s government Russian Criminal State”, 2003. decision to register the Islamic party, although it 7 John B.Dunlop. “The Moscow Bombings of September 1999: Examinations of Russian Terrorist Attacks at the Onset of Vladimir Putin's Rule”, 2012. 11 Санобар Шерматова.”Так называемые ваххабиты”. 8 Amy Knight. “Finally, We Know About the Moscow http://old.sakharov-center.ru/chr/chrus20_1.htm Bombings”. 12 Душанбе-1990: русский взгляд. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/nov/22/fi http://www.fergananews.com/articles/6484 nally-we-know-about-moscow-bombings 13 Путин: “Эту прививку я получил от Собчака”. 9 Karen Dawisha. “Putin's Kleptocracy: Who Owns http://www.aif.ru/society/2183 Russia?”, 2014. 14 Олег Панфилов. “Таджикистан: неизвестная 10 Mona Charen. “The Despot in the Kremlin”. революция”. http://www.nationalreview.com/article/383301/despot- http://inosmi.ru/sngbaltia/20130315/206982497.html kremlin-mona-charen 2 www.eesc.lt ANALYTICAL PROJECT VLADIMIR PUTIN‘S RUSSIA has already been labeled extremists and ideas to a level where it turns out that KGB ‘Wahhabis’ by then.15 started to use the name ‘Wahhabis’ on those Muslim activists who were not willing to After emphasising that this Islamic party was collaborate with KGB in the first place18. merely a ‘branch of USSR Islamic Revival party’, Shermatova continued: ‘Islamic activists But none of these experts deny that establishing played a pretty important role in the opposition. a USSR Islam Revival party was a main I mean those who were called ‘Wahhabis’ in element of ‘Wahhabism’ rudiment in the former KGB chronicles. At the time this term was not USSR territory.1920 widely known, and not entirely understood even by those who were called this name. USSR had In the meantime, Akhmed Zakayev (who then banned the Islamic literature, and only those lived in London and was even called the Prime few who went to study in Arab countries, had minister of the unrecognised Chechen Republic knowledge about Islam history, movements and of Ichkeria), Aslan Maskhadov (former streams. But these people, as usual, were Chechnya’s president) and other so-called inspected for their loyalty to KGB, and then representatives of the wing of the secular battle included into ‘religious nomenclature’ while for Chechnya’s independence has long and constantly being controlled by the special consistently called many radicals the agents of services. Ordinary Muslims were not familiar Russian special services. Zakayev’s attitude with Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhabi’s towards the aforementioned congress of USSR doctrine. In Shermatova’s research and in Islam Revival party in Astrakhan is also further investigation of Uzbekistan’s and unambiguous. Kirghizia’s ‘Wahhabis’, KGB traces stretch along the story. When the the founding congress of USSR Islamic Revival party was held in Astrakhan in Which theory is more reliable? 1989 (other sources say 1990, so Zakayev might be mistaken - aut. note), KGB undoubtedly Truth is, many other Russian researchers deny knew what they wanted. Just as Vladimir any role of the KGB in spreading Wahhabism Zhirinovsky’s liberal democrat party, which has ideas in the former USSR territory. For been preventing the true Russian liberal example, a famous Russian historian of religion democrats from uniting for two decades now, and Islamic researcher Roman Silantyev16 states the branches of USSR Islam Revival party, that that KGB allegedly had no more power to resist have taken roots into in Muslim regions of the this spread. Aleksei Kundryavtsev,17 associate at former USSR, have successfully separated the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies, even Muslims by dividing them into ‘right’ and claims that the young generation of Islamists ‘wrong’. This is how Moscow turned Islamic turned the Wahhabism direction precisely radicalism into an effective vaccine against because the old religious authorities had KGB various nations’ movements for national shadows on them.