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Distribution of Woody Thymelaea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

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Distribution of Woody Thymelaea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region ARBORETUM KÓRNICKIE Rocznik XXIV — 1979 Kazimierz Browicz Distribution of woody Thymelaea in the eastern Mediterranean region Genus Thymelaea primarily includes simall evergreen shrubs 10 - 100 cm tall, and a few annual or perennial herbs. The number of species has not been strictly determined yet, because of various treatment of some taxa and an insufficient knowledge of them. New species are still being described as for example Th. gattefossei H. K. Tan from Morocco (T a n, 1977). It is most commonly assumed that there are about 25 of them though Hutchinson (1968) claims that there are as many as 35. Taking into consideration the geographical distribution of all taxa, it is possible to treat the genus Thymelaea as being typically Mediter­ ranean. The majority of species is characterized by a small ränge and only Th. passerina (L.) Cosson et Germ, (annual plant) is distributed widely and covers with its range not only the Mediterranean region but also the whole of Central and southeastern Europe, the Caucasus, western Siberia, soutwestem and Middle Asia, attaining in the east western China and Kashmir and in the north, in Poland a Latitude of 53° N (Webb, Ferguson, 1968). In Europe there grow about 20 species of Thymelaea, of which 14 are endemites. The greatest concentration of species takes place in the western part of the Mediterranean, particularily in Spain — 18 species (Webb, Ferguson, 1968), Morocco — 12 species (Jahandiez, Maire, 1932) and Algeria — 8 species (Quezel, Santa, 1963). In the easterly direction the nulmber of species declines rapidly and in the eastern Medi­ terranean and in southwestern Asia besides Th. passerina there occur only 5 species: Th. pubescens (L.) Meissn., Th. mesopotamica (C. Jeffrey) E. Peterson, Th. aucheri Meissn., Th. hirsuta (L.) Endl. and Th. tarton- raira (L.) All. Only the last tiwo are woody and compared with other shrubs of the genus Thymelaea are characterized by the largest, most extended ranges spanning both the eastern and western Mediterranean. I have described these ranges on the basis of herbarium collections and literature quoted at the end of this paper. For each species I have prepar­ ed point maps of distribution and compiled a list of stands. http://rcin.org.plhttp://rcin.org.pl 6 К. BR О W I C Z 1. THYMELAEA HIRSUTA (L.) ENDL. A shrub 40- 100 cm tall, but under favourable conditions taller. Freitag (1972) reports that in southeastern Spain it attains a height of 120 - 140 cm and according to Durand and Barratte (1910) and Вoulos (1971) in North Africa (Cyrenaica) it can be as tall as 2 m. This is a circum-Mediterranean species, which has after Th. passerina the largest range in the genus. Basically it is restricted in Europe, south­ west Asia and North Africa to a coastal belt more or less 50 km wide. In southern Portugal and in Morocco it occurs also along the Atlantic coast. In Morocco it reaches fare south to the mountains of Ifni (E m b e r- ger, Maire, 1941). The general line map of distribution of Th. hirsuta has been drawn by Rikli (1943) and a point map but only for southeastern Spain by Freitag (1972). In this latter region the shrub appears usually up to about 100 m elevation, and the highest stand was found at 630 m. Accord­ ing to Rikli (1943), in southeastern Europe, on the Balkan peninsula Th. hirsuta grows almost throughout Bulgaria and in the north it attains eastern Romania and the Danube delta. This information, however, is not accurate since both in Bulgaria and in Romania Th. hirsuta does not grow at all and in the other parts of the peninsula it is known only from western Jugoslavia, Kvarneric and Dalmatia (Hayek, 1927), southern Greece, Crete and the Aegean Islands (particularily the Cyclades and the Dodecanese). The presence of Th. hirsuta in European Turkey has been questioned (Webb, 1966; Webb, Ferguson, 1968), ho­ wever, in the herbarium of Ankara University there exists a specimen collected by Noe above Büyükdere on the Black sea in mid-XlX century. Since then no one has found Th. hirsuta in this region, thus it has to be assumed that this stand is only of historical interest. At the same time this was the only stand of Th. hirsuta on the Black sea. Most probably the stand from northwestern Anatolia, from Troas, quoted by R e c h i n- ger (1943) is also historical. Thus the most northerly modern stands of Th. hirsuta in this part of the range occur on SkirOs Is. (P et amid is 973, in sched.) and on Psara Is. (Greuter 11014, in sched.). In southern Greece the majority of stands is to be found in province Attiki (Fig. 1). In southwestern Akia Th. hirsuta occurs on Rhodos Is., in Anatolia, on Cyprus, in Lebanon, Israel and in Jordan. In Anatolia it was found on few stands along the southern coast, from the central part of the Resa- diyel peninsula in province of Mugla, in the west, to Yumurtalik in pro­ vince of Adana in the east, at elevations 0 - 80 m. On Cyprus Th. hirsuta grows primarily on the southern outskirts of the island, commonly around Larnaca and in the Limassol region. It has been reported also from the northwestern part of Cyprus from the Karpas peninsula. http://rcin.org.plhttp://rcin.org.pl Fig. 1. Eastern part of the range of Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl. http://rcin.org.pl 8 К. В Н О W I с z In Syria Th. hirsuta is not known and in Lebanon it is very rare and it was being found in that country only in the vicinity of Tripolis and in Beirut. On the other hand in Israel it is one of the most common shrubs, both on the Mediterranean plains — Coastal Galilee, Acco Plain, Sharon Plain, Philistean Plain (Z oh ary, 1972) and in the desert — Negev and Judean Mts. The most elevated stands here have 'been reported from 500- 600 m (Danin, Orshan, Zohary, 1975). According to Za­ hary (1972) in Jordan Th. hirsuta appears only in the western part of the country, in provinces Moav and Edom. Of particular interest here is the stand from district Maan (Wadi Musa road to Petra) positioned at an elevation of 1470 m (Kasapligil, 1956) since it is the most ele- vetaed stand of Th. hirsuta throughout its range. In northeastern Africa Th. hirsuta is distributed primarily along the coast of Cyrenaica (from Ajedabaya in the west) and Egypt (till El’Arish in the east); as was reported by Täckholm (1974), in Egypt it is a very common shrub. Beyond the coast Th. hirsuta appears here also further inland on the Libyan desert and on the El Tih desert (in uedes and cases). Boulos (1971) reports such stands from the far south of Cyrenaica, from Wadi Kufra (approx. 23°30'N) and Täckholm (1974) from Uweinat in Egypt. Thus Th. hirsuta is a shrub of dry and hot places, steppes, semi-dessert and desert, particularity in north Africa. In wiev of its very small soil requirements, xeromorphic scaly leaves (with curved — in margins and white tomentose underneath), a deep tap root about 150 cm long (Frei­ tag, 1972), resistance to dust in the air and salt in the soil and also to extremally dry atmospheric and soil conditions it can occur on the most infertile and unfavourable for other woody plants conditions. Since it produces massive quantities of seeds (Freitag, 1972) it disperses easily forming both its own associations — Thymelaeetum hirsutae (R i k- li, 1943) and entering into other xerophitic, psammophilic and even semi-halophitic communities. In southeastern Spain these are associations from the class Lygeo-Stipetalia (Freitag, 1972), while in Egypt and in Israel from the class Quercetalia calliprini (order Ballotetalia undu­ latae), Artemisietea herba-albae and Retametea retami (Zohary, 1973; Danin, Orshan, Zohary, 1975). Besides Th. hirusta easily enters ruderal communities along road-sides and fields. It behaves in this manner in Greece, northern Attiki along the road to Khalkis. LOCALITIES Greece. Herbarium specimens: Zante: Insel Peluso, 23.3.1936, Ronniger (W.); Peloponnisios: Lakonia, Monemvasia, 18.5.1970, Stamatiadou 8957 (ATH.); Attiki: Megaros, 24.3.1968, Stamatiadou 1706 (ATH.); Attica, 1850, ?(W.); Attika: In colle http://rcin.org.plhttp://rcin.org.pl DISTRIBUTION OF WOODY THYMELAEA 9 Turkovuni prope Athens, 7.4.1927, Rechinger 43 (BM.); Imitos, 29.3.1938, Davis 58 (E.).; Attica: In monte Lycabetto, 1867, J. Ball (E.); Lycabettos, 1894, Makowsky (W.); Below Mt. Imitos, 29.3. 1972, Burbridge 33 (E.); Kefalaria, Athens 16.4.1969, ?(ATH.); Prope Athenas vulgat., 1850, Orphanides 270 (BM. E); Athens: Ellinikon -near air port, 11.4.1978, Brtoiwiicz G.42/78 (KOR.); Attiki: Anaviseos, 28.2.1971, ? (ATH.); Attiki: Marathon, 9.3.1971 Stamatiadou (ATH.); Attiki: near road to Khal­ ids. 21.3.1978, Bnowicz G.8/78 (KOR.); Euboea, prope Loto, Unger (W.); Island of Skiros, E of the village Hora, 50 m, 1.4.1977, Petamidis 20710 (ATH.); Insula Psara: in planitiei „Alladhokambos” voc., 20 m, 19 - 25.4.1973, Greuter 11014 (ATH.); Delos — kleine Insel bei Mikra Delos, 1911, ? (W.); Cyclades: Ins. Glaronisi, 4.5.1934, Rechinger 5010 (W.); Santorini, by the sea, betw. Akrotirior and the excavation of the old city, 10- 13.5.1970, ? (ATH.); Island of Makra near Casos (Dodecanese), 29.4.1950, Davis 18108 (K.); Cyclades: Saphrania (Zafrania) 27.5.1935, Rechinger 7634 (BM.); Cos — Castle Cardanera, sandy heath, 4.1960, Millward 70 (B.M.); Rho­ dos, Hedenborg (W.); Kriti: Insulae Dionysades. In saxosis cal. insul. Dragonara, 13.5.1942, Rechinger 12932 (BM. W.); ad Płatania et sub.
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