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Thymelaea Microphylla !! Coss

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Thymelaea Microphylla !! Coss اﻟﺠﻤﮭﻮرﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺪﯾﻤﻘﺮاﻃﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﻌﺒﯿﺔ وزارة اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ و اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻮري ﻗﺴﻨﻄﯿﻨﺔ ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻘﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء رﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ: ......... رﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ:......... ﻣﺬﻛﺮة ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﯿﻞ ﺷﮭﺎدة اﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴﺘﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء اﻟﻌﻀﻮﯾﺔ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﺗﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ و ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎء ﻋﻀﻮﯾﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان دراﺳﺔ ﻓﯿﺘﻮﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻨﺒﺎت Thymelaea microphylla!!Coss. et Dur. وﺗﺜﻤﯿﻦ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ : ﻟﺒﯿﺐ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻌﯿﺪ ﻧﻌﻤﺎن ﺗﺤﺖ إﺷﺮاف اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر : زﻻﻗﻲ ﻋﻤﺎر ﻟﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ: أ.د. ﻏﻮاﻃﻲ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ أﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻮري ﻗﺴﻨﻄﯿﻨﺔ رﺋﯿﺴﺎ د. زﻻﻗﻲ ﻋﻤﺎر أﺳﺘﺎذ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ أم اﻟﺒﻮاﻗﻲ ﻣﻘﺮرا أ.د. ﻋﻜﺎل ﺻﺎﻟﺢ أﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻮري ﻗﺴﻨﻄﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻤﺘﺤﻨﺎ د. ﻏﺮاف ﻧﻮر اﻟﺪﯾﻦ أﺳﺘﺎذ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ أم اﻟﺒﻮاﻗﻲ ﻣﻤﺘﺤﻨﺎ د. ﺑﻦ ﻛﻨﻮار رﺷﯿﺪ أﺳﺘﺎذ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻮري ﻗﺴﻨﻄﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻤﺘﺤﻨﺎ 2010 اﻟﺠﻤﮭﻮرﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺪﯾﻤﻘﺮاﻃﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﻌﺒﯿﺔ وزارة اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ و اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻮري ﻗﺴﻨﻄﯿﻨﺔ ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻘﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء رﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ: ......... رﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ:......... ﻣﺬﻛﺮة ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﯿﻞ ﺷﮭﺎدة اﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴﺘﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء اﻟﻌﻀﻮﯾﺔ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﺗﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ و ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎء ﻋﻀﻮﯾﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان دراﺳﺔ ﻓﯿﺘﻮﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻨﺒﺎت Thymelaea microphylla!!Coss. et Dur. وﺗﺜﻤﯿﻦ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ : ﻟﺒﯿﺐ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻌﯿﺪ ﻧﻌﻤﺎن ﺗﺤﺖ إﺷﺮاف اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر : زﻻﻗﻲ ﻋﻤﺎر ﻟﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ: أ.د. ﻏﻮاﻃﻲ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ أﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻮري ﻗﺴﻨﻄﯿﻨﺔ رﺋﯿﺴﺎ د. زﻻﻗﻲ ﻋﻤﺎر أﺳﺘﺎذ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ أم اﻟﺒﻮاﻗﻲ ﻣﻘﺮرا أ.د. ﻋﻜﺎل ﺻﺎﻟﺢ أﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻮري ﻗﺴﻨﻄﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻤﺘﺤﻨﺎ د. ﻏﺮاف ﻧﻮر اﻟﺪﯾﻦ أﺳﺘﺎذ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ أم اﻟﺒﻮاﻗﻲ ﻣﻤﺘﺤﻨﺎ د. ﺑﻦ ﻛﻨﻮار رﺷﯿﺪ أﺳﺘﺎذ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻮري ﻗﺴﻨﻄﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻤﺘﺤﻨﺎ 2010 إﻟـــــــﻰ روح أﻣﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﯿﺔ إﻟـــــــﻰ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺘـــــــﻲ اﻟﻜﺮﯾﻤــــــﺔ ــــإﻟ ﻰ ﻣﺤﺒـــــﻲ اﻟﻌـﻠــــﻢ ﺷﻜﺮ و ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﺤﻤﺪ ﷲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻌﻤﮫ اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة، اﻟﺤﻤﺪ ﷲ اﻟﺬي وﻓﻘﻨﻲ ﻹﻧﺠﺎز ھﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ. أﺗﻘﺪم ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ اﻟﺨﺎص إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ زﻻﻗﻲ ﻋﻤﺎراﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن ﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺮف و اﻟﻤﻮﺟﮫ و اﻟﻤﻌﯿﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ إﻧﺠﺎز ھﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ. أﺗﻮﺟﮫ ﺑﺸﻜﺮي اﻟﺠﺰﯾﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﻏﻮاﻃﻲ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻋﻤﯿﺪ ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﮫ ﺗﺮأس ﻟﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ. أﺗﻮﺟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﻋﻜﺎل ﺻﺎﻟﺢ أﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ وﻟﻸﺳﺘﺎذ ﺑﻦ ﻛﻨﻮار رﺷﯿﺪ أﺳﺘﺎذ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻮري ﻗﺴﻨﻄﯿﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﮭﻤﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ وإﺛﺮاء ھﺬه اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ، ﻛﻤﺎ أﺗﻮﺟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﻞ ﻟﻸﺳﺘﺎذ ﻏﺮاف ﻧﻮر اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أم اﻟﺒﻮاﻗﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﮫ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ وإﺛﺮاء ھﺬه ،اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻأﻧﺴﻰ أن أﺗﻮﺟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻟﻸﺳﺘﺎذ ة ﻓﻀﯿﻠﮫ ﺑﻦ ﻋﯿﺎش ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪات واﻟﺘﻮﺟﯿﮭﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ. ﻛﻤﺎ أﺗﻘﺪم ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ اﻟﺨﺎﻟﺺ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ أﻓﺮاد ﻣﺨﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﻮه ﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﺎﺋﺢ و ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪات. ﻛﺬﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ أﻓﺮاد دﻓﻌﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﻤﻨﯿﺎ ﻟﮭﻢ اﻟﻨﺠﺎح و اﻟﺘﻮﻓﯿﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﯿﺎدﯾﻦ. وﺗﺤﯿﺔ ﻋﺮﻓﺎن وﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ ﻷﺣﻔﺎد اﻷﻣﯿﺮ ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻘﺎدر أﺑﻨﺎء ﺟﻤﯿﻠﮫ ﺑﻮﺣﯿﺮد اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮي اﻟﺸﻘﯿﻖ. وأﺷﯿﺮ اﻟﻰ أن اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﻤﺨﺒﺮﯾﺔ أﺟﺮﯾﺖ ﻓﻲ: ﻣﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ذات اﻷﺻﻞ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻮري ﻗﺴﻨﻄﯿﻨﺔ. ﻣﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺮوﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ واﻟﺒﯿﻮﻛﯿﻤﺎء ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ واﻟﺤﯿﺎة ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أم اﻟﺒﻮاﻗﻲ. ﺷﻜﺮا ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﻋﺪﻧﻲ و ﻟﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻄﯿﺒﺔ. ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮات CC : Column Cromatography. CCM : Cromatography Couche Mince. 13C-NMR : 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. d : doublet. dd : doublet of doublet. DPPH : 2 ,2 diphenyl 1 picryl hydrazyl ES : Electro Spray. HMBC : Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation. HMQC : Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Correlation. 1H-NMR : 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. HPLC : High Performance Liquid Cromatography. Hz : Hertz. F : Flours. GC-MS : Gaz chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J : Coupling constant. L : Leaves. ppm : parts per million. R : Roots . Rt : Retation time. s : singlet. St : Stems. TLC : Thin-Layer Chromatography . T : Thymelaea UV : Ultraviole اﻟﻔﮭﺮس ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻨﻈﺮي اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول ﻧﻮاﺗﺞ اﻷﯾﺾ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي 1- اﻟﺰﯾﻮت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ .................................................................,......................01 1- 2- اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﯾﻮت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ................................................................01 1-3 - اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﯾﻮت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ....................................,.......................02 2- اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﯿﻨﻮﻟﯿﺔ...............................................................,.......................02 2-1 اﻟﻜﻮﻣﺎرﯾﻨﺎت............................................................................................02 2-1 -1 ﺗﻮاﺟﺪ وﺗﻮزع اﻟﻜﻮﻣﺎرﯾﻨﺎت.................................................,.....................03 2-1 -2 ﺗﺴﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻣﺎرﯾﻨﺎت.................................................................................03 2-1 -3 ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﻜﻮﻣﺎرﯾﻨﺎت.............................................................,....................04 أ) ﻛﻮﻣﺎرﯾﻨﺎت ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ.....,.................................................................................04 ب) Furocoumarin.................................................................,...................04 ج) Pyranocoumarins................................................................................05 2-1 -4 دور اﻟﻜﻮﻣﺎرﯾﻨﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت......................................................................06 2-1 -5 اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻣﺎرﯾﻨﺎت..................................................................06 2-2 - اﻟﻠﯿﺠﻨﺎﻧﺎت..............................................................................................06 2-3 اﻟﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﯿﺪات.......................................................................,.................... 07 2-3 -1 ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﻮﯾﺪات............................................................................. 07 2-3 -2 أﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﯿﺪات..................................................................................08 أ - اﻟﻔﻼﻓﻮن...................................................................................................08 ب – اﻟﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﻮل..............................................................................................08 ج - اﻟﻔﻼﻓﺎﻧﻮن................................................................................................09 د - ﻧﯿﻮﻓﻼﻓﻮن.................................................................................................09 ھـ - إﯾﺰوﻓﻼﻓﻮن.............................................................................................09 اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﯿﺘﻮﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎءاﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ Thymelaeaceae 1 اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠــﺔ Thymelaeaceae...............................................................................12 2 اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻤﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ Thymelaeaceae……...................................12 3- ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ Thymelaeaceae ﻓﯿﺘﻮﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺎ.................................................................13 3 ــ 1 اﻟﺰﯾﻮت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ...................................................................................13 3 ــ 2 اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻨﺎت اﻷﺣﺎدﯾﺔ..............................,,,.................................................14 3 ــ 3 اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ......................................................................................15 3 ــ 4 اﻟﻜﻮﻣﺎرﯾﻨﺎت...........................................................................................15 3 ــ 4 ــ 1 ﻛﻮﻣﺎرﯾﻨﺎت ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ.................................................,............................15 3 ــ 4 ــ 2 ﻛﻮﻣﺎرﯾﻨﺎت ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ ذات ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﯿﻮراﻧﯿﺔ................,………….......................16 3 ــ 4 ــ 3 ﻛﻮﻣﺎرﯾﻨﺎت ﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ.................................................................................16 3 ــ 4 ــ 4 ﻛﻮﻣﺎرﯾﻨﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ dibenzofuranique .................................................17 3 ــ 4 ــ 5 ﻛﻮﻣﺎرﯾﻨﺎت ﺛﻼﺛﯿﺔ...............................................................................18 3 ــ 5 اﻟﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﻮﯾﺪات...........................................................................................18 3 ــ 6 اﻟﻠﯿﺠﻨﺎﻧﺎت...............................................................................................21 4 ــ اﻟﺠﻨﺲ Thymelaea .................................................................................... 23 5 ــ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﯿﻒ اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺘﺔ .Thymelaea microphylla Coss et Dur............................. 25 6 ــ اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻤﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺘﺔ .Thymelaea microphylla coss. et dur....................... 25 اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻣﻜﺮوﺑﯿﺔ 1ـ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻹﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ Thymelaeaceae.............................................. 26 1 ــ 1 اﻹﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ...................................................................................26 1 ــ 2 اﻹﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ............................................................................ 26 2 ــ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ Thymelaea ..............................................................29 3- أھﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ..................................................................................29 4 ــ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺴﻼﻻت اﻟﺒﻜﺘﯿﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮة...............................................................30 4 ــ 1 اﻟﺴﻼﻻت ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﺮام................................................................................30 4 ــ 1 ــ Escherichia coli 1 .............................................................................30 4 ــ 1 ــ Klebsiell pneumonia 2.......................................................................30 4 ــ 2 اﻟﺴﻼﻻ ت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﺮام ..........................................................................31 4 ــ 2 ــ Staphylococcus 1 .............................................................................31 4 ــ 2 ــ S.aureus 2 ......................................................................................31 4 ــ 2 ــ S.blanc 3........................................................................................31 4 ــ 2 ــ Pseudomonas aerogenosa 4..................................,…....……............32 5- ﻓﻄﺮﯾﺎت Aspergillus niger...........................................................................32 6- اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻀﺎده ﻟﻼﻛﺴﺪة............................................................,....................32 6-1 ﻣﺎھﻲ ﻣﻀﺎدات اﻻﻛﺴﺪة....................... ........................................................32 6-2 أھﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻀﺎدات اﻻﻛﺴﺪة...............................................................................32 6-3 اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺒﯿﺌﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ اﻟﺠﺬور
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