UKPAIÜ [All ÜBSEPVEP Vol. VI No. 3—4 LONDON, MARCH— APRIL 1954 Price I s

CONTENTS: Soviet Pereyaslav Celebrations

SOVIET PEREYASLAV CE­ The celebrations organized by the 3) Referring to more recent histor­ LEBRATIONS ...... 1-2 Russians to mark the 300th anniver­ ical developments, the Soviets affirm sary of Pereyaslav, reported in the that the Lenin-Stalin policy of nation­ alities is thus a product of a long series P. Poltava news section of our journal, have a po­ litical significance, the effects of which of historical events, and that there are PREPARATIONS FOR THE are not only taken into account by the no longer any obstacles to a “ lasting” THIRD WORLD WAR AND Kremlin but also by others. Party pro­ union of those nations with Russia. pagandists are holding meetings in all THE TASK OF THE UK­ These arguments have often been the schools, industrial concerns, factor­ refuted by impartial evidence. How­ RAINIAN NATION ...... 2-4 ies, and kolkhoses, to explain to the ever, we should like to stress that the Ukrainian population, the “ advantag­ Kyiv Rus was never the common state 25th AN NIVERSARY OF TH E es” of the “ union” with Russia. It is of the Ukrainians and Russians nor FOUNDATION OF THE OR­ indicated from the “ 20 theses” and were there any very close ties. Hetman the leading articles in “ Pravda” and GANIZATION OF UKRAIN­ Bohdan Khmelnytsky did not wage "Iswestija” , that the Bolshevist rulers any wars with the intention of achiev­ IAN NATIONALISTS (O.U.N) 4-7 regard the national problem as extrem­ ing a union with the Russian nation, ely important, as these celebrations” but simply made a forced alliance with WHAT ABOUT THE POLICY are to be continued in May. the Russian Tsar, because of the favo­ OF LIBERATION? ...... 7-8 Even the worst terrorism has failed urable military situation. The “ pro­ to prevent the national development gressive” nationalities policy of the CONVINCING ARGUMENTS 9 of the Ukrainian people, and their Russian Bolshevists, was never aimed achievements have spurred other na­ to give the nations freedom and inde­ DISGUISED RUSSIAN PRO­ tions within the Soviet Union to great­ pendence,- but was solely a means of PAGANDA ... 9-10 er efforts. suppressing and exploiting them. If one disregards the superficialities about the "celebrations” and considers The fact that these “ celebrations” COMMUNIST INTERPRETA­ are not only being held in Ukraine, but the inner meaning, it becomes obvious T IO N IN “ TH E TIM ES” ... 10-11 that the following points are of primary also in the more remote districts of the Soviet Union, Archangelsk and Koly­ importance: Prof. Dr. V . Derzhavyn ma, indicates that the Soviets are try­ 1) The Soviet Russians wish to ing to give the union of the nations prove that the Ukrainian nation was UKRAINIAN LITERATURE within the U.S.S.R., an ideological UNDER THE SOVIET OCCU­ allied to the Russian nation from the character, which is a direct contradic­ commencement of its history and that tion to the real facts and conditions. PATION ...... 11-12 both peoples referred to a common Statements to the effect that Russia state as their own from the days of the BERLIN “ helped” Ukraine three hundred years K y iv Rus. ago, will never convince Ukrainians (Futile and endless negotiations) 12 2) The Soviet Russians also main­ who know the true facts of Russian tain that the alliance between Hetman history. DECLARATION ...... 13 Bohdan Khmelnytsky and the Moscow Tsar was an act of “ union” of the two The foregoing also applies to the John F. Stewart nations, and all military operations propaganda disseminated by the Sov­ carried out by the Ukrainian Hetman EAST-WEST TRADE ...... 14-15 iets in the countries of the free world. are explained in this manner. The Even in South America the Commu­ Soviet Russians also attempt to UKRAINE BEHIND THE "prove” that a firm “ national friend­ nist parties have devoted considerable IRON CURTAIN ...... 15 ship” existed between the individual attention to this event, and the Com­ nations of the present Soviet Union, as munist press in all the countries have IN ANSWER TO AN ARTICLE 16 early as the mid-i7th century. published the “ 20 Thesies.” Page 2______UKRAINIAN OBSERVER ______No. 3—4,

P. Poltava face, which is deaf and blind to all the sufferings and miseries of human beings throughout the whole world. Drunk by victory over Hitlerite Ger­ many and Japan, counting on their milit­ TRANSLATED FROM AN “UNDERGROUND PUBLICATION” IN ary superiority over the West, they are UKRAINE, ISSUED BY THE INFORMATION BUREAU OF trying to widen their regime of terror and exploitation, of suppression and annihil­ UKRAINIAN SUPREME LIBERATION COUNCIL ation, over the whole of Europe and (U.H.V.R.)—VOL. No.9—MAY 1951 Asia, at least. The Role of Bolshevik U.S.S.R. in the and its development; the confusion and Such is the true role of the Russo- Preparation of a New War the panic in the Western World in con­ bolshevik clique in the preparation of a new World War, and these are the main The Russo-bolshevik imperialists are nection with this war; the universally aims of their politics. trying to lay at the door of the Anglo- known mendacity and cynicism of the American. block the guilt for the present bolshevic propaganda—all this indicates The Mendacity of the Bolshevik Peace world tension and bolshevik propaganda beyond all doubts that the war in Korea Propaganda was prepared and provoked by the tries to “ prove” that it is the ruling circl­ After what has been said about the North-Korean stooges of the Russo-bol­ es of the West that are aiming at a new true role of the bolshevik imperialism shevik imperialists. war, not the government of the U.S.S.R.. with regards to their preparations for a Secondly,in the winter of 1950, the In reality, the opposite is true, as can new world war, it is not difficult to un­ Asian members of the United Nations be judged by these facts: derstand that the activities of the bol­ had proposed a conference of 7 powers First, on June 25, 1950 war activities sheviks for peace and against war are no in order to reach a peaceful settlement started in Korea. On that day North-Ko- more than a cynical deception of the of the Korean conflict. The Western rean troops occupied a considerable slice toiling masses of U.S.S.R., and of the states agreed on one condition: before of South-Korean territory. In the course whole of mankind. In the same way, the the conference should start, war activit­ of the months of July and August 1950 Russo-bolshevik war instigators are try­ ies must be stopped. But the Russo-bol­ the North-Korean army developed such ing to place the guilt for such a war at shevik imperialists and their satellites a furious offensive that almost the whole the door of their adversaries. They know refused. of the Korean territory fell into its very well how deeply all the nations of Thus again the same question emerg­ hands. the world hate and detest imperialistic es: is it possible for a side that really Considering this fact, can it be possible wars and, consequently, the bolshevik wishes for a peaceful settlement, to that this war was prepared and started tyrants are trying to mask themselves. decline the possibility of a solution by by South-Koreans? The experience of all All their activities “ for peace” are no reason of such a trifle? wars is against such an assumption. The more than a smoke screen, behind which From the behaviour of the bolshevik superiority is always at first with the side they are trying to conceal their criminal imperialists and their satellites in the K o ­ which assails, and the war in Korea was aims. no exception. The language of facts and rean conflict it is*' clear proof that they But the Ukrainian nation Will not be events is much more convincing than do not wish for a settlement of the deceived. We hope too that the whole bolshevik propaganda. The circumstan­ Korean conflict, but on the contrary, they world will not allow ■ Moscow to ces in which the Korean war broke out aim at the inflammation of the war, by ordering their Chinese puppet to enter deceive it. the conflict, and declined any attempt at Behind the emblem of the dove, which Unfortunately, part of the free press a peaceful settlement of the conflict. All is used by the Kremlin for their “Peace in the Western World has also publish­ these facts furnish clear evidence that: offensive” , the nations know only too ed the Bolshevist arguments and the 1. The warmongers are not the rul­ well that the Russo-bolsheviks are Russian falsifications of history, word ing circles of the Western powers, preparing for another bloody war, in­ for word. Truman, Acheson, Marshal, or volving the whole world. Mention has already been made of Churchill, but the Moscow chief­ the political nature of the "celebra­ The Anti-liberation Policy of the West­ tains—Stalin, Molotov, Malenkov, tion.” Their aim is to strengthen the ern Block and the whole Politbureau of the "everlasting friendship” of the nations The official programme of the Western Kremlin; of the Soviet Union and to create the powers in their struggle against the Rus­ 2. the most reactionary, cruel, aggres­ impression that all the nations have so-bolshevik block has not been too clear sive, and also the most dangerous equal rights but are guided by their until now. There are, however, some in­ to humanity is today the imperial­ "big brother, Russia.” Russian Bol­ dications which allow one to make some ism of Moscow, the Russo-bolshe­ shevist propaganda will never be able pertinent deductions. vik pretenders for world domina­ to conceal the truth about an event, tion; The first indication is the generally which has been recorded in the annals negative attitude of American, and 3. the most potent enemies of the U k­ of history, for the past three hundred equally of British, political thought with rainian nation, and the enemies of years, and the results of which have regard to the idea of the independence the peoples of U.S.S.R., and indeed long since been superseded by other and the national sovereignty of all the of the world, are the Russo-bol­ historical facts. countries in the world which are striving shevik imperialists. The feelings, which have been caus­ for such an independence. The majority The war in Korea has thoroughly un­ ed by these communist celebrations, of the American political ideologists are masked the Russo-bolshevik tyrants and will make the Ukrainians realise that expressing themselves against the divi­ bared before the eyes of all mankind the prevailing conditions must be over­ sion of the world into small, independent, their greedy, voracious, bloodthirsty come, and the Pereyaslav Treaty rele­ national states. Many of them call the gated to the past with Russian political * (This publication was written in the principle of self-determination of na­ tutelage. beginning of the year 1951.) tions, brought forth and propagated in • No. 3- 4 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 3

1918 by President of the U.S.A. W. Wil­ such an occupation under the professed own native soil, as a sole guarantee of our son—c'tne most tragic error” of this democratic formula of such an Assembly. victory m our struggle for liberation. President. The present ideal of the Ame­ For instance, in 1917 this Kerensky This is the basis of Ukrainian liberation rican, as well as of the British politi­ agreed, only under the terrible pressure policy. By this plan Ukrainians have the cians is the creation of such supra-natio­ of the intra-Russian difficulties, and after duty first of all, to continue the active nal political structures as say, the United the ferocious political battles with the fight for the preservation of the Ukrai­ States of Europe, or even—the United Ukrainian Centralna Rada (the democ- nian liberation underground, and its Slates of the World. Consequently, the ratic Ukrainian Parliament), to recognise further development, as the sole organiz­ idea of the reconstruction of the ii as the autonomous supreme govern­ ed, experienced and. tested political and U.S.S.R. on the lines of the principle of ment in Ukraine. And now, today, the military hard core of the liberation mov­ the state independence of all the single American friends of Mr. Kerensky ement in occupied Ukraine, which can ■ nations of U.S.S.R., is, at present, in the would like to see him as the leader of all use each war solely and exclusively in leading Anglo-American political circles political forces which are interested in the direction of the liberation of the not very popular. These circles propose the downfall of the bolshevik rule in the whole Ukrainian nation. the preservation of the territorial integ­ U.S.S.R. They would very much like to rity of the present U.S.S.R. They recom­ sec the Ukrainian independent liberation ihe Ukrainian Nation and the Russo- mend rather the change of the political, movement brought under his direction. Bolshevik Allegedly Peaceful social and economical order inside the Considering the trend of the Anglo- Propaganda U.S.S.R., but not a profound national American policy, the Ukrainian nation The preparing and unleashing of a reconstruction of the bolshevik prison is fully entitled to forecast that the new world war by the Russo-boishevik of nations. future war will in all probability not imperialists has got to be answered by We will not try to argue here how er­ affect their liberation. the Ukrainian nation by means of streng­ roneous such a Western attitude is and, Possibly, the Anglo-American side has thening the liberation struggle and by the in the present conditions of the U.S.S.R., no predatory ambitions concerning the continuous undermining of their military strictly reactionary, too. The readers of U.S.S.R., and Ukraine, but they support anci economic power. our “underground literature” can be in­ the powers which are inimical towards This struggle should be strengthened formed about that by our “ underground Ukraine, and which aim at the preserva­ by individual clandestine sabotage of political publications.” Here we would tion of Russian colonial domination over production: by the disruption of the like to indicate only that the main error the non-Russian peoples and their terri­ plans of production and by wrecking of the American ideologists lies in the tories. Consequently, the policy of this contracts at the “ socialist competitions.” fact that they under-emphasize the block concerns the 40-miliion Ukrainian They should avoid being included in the national factor in Europe and Asia. people, as it would appear to have a Stakhanov-movement by all possible Another indication concerning the clear antiliberation character. If the Uk­ means; they should not perform more aims of the Western powers in the com­ rainian nation, and all the other peoples than their coercive norms; to disorganize ing war against the U.S.S.R. can be de­ of the U.S.S.R. cannot count upon the the terms and dates of agricultural deliv­ duced from the active support given to adherence and sympathy of the Anglo- eries; to delay the thrashing of the grains; émigré groups from the territories of American side for their national and to secretly damage machines and other the U.S.S.R., chiefly Russian groups, by state liberation in the future war, then it working tools and appliances in industry, the ruling American circles. This support can be assumed that neither side will transportation, etc. etc. is rendered to groups which profess to fight for their liberation. It is necessary to create new and grow­ fight; for the change of the internal order in such a case the Ukrainian nation, ing difficulties everywhere and not to of the U.S.S.R., but not the reconstruc­ and all the other subjugated peoples of allow them to fulfil their criminal plans tion of the U.S.S.R. according to the the U.S.S.R., would not greet this war as for the preparation of the new war principle of full state sovereignty of the a war of liberation, nor the Western ad­ smoothly—such is at the present time the subjugated nations. versaries of the U.S.S.R., as their sincere main fighting task of Ukrainian peasants, friends. workers and the creative intelligentsia. Special support and sympathy is giv- ' en to Mr. Alexander Kerensky of Russia The Main Tasks of the Ukrainian By secret individual resistance the U k­ well-known from the 1917-1918 revolu­ Nation rainian people would be in tbe position tion. Mr. Kerensky’s proposition is as The main tasks of the Ukrainian na­ to deal the Russo-bolshevik enslavers follows: after the downfall of the bol­ tion at the present time of world history very serious blows. The weaker the shevik regime, an all-Russian Constitu­ are as follows: military and economic power of the U.S.S.R.. would become, the less bloody tional Assembly should be convoked, 1. Not to be deceived by imperialistic the coming war would be, and the small­ i. e., an Assembly manned by delegates propaganda of any kind, especially from er sacrifices the Ukrainian people would from all the territories of the U.S.S.R. the Russo-bolshevik quarter. The U k­ have to pay on the front of the imperial­ This Assembly would have the power to rainians are to have and to keep their istic war, as well as during its own war of decide the future of the single non-Rus­ own independent view, concerning the liberation. sian nations of the U.S.S.R.. Obviously, present international relations. such, a conspicious Russian imperialist 2. Not to be used as a pawn by any The mendacious bolshevik propaganda and chauvinist as Mr. Kerensky, well- imperialistic policy of the contesting “ for peace” has got to be answered by known to the Ukrainians, does not for a blocks. Nor to be made to supply man equal moral resistance. Especially avoid moment think that the proposed all-Rus- power for cannon-fodder in the name of all agitations “ for peace” , shun as far as sian Constitutional Assembly would vote victory by any imperialism; possible all participation at “peace” for the separation of Ukraine, Byelorus­ 3. To preserve in the future as in the meetings, conferences, congresses etc. etc. sia,Caucasus and other non-Russian ter­ past a thoroughly independent character Every patriotic Ukrainian man or ritories from Russia. Kerensky would of Ukrainian liberation policy. woman who understands the “ peace” like to hide Russian greed for new occu­ 4. To continue the active struggle for propaganda should expose these lies to pation of non-Russian territories, or at the preservation and further develop­ friends and relatives. It is essential to least, to win time for the preparation of ment of its own liberation forces on its prove by all available arguments the true Page 4 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 3— 4 role of the Russo-bolsheviks as the in­ stigators of war at the present time. Such an enlightening work would help 25th Anniversary oi the Foundation oi the the education and the development of anti-bolshevik consciousness of the Uk­ Organization oi Ukrainian Nationalists (O.U.N.) rainian nation. 28. 1. 29— 3. 2. 29. The second fighting slogan of Uk­ rainian patriots at the present time is to A fearful winter ly. After the breakdown of the armed prevent the deception of the people and Ukrainian national liberation struggle to expose the true ultimate aim of the The winter 1928/29 was one of the at the end of the Great Revolution communists. most severe ever known in the history of Europe and Eurasia. All European 1917-1920, and the collapse in 1920 of The Ukrainian Nation and the Third rivers, even those in Spain, Italy and the independent Ukrainian national W orld W ar Greece were frozen. Birds died on the democratic State—the Ukrainian Na­ tional Republic (U.N.R.) which was In the event of a 3rd World War, or wing. One third of European locomo­ established in 1918, for 2 years—Uk­ some other war in which the U.S.S.R. tives broke down, and international raine was divided into four parts. The will participate, the Ukrainian nation communications were thoroughly dis­ armed aggression and the terror of the should take full advantage of the opport­ organised. Russo-bolshevik regime, as well as the unity to regain her national, state and These were the weather conditions imperialism of other neighbours of Uk­ social liberation through the defeat of the when the First Congress of Ukrainian raine proved, at that time to be Russo-bolshevik rule in Ukraine. Nationalists was held secretly in Vien­ stronger than the Ukrainian national This would be the responsibility of the na, from January 28, till February 3, resistance. The largest part of Ukraine liberation movement directed by the Uk­ 1929. Thirty lour delegates, entitled to came under Russo-bolshevik occupa­ rainian revolutionary underground. Con­ vote, from different provinces of Uk­ tion in the form of the Ukrainian Sov­ sequently, their main duty is to preserve raine, and an almost equal number of iet Socialist Republic;the second larg­ capability of action and to develop all guests were present. Some had to cover est part, Western Ukraine, was forcib­ necessary preparations in view of the journeys of more than 1000 miles. ly included in Poland. The remaining coming events. Practically, the sole gua­ Others had to come to Vienna illegal­ parts were incorporated into the King­ rantee of our victory is an efficiently ly, particularly those from .the West- dom of Roumania and the Republic of w ig Ukrainian underground, and Ukraine, which was occupied at that Czechoslovakia. it is me duty of the nation to give it time by Poland, and had to cross by every support possible, even more at the foot the Carpathian mountains and With advancing years all these present time than in the past. forests during that fearful winter. foreign regimes in Ukraine became more ruthless. All of them aimed at the Every Ukrainian who is a member of The historical background the Soviet armed forces, whether a pri­ political, cultural, social and economic vate, sergeant, or an officer sent by the The severity of that winter was sym­ suppression of the Ukrainian nation. Russo-bolsheviks to some of the fronts bolic: Ukraine of those days had to To appreciate fully the political and of such an imperialistic war, has a pri­ suffer an equally severe time political- historical importance of the First Con­ mary obligation to fight for the total gress of Ukrainian Nationalists in defeat of the Russo-bolshevik domina­ Vienna, its historical background in all Russia. This is shown by our centuries four parts, especially those in the tion in Ukraine. The liberation struggle long historical experience. inside the Soviet armed forces could deal U.S.S.R. and in Poland, must be uii- The approaching World War would, destood. the most decisive blows at the Russo- in all probability be conducted in more bolshevik war machine. favorable internal and external condi­ The Soviet Ukraine Equally, all Ukrainians working in the tions than the two previous ones, as The military defeat of 1919/1920 rear should fight, too, during the war the Western powers had Russia as their did not weaken the Ukrainian revolu­ With the aim of the downfall of the Rus­ ally and, consequently, were vitally in­ tionary liberation movement, but it so-bolshevik domination in Ukraine, and terested in the preservation of the Rus­ for the liberation of the Ukrainian nation took on a different form. Under the sian empire, but now are themselves Bolshevik occupation, the Ukrainian from the Russo-bolshevik yoke. mortally endangered. national resistance at first took the i lie Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Our destiny lies in our hands. Our li­ Council as the leading organ, would give form of open uprisings and rebellions. beration depends entirely on our ability This continued long after the war had the Ukrainian nation the exact directives to wage and develop an adequate broad ended. Later, after the Soviet regime how to behave and how to wage its libe­ and persistent struggle against the Russo- ration struggle at the proper time. All bolsheviks. grew stronger, the Ukrainian national Ukrainians are obliged to carry out such resistance assumed the form of secret We believe firmly and unflinchingly in directives, accurately courageously and political organizations. The most im­ the liberty-loving spirit of the Ukrainian sacrificially. This is one of the most im­ portant of these was the “ Union for nation: of its deep hatred for the Russo- portant preconditions of our victory. bolshevik enslavement: in the desire of the Liberation of Ukraine” (S .V .U . = Every man and woman should be ready the Ukrainian masses for their national "Soyuz Vyzvolennia Ukrainy” ). The to follow the call and rally under the and social liberty; in the yearning of Uk­ monster trial of some of its members, banners of the all-national liberating re­ rainians to lead a really free, prosperous with Professor Yefremov at the head, volution in the name of the final destruc­ and happy life—without “protectors”, staged by Moscow, proved that this tion of the Russo- bolshevik domination, “liberators”, and other foreign managers and removal from Ukraine. was a movement to which all social and supervisors. classes of Ukraine belonged. The nation must counteract all Rus­ When the testing time arrives, we From 1928 Russian reaction began in sian political forces which would attempt know that the Ukrainian nation will Ukraine by the liquidation of promin­ to keep Ukraine in “ federation” with come through with all honour and glory. ent people in all cultural and social No. 3—4 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 5 walks of life, followed by the annihi­ a few opportunities of fighting for This Organization was very popular lation of the political leaders of Uk­ their political and national rights by with the former soldiers ot the Ukrain­ rainian S.S.R. It was also the com­ legal democratic methods. This was ian armies, and was led by Colonel mencement of the first Stalinist 5-year- being done by Ukrainian political part­ Eugene Konovalets. plan;, the total collectivization of indi­ ies. But in principle, no Ukrainian re­ At first U.W.O. had no political vidualistic agriculture in Ukraine was cognized Polish rule over Western Uk­ ambitions and regarded its role only as at stake. Hundreds of thousands of raine. This attitude was observed that of an “ executive weapon’’ in the Ukrainians were sent to concentration amongst others, in the way that in all hands of the parties. But as Polish camps and jails, or were shot outright Ukrainian publications Poles were policy became more and more fascist, by the N.K.V.D., then known as the always referred to, as the occupying they necessarily became more and GiP.U. These ferocious Russian mea­ power; this emphasizes the illegal and more opportunistic. Finally the pat­ sures revealed the utter futility of legal temporary nature of the existing state riotic U.W.O. was no more in the po­ forms, of struggle against Russo-bol- of affairs. sition to support and obey the opport­ shevik totalitarianism which in turn unistic directives of the Ukrainian accentuated the underground forms of legal parties. The leaders of U.W.O. struggle for liberation. Several millions saw that the present framework of its of Ukrainians died of starvation in the organization was too narrow, with its in­ artificially created famine in 1933. All fluence on the masess mounting stead­ this horror did not break the spirit of ily, a‘nd that it was necessary to tran­ Ukrainian nationalism; which remain­ sform —from a military revolution­ ed as the outward manifestation of the ary to a political revolutionary organi­ Ukrainian people’s desire for freedom zation. Simultaneously, it was neces­ and independence. sary to expand the Western Ukrain­ Ukrainian nationalism proved to be ian unit to an all-Ukrainian revolu­ a tremendous spiritual, social, and tionary organization, by uniting all the political power, able to inspire the revolutionary forces of Ukraine a^d whole nation to outstanding, even to launch one united action for the res­ heroic deeds and achievements. But, toration of Ukraine’s political and na­ owing to the terrible pressure of the tional independence. Lieutenant-General Russo-bolshevik regime, it has a rather The living conditions of Ukrainians TARAS CHUPRYNKA scattered and incoherent character. in Roumania and Czechoslovakia were (SHUKHEWYCH) The problem was to connect and to similar and led to the same conclusions: mould all these manifestations into one (t 5. 3. 1950) the necessity of the creation of an all- ideological and organized shape. The Head of the O .U .N in Ukraine Ukrainian political liberating revolu­ exterminating Russo-bolshevik offen­ Commanding General of U.P.A. tionary organization uniting all Uk­ sive against the Ukrainian people had Head of the General Secretariat of rainian patriots, independents and na­ to be answered by adequate counter­ U.H.V.R. tionalists. It was quite clear to all, that measures. Consequently, the founding no evolutionary process in U.S.S.R., of the Organization of Ukrainian Na­ But gradually Poland changed more or in Poland could ever free Ukraine, tionalists, as the central directing body and more into a totalitarian, fascist and that this could only be achieved of the whole Ukrainian nationalist country which convinced the Western by a national liberating revolution. movement, became an impending Ukrainians, that legal political strug­ necessity. gle in Poland was finished. The possi­ O.U.N. bilities of conducting such a form of This was the LTkrainian political and Western Ukraine under Polish rule struggle were becoming more limited, historical background to the winter as­ Ukrainian political struggle for in­ and at last, shortly before the outbreak sembly in 1929 in Vienna, of outstand­ dependence and national statehood of the 2nd World War, vanished com­ ing Ukrainian revolutionaries and lead­ developed along different lines in West­ pletely. This was the reason why the ing political figures. As the result of the ern Ukraine under Polish rule. Owing legal Ukrainian political parties in Po­ Vienna deliberations the existence of to the political and military help of land began to lose their influence the former “ Ukrainian Military Orga­ the Western Allies, chiefly of France, among the masses. nization” (U.W.O.) was cancelled, the Poles succeeded in 1919 in defeat­ “ Ukrainian Military Organization” and instead the “ Organization of Uk­ ing the Western Ukrainian army. They (U.W.O.) rainian Nationalists,” under the lead­ ership of Colonel Eugene Konovalets, occupied the territories of Western There also existed in Poland a was created. It was destiny for these Ukraine and annihilated the democrat­ strong nationalistic Ukrainian under­ ic statehood of the Western part of the ground movement which expressed three initials: “ O.U.N.” to become Ukrainian National Republic. These their stubborn point of view in relation prominent in Ukrainian national his­ lands were illegally incorporated into to Poland. This was the Ukrainian Mi­ tory during the next 25 years. Poland against the expressed wishes of litary Organization (U.W.O.—“ Uk- From now on a clearly formulated the vast majority of the native popula­ rainska Wijskova Organizatsia” ), policy of Ukrainian nationalism was tion, which was Ukrainian. By virtue founded by former officers of the Uk­ set and a coherent constitutional, cul­ tural, economic and social programme of the decision of the allied Council rainian armies. The aim of U.W.O. was to prepare an uprising against Po­ was developed. By “ nationalism” was of Ambassadors in 1923, these lands land. It countered the Polish extermin­ meant the restoration of a completely were to have full autonomy. However, ation policy with armed acts of na­ independent and sovereign Ukrainian the Polish government never observed tional self-defence against those Poles national state. This movement was these stipulations. In the first years of who were the most ruthless and guilty based on the interests of the Ukrainian the Polish occupation, Ukrainians had in the eyes of the Ukrainian people. people, and was the expression of their Page 6 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 3—4: will to freedom. This Ukrainian “ na­ resources, but it was a demonstration foUght, were “ Freedom to Nations” tionalism” is a completely construct­ before the whole world of the Ukrain­ and “ Freedom to Individuals.” In. the ive spiritual, moral and political power ian nation’s desire for freedom and in­ name of these ideals a. vigourous cam-. and has nothing in common with the dependence. The leaders, officers and paign was conducted, against, the. covetous, devouring chauvinism of men of the small Carpatho-Ukrainian German and Soviet imperialisms. As a. nations who already possess independ­ aim)? which fought valorously against result of this policy* a “ Conference of ent statehcods, but are trying to len­ renewed Hungarian, Czech and Polish the Enslaved Nations of Eastern Eu­ gthen their boundaries by the subjuga­ aggression were for the most part mem­ rope” was held in 1943, at which the tion, occupation and exploitation of bers of O.U.N. “ Antibolshevik Block of Nations” other nations. It is characteristic that 1941: Re-establishment of Ukrainian (A.B.N.) was formed. Again the the Russo-bolsheviks have always re­ State O.U.N. representing the Ukrainian ferred to the liberation struggle of the segment of A.B.N. sent its ablest and- The O.U.N. was resolved to use the Ukrainian nation, and all other non- approaching 2nd World War as an op­ most energetic leaders. Russian nations of the Soviet Union, portunity and a means to re-establish as- "damned bourgeois nationalism” , Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council the suppressed Ukrainian national with growing passion and hatred. state. In April 1941, two months before The tremendous growth of .the The Leading Ukrainian Political Power tee Nazi war against U.S.S.R., the O.U.N. and U.P.A. created' new orga­ In the course of the past 25 years the O.U.N. resolved at its Second Cong­ nizational and internal political prob­ O.U.N became a tremendous power in ress in Krakow that the Ukrainian na­ lems. As early as 1944 it became evict-. the political, cultural and social life of tion would continue its struggle for eiit that the sup eme political and' the whole of Ukraine. This organiza­ liberation and a state of its own, dis­ military command of the Ukrainian tion influenced the historical course and regarding all possible territorial chang­ struggle for liberation cannot rest in the political destiny of all 4 powers es in Eastern Europe. On June 30th, the hands of one party only. 'Although' which were or are occupying Ukraine 1941 the Ukrainian National Assembly created by the O.U.N., the U.P.A. ■—Poland, Roumania, Czechoslovakia in Lviv, convoked by the O.U.N., became all-inclusive and all-national and—at present the U.S.S.R. Begin­ proclaimed a Caretaker Ukrainian Go­ in character in a very short time. The"! ning in 1929 the O.U.N’s activities vernment, charged with the task of re­ ranks of U.P.A. were swollen with Ult- grew more and more. Special attempts establishing a Ukrainian state. The rain'ans of all walks of life, whether ' led by Colonel Eirgene Konovalets Nazis countered this Ukrainian move they were members of O.U.N., or not: were made in the territory of the with reprisals and violence. The Uk­ First the U.P.A. became an armed Ukrainian S.S.R., which were so suc­ rainian government was arrested, political organization common to all cessful and so dangerous to the Krem­ thousands of patriots were banished to Ukrainians, in which the whole Uk­ lin, that the Russo-bolsheviks were concentration camps. A relentless strug­ rainian nation participated and took compelled to employ radical counter­ gle began between the Nazi aggressor pride. It was now necessary that a sup-' measures. Colonel Eugene Konovalets and the revolutionary Ukrainian spirit. reme political and state organ should • was assassinated in Rotterdam in 1938 Ukrainian Insurgent Army (U.P.A.) crown the national struggle,' in which by an agent of the N.K.V.D., in the The most important and best known all. strata of Ukrainian national life ' same way as Symon Petlura the former part of this struggle was the vast should be represented. In -June, 1944, f president • of the Ukrainian National guerilla warfare against the Nazis, as a Ukrainian National Congress was Republic had been, in Paris in 1926. well as the Russo-bolshevik occupants. convened on the territory occupied by - But even this great blow did not weak­ In 1943 all Ukraine seethed with guer­ U.P.A., attended by representatives of en the determination of the Ukrainian illa activities. Guerilla groups called various political groups and parties' as people to continue their struggle for li­ “ Marching Groups” were formed by well as all social classes from all over beration. O.U.N. in 1041, and in 1942 “ Units the Ukraine. This Congress gave birth of Ukrainian Nationalists” sprouted to the Supreme Ukrainian Liberation Historical achievements out everywhere, particularly in the Council (U.H.V.R.), as the -supreme The history of O.U.N. if written in forest regions of Northern, Central and state organ of the Ukrainian nation, detail, would fill many bulky volumes. Southern Ukraine; they were even­ for the duration of the struggle for This article allows no more than to tually united in early 1943 under one freedom and statehood. This Council is., enumerate the main achievements of supreme command. Thus the famous O.U.N. O.U.N. in the fateful years shortly Ukrainian Insurgent Army (“ Ukrain- built on democratic principles. Its exe­ before IQ30, to the present day. On ska Povstancha Armia”—U.P.A.) cutive is the Secretariat-General. Al­ the eve of the Second World War the came into being. The O.U.N. provided though the O.U.N., as well as other situation in Ukraine was that the main the U.P.A. with its best military and forms of political and social life - of weight of the struggle for liberation political leaders; in short, U.P.A. was free Ukraine came under the rules at rested principally on the shoulders of primarily a product of O.U.N. The the Constitution of U.H.V.R.,, it the Ukrainian nationalistic under­ war against Germany was wholeheart­ should be borne in mind that the prime ground. edly approved by the Ukrainian source of creation and existence of people, who consequently gave full Carpatho-Ukraine LLH.V.R. was and still remains the support to the U.P.A. This proved to be true in the case O.U.N.. A.B.N. of the collapse of Czechoslovakia. Finally, after the 2nd World War, The Ukrainian struggle for libera­ The result of O.U.N. activities was although the main bulk of the activi­ the creation of the independent Car- tion answered the desires of other en­ slaved nations. O.U.N. and U.P.A. ties of O.U.N.-U.P.A.-U.H.V.R. re­ patho-Ukrainian state in 1938-1939. were able to mobilize all these non- mains in Ukraine, the O.U.N. develop­ The O.U.N. did not expect this state Russian nations effectively. The fun­ ed large scale activities amongst the to survive for long—because of its size, damental slogans under which this vast Ukrainian political emigrants in geographical location and economic struggle was fought, and is still being the Western World. A propaganda No. 3—4 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 7

WHAT ABOUT THE POLICY OF been free, are to be defended. There is no obstacle to an agreement being reach­ LIBERATION? ed. Remarks on the forgotten book, by James Burnham Burnham’s Criticism of the Contain­ ment Policy One of the policies advocated by the East European nations was by no means The Containment Policy, which led to Republican Party in their presidency enviable. an expansion of the Bolshevist sphere of election campaign concerned Eastern influence, was sharply criticized by James Europe, and was known as the Libera­ “ We cannot accept as justified or Burnham. This author defined the six tion Policy. The opinion was expressed permanent the present division of Europe. Our hope is that peaceful fundamental faults of this political or that a re-orientation of America’s foreign rather ideological foreign conception as policy as regards the East European na­ means will he found to enable the follows : tions suppressed by bolshevism, was pos­ countries of Eastern Europe again to play their part as free nations in a free sible, but not, however, agreed as 1) “ The policy of containment is in­ Europe.” to the extent of this new policy. One ternally inconsistent. It both denies side expressed the opinion that the new The American President in his address and presupposes the ‘co-existence of foreign policy would include only the so- to the U.N Assembly on December 8, rocialism and capitalism’, as it is called satellite states, whilst the other 1953, made various statements which in termed in communist propaganda.” side maintained that it should also in­ theory sound quite positive but, regarded 2) “ From the strategic point of view, clude all the nations of the present So­ from the concrete aspect ('especially with the policy of containment is purely de­ viet Union. referenece to the Soviet Union and Rus­ fensive.” It is exactly a year ago that James sia). appear very questionable. As re­ 3) “ A defensive strategy, inadequate Burnham’s book, “ Containment or L i­ gards the fundamental attitude of the in every case, is triply so when applied beration,” was published in New York, United States Mr. Eisenhower said, to the Soviet Union. An opponent lo­ in which he set down the problems, tac­ cated in a relatively small territory, tics, and aims of this Liberation Policy. “ It is with the book of history and with a small population, weak in The book was not a success with the not with isolated pages, that the resources or passive in attitude, American public, and the American press United States will ever wish to be iden­ might be successfully ‘contained’ kept quiet on this subject. Now is the tified. My country wishes to be con­ for some while. On all accouts, time to enquire whether James Burn­ structive. It wants agreements, not the Soviet Union is the oppos­ ham’s theories have been re-echoed by wars among nations. It wants, itself, ite to such a convenient opponent.” America’s foreign policy. to live in freedom and also that the 4) “ The positive point of the policy Two events in the last month of 1953 peoples of every other nation may of liberation is the proposal to ‘build have undoubtedly attracted the attention enjoy equally the right of choosing situations of strength’ : that is, to im­ of all those interested in world politics. their own way of life.” prove the economic, social and milit­ The Bermuda Conference and President On the question of a concrete policy ary conditions of the non-communist Eisenhower’s address to the U .N . Assem­ on the part of the United States towards nations, so that they will become out bly, which dealt with the problem of Russia Mr. Eisenhower made the follow­ posts against Soviet advance. The dif­ lessening the tension in the international ing statements: ficulty with this priaseworthy aim is situation both contained certain ideas that under the perspective of contain­ which referred to America’s Soviet policy “ Very recently, we have received from ment, it is impossible.” and also to her relations with the East the Soviet Union what is, in effect, an 5) “ The policy of containment exclud­ European nations. expression of willingness to hold a es the initiation of any action within At the Bermuda Conference the lead­ Four Power meeting. Along with our the Soviet sphere. This means that the ers of Britain, France and America came Allies, Great Britain and France, we Soviet leadership is given a free hand to the conclusion that the position of the were pleased to see that this Note did to complete the consolidation of the not contain the unaccepable condi­ newly conquered regions, and to pro­ tions put forward previously.” mote their economic, social and polit­ campaign was launched amongst the “ We will concentrate on the single ical integration into the Soviet Western nations, with the aim to make purpose of emerging from that confer­ system.” the Ukrainian liberation cause known ence with tangible results towards 6) “ Spiritual force is needed together and understood. peace— the only true way of lessen­ with a firm resolution to sustain an ing international tension.” “ We unyielding effort through periods of The Ultimate Goal never have, we never will propose or failure, loss and sorrow. It is perhaps Thus, after 25 years of persevering suggest that the Soviet Union surrend­ the crucial defect of the policy of con­ and sacrificial work, the O.U.N. can er what is rightfully theirs.” tainment that it is incapable of meet­ look back to really conspicuous histo­ “ We will never say that the people of ing this moral and spiritual demand.” rical, political and social achievements. Russia are an enemy with whom we All the arguments propounded against The O.U.N. became an inseparable have no desire to deal or mingle in the Containment Policy have been sum­ part of modern Ukrainian history, in friendly and fruitful relationship.” med up intentionally, as both the Bermu­ its struggle for liberation and creation da Communiqué and Mr. Eisenhower’s Actually, these ideas are not new. Ba­ of an independent Ukrainian national address fundamentally represent a return State. It can be taken for granted that sically, they are the principles contained to this policy. Recent political moves by the O.U.N. will rot rest until the in the Containment Policy, which George the Soviets have indeed been crowned ultimate goal of the whole Ukrainian F. Kennan attempted to put into practice. with success, by the acceptance of the nation is reached—the liberty and sov­ Briefly, the Russians shall be allowed to Soviet suggestion that a Four Power Con­ ereignty of a free Ukrainian National retain their present “ possessions” and ference (without any formulated terms) State. only those countries which hitherto have should be held. American foreign policy Page 8 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 3—4 is now finding new formulas, which national tensions. The Kremlin fears of all central Eurasia by a single ag­ although not identical with the word that under the strain of general war gressive Power.” “ Containment” are nevertheless in oppo­ these tensions might become so acute James Burnham above all stresses the sition to the conception of “ Liberation.” as to lead not only to military defeat primary importance of the political elem­ William Henry Chamberlin makes an but to the end of the Soviet system. ent in dealing with the East European unsuccessful attempt in his latest book, That is why the Soviet leaders have felt problem, and refutes the “ arguments” of “ Beyond Containment” (Chicago, 1953), it essential, before starting a general the Russian emigration imperialists and to adopt an intermediate attitude. war, to consolidate the internal regime their Western friends. He rightly em­ of their Empire by a campaign of phasizes the fact that the successive stag­ Liberation Strategy terror, indoctrination and genocide.” es of political development can at best be Mr. Burnham rightly emphasizes that Ukraine and the Policy of Liberation liberation, independence, and federation. In this connection he is thinking of the that there are fundamental differences In the third part of his book James Russian “ federalist” ideology which seeks between the conception of the Soviet Burnham also deals with the Ukrainian to conceal its imperialist aims by resort­ Union and Russia, and that Ukraine has problem as an essential part of the Libe­ ing to 'political phrases which are more a right to a general liberation and the best ration concept. In an unbiased manner acceptable to the Western world. chances. “ In political weight national he examines the entire national problems “ Our proposal must be for the free­ liberation comes first, but the policy sells and stresses that they are. of primary im­ dom of all the nations; an Ukrainian individual and social liberation as well. portance. He points out that the Western has the same right to freedom as a Communist imperialism enslaves indivi­ boundary of the Soviet Union in 1939, Pole or a Russian. Only this universal duals, classes, religions and other social which in view of the present situation is interpretation, which is recommended groups.” speculative, should be taken into con­ alike by expediency and justice, will This is brought out clearly in Part VI sideration. release the centrifugal energy of all (The East European Strategy) where the From the political point of view there Liberation strategy as far as the East the Soviet Empire. A power which if is at present no difference between the given a chance to express itself can European countries are concerned is sum­ actual position of Rumania, Hungary, med up. Unlike most Western authors, shatter the imperial structure. It would Ukraine or Byelorussia. The governments be ludicrous to interpret a struggle James Burnham affirms that the basis of of all these countries are the puppets of the imperialism of the Soviet Union is against communism as a fight to pre­ Moscow, their Communist Parties arc serve the Russian Empire. If Rusians not only “ the communist world revolu­ controlled by one head party, and they are tionary enterprise” but is also tradition­ who claim to be anti-communists re­ the agents of one party, namely the Com­ fuse to extend the goal of freedom to ally Russian imperialism. Since it has munist Party. no national unity, liberation strategy non-Russians, then we must wonder As regards their legal international must be attuned particularly to those whose side they wili be on when a status, Ukraine and Byelorussia are mem­ national movements for freedom which showdown comes.” bers of the U.N. as are Poland and Che­ are still powerful at the present time. James Burnham was, of course, not choslovakia. Membership of the U.N. as “ The skeleton of the Ukrainian Insurgent able to deal with every problem concern­ far as the two former countries are con­ Army, which became a formidable anti- ing the suppressed nations in his book. cerned, is not merely the result of a trick Bolshevik as well as an anti-Nazi force Moreover, he intended his book as the on the part of the Kremlin, which would during the latter part of the war and the basic formulation of a new political ide­ like to have a large number of votes in following year or two still exists in Uk­ ology which could then have been enlarg­ this organization, but a positive politic­ raine and carries on limited activities.” ed upon. For this reason certain discrep­ al achievement of these two nations. “ The Furthermore, liberation strategy must ancies and inaccuracies are of no signi­ principal motive was undoubtedly to try include the entire Soviet sphere of in­ ficance. What is more important is the to give a safe and diverting outlet to the fluence in order to keep it in check fact that the question of the liberation of pressure of Ukrainian and Byelorussian and create obstacles which will deter the suppressed nations was raised a year nationalism.” Moscow from carrying out further plans ago. We may well ask ourselves at the Finally, the Liberation policy must be of aggression. Nothing could be more dan­ present time whether this question is still based on universal and moral principles, gerous than a period of rest which might being discussed, and what the attitude to which undoubtedly include the concept enable the Russian rulers to strengthen the Policy of liberation is today. of freedom and national independence. their position. The author very rightly It is only too obvious from the com­ A policy which is not based on funda­ remarks that if liberation strategy were ments on the Bermuda Conference, from mental principles of this kind will in the applied, the Soviets would not react with Mr. Eisenhower’s statementsj and from long run prove unsuccessful, for a purely open war, a fact which is feared in many the daily routine-policy that the policy of materialistic attitude in this respect will quarters in the West (especially in left- liberation has not been adopted by the most probably go hand in hand with wing quarters). According to his opinion Western World. No reasons have been counter-espionage and secret service or­ the following factors have so far deterred given for this, and we ask, what about ganizations. them from engaging in an extensive, open the policy of liberation? “ The policy of liberation recognises and armed conflict: Jaroslaw Z. Pelenshjj the right to self-determination and “ First, the superiority of United therefore to independence, of all the “ UKRAINIAN OBSERVER7• States production and technology, and nations of the Soviet Empire, includ­ thus the American armament poten­ of the ing the nations located within the pre- tial. 1939 Soviet boundaries. If liberation UKRAINIAN INFORMATION Secondly, American superiority in actually leads to the fractionalizing of SERVICE (U.I.S.) atomic armament and in the ability the present Soviet Empire into several published by to deliver atomic and other weapons wholly independent sovereign and Ukrainian Publishers Ltd., of mass destruction. rival states, this will at least remove 237,Liverpool Rd., Thirdly, internal Soviet difficulties the intolerable threat to world secur­ London, N .i. Tel. NORth 1828. which arise from individual class and ity which exists because of the control No. 3—4 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 9 CONVINCING ARGUMENTS Disguised Russian Propaganda When Admiral George Mentz made his speech on November 26, 1953, in the JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY Waldorf-Astoria Hotel on the occasion AND INSTITUTIONS OF THE U.S.S.R. (RUSSIAN: VESTNIK of the tenth anniversary of the founding INSTITUTA PO IZUCHENIYU ISTORII I KULTURY of the Anti-Bolshevic Block of Nations (A.B.N.), it was known by the free Uk­ S.S.S.R .), Vol. I-V , Munich, 1951-1953 rainian community in America that he former non-Russian nations, but no con­ did not share the views of the “American The Russian “ Institute for the Study of Committee for Liberation from Bolshev­ the History and Institutions of the crete arguments for this bold paradox are ism” and that he was opposed to their U.S.S.R,,” was founded in Munich at to be found anywhere in any of the five present leadership. Moreover, Admiral the end of 1950 by the aid of funds from volumes of the “ Journal” so far. That George Mentz, as an unbiassed Ameri­ American private circles (which also this restraint is by no means based on can, had shown an attentive and kindly finance the “ American Committee for the motives of scientific conscientiousness, but interest" in the struggle of the suppressed Lib:ration from Bolshevism” ). Its pub­ solely on the fact that they want to hush nations. But he excelled himself by his lications (which are published in Russian, up all problems which' are disagreeable analysis of Russian imperialistic Com­ but always include fairly detailed English, to Russian imperialism, is all too obvious, munism in his address. At the beginning German ,and French “ summaries” and from the systematic consistency with of his speech he made the f ollowing thus have a considerable circulation) advo­ which they ignore all Ukrainian questions, striking statement: cate the fundamental theory of the Rus­ or else mention these in such a manner as sian anti-Soviet emigrants, who are, prac­ to suggest that Ukraine is nothing more “ It is in every sense an honour, be­ tically without exception, agreed that a than one of the many “ Russian” territories cause I know full well of the gallant and successful struggle can only be waged (as for instance in the same way as the fearless campaign of the A.B.N. to expose agrinst Soviet Bolshevism, if the Western statement made by George Kennan, the terrible dangers of Russian Imperial­ Major Powers guarantee the unity and which has become “ classical,” regarding istic Communism, and your untiring ef­ integrity of the Russian imperium in prin­ the State of Pennsylvania in the U.S.A.). forts to awake free people to this real ciple, at least within its frontiers prior to menace and your firm allegiance to those In an article by 7. Smirnov in Vol. 1 1939. Otherwise “ Russian national senti­ dynamic political principles enunciated which discusses the “ new ideological ment” will object to any interference on in the American Declaration of Indepen­ purge” in Soviet art, literature, and the part of the Western Powers and will dence.” science in the year 1951, corresponding prefer to endure “ a bad dictatorship” on reprisals in Ukraine are indeed mention­ Admiral Mentz rightly opposed the the pert of the Communist rulers rather “ objections” raised by the representatives ed but an explanation is prompdy given, than the “ partition of Russia.” These that in the first place they do not repre­ of the individual nations of the West and views indicate the hostile political attitude sent a “ campaign against nationally mind­ convincingly refuted them. The first of of this “ Journal” to the struggle for natio­ these objections refers to “ non-interven­ nal independence which is being fought ed elements in peripheral republics” but tion in the internal affairs of the by all the non-Russian nations. What are bassed on much deeper reasons: U.S.S.R., because the Soviet citizens concerns us more at the moment is the “the Kremlin is preparing a new foreign might othervise unite with the Kremlin. manner in which this “ Journal” deals political venture (a forecast, which during The absurdity of this was proved by with the Ukrainian problem. the past two years has, incidentally, prov­ means of convincing arguments and ed false— V. D .’s remark) and for this those who advocated this were designated Since the authors of this ’’Journal” are reason it is necessary to strengthen the as “ either agents of the Kremlin, or plain obviously striving to preserve an outward fools.” appearance of scientific objectivity they moral and political unity of the Soviet prefer to desist from stating direct views nation,” that is to say, to carry out another Continuing, Admiral Mentz pointed on Ukrainian problems. Despite the fact ideological purge” . No one, and the author out that the suppressed nations could not that the reader is assured again and again refer to a fatherland united with Russia least of all, believes in an allegedly abst­ in numerous articles on the most varied as their own and that Stalin had not ract “ Soviet patriotism” on the part of subjects, that there is no national struggle succeeded in extirpating nationalism in the “ Soviet nations.” within the Soviet imperialism against the the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. “ elder Russian brother.” The whole Rus­ On the question of the artificial creation Proof of this, he added, was in the speech sian nation is apparently suffering under of a famine in the rural areas the authors made by Malenkov at Stalin’s funeral, in the bolshevist yoke just as much as the refrain from referring to the dreadful which the national aspect had been stres­ famine in Ukraine fom 1932 to 1933 and sed. mention a supposed “ genuine famine in American public, the idea that everyone The assertion that those who advocate the rural areas of the Volga district in the who talks about Russian Imperialism in an independent Ukraine, Byelorussia, winter of 1939-1940” , which surely never connection with Bolshevism is anti-Rus­ Georgia, Turkestan, etc. are “ separatists” resulted in millions of deaths as was the is equally absurd. It is very strange that sian! This false imputation was refuted case in Ukraine. Otherwise they briefly such outmoded ideas should be upheld in by Admiral Mentz’s concise arguments. write about “ a famine such as had never America, the country in which the right The Russian masses are reproached to safeguard national freedom is based though, because they show no resistance been known before in Ukraine, in North­ on the Declaration of Independence. against despots, dictators, and totalitarian ern Caucasia, Northern Kasakhstan, and in some of the Volga districts,” in order at The fifth problem to which Admiral systems. least to link up “ some of the (ethnically Mentz devoted considerable attention Thus another well-known American in referred to the existing relations between public life, Admirai Mentz, has expressed Russian) Volga districts” somehow with the suppressed nations and the Russian his adherence to our ideas,— a fact which Ukraine and so-called Northern Caucasia nation. The opponents of national libera­ deserves mention and which indicates (which is the preponderantly Ukrainian tion have endeavoured to instil into the that these ideas are the most objective. territory of the Kuban Cossacks, from the Page; to UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 3—4 ethnical point of view), although no named villages or r.ural areas, were wiped CjHiitnuiilst Interpretation in the out. completely by famine in 1932 and 3:933 in those.Volga districts mentioned. “The Times” Anything connected with the armed It is natural for the Bolshevist press the Bolshevist “ interpretation of history” national struggle of the Ukrainians to conduct a campaign against “ bourge­ and is typical Russian propaganda, but against Russian imperialism is omitted ois nationalism.” The nationalism of the they also completely distort historical intentionally. It is possible that N . Galay, subjugated nations in the U.S.S.R. is the facts. Every serious-minded journalist for instance, Fas -never heard of the Uk­ greatest danger to the Bolshevist totalitar­ knows full well that the Ukrainian na­ rainian “ blue” and the Ukrainian “ grey” ian system, and the present rulers in the tionalist movement of the nineteenth division's, consisting of Ukrainian prison- Kremlin are well aware of this. They and twentieth centuries was and still is a ers^ofewar, which were " formed in know only too well that the strength of completely independent phenomenon, Germany during World War I, but he Ukrainian national resistance is too great and that both the government of the Uk­ mentions such 'details as the existence of to be treated lightly. rainian Naional Republic (U.N.R.) and a Finnish battalion in the German army It is odd however, that there are polit­ also the revolutionary Ukrainian govern­ and of a Georgian battalion in the Turk­ icians and journalists in the West, who ment, which assembled in Lviv on June ish army;, when the same author deals net only oppose but even surpass the 30, 1941, were strongly opposed to Germ­ with, the “ partisan movements in the Russians in this respect. One of these an imperialism and national socialism. It U.S.S.R. during World- War II,” he dis­ journalists recently proved worthy of the cannot possibly be said that the Ukrain­ cusses in detail the- fairly unimportant Stalin Award,—mo other than Isaac ian nationalists, who were put into con­ anti-Soviet activity of' various groups of Deutscher, whose lengthy article on centration camps by the Nazis, “ sold partisans and deserters in (ethnically Mus­ “Changes in the Ukraine” (300th Anni­ themselves” to Germany. covite) Russia and throughout Siberia at versary of Union with Russia)' was pub- And the statement is by no means the some length, but dismisses- the subject of lished"in the London “ Times” on January the-, long struggle of the Ukrainian Insur­ most questionable of Isaac Deutscher’s [5- T954- gent'- Army (U.P. A.) with an insignific­ assertions. One could, of course, make ex­ We do not intend to discuss the entire cuses for him by affirming that the in-' ant -remark about “ remnants o f. anti- subject-matter of this article, although it German . partisans and Ukrainian and formation he had was one-sided. The contains statements which are neither following sentence in Deutscher’s article Caucasian national . partisan groups,” based on historical investigations nor on although the information about the activ­ illustrates his idea of an “ objective report” an adequate political analysis,'for instance, and journalistic “ fair p lay :” ity of the. U.P.A. in Soviet Ukrainian ter­ like (he following: “The Polish Ukraine was the home­ ritory-was in the Soviet literature which “ Throughout their history the U k­ land of an intense fascist brand of U k­ he .himself quotes- (Kolpak, Vershigora, rainians were incapable of forming a truly rainian nationalism, which began to fest­ etc.) independent national movement of their er within the united Ukraine, and long Not-even when a. harmless— at least own. Revolting against Russia they hired after the war the fascist gangs of Bandera one would assume it to be— subject like themselves to the Polish nobility, to the raided, terrorized, and pillaged the lands: “ Soviet Museums in the Propaganda sys­ Turkish Sultan, and, in more recent between Lvov and Kiev.” tem” is. discussed does Ukraine come off times to Austro-Hungary and Germany; unscathed,*1 for it is precisely in this article and each time they were disillusioned Even the Communists, in their publica­ paradoxically “ enough, the Ukrainian tions, when describing the Ukrainian that pre-revolutionary museums are dealt Communist Imperialism” (Milwaukee, national underground movement as the with in the sections on “ Museums in Rus­ I952)> is even more pecular. Inci­ “ bourgeois-nationalist agent of American sia.” Also the' important cultural role play­ dentally, readers of the “ Ukrainian Ob­ imperialism and the Vatican” , have never ed by the Ukrainian museums in the re­ server” will already be acquainted with reached the conclusion arrived at by vival of Ukrainian national sentiment at this work as it was reviewed in detail in Deutscher. Apparently their opinion is not the beginning of the twenties is described No. io - i i (1953). Mr. A. H. now reviews sufficient for Deutscher, and he maintains merely as a “ movement to promote know­ it as follows: that the Ukrainian nationalist movement ledge of the country” which is the inter­ merely consists of “ fascist gangs.” The “ Although the author writes about a author of the leading articles in the Mos­ pretation construed by the Russian “ elder traditional Russian imperialism he is forc­ brother.” ' cow “ Pravda” , no doubt envied him his ed to admit that Soviet imperialism is a “ excellent” description. Even in the brief notes appended to the much more dangerous phenomenon than “ Bibliographical Index of New Literature the imperialism of tsarist Russia. He dis­ This matter is however, far too serious Coricernihg the Soviet Union and Com­ cusses the nationality problem, in order to to be treated lightly. Isaac Deutscher is munism” the tendency and intention to direct the attention of the Western count­ obviously trying to discredit the strength hush up anything that is specifically Uk­ ries and the U.S.A. in particular to this of the Ukrainian national revolutionary rainian is very obvious. The following question. He examines the national policy underground movement, together with note concerning “ The Time of the Assas­ of Bolshevism from the point of theory the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Coun­ sin?” by G. Blunder (Philadelphia, 1952) and practice. He stresses the fact that cil (U.H.V.R., the Organization of U k­ stages “ The work gives an account of the Communist aggression cannot be brought rainian Nationalists (O.U.N.), and the German- ojeupation of the town of Khar­ to a halt by any compromises or retreats Ukrainian Insurgent Army (U.P.A.). kiv. in a belletristic form.” Naturally, no of the nature of the Teheran, Yalta, and These organizations have definitely prov­ mention is made whatsoever of the fact Potsdam Agreements. The author notes ed by their programme and their activ­ that Blunden’s novel deals mainly with that the foreign policy and home policy of ities, that their aim is directed towards the. national Ukrainian (anti-German and the Communists have been co-ordinated the establishing of a democratic Ukrainian anti-Soviet) resistance movement. The and maintains that the weakness and the State. Indeed, they are the only organiza­ verbose note on the fundamental work by strength of the Communists lies in this tions which have waged a two-front war R. Smal-Stoc\i, “The Nationality Prob­ fact.” against Bolshevism and National Social­ lem 1 of the Soviet Union and Russian Continued on Page 1(, ism. No. 3—4 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page .-it

Prof. Dr. Volodymyr Derzhavyn found it impossible to- adjust themselves to the grim reality of the Soviet regime ■ Ukrainian IJtoratnre Under the and accordingly ceased' to write, a fact which,. incidentally, did not prevent them Sevlet Russian. Occupation. from vanishing into Siberian, concentra­ tion, .camps. M. Vorony and many other The Poetry of the Older Generation This generation was in their funda­ well-known lyric . poets,, who, although they had remained in Soviet, Ukraine, ...In order to understand the shortlived, mental attitude thoroughly anti-Soviet, and had practically or completely ceased . but nevertheless productive, golden age and it is due to their' perseverance, self- publishing their .works, suffered the same, of.'Ukrainian, poetry between 1917 and sacrifice and patriotism that Ukrainian fate. They included Miy\ola Chernyavslpy • 1933- (before it was ruthlessly extirpated national culture did not collapse when (186T-X935?),- known, as the poet..of lave-« by the Soviet Russian secret police) it is Soviet measures were enforced in the lyrics, P. Kapelhorods\y (1,882-1937?), necessary to distinguish between the country. They continued to fight for who inclined to melancholy, and My\ola- older and younger generations of poets. national freedom in the field of culture, Foiyanskj (1837-1937?), who, from the, ar­ Purely chronological circumstances are at least, for over a decade. In the sphere- tistic point of. view, was by far the jnqst- not'of so much significance, as rather the of poetry the so-called Kyiv neo-classical outstanding of. the Ukrainian impressiop-: fact' that the older generation of Uk­ school (represented by My\ola Zerov, ists and whose delicate style is, as it were, rainian poets (most of them were born ■ Ma\sym Ryls\y, and Pavlo Fylypovych a transition to the Kyiv neo-classical prior to 1895).were already mature men as the leading poets) was of decisive im-. school. Other poets only managed to es7 and writers before the Bolshevist October portance. We have already mentioned cape Soviet Russian reprisals because..., Revolution occurred, and most decidedly the literary activity and achievements of their lyrical poems had been forgotten by rejected the social .propaganda of Soviet this school in a previous article in this the 1920s, as for instance Khryslyq Al: - Communism, at least in the beginning.. journal (“ Neo-Classicism in the Modern chcvsha (1882-1933), the naive and out­ Later on, when- Ukrainian writers were Ukrainian National Poetry,” published spoken poetess, and Ahatanhcl Krymsky. . faced with the difficult choice of either in the “Ukrainian Observer,” April-May, (1871-1941), the outstanding Orientalist joining forces with the Soviets, at least 1953, bp. 10-12). The representatives of and literary historian, whose works are.-, to all outward appearance, or ceasing to other literary trends also created much characterized by pantheism. Incidentally, t write, the .poets of the older generation that was valuable in the artistic sense and Pctro Karmans\y (horn in i 878), the adopted an .attitude of apparent “ loyalty” irreproachable from the national point of former master .of West Ukrainian impres­ towards the Soviet regime, and chose view. sionist poetry, has been living under the.' this way as the “ lesser of two evils.” With The Impressionists tyranny of the Soviets since 1944, and ap­ few exceptions, none-of them were sincere pears to have ceased his literary activity. friends o f the Soviets or Communist Apart from the neo-classical trend the A political exception, among the im­ “ supporters.” artistic style of the entire older generation pressionists of the 1920s was Fvhen Hry- -This is not surprising, for they belong­ of Ukrainian poets can be described as horchn\ (1894-1923), a most gifted lyric ed to that great national movement in impressionist, with a tendency to sym­ poet, who, as a convinced national Com-, Ukrainian literature, initiated by the great bolism. The “ true” impressionists, who munist, was so bitterly-disappointed by4 West Ukrainian poet, belletrist, writer, had predominated in Ukrainian litera­ the results of the Soviet Russian, occupa­ andqliteracy historian, Ivan Franco (1856- ture during the years 1905 to 1920, had tion regime in Ukraine, that he commit­ 1916) and; the talented Central Ukrainian for the most part gone into political exile ted suicide. . - - • ■ poetess and playwright, Lesya U\rayin\a arid, as a result their works were very (1871.-1913). This movement did not aim soon banned in Soviet Ukraine. Ole\san- The Symbolists to'. achieve, any social changes but rather der Oles (1878-1944), the generally ack­ the restoration.of the national independen­ The poetry of the symbolists met with nowledged master of impressionist lyric­ a far greater response in the xoaos.-:Al­ ce of Ukraine. (The revival of the Ukrain­ al poetry, famed for the musical harmony ian . sovereign and national state 1918- though there is no sharp dividing-line 1 of his language and esteemed for his pat­ 1921), which eventually had to yield to the between Ukrainian impressionism and military superiority of Soviet Russian riotism which accepted no compromise, symbolism, a new era in Ukrainian lyric­ Communism after an heroic fight for free was one and several other well-known al poetry began with Pavlo Tychyna dom for four years; was for the most part lyric and romantic poets followed him (born in 1891), whose poems though the achievement of the same generation into political exile, as for example, My- mostly intentionally vague, are full of and national elite which later, in the course \yta Shapoval-Sriblyns\y (1882-1931), a profound moods and sentiments. He suc­ of. the i92o’s, strove to preserve the nation­ poet of great sensitiveness and a literary ceeded in giving Ukrainian symbolism a al character of Ukrainian literature and mystical and pantheistic strain based on for this reason was gradually and almost critic, and Spyrydon Cher\asen\o (i876- national folk-songs. Unfortunately, how- completely eliminated by the Commu­ 1939), who had a preference for “ urban” nist.) themes and political poetry. Oles’ most evr, his descriptive style did not last long. important rival in the field of true lyric­ His exaggerated striving to find ism, Hryhoryj Chupryn\a (t879-i 92i ) “ modern” artistic forms, prompted him If Isaac Deutscher was not acquainted to resort to futurist distortions of verse with conditions in the U.S.S.R., one was killed in fight against Bolshevism. and metre, and his undisguised servility might assume that he had been the victim Others, who in the early 1920s, ventured to the Communist regime—a regrettable of incorrect information. But his past to return of their own free will to Soviet activity as a Communist is well-known, Ukraine, as for instance the manysided exception among the poets of his gene­ and he has always sujaported Bolshevist and gifted lyric poet, My\ola Vorony ration—caused his later works to deterior­ ideas, so it is obvious that he was acting (1871-1935?), and the satirist and humor­ ate to the level of instruments of Soviet on behalf of Moscow when he wrote this ist, Volodymyr Samiylen\o (1864-1925) Russian propaganda and deprived them article. bitterly regretted this step later on. They of all artistic value. The only collections Page 12 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 3—4 of his poems which are of lasting value When Kharkiv (East Ukraine) was for­ are those published between 1918 and cibly evacuated in October, 1941, he was Berlin 1921, of which., the most outstanding is arrested by the Bolshevists and together (Futile and endless negotiations) his first work, “ Sonyashni Klarnety with the hundred other “ political sus­ One of the rules in politics is that nego­ (“Sun-Clarinets,” i 9 i 8). pects” was burnt to death in a barn. The tiations are conducted even when there is A much firmer national stand was strange emotional delicacy of his lyricism can be seen from the following: hardly any likelihood of their succeeding. taken by the West Ukrainian symbolist, There are two reasons for this procedure: Dmytro Zahul (1890-1935?), who prefer­ in th'e first place, to avoid the risk of not red to leave his native country after it had I put to flight my reedy arrow Exactly tarred on edge. finding a possible solution, and secondly, been partitioned between Poland and in order to start from a better initial po­ Rumania and emigrated to Soviet U k­ It sang above the lofty bushes And fell beyond the hedge. sition if further negotiations are held in raine. There, as a literary critic, he mani­ the future. In addition, the three Western fested ?n “ orthodox” Marxist attitude. In foreign ministers, attending the Berlin the end, however, he was regarded as a But there the stupid catt'e grazed, A creature, lazy meat, Conference, no doubt had the sincere political suspect by the Soviets and arrest­ desire to bring about a partial peace at ed. Nothing has been heard of him since. Who dully tramped my lovely arrow With sharp and cloven feet. least, in order to satisfy, to a certain de­ The following poem, written in his early gree, the longing of mankind in this days, serves to illustrate his rather vague this ri-spect. mystical and pessimistic lyricism, which Alas! How zealowsly I tackled was mainly influenced by German sym­ The stalk, beloved by light! Molotov’s presence at this Conference bolism* : With what rejoicing to the sunbeams was,however, prompted by other motives. I trew my singing flight. Officially he went to Berlin in order to Volodymyr Svidzirsky negotiate on the question of Germany's O dusky tar! My pions anger reunification and on a peace treaty with Beyond the veil a dimensity Is boiling, held by sparks. Austria, but actually, he had other aims There live such people as I; Why did I dip this child of summer in mind. Molotov only wanted to talk, And here, unknown to the immensity, On your betraying darks? act, ferret out secrets, and deceive the Deploring wretched fate, other parties and then, by a large-scale My soul could only cry. V. Svidzinsky also enriched Ukrainian attack, bring about dissension among his poetry by his excellent translation of Western partners. But in this aim he fail­ I duly struggle with that impediment Hesiod, Aristophanes, and Ovid. ed. The only result of this Conference Now in a thousandth year, which can be regarded as a positive one, But with my thoughts of silent stead- The Futurists is the fact that Mr. Bidault refused to be iment It is no mere coincidence that the “ more tempted by attractive Russian offers and, I can’t proceed from earth radical” trends in European literature despite the pro-Russian attitude of the Into the other sphere. during the years 1910 to the 1920’s—fu­ extreme left and right wing of the French Or may someone by hands of hardihood turism, dadaism, expressionism, etc—cal­ Parliament, firmly supported the E.D.C., Disjoin the veil of realm of day? led forth no great response on the part of and did not allow Molotov to influence Who can present a strength of hearty the older generation of Ukrainian poets. him into making any move which was mood, Although Mykhayl Semenko (1892- based on anti-German sentiments. But Of such a hearty mood, 1935?), the extremely creative lyric poet, this was the only success scored by the As long ago I was untoldly gay? who was by no means averse to mystifica­ Western world at this Conference, and it tion, organized a “ pan-futurist” group was not much. In any case, a conference The same fate overtook several other called the “ Nova Generatsiya” (“ The b-sed primarily on a defensive attitude outstanding impressionist-symbolist po­ New Generation” ) which preached a ra­ was hardly likely to have much success. ets. Oleosa Slisaren\o (1891-1937?), dical “ revolution in art,” it is significant It was impossible to achieve any new better known as a prose-writer, Ya\iv that what he himself wrote in this group solutions. Molotov refused to allow him­ Savchenko (1890-1937?), who already in are worthless trifles (or abstract theories), self to be persuaded into adopting a com- the early 1920s exchanged poetry for whereas his few poems are truly impres­ promis'ng attitude, in the case of the “ Marxist” literature criticism, and M y\o- sionist, and not without a certain delicate hi Tereshchenko (born in 1898), who and pleasing playfulness, as can be seen from having originally been a symbolist horn the following: all its adherents) simply vanish without became the willing tool of Soviet Com­ a tracé. There can only be one reason— munist propaganda and for this reason Card everything in Ukrainian literature which was probably pardoned, by way of ex­ I glean the silver of existence is not created according to the Russian ception, during World War II. A tragic and the occasion pattern is regarded with suspicion by the fate befell Volodymyr Svidzins\y (1885- into a card’s restricted distance Soviet Russians. And futurism was not 1941), who, after P. Tychyna’s degrada­ and complication. invented by the Russians ! tion, was probably the most outstanding In conclusion, the older generation of representative of Ukrainian symbolist Once more the impotent reflection Ukrainian poets did not, it is true, pro­ poetry, and whose works did not become and sunny tender duce many outstanding works, with the widely known until the end of the 1920’s. supply my error’s incorrection exception of P. Tychyna’s early works and wording splendor. and those of the entire Kyiv neo-classical * All the English adaptations quoted It is hard to find what political danger school, but they did consistently preserve here are by the Ukrainian poet and lite­ the Soviets could possibly have discover­ the cultural and historical continuity of rary historian, Yar Slavutych (born in ' ed in such a literary trend, which was the national literature of Ukraine despite 1918, and at present working in Phila­ averse to all national tradition, to let the the fact that the ruthless pressure of Rus­ delphia (Pa.) as a political emigrant). creators of such a movement (and almost sian bolshevism increased steadily. •fro. 3—4 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 13

German and Austrian questions, and con­ tinued to stress the aggressive intentions of the Western Powers and the imperial­ DECLARATION ist aims' of the U.S.A. BY A MASS MEETINGS OF UKRAINIANS IN LONDON, MANCHESTER, The concession made by the Western Powers to an Asia Conference, can only NOTTINGHAM, BRADFORD AND EDINBURGH, TO COMMEMORATE be regarded as a disadvantage for them, THE 300 YEARS’ STRUGGLE OF UKRAINE AGAINST MOSCOW as it represents the first step to legalizing Bolshevist influence in Asia. The work of We, Ukrainians who have met on exclusively a Russian affair which, the United Nations, who defended South nth Aprill 1954, in London, Manches­ Moscow alleges, was solved a long Korea is thus undermined, and a further ter, Nottingham, Bradford and Edin­ time ago, when Ukrainians had join­ precedent for the extension of the Soviet burgh to mark the 300 years struggle ed Muscovy "of their own free will and veto privilege has herewith been establish­ of Ukraine against Moscow, want to for all time.” ed. Even at this early date it is possible tell you of the origin and progress of To lend colour to their deception, to foresee that the Asia Conference, in the that struggle. “ official” Russian scientists in their same way as the Berlin Conference, will In 1654 circumstances forced Uk­ pseudo-scientific pronouncements are only result in an agreement being reached raine, under her great leader, the Uk­ not ashamed to deny the well docu­ to continue negotiations. rainian Cossack Hetman Bohdan mented conclusions of science regard­ ing the essential ethnological differenc­ One can but ask— how long and to Khmelnytsky, to seek an alliance with es between Ukrainians and Russians. what purpose are negotiations with the Muscovy against the Poles, from Official Russian scientific theory asserts Soviets to be continued? Since it has ap­ whose rule Ukraine had earlier freed unblushingly that Ukrainians and Rus­ parently become an established custom herself but against whom she was too sians come from “ a single stock of the for the Russians to reply to all suggestions exhausted to maintain her independ­ ancient Russian race.” with “ N o” , then is is surely time to cease ence without outside assistance. The negotiating with them. No one will deny Muscovites concluded an entente, but How happy the Ukrainians were that the present Malenkov regime is in­ with the secret intention gradually to under the Russian yoke and how terested in consolidating and maintain­ subdue Ukraine, by hook or by crook. friendly to their Muscovite conquerors ing the status quo which has been achiev­ Russia’s hidden policy was revealed can be inferred from the following ed, and which is being enlarged on a before long and met with determined facts: much greater scale for further aggressive resistance. a) The defeat of the Muscovite operations. If the Russians had their own The struggle of Ukraine against armies at Orsha in 1514 by the com­ way, the Cold War would be continued Moscow’s progressive encroachments bined Ukrainian and Lithuanian with even greater force. The Russians on her liberty has lasted for 300 years. army by the Ukrainian Prince have never sincerely wanted to ease the During all these many years its Constantine Ostrozhskyj. tension in the international situation, as character has often changed and it has b) The siege of Moscow in 1613 their aims have always been concentrated assumed varying forms. At times, on by the Ukrainian Cossacks under on further aggression. the surface, it appeared to have died the leadership of Hetman Petro A critical survey of Soviet policy must, clown, at other times it was intensified Konashevych-Sahaydachnyj. of necessity, banish all illusions which and biased out in bloodshed and open c) The complete annihilation of have ever been entertained as regards the war, in which Russia from time to time the Muscovite army in the battle at likelihood of a genuine peace being suffered serious defeat. This struggle Konotop, in 1659, by the Ukrainian achieved, or of a change in the Soviet showed both Muscovy and the entire Cossacks led by Hetman Ivan Vy- regime. The Soviets have thus regarded world the strength of the Ukrainian hovskyj. the Berlin conference as a first class op­ Nation and her inflexible determina­ d) The destruction of Muscovite portunity to conduct a propaganda cam­ tion to gain her Liberty and to re­ garrisons in Ukraine in 1666 by paign, and are now using the negative establish an Independent and United Hetman Petro Doroshenko. results to wage further Communist “ wars Ukrainian State. e) The rising of Hetman Mazepa, to achieve peace.” Soviet propaganda, distorting his­ the hero of Byron’s poems, and the After nine year’s experience with the torical fact, tries to convince the Uk­ battle of Poltava in 1709: Soviets, it should be obvious that their rainian people as well as the outside f) the Russo-Ukrainian war in the political system and methods are opposed world that the alliance of Ukraine years 19 17 to 19 2 1; to the order of the free world, and that with Russia in the middle of the g) the continued guerilla warfare the totalitarian spirit of this regime is by XVIIth century was a voluntary union in Ukraine after the defeat of 1921; no means in keeping with an atmosphere for all time of two peoples, and makes h) the struggle of the Ukrainian of peace. The motto of the free Western every effort to persuade the Ukrainian Resistance Army during the Second world has so far been to achieve strength, people that any struggle against Mos­ World War, and its continuation and negotiate. Negotiations will indeed cow is hopeless, and that it is pointless after the war up to the present be necessary in order to prove the because, according to Soviet propa­ moment. strength of the Western Powers. But if ganda, it was, and is, Moscow’s only All these facts bear eloquent witness peace is to be achieved and if those on desire to further the liberties of Uk­ regarding the alleged cordial relations the other side of the Iron Curtain are raine and to help her people to free between Ukrainians and “ big brother to participate in this peace, and who, by themselves from foreign enslavement. Russia.” their steadfast and unwavering attitude, In celebrating the Tercentenary of The Ukrainian nation cannot speak are at present doing their share to streng­ the “ union” of Ukraine with Russia, her mind. Russia holds her captive and then the Western world, then it is' imper­ Moscow aims at the moral and material has silenced her voice. So we, Uk­ ative that the Western Powers should disarmament of the Ukrainian people rainian exiles, must speak for our change their motto, and should strive to and attempts to prove to the Western enslaved Ukrainian people, of their become strong and act! world that the Ukrainian question is true will and hope, and reveal the lies Page, J4 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 3—4

are millions of acres lying fallow in west­ M SM W ff TRADE ern (European) Russia, even as far west HELPING MOSCOW’S WAR AIMS as the Baltic States, which with the denser population and easy access to western by John F. Stewart markets, would naturally be first culti­ No more that the Soviet Government if 'admitted a member of N.A.T.O . Key vated if the object of the harvests were makes is unrelated to the age-long steady positions would be obtained, dissension merely trade. Russian (not only Bolshevik) march to sown, and the inevitable end would come. Meantime, proposing “ Talks” at world conquest; the present Kremlin 1 he assurance of Moscow in proposing Berlin, Geneva and elsewhere, not meant .encouragement of East-West trade is no this shows how completely confident it is to lead to anything, and initiating discus­ exception. Moscow is not scared by the •of again fooling the West. sions on possibly joining N.A.T.O ., American possession of the frightful The Treaty of Pereyaslav is an out­ gives Moscow the breathing space it needs hydrogen bomb, which the Russians also standing example of Moscow’s methods and of which it is taking full advantage. have. And they have no scruples in sac­ and success.' Is there evidence of the West doing the rificing millions of their peoples if that Is there any evidence that Russia same? None that any thinking person can helps on their policy. They had no scrup­ intends war? On Red Army Day, a sec. All that we are proposing to do will les in starving to death six million Uk­ number of Soviet Marshals and Generals only increase Russia’s war potential. As rainians in 1933 to force acceptance of made this clear in their speeches and for supplying machine tools, textile collectivisation— murdering men, women articles. Their armaments had been tested machinery and so on, Russia is perfectly and children. What the Russians are in the Korean War, as it was intended able to make these at home; .she has the afraid of now is revolt among the non- they should be, and were found satisfac­ raw materials, the unlimited labour and RuSsian people of the U.S.S.R., who tory. While this country destroyed im­ the technical skill, augmented by the number two or three times the actual mense quantities of arms and military deportation of the cream of German Russian population. equipment after the war, the Russians engineers to the Soviet Union. And we Moscow has promised all these peoples seized every scrap they could find in the could not have pleased Russia more than a large increase in consumer-goods pro­ invaded countries—arms, guns, tanks, by the panic the civilised world is in on duction in two years; Ukraine, the larg­ lorries, cars, railway lines—everything account of the hydrogen bombs. Our est of the non-Russian states with a popu­ they could transport, took it all to Russia politicians are guilty of either dangerous lation of 45 millions, has been bribed by and had it repaired there and sored for optimism'or dangerously concealing the being presented with the Crimea, hitherto the next war, for which they: were truth. ruled directly from Moscow. An increase obviously even then preparing. There is no change in the fact that of consumer goods by Soviet production Between the wars, the Russians built Russia, as for hundreds of years, is a cannot be attained without being at the immense armament factories with their menace to the whole of civilisation, and accompanying towns in preparation for expcncc of heavy industry (manufacture the panaceas proposed are mere trifling. of war equipment), and Moscow has no the next war; it is significant that none of There is only one way of ending for good intention of this happening. There will these was built in Russia proper in the' Russian danger to the world, and that be .some slight improvement, mainly Europe, but well behind the Volga and is by finding means to free all the non- through the importation of foreign goods the Urals. It is also significant that the Russian peoples in the U.S.S.R. and the . and this' will have a great psychological Russians have changed the standard satellites— they arc all seeking freedom effect in the event of a war at an early European railway gauge in the west and they are all countries with great date. The Soviet peoples will be given the European countries they have occupied to experience of self-government and with impression that their situation kept im­ the Russian wide gauge, and have con­ traditions of freedom, Christianity and proving, and that, but for'the war, Com­ nected far advanced strategic western civilisation going back centuries before munism, would have realised its paradise localities in those countries directly with we ever knew Russia. If they are free, and lor the worker. The, expectation is that the great armament towns in the cast; especially Ukraine, the power of Moscow ‘ this' will make them unreceptive to anti- these broad gauge railways would serious­ for evil is gone, and none will interfere Communist propaganda, and that they ly hamper the movements of West forces. with her. How to go about it? Well, the will then fight for the Communists. In a West counter-attack, the object­ Russians themselves have furnished Moscow1, as it is well qualified to do, will ives would be the great armament factor­ material for start. see that the responsibility for the war is ies and the sources of food supplies; the placed on the shoulders of the West. factories are safely ensconced in the east, They have insisted that Ukraine and Russia has had incomparably greater and now it is the turn of the sources of Byelorussia are completely free and in­ Success in territorial gains since the war food. dependent republics, and on this insist­ than at any period in her history. She has ft has been recently proclaimed that ence, they managed to get both elected always been a predatory and aggressive many millions of acres of virgin land are ful members of United Nations. Further, ■ Power, attacking and annexing smaller to be brought into cultivation, which will Article 17 of the Soviet Constitution gives neighbouring countries. The usual produce many millions of tons of food any State the right to secere freely. Why method is by worming herself into the grains, principally wheat, of vkhich there not accept the Soviet assurance and take confidence of the intended victim, weak­ is no scarcity at present in the U.S.S.R., steps to establish direct diplomaic rela­ ening from within, and . then destroying. which has, indeed, been exporting large tions with these countries as we have with This exactly what'Molotov intends to do quantities. These virgin lands are far other nations? There is such a movement east, in Siberia, Kazakhstan, Ural and in America which has support in Con­ of Russian propaganda about the Volga lands, and their full production gress and in the country. It would at least “ union of Ukraine and Russia.” We will be harvested in two years.—in the test Moscow’s sincerity. This position tell you this: the Ukrainian people same period in which Soviet citizens are will have to be faced sooner or later. Will have fought for 300 years, they are promised better living conditions. And Sir Winston’s well-known courage and will go on fighting for a Free and then Russia will be ready to attack. It is prompt him to take steps similar to those United Ukraine, until final victory is to be noted that, while so much virgin taken in America? And to adhere to them? theirs. soil is to be cultivated in the east, there And to adopt the Russian method of dis- • No. 3—4 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER ■ Pag-ftas

(December 27, 1953) Natan Rybak, the author of Ukraine Behind the Iran Curtain the novel, “ Pcreyaslavska Jlada” (“ The 'Pereyaslav Council” ) paid a visit to Moscow at the end of De­ THE 300TH ANNIVERSARY OF PEREYASLAV cember. The second volume of his novel which deals (How Communists celebrated the Treaty' with the period after the Pereyaslav Council (1654- 1668) appeared rccendy. Both volumes of this novel (Editor’s note: An article in the last edition of our A conference of the leading economists of the arc full of Russian propaganda about the “ union of journal dealt with the Pereyaslav Treaty. Elsewhere Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. and of the the Ukrainian nation” with the “ elder Russian in this journal the Soviet interpretation of the treaty other republics began in Moscow on December 19, brother.” a is analysed. We arc publishing a number of Moscow 1953. The chief report was given by Wiznyk, the * * # . 1 *,\ * and Kyiv radio and press reports in our section en­ candidate of the department of historical sciences, (December 28, 1953) The leaders of the workers titled, “ Ukraine Behind the Iron Curtain,” which who dealt with the development of economic rela­ in the Cherkassy M .T.S. (district of . Kyiv) have refer to various Soviet celebrations and social events tions between Russia and Ukraine since the Pereyas­ already announced that “ Socialist Competitions” are held throughout the entire Soviet Union. They plain­ lav Treaty. to be held to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the ly indicate the manner in which Moscow is seeking ^ ^ “ union of Ukraine and Russia.” Among other things, to use this political act for the purpose of suppres­ (December 19, 1953) An exhibition has just been 26 cwts of corn are to be produced per hectare this sing Ukraine.) ' ■ opened in the ancient Ukrainian town of Lviv. Tin. year. Economic exploitation has thus once again (December 14, 1953) Preparations for the celebra­ exhibition, which is being held in twelve rooms o, found an “ excellent ideological” basis. tions to be held on the occasion of the 300th anniver­ the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian Soviet * * sary of Pereyaslav have begun in Magadan on the Socialist Republic, presents much material on the Uk­ On December 30, 1953, an exhibition was opened Ochotsk-Sea. Exhibitions of Ukrainian literature arc rainian struggle lor freedom against Poland during in the. State Library of the Esthonian Soviet Socialist being organized in clubs and libraries. In addition, the years 1648 to 1654 and also various historical Republic in Talin in connection with the 300th an- films arc being shown in Magadan and in other forgeries, as far as the “ lasting friendship c. nivcisary of Pereyaslav. The exhibition consists *of towns of Kolyma which depict' the life of the Uk­ centuries” between Russia and Ukraine is concerned. pictures by Ukrainian painters, works by Ukrainian rainian people. The Ukrainians know only too well More than loo pictures have been painted by artists authors, and publications by Esthonian writers on what “ living with” the Russians in Kolyma was like, oi the town and an exhibition of. these works is to Ukraine. since thousands of Ukrainians were abducted and be opened within the next few days. # # %. » taken to Kolyma. • * # (January 3, 1953) On the occasion of the 300th * * * A conference is being held on December 20, 1953, anniversary, the Georgian theatres will in the com­ in the town of Zhdanov, by the heads of museums ing .weeks, perform .plays by Ukrainian, Soviet 'and (December 16, 1953) In Turkestan preparations in connection with the celebration of the Pereyaslav Russian writers. The state theatre in Rustaveli, will are also being made for the celebration to be held in Treaty, anniversary. The members of the conference perform 0 . Kornyjchuk's play, “ Bohdan Khmclnyts- connection with the 300th anniversary of Pereyaslav. visited the municipal museum for' folklore. Many of ky.” Exhibitions of the works of Ukrainian writers are the objects and books in this museum are typical of A film festival week is to be held in . Archangel sk being held in libraries, clubs, and centres of culture. from January 8, 1954 onwards to celebrate, the 300th Honchar’s novel, “ Praporonosci” (“ The Standard- the era of B. Khmclnytsky and of the struggle ^ the Ukrainian nation for national independence. anniversary of Pereyaslav. bearers” ) is to be published in Turkestan by a Tur­ # # # kestan publishing firm in the very near future. * * * (January 8, 1954) A scries of lectures in the theme, Extracts from Taras Shevchenko’s works are also to (December 21, 1953) Preparations are being made be published in Turkestan. Various Turkestan “ The 3001I1 anniversary of the union of Ukraine and 111 Kirghiz in connection with the celebration of the Russia—a festival for the entire Soviet nation” -have •writers are engaged in compiling a large work which 300th anniversary of the Pereyaslav Treaty. Moie than js to depict life in Ukraine. The poet, Am a Kalich, been held at the administrative headquarters of the 4.000 agitators carrying out a large-scale propaganda mines in Ordzhinkdsc (in Georgia): More than 400 the writers, Berda Kirbajev, and Kara Suf^hijev, as campaign in the f actories, kolchoscs, sovchoses, and miners of'the “ Stalin Mine” attended a iectUre entitl­ well as several other authors arc to be participate in M.T.S. in this republic. I11 addition, a series of lec­ this work. The composers, Wilt Muratov, Donnotar ed “ Bohdan Khmclnytsky— the famous statesman and tures on the Soviet Ukraine are being prepared which leader.” • . Owezo, and Amir Kulijev, are to compose new songs are to “ illuminate” the events of the year 1954. * * * on- the theme of the “ lasting friendship” of the More than 600 lecturers are to visit the villages ai. nations of the Soviet Union. In addition, plays by outlying districts of the Republic. (January 8, 1954) The Smolensk district newspaper, /loan Franco and O.. KornejchuJ^ are to be perform­ “ Robochyj Put” (“ The Workers Way” ) reports that ed in the Turkestan theatres. * # the various cultural societies of the district have • * # # On December 26, 1953, a large consignment of begun making preparations for the celebrations to be coal from the Stalin Mines in Donbas was sent to held in. connection with the anniversary of the Russia. This is the fourteenth consignment which, Pereyaslav Treaty. A scries of club-evenings are to be held in January. The district headquarters of the integration from within? Time is on the by way of surplus, has been handed over to Moscow in “ gratitude for the unification with Russia.'’ Communist Party has furnished the cultural societies side of Russia. In order to celebrate this anniversary in 'a “ fitting" with material to be used for the lectures which arc ■ Meanwhile, in 'the 200 millions of the manner the miners were to raise more than another to be given at these club-evenings. non-Russians under Moscow tyranny we 1.000 tons of coal in 1954 which is to be supplied to A numbers of lecturers and propagandists arc to give addresses in various towns of the district and have unconquerable potential allies, wait­ Russian towns. . : • * > * * * explain the significance of this anniversary to the ing for the West to offer them at last workers. * ~jF- moral support in their tsruggle for free­ (December 23, 1953) Moscow has issued orders to # the effect that Ukrainian scholars are to make active More than 2,000 workers of the Swcrdlovsk region dom. They will not wait for ever, and preparations for the “ Pereyaslav Celebrations.” Th (district of Leningrad) attended the big social even­ our prolonged neglect might convert historical institute of the Academy of Sciences of ing held on January 8, 1954, in the Kyrov Palace, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic has released them into potential bitter enemies, which to mark the anniversary of Pereyaslav would 'mean our doom. This would be the first volume .of Ukrainian history 1'or publcation in .the Ukrainian and Russian languages. In collabo­ *¥* all the more likely if we propose to defend ration with the Academy a compiled work on the (January 11, 1954) Preparations for the celebrations ourselves by dropping hydrogen bombs economic, political, and cultural relations of Russia to be held in connection with the 300th anniversary on their homelands. and Ukraine is to be published in three languages. of the Pereyaslav Treaty arc also being made by the population of Kazakstan. Lectures on the history, * * * 1 These peoples are getting suspicious, geography, and economy oi Ukraine are being held and are beginning to think that they are (December 24, 1953) In connection with the Perc- in the factories in the towns of Alta-Aty, Karaganda, merely being made pawns in a game yaslav celebrations, collections of Ukrainian stories, Chinkcnt, Balchat, and Ust-Kamcnshorst. between greater powers, without the least in a compiled work consisting of extracts from the An exhibition on Ukrainian history according to writings of Azerbaijan and Ukrainian authors on the the Russian interpretation has been opened in the consideration for them, and are being subject of “ Friendship among Nations” ., and lyrical library in Alta-Aty. The Shevchenko museum in the driven to the conclusion which is fairly poems by Ukrainian poets arc being published in town has also organized an exhibition consisting of wide-spread in many parts of the world Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan. The works of Uk­ gifts from the Academy of Science of the Ukrainian that,, behind all Western and Soviet rainian authors are widely read in Azerbaijan and Soviet Socialist Republic. arc very popular there. Numerous editions of the * * * manoeuvers there is some sinister power works of T. Shevchenko, I. Franko, Lessya Uk (January 11, 1954) A festival week in Krasno­ which is using politicians of all countries rainka, and Soviet Ukrainian writers are to be pub dar to mark the 3C0th anniversary of the Pereyaslav as marionettes for sinister purposes of lished in the near future. Treaty opened with the showing of the film, “ Boh­ its own. * * * dan Khmclnytsky.” Page 16 ______UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No- 3—4

consistently anti- Ukrainian attitude, and In Answer to un DISGUISED RUSSIAN PROPA­ have only been published owing to in­ A rticle GANDA advertence on the part of the editor. Y. Valenski, for instance, concludes his EDITORIAL: We have received Continued from Page 10 somewhat confused and by no means the following letter from Mr. M. pro-Ukrainian article, “ A problematic with their new masters and forced into subject,” with the following words: Kiss, well-known and active Hun­ dependence.” garian patriot. “ The position of the Ukrainian histori­ As his views concern the Uk­ Not only are these statements based on ans is doubly tragic: apart from the rainians, we are pleased to publish Who would assume from all this mis­ demands and threats which hold good in this letter as it throws light on the information in Professor Smal-Stocki’s general for the U.S.S.R., the sword of right interpretation concerning re­ book that it represents a documentary ac­ Damccles is constantly hanging over their lations and the possibilities of co­ cusation against the Soviet (and pre-Sov­ heads inasmuch as they are accused and operation between our nationalities. iet) Russification policy in Ukraine and suspected of Ukrainian bourgeois natio­ Captain Miklos Borosnyay, leader of also against Russophil tendencies in nalism’.” Also is it not possible to conceal the Hungarian ex-Servicemen in this America at the preent time? the fact that whereas the churches and country published an article on February Obviously, this kind of misinformation monasteries which had been built after 16th, in the issue of the “ Angliai Ujma- is bound to influence the co-workers of i 7oo, were nearly all demolished in Mos­ gyarsag” under the title “ There Was No the “ Journal” unfavourably and prompts cow and Leningrad, because they were Tartar Invasion In Hungary.” Capt. Bo- them to make assertions which are in no rosnyay dealt with certain historical allegedly “ of no value as historical works way in keeping with historical truth. events in his article in connection with of art,” but the mass destruction of im­ the Ukrainian commemoration festivals For example G. Akhminov maintains portant buildings of artistic, national, and of the seven-hundredth anniversary of that the statement made by F . Beck and cultural value in Ukraine and "other non- King Daniel’s reign. Not being an histo­ W. Godin (“Russian Purge and the Ext­ Russian “ Soviet republics” was not rian I am not in the position to start an raction of Confession,” London and New determined by any such chronological argument with Capt. Borosnyay. Yet I York, 1951), that the extensive terrorist and aesthetic restrictions, but was carried have to deal with the political aspects of measures under Yezhov had chiefly deci­ his article that concern both Ukrainians out systematically at the orders of Mos­ mated the intellectual classes of the po­ and Hungarians. cow. pulation and had hardly affected the The tone of his article is very hostile In conclusion, we would point out the “ lower classes” , does not hold good for indeed towards the Ukrainians. He tries marked tendency in the subject-matter to belittle their historical achievements, the entire Soviet Union but for Ukraine, published in the “ Journal,” —-is that only and finally accuses them of imperialism, where the position of the masses had, as a single Ukrainian work, E. Pizyur’s, demanding territories that justly belong far as we know, improved considerably, “ Dissertation on the Expansion of the to other countries. At the end of the especially as a result of the good harvest Collective System,” is discussed in detail article he launched an attack on the Hun­ in 1936 and 1937.” What good harvest in any of the five volumes of the “ Journ­ garians who are pro-Ukrainian. “And and the reign of terror of a sadist and have those Hungarian exiles,” he puts the al,” because it deals with “ the problems psychopath (who had Stalin’s support) question, “ who are supporting Ukrainian of the Soviet Union, in general,, (Vol. Ill, interests, ever thought of supporting have in common we do not know, but it p. 139). It is truly significant that the “ In­ Hungarian national interests with the was precisely in Ukraine and in all the stitute for the Study of the History and same energy?” other non-Russian “ Soviet republics” that Institutions of the U.S.S.R. is only in­ As we are certain that he meant those the Yezhov terror raged amongst the mas­ terested in Ukraine, in so far as it can be Hungarians who are associated with the ses of the farmers and agricultural work­ represented as an “ inseparable part” of A .B.N ., we are anxious to reveal the ers, as was proved by the number of mass- the “ Soviet Union as a whole,” contrary truth in connection with his charges. We, graves found in Winnitzia in the summer the Hungarians refugees in the A.B.N . to historical facts; as regards all other as­ co-operate sincerely with our Ukrainian of 1943- pects of Ukraine the “ Institute” has ap­ friends, and we would like to emphasise It is therefore all the more interesting parently decided that it is better to keep that our only aim is the liberation of our to note that occasionally the co-workers silent. country. Regarding the disputes about of the “ Journal” make certain statements V. D. the Hungarian frontiers, we accepted the which are in direct opposition to their principle of self-determination without making any concrete agreements on the future frontiers of our coutry. Did Capt. If we want a new and a better world I wish Capt. Borosnyay could under­ Borosnyay mean that we should insist on than the present one we must have an stand this, and instead of intriguing historical rights, against the will of cert­ entirely different attitude. This means we against his non-extremist countrymen, ain ethnical groups? Such a policy may must try to understand each other in the would adjust himself to the political and result in popularity amongst extreme spirit of genuine Christianity. I am cert­ moral standards of the Western way of nationalists, but it would isolate Hung­ ain that there is no problem we could not life. ary dangerously in Central Europe. If solve, if we follow the teaching of the M. Kiss this is the policy of the Hungarian ex- Sermon On the Mount.Beyond historical servicemen, then we are justified in our rights and national pride there are the Chairman, A.B.N. Youth, view that they are extreme right-wing eternal values of humanity: love, peace Gt. Gritain hotheads. and mutual forgiveness. Printed by Ukrainian Publishers Ltd., 237, Liverpool Rd., London, N. 1., Tel. NORth 1828 Vol. VI No. 5—6 LONDON, AUGUST—SEPTEMBER 1954 Price One Shilling NEW TACTICS OF THE M. G. B. CONTENTS: This article comes to us from Allies and the competent German NEW TACTICS OF THE well-informed Ukrainian emigrant authorities in Berlin did their utmost M.G.B...... 1-2 circles— Ed. to clear up the details connected with REPORTS OF THE FIGHT­ During the past months the West­ i'ruchnowitsch’s disappearance. But ING IN UKRAINE IN 1952 2 ern press and various emigrants’ the more paper they accumulated in papers have devoted considerable these* efforts, the less clear did the CHRONICLE OF UKRAIN­ attention to the fact that certain whole affair become. In the end no IAN LIFE IN THE FREE “emigranls” have gone over to the official communiqué about a new WORLD ...... 3 Soviet camp. The stir caused by the abduction was issued, probably A.B.N.’S FIGHT IS OUR sensational case of Wanda Weber because it had become obvious in the FIGHT and Jan Homa— who on their return meantime that Truchnowitsch had Professor Lev E. Dobriansky 4 to Warsaw tried to compromise not been abducted, but evidently Polish emigrants by newspaper belonged to that category of persons articles and reports over the Warsaw STRATEGY AND TACTICS who abduct others. OF THE UKRAINIAN OR­ radio— had not even had time to GANISED RESISTANCE quieten down when the case of Mr. That was not the end of personnel MOVEMENT Y. Stetzko ... 5-6 Bogumil Lauschmann, a former changes among the bolshevist agents. LIQUIDATION OF THE Czech minister, was published in the Less than two weeks later the East UKRAINIAN NATIONAL world press. American, British, and Berlin radio, the Soviet broadcasting MILITARY GROUPS AND West German counter-espionage serv­ station Kyiv, the newspaper Radyan- OFFICERS WITHIN THE ices did their utmost to clear up the ska Ukraina ("The Soviet Ukraine” ), RED ARMY mystery surrounding Mr. Lausch­ and subsequently the entire Soviet Major M. W. Aytugan ...... 7 mann. All these efforts, however, press issued the following report: proved unsuccessful. It was Mr. On April 26 a member of the Uk­ PEREYASLAV ...... 8-10 Lauschmann himself who explained rainian Socialist Party, Josef Krutij, his action by announcing on the placed himself at the disposal of the THE CRIMEA AND THE Czech radio and in the press that he D.D.R. counter-espionage services in KREMLIN ‘LOVE’ FOR was “ disappointed” in the Western Berlin, and supplied them with world and was returning to Prague. THE UKRAINIAN NATION material about the "work” of Uk­ S. Lenkawsky ...... 11 A planned series? rainian emigrants as “ agents” . Once KERSTEN COMMITTEE ... 12-13 It was not long, however, before again investigations were carried on, the M.G.B. produced another remark­ material, etc. was collected, and as TSCHU-EN-LAI. Centre for­ able case. On Tuesday, April 13, in all the above-mentioned cases the ward of the Soviets G. H. ... 13 1954, the Berlin head of the N.T.S. circumstances of the disappearance MOSCOW ATTACKS O.U.N. 14 Dr. Alexander Truchnowitsch, leader were not cleared up. of the “ Revolutionary Section of the TURMOIL ON THE VIRGIN Underground Service of the N.T.S.” Recall of Soviet agents SOIL OF KAZAKHSTAN ... 14 in the Soviet Occupied Zone, and What are the motives behind president of the Russian section of all this? The M.G.B. has tried to THE FIGHT OF THE UK­ the German-Russian Friendship compromise Polish, Czech, Russian, RAINIAN UNDERGROUND League in Berlin, disappeared. Ukrainian, and other emigrants in The East Berlin Broadcasting MOVEMENT CONTINUES 15 turn. This is the conclusion which Corporation relayed a statement by THE RUSSIAN CHURCH IN Dr. Truchnowitsch to the effect that has been reached by the majority of THE SERVICE OF THE he had "voluntarily severed his con­ circles interested in the matter. But REGIME N. Ekhadieli ...... 15 nections with the N.T.S., which is this assumption is still no explanation run by agents, and gone over to the of the reason why the M.G.B. within UKRAINE BEHIND THE Soviet side” . Once again the counter­ a relatively short time has recalled IRON CURTAIN ...... 16 espionage services of the Western so many of its agents, incidentally of Page 2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 5—6

various nationalities. Any attempt activity of the Soviet partisans in REPORTS OF THE FIGHTING on the part of the M .G .B. to com­ the Minsk district has been describ­ IN SEVERAL DISTRICTS OF promise the various emigrant groups ed in detail by their commanding UKRAINE IN 1952 by announcing that bolshevist agents officer, M.G.B. Colonel Dmitrij Med- In the quarterly report of the O.U.N. have been active in their ranks wedew, in his book, The Strong in for October-December, 1952, it is would be highly detrimental to the Spirit, and for this reason Chochiov stated that a group of bolshevist rifle­ further activity of M.G.B. agents was not able to "reveal” any new men discovered a subterranean bunker - in their midst. It seems more likely facts on the subject. in the forest of Wolyniak on October that the M.G.B. is having to recall Soviet propaganda has made use 21, 1952. The Ukrainian insurgents in the former staff of agents of Beria, of Beria’s liquidation and also of the the bunker resisted the attackers the :M.G.B. chief who has meanwhile present recall of his staff of agents and shot the head of the political bqen liquidated, and is replacing for the purpose of striking a blow district-group of Tscherwonoarmijak, tliem by new and more trustworthy against various resistance movements also wounding two other Bolsheviks. ones. by ascribing to them the usual diver- The Bolsheviks then spread rumours Mikolaj Chochiov sionist and agent activity on behalf that Ukrainian nationalists, as English of the Western Allies. And this was and American spies, aimed at setting V The following fact shows that this precisely what the statements, broad­ up an independent capitalist Ukrainian assumption is probably correct: eight cast lectures, and articles of the state; that a document was found in days after Dr. Truchnowitsch’s recall agents who have been recalled were the bunker dealing with the recruiting a staff officer of the M.G.B., Mikolaj meant to prove. of new members; and that such litera­ Chochiov, appeared in Frankfurt. These tactics on the part of ture circulated by ‘the bandits” was He had allegedly been instructed Moscow are by no means new to us: merely pro-English and pro-American by the M.G.B. to murder the chief during the whole of the time that and meant the downfall of the Uk­ of the counter-espionage section of our subjugated peoples have been rainian nation. The population was the N.W.S., Gregor Okolowitsch, but fighting for freedom Moscow has therefore warned to desist from co­ he had suddenly decided to warn always tried to make out that this operating with insurgents, and exhort­ "his victim and to ask the Western fight is an activity which is carried ed to persuade the latter to report to Allies to grant him asylum. He was on by agents who are prompted by the security organisations of their own granted asylum and is still in the external powers. Unfortunately the free will. West. In our opinion this trick on West still fails to realise one funda­ The . same O.U.N. report quotes the part of the M.G.B. by means of mental fact, namely that in Moscow several examples of resistance by farm­ which Truchnowitsch was recalled in political regimes, persons and ers on religious grounds. In the district order to be replaced by a new agent, methods are subject to change, but of Pomorjany the landworkers refused has proved successful. Such experi­ that Russian imperialism on the other to work in the fields on holy days. ments cost very little, for what had hand remains unchanged, and that In the autumn of an order was Chochiov to offer the Western Allies 1952 for this reason there can be no other issued to the priests of the district to in exchange for freedom of movement hold divine service early in the morn­ in Western Germany in Truchnow­ means of fighting it but by co-operat­ ing so that farmers would not be late itsch’s role? ing with the revolutionary liberation movements of those nations which fo, t.ieir work. It also reported from No special insight is needed to have been subjugated by the the Solochiv district that the popula­ make. one realise that the informa­ tion has objected to working in the tion offered to the Western Allies Russians. Russian "deserters” in this cold war are best dealt with accord­ kolkhozes on Sundays and on holy merely concerns the past, just as the days. Owing to a shortage of priests, ing to the old adage, "Timeo Danaos former M.G.B. chief, Beria, is him­ the population there attends services et dona ferentes” ! self a thing of the past. Chochiov in those churches in neighbouring Although they are not ‘emigrants’, did not make any statement about villages where services are still held. the tactics, methods and personnel the ‘defection’ of Dr Otto John in The following incidents are typical of the M.G.B., with the exception July, and that of Herr Schmidt- of the political attitude of the popula­ of the two victims of the M.G.B., Wittmack this month bring the list tion. A small group of insurgents the’ two Germans, Weber and Ku- of those who are alleged to have lost wanted to buy food in one of the kewitz, who will be called to account faith in the West up-to-date. It is villages in the district of Solochiv: for their activity as spies before a noteworthy that in most of the they asked two peasant-women who German court in the near future. cases the stated reasons for seeking were at work in the fields whether ‘asylum’ East of the Iron Curtain The credulous Allies there were any enemies in the village. vary with the individuals concerned. We are surprised at the naivety 1 he peasant-women warned them that In this way the sum total of com­ of the Western Allies, who pave the there was a Bolshevist detachment plaints of Western inadequacy grows way for bolshevist agents in the free there. When the insurgents set off in steadily as the series lengthens. This Western world and in return only the direction of the village, the peasant- receive information which is out-of- catalogue of grievances supports the women stopped them, gave them some date, for instance about the abduc­ theory of a deliberately planned bread and cigarettes, and begged them tion of General Kutepows, the murder campaign of disparagement which, not to proceed, but to take care not of- Trotzki, the activity of Soviet by its very boldness, tends to hide to run into danger. partisans in the Minsk district (in from the casual onlooker the fact In another village, some insurgents 1943 and 1944), conditions in the that, just at the moment, there does went to a farmer, who said to them: theatre and actors' colony in Moscow not seem to be any particularly good “Don’t risk your lives. Tell me what or other matters which are no longer reason— either political or economic you need, and I will go and get it for of - current interest, about which — for deserting the West. you. Don’t tempt death— you have been Chochiov talked at length. The decimated often enough, as it is,” No. 5—6 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 3

The following artists took part in CHRONICLE № MB&INIAN L IE IN THE FREE WORLD the concert: Mykhaylo Minsky, bari­ tone; Daria Hordynska-Karanovych, I'he Union of Ukrainian Women of A memorandum has been sent to pianist; Stefa Fedchuk, soprano; Roma America (S.U.A) has taken part in the President Eisenhower and John Foster Pryima, ballerina; Yevhen Tsisyk, International Council of Women’s Dulles by the Head of U.K.K. on the violinist; Lyuba Levytska) soprano; Congress which was held in Helsinki occasion of the Eiscnhower-Churchill Yaroshevych, baritone; Veronika Maxy- (Finland) from June 8-18, 1954. Conference. T he memorandum expresses movych, mezzo-soprano; Khrystya Ko- S.U.A. a member organisation of the anxiety about the lack of accurate lessa-Gerych, ‘cellist; Lew Reynarovych, National Council of American Women knowledge of Eastern European prob­ bantone; Vasyl Tesyak, tenor; Borys was represented at the Congress by lems displayed by Winston Churchill, Maxymovych, pianist; Natalka Nesenko, its head, Mrs. Olena Lototska, who who constantly refers to “ 190 million soprano; Mykhaylo Holynsky, tenor, had been invited to join the American Russians” , and who speaks of Russia and the eleven-years-old Roman Rud- delegation. The Congress, held under as if it were a uniform country. nytsky. th: title, “ Women in the Atomic Age”, was attended by women representatives The Briton, William Piddington, who The forum of Georgetown Univer­ of all the specialist sciences. Mrs. O. returned from exile in the remote sity in Washington U.S.A. organised a Lototska represented the U.S.A. on the camps of Vorkuta, has written to the televLed “ discussion” of bolshevist Resettlement Committee. Now that the administration of S.U.B. in London, genocide. The following persons took Congress is over, she is visiting some stating that he is a friend of Ukrainians, part in the discussion: Raphael Lem- of the Ukrainian settlements in and. describing his meetings with Uk­ kin, professor at Yale University, author Germany ,France, and Britain. rainian partisans sentenced to between of the text of the Convention against genocide which was accepted by ten and fifteen years imprisonment. Sculptures by Gregory Kruk and tne U.N.; Dr George Finch from paintings by Severin Boraczok were the Faculty of Law, International A striking cultural manifestation exhibited at an Ukrainian art exhibition Affairs Department, of Georgetown in Paris from June 15—30, 1954, at the took place in Toronto from July 3— -5, University, an outstanding lawyer, and Simon Badinier Gallery. The catalogue 1954. This was the first meeting of one who opposed the ratification of that included an- appreciation of Gregory Ukrainian artists of the U.S.A. and ^Convention; and also Lev Dobriansky, Kruk’s work • by the authoritative Canada. The programme included an professor at the University of George­ connoisseur, M. Jean Cassou, Director exhibition of Ukrainian art, a widely town and head of U.K.K., who of the National Museum of Modern representative concert, a public confer­ attempted to explain the real meaning Art. The note on Severin Boraczolc’s ence of artists, and a ball tor artists. of genocide in the U.S.S.R. In a press- work as a painter was written by The exhibition was opened in the communique on that point, the Univ­ H. de Gourlan, the art-critic, and Gallery of Artists of the all-Canadian ersity of Georgetown stated that the the catalogue also contains short biog­ National Exhibition on July 3. The U.S.S.R. is the worst murderer of the raphies of the two artists. first day there were 1500 visitors. The present-day world, one who “ with bloody hands” has signed the U.N. concert took place in the park belong­ The Territorial Conference of the Convention, and thus, by its very Union of Ukrainian Workers in France ing to the Gallery on July 4, and was shamelessness, has created an embarass- (O.U.R.F.) was held in Paris from attended by about ten thousand persons. ingly paradoxical situation. June 19—20, 1954. O.U.R.F. is the largest and strongest Union in the Conference of Ukrainian Free Professional Organisations (K.U.V.P.O.) which at present represents the Uk­ THE UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE rainian free professional movement in France. O.U.R.F. holds its Conference announces every two years, and, during the that this current number of The Ukrainian Observer is the last to be published* intervals, provincial, regional and dist­ This monthly newspaper is ceasing publication because rict conferences are held. Besides the preparations for celebrating the tenth THE ASSOCIATION OF UKRAINIANS IN GREAT BRITAIN, LTD. anniversary of the inauguration and work of the Ukrainian free professional movement, the first Conference of is preparing a Quarterly Magazine to be called O.U.R.F. summarised that ten years of activity, analysed it objectively and THE UKRAINIAN REVIEW critically, and worked out a wide plan of future work, bearing in mind the Readers are assured that the ideas presented in the Observer and the constant conditions and needs of the Ukrainian supply of reliable news of Ukrainian affairs will be maintained and expanded national community in the Motherland in the Review. as well as in emigration. The Ukrainian Review will provide readers with up-to-date articles on the struggle for liberation and relevant information about international affairs The Slavonic and East-European from both sides of the Iron Curtain. Revie tv of June 1954 published a very Reviews of books will also be included, together with notices of all other favourable review of the Encyclopaedia Ukrainian cultural activities. of Ukrainian Studies. The appreciation was contributed by Professor V. K. The Ukrainian Review may be ordered from: Matthews, of London University, a The Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain Ltd., well-known authority on Slav Lan­ 49, Linden Gardens, Notting Hill Gate, London, W.2. guage and Literature. Page 4 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 5—6

a half hours, 1 found that many of A. B. FIGHT IS OUB FiGHT tie members had a very profound by understanding of this point. They had Professor Lev E. Dobriansky. President of the Ukrainian Congress statistics compiled by various agencies; of the U.S.A. they also had Turkistanian acquaint­ ances from the five republics of A speech given in the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York on the tenth Turkistan, and contacts with numerous Anniversary of the foundation of A.B.N. other nations within the Soviet Union. On this day, the day after Thanks­ our position in support of that resolu­ Now where do we— as Americans— giving, I want to introduce my talk by tion. We are driven, not only by stand with regard to these problems recalling that at Thanksgiving time we sympathy, but by self-interest also, by and to t e future? It seems clear that are thinking in terms of liberation. our own love for a country, love for for t'.e present we must persevere and Today we are thinking of the Anti- our national tradition. c n inu; our educational work here in Bolshevik Bloc of Nations, the unity Freedom— a fundamental notion t e United States. Once someone takes of all the captive nations within the an in‘.er:st in the Soviet Union, he can It may startle some people to hear Soviet Empire, and we are all express­ be given the A.B.C. of that country that it was actually a Russian philos­ ing our thanks for being together on and shown that is is not identical with opher and several Russian political a free terrain to talk in terms of Russia. For if the Soviet Union were theorists with a degree of intellectual freedom and to be prepared to fight extended to include all the peoples honesty who declared that if a nation as one for freedom. We of the Uk­ that we erroneously call the satellite would be genuinely free, then that rainian Congress Committee have been st.tes, would that make a Pole a nation could not afford to dominate carrying on a fight which is also the Ru sian, a Hungarian a Russian, and ether nations. Now what we all seek fight of all Ukrainian friends of so on? Soon our listener finds his A.B.N., a fight which is identical with for the American nation, for its secur­ intellectual appetite aroused, and he ity, for the preservation of its democ­ that being carried on by many of our seeks to find more and more informa­ Asiatic representatives. ratic institutions and its prosperous tion on these vital issues. One can future, is in fact freedom, self-determ­ And I am very much impressed, and argue that when there are so many ination, national independence, self- I think Congressman Armstrong andé all'e: within the Soviet Union, allies government. I use all these terms, others should be jubilantly impressed, for the United States, it would be because they all mean basically the by the addresses of the Ambassador in a _e ;o ignore their existence. That same thing. When we put forward such from Korea, by the gentleman who is how he comes to look at the notions on behalf of a non-Russian represents China, and by a Turkist- problem, that is how his thoughts anian. Also, 1 must add, it was a great captive nation within that vast Soviet begin to shape. And it is the duty of Empire, then we are really putting pleasure to me to sit here and observe al of you as Americans, as would-be forward the same notion of freedom— the presence of a representative of the Americans for those who wish to infrequently mentioned Idel-Ural Re­ and such a notion must also apply to become citizens of this country, to see the Russian nation itself. public. We are acquainted with many that America continues this crusade, of these areas, and all of us are speak­ Russia— enemy of freedom this gallant fight, this unyielding ing the same language. Here in this country there is still struggle on behalf of the greatest part much for us to do, if we are to apply of humanity. Relations with Korea and China such a theory to the Soviet Empire, (from notes) and it is on this point that I will Now all that I can do in this limited conclude my talk. We have made time is to lay bare a few perspectives. considerable progress these past few I have listened to thé Ambassador of years, though I cannot list all the FROM THE RUSSIAN PRESS Korea telling us that, in June , 1950 efforts that have been made, nor all the a day or so after the invasion of Under the heading “ Bookshelf” , individuals who have come to see Pravda (Truth) on July 26th recom­ Southern Korea, the Ukrainian Cong­ the truth, though they are to be found mended seven recent publications. Six ress Committee sent a message to the in every sphere of activity, from the of those books are anti-religious: Korean Ambassador in Washington to highest policy-making Board to many 1. Socialism and Religion, by V. I. which he responded with warmth and Study Groups. Only last week I was sympathy. And why was this? Because Lenin— a book about the attitude asked to talk about Soviet Economy to of the Communist Party towards the common denominator in this so- a group in Washington, called the religion, an edition of 200,000 called struggle against Communism is Military Occupational Group, one of copies. patriotism, is natural love for the soil, about four or five in the country. At 2. Religious Superstition and its for the culture and for the whole life that particular meeting there were from Dangers, by A. Pavelkin— 100,000 of a nation. A Korean would under­ fifty to seventy-five officers, some of copies. stand that, because his Korea is being whom came from Executive Agencies 3. Religion—Enemy of Science and destroyed in the same way that Uk­ such as the Foreign Operations Agency, Progress, by V. Prokofiev— 100,000 raine, Turkistan, the Idel-Ural Repub­ the State Department, and so on. This copies. lic, the Baltic Nations and many others group is drawing up plans, since no-one, 4. The Marxist Philosophical Material­ are being destroyed by Communist We pray, would deny that conflict with ism— Theoretical Weapons in the Imperialism. The same thing occurred the Soviet Union will mean a victorious Fight against Religion, by P. Kolo- in respect of China. Immediately, on occupation. I was very interested to see nytsky— 182,000 copies. how far this group appreciated the true ths announcement of the resolution 5. K. A. Timiryazev’s Fight Against state of affairs within the Soviet Union, prohibiting the admission of the Idealism and Religion, by H. for although I was supposed to talk delegate from Communist China to Platonov— 85,000 copies. about Economics, yet it is clear to the United Nations, we of the Uk­ 6. /. . Mechni\ov and his Fight, by anyone that Soviet Economy is three- 1 D. Ostryanin— 136,000 copies. rainian Congress Committee took up quarters Politics. And after two and No. 5—6 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 5

Yaroslav Stetzko and that of all the nations enslaved by them, fear of the police terror THE STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF THE and its victims, the absence of a planned and united fight by all the ORGANISED RESISTANCE MOVEMENT nations. The remnants of that weak­ In the light of home documents ness must be rooted out; courageous, heroic men must be led to the front. published by the Ukrainian Underground in the year 1950-53 If 210 million (the number of the By order of the Commander-in- “We shall be victorious, if we enslaved nations, without the C iief of U.P.A. and according to prepare the nation to win independ­ Russians) or half of that number, or the Declaration of the Governing ence by an all-national movement, at least our whole nation, becomes Body of O.U.N. in June 1946, the if we change the insurrection ranks a nation of fighters, it will certainly fighting tactics of the National into a million-strong army, and if be the end of Bolshevik rule.” Liberation Movement were changed we are able to win a decisive battle PP;i 12-13- after the end of World War II. by it.” p. 3. “Our fight is not the fight of the Tactics and strategy adopted by “ By the word ‘fight’ we under­ Kholodny Yar insurgents who rest­ O.U.N., U.P.A. and U.H.V.R., are stand not only an armed conflict and ricted their action to individual elaborated in underground publica­ struggle between two armies; ‘fight’ encounters and a few areas.” tions which include the following: means to us resistance, defence, the “ Our Organisation is a large (a) P. Poltava: “About our Plan offensive in every sphere— ideological, fighting machine which ceaselessly of Battle for the Liberation of U k­ political, military, economic, and advances along a very long road . . . raine in its present situation, in so on.” p. 7. It does not restrict itself to acts of 1951.” Freedom for Nations, printed “ . . . it is the task of the Ukrain­ terrorism; it does not cause pre­ by the O.U.N. Press. ian underground, O.U.N., to prepare mature insurrections; it prepares (b) Z. S.: “The Form and Tactics the Ukrainian nation for the build­ what is necessary in all spheres for of O.U.N. in its Fight for U.S.S.D. ing-up of its state, the creation of an the decisive battle against Bolshev­ are right.” What do we Fight For, army a million strong which will not ism for victory . . . The Russian and How. 1950. know the words “ prison” , and imperialists have never been faced (c) P. Poltava: What is the Object “backward” , to train leading cadres with such a fight, such an organisa­ of our Fight. 1952. for the political and military execut­ tion.” p. 14. (d) R. Mokh: The Prospect of our ives and to make it possible for that This opinion is supported from the Fight. 1949. army to win and to establish historical point of view by P. Poltava (e) P. Poltava: Why was the Insur­ U.S.S.D.” p.7. in (e), his analysis of the times of rection Movement of 1648 Victor­ Freedom from foreign influence Khmelnitsky. On page 28, he collects ious? 1948. all the analogous elements of Khmel­ Z. S. continues on page 8 of (f) S. Khrnil: The Ukrainian Part­ nitsky’s successful revolution in order (b) thus: isan Warfare. . to justify our present conception of 1953 “ We positively reject the opinion fg) The Information Bureau of revolution. that in the event of war against the U.H.V.R. No. 7/50 March 1950. Also this point of view is support­ Bolsheviks the fate of Ukraine and Page 2. ed by R. Mokh (d) where he dwells other nations will be determined by upon the connection of the political Aims of the Movement the Great Powers regardless of our revolution with the spiritual one: The way to liberation is clearly will and our preparations.” “ . . . we are not satisfied with defined by the resolutions of the . . . we must cease to be always a the political revolution; we need 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Congresses of victim of various ‘liberators’, to be a spiritual revolution which must O.U.N., the first three Conferences subdued again and again; we must prepare for the political one.” p. 13. of O.U.N., and also by the Decisions create our own forces and, making “ The Ukrainian soul is being incorporated in the Declaration of use of favourable internal and exter­ depraved (by Russia), and this has the Governing Body of O.U.N. in nal conditionsi defend our own never been done by anyone to such June 1946. P. Poltava, in Who are interests, and realise U.S.S.D.” p.9. an extent.” p. 12. the Banderaites, states them thus: “Fight against the spiritual, “ Our victory depends upon r. our “ In order to gain our ends, we physical and material annihilation own forces, 2. the enemy forces, expand our national and social libera­ of the nation, fight against mobi­ and 2. the international situation.” tion revolution in Ukraine, and lisation to foreign armies; fight p. 14. amongst other nations of the against deportation, drudgery; fight “ Our own strength is the most U.S.S.R. We call upon all nations against occupation taxes; fight important factor in our liberation enslaved by Soviets, the masses of against the collective farms, and fight.” p. 21. working people of all nationalities so on— a universal fight against The changing nature of the national in the U.S.S.R., to join our fight, invaders of every kind ...” p. 12. liberation movement which is aimed at the overthrow of “Every fight, be it defensive or the Bolshevik regime.” offensive, successful or unsuccessful, In his last two works, (a) and (c) every shot fired in defence or offens­ above, P. Poltava dwells on the Z. S. in (b) above, says: ive, every resistance by Ukrainian more precise definition of the tactics “ The Ukrainian revolutionary peasants, workers, intelligentsia, of the fight today. In view of the liberation movement represented by school-children, youths, old men, changed conditions of the post-war O.U.N. views the underground re­ girls, old women— all that accelerates world, he says, “since 1946 the volutionary liberation fight in all its the process of the .. . anti-bolshevik Ukrainian liberation revolutionary spheres—spiritual, political^ economic revolution.” p. 12. movement has changed from a wide and so on— as the only possible and “Until now, the strength of the insurrection into a deep flowing un­ the surest, though thorny, way to Russian imperialists—white and red derground movement.’’ the liberation of Ukraine.” p. 3. Russians—consisted in our weakness Continued overpage Page 6 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 5—6

In practice, this change has manif­ The struggle intensifies people, results in the varied social ested itself primarily in the follow­ In connection with the recent structure of U.P.A., viz: ing ways: unheard-of, cruel Bolshevik action 1. Little by little, according to “ Peasants 60%, workers 25%, in­ intended to destroy revolutionary telligentsia 15% .” circumstances and needs in individ­ forces in Western Ukraine, O.U.N. “ When the Bolsheviks drove the ual regions, the units of U.P.A. were focused its attention on the defence Germans westwards and the question disbanded, and their members, com­ of that base and on renewed attack of war against the allies was discuss­ manders and soldiers included in the against the enemy. frame-work of the underground net­ ed, our units swarmed with workers In (c), P. Poltava considers the work. from different industrial centres, importance for general strategy of from the woodworking industry, oil- 2. The whole underground move­ Galicia, Volhynia and Bukovyna ment, and all its work, became industry, food industries, tanneries, (Z.U.Z.). Russia sees in these areas strictly confidential. and also artisans from towns.” pp. a threat to her empire “ thanks to the 3. Contrary to what was done 17-18. highly national conscience of the during the period of widespread ‘Peasants, particularly poor peas­ nation working for independence” , action by U.P.A.— aimed principally ants,. joined U.P.A. in large num­ p. 5, and “ thanks to the high spirit at preventing the enemy from ext­ bers. Peasants belonging to that of revolution among the masses of ending his power beyond certain group were good soldiers, healthy, the people” , p. 6, “who do not fear districts—the work of political modest, firm, courageous.” the enemy but attack him at the first propaganda and political organisation “ Small farmers are staunch and opportunity.” pp. 7-8. was now brought to the fore. The serious; they are great patriots. armed underground is today the “ Having the revolutionised masses Workers arc intelligent and agile...” basic form of the fight of the Uk­ with us, we are today much closer The author points out that these rainian liberation revolutionary move­ to . our aim— the state— than was statements completely disprove the ment in the U.S.S.R. the case on former occasions.” p. 7. Bolshevik thesis of "the country of In (a) on page 7, P. Poltava “ A leader of the Polish liberation workers.” Being aware of the speaks thus of Ukraine: movement under the tzarist occupa­ corrupting work of Russia, the “Thanks to our underground tion in 1905/6 regarded the encount­ U.P.A. includes political instruction network, we rule almost completely ers of Polish demonstrators with the in the education of soldiers. over about one-third of the territory tzarist police and Cossacks in of Ukraine. . . . Our publications Warsaw as a decisive moment The Ukrainian Liberation Movement reach all corners of Ukraine, and because the Polish masses overcame and the West into various republics of the U.S.S.R. their fear and began to attack the In 1948, about 70 different pamph­ enemy.” The attitude of the Ukrainian revo­ lutionary-liberation circles towards lets, leaflets, newspapers and belles “Thanks to the existence and the Western Powers has been present­ lettres were published in our under­ activity of O.U.N. in Ukraine and ed by P. Poltava in (g) May 1951, ground printing works in thousands, particularly in Western Ukraine . . . and again on page 8: there are today in Western Ukraine No. 9. He also commented on the propaganda of the western world in “ The underground needs reinfor­ two states— the formal Bolshevik an open letter to the “Voice ' of cement .. . tens of thousands of state and the actual underground America.” insurgents and members of the independent Ukrainian State.” p. 8. underground organisation have died “The aim of our offensive is to In conclusion we would like to the death of heroes during the last control the whole of Ukraine— from explain that the Ukrainian nation has few years.” Tysa to Kuban and from Chernihiv its underground Ukrainian State On this last point, Marko Boyeslav to Odessa . . . Every lost village, represented by U.H.V.R., which is published in 1950 a pamphlet, Our every region where the organisation its underground government; U .P .A :, Liberation Fight ancl the Problem has been liquidated^ undermines our which is the armed arm of the of Sacrifices, in which he answers base of further attack.” p. 12. nation; and O.U.N., its political organisation, which is playing a most the following questions which have “ We must regard it as a law, that worried many members of the com­ the masses offering resistance to important part in preparing ' the munity, and which are quoted below occupation must always be support­ people for the decisive liberation from page 1: ed and led.” p. 15. fight of the whole armed nation, and “ r. Must the number of victims be which is the manifestation of that The author quotes a series of facts so great? underground state. We do not which corroborate the above thesis. regard the Ukrainian S.S.R. as a Uk­ 2. Is it really of use at the moment For instance, there is a declaration to make such sacrifices? rainian state: the Ukrainian state by the wife of a member of U.P.A., 3. Is there any way of lessening the whose restoration was proclaimed by a Ukrainian woman from S.U.Z.; number of victims?” the act of June 30, 1941, against that of a Ukrainian soldier of the the will of the Germans and the In conclusion, (c) includes a Red Army; of a Russian soldier of special communiqué under the head­ Russians is today symbolised by the the Red Army; and of Ukrainians liberation underground formations. ing, “About the Armed Action of from Odessa and other territories of If the western world would meet U.P.A., and the Underground Organ­ S.U.Z. isation in Ukraine under the Russian half-way those ideas which we have Bolshevik Occupation,” giving a Social Elements in the U.P.A. been . describing in the authentic partial report for the period January In (f), S. Khmil elaborates a words of leaders of fighting Ukraine — June 1949 on the change of tactics, universal plan by the underground —most of whom have already died and a detailed enumeration of new organisation for the preparation of —then the menace of Bolshevism forms of fighting which show us how insurrection, relying upon its own would perish and victory over it be the phase of the liberation movement forces. The soul of every Ukrainian, guaranteed. appears in action. the inclusion of the whole life of the No. 5—6 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 7

Major Mustafa Wali Aytugan (Tartarian) dispersed like ashes.” Many of the officers and students had been shot or sent to Siberia. When I reached the Crimea, I did not find a single Tartar­ groups a il ©Users wifiifi a® te l ian division; there was only an ordin­ ary 3rd division, and those who had I, commander of a hundred menin 1937, I noticed that more and more belonged to the Tartarian division had at the Tartaro-Bashkirian Cadet College of my students were absent from my been transferred to Kamchatka, in the capital of the Autonomous classes. A t first we were all surprised at Moscow, Siberia, and so on. . Tartarian S.S.R., Kazan, which was a this, and did not know -what had The very fact that such national school for the training of officers for become of them, but later it was military groups were existing used.. to the Turko-Tartarian divisions, was recognised that the G.P.U. had come further the spirit of the population! and transferred in 1931 by the Commissar for them at night, and the other promote the tendency towards in­ of our College, Nichmat Anikiev, to students just did not say anything dependence and separation from the the Ukrainian Red Military Academy, about it. It also appeared that teachers U.S.S.R. This example may be . given a College for officers in Charkiv. In and students who had only just arrived here: In 1931 there was a rebellion of 0 arkiv I was welcomed as a foreign- were arrested. Thus, for example, a farmers against the system of collect­ e •. I was asked about our national new lecturer on Topography, a Greek, ive economy in the village Tshuwash- military College, our culture, our disappeared without leaving any trace Kupri, a rebellion which spread all holidays, customs, etc. I was surprised only one week after his arrival at the over the district. One battalion of the to find that all commands and instruct­ College. Such conditions intimidated Tartaro-Bashkirian military school and ions were given in Ukrainian. Nearly everyone, including myself, and I one regiment of the 1st Tartarian all regulations were translated from exoscted daily that the G.P.U. would division were sent to suppress: the Russian into Ukrainian. In the bar­ also come for me. rebellion. The soldiers, however, : did racks, classes and club rooms pictures A Ukrainian U.V.O. victim not shoot at the rebels, for they were of Shevchenko, Gogol, and other U k­ their brothers. These national units rainian writers were hanging next to The case of a lecturer on Artillery, were then replaced by a G.P.U. the portraits of party leaders like a Ukrainian, whose name I have forgot­ regiment which had the strength of a Petrowsk', Kossior and others. The ten, deserves special mention. I Was division. This regiment was stationed whole staff seemed to me to be U k­ awakened at night, and there was the in the area of Kazan, and consisted of rainian. I had a chance to notice how G.P.U. Commissar of the school with men from Moscow. It suppressed the contemptuously the Russian language two unknown men in the hall. They rebellion in due course. which I was obliged to use was regard­ asked me in a polite way to help them G.P.U. units were usually stationed ed : my companions regretted that they to search the lecturer’s apartment. in the capitals of the Republics of the could not speak with me in Tartarian. Under the circumstances, of course, Union and were entrusted with security 1 was in a group of a hundred men I dared not refuse. They showed me services. Here is another example of under the command of the officer the official search-warrant and ordered their work. Klimenko, and the relations between me to take a list of the books from our In 1929 seven rural districts around those taking part in the course, the library which belonged to this lecturer. the town of Nucha in Transcaucasia offic:rs, and myself, were excellent. I wrote down the names of some 150 rose in rebellion. The authorities sent After I returned to Kazan, we re­ books about political and military the Azerbaijanian division, which was organised our College after the Charkiv matters; among them was a booklet by stationed in the town of Nadsha, to model, and one year later Klimenko Fakir, the shot U.V.O. commander, suppress the rebellion. This division came to us in Kazan on a similar called Fighting with the help of small proved unfit for action since none of mission. flags, written in Ukrainian, and a the soldiers wished to shoot at the history text-book with a picture of Since 1932, Moscow has started rebels, and many of them deserted. Bohdan Khmelnitsky, also in Uk­ gradually to liquidate the national and Moscow was forced to replace this rainian. In Fakir's booklet, there were territorial divisions and military acad­ division by the 2nd division, a unit emies. In 1936, I was transferred from many little red and blue flags on each called after Stjopin, consisting of my native country to Ukraine, which page which were used as symbols for Russians from Krasnopresnensk, • a was a foreign country for me. I went the smaller military units in action, town in the neighbourhood of Moscow. to Sumy as a lecturer on general and in these little coloured flags one In 1924 the same division had suppress­ could see, holding them against the military tactics. The students of the ed a rebellion in Georgia. During ■ the military college at Sumy, who were light, the Trident, the Ukrainian suppression of the rebellion of 1929 it accustomed to speaking Ukrainian, national emblem, in faint lines. After was found that the rebels were using could not understand my lectures this search the lecturer was arrested and quite modern rifles manufactured in which were held in Russian, and they disappeared for ever. His family was Ishew, and later it became known that asked many questions. I had hardly evicted from their apartment in the the rebels had been supplied with these become acquainted with the other barracks. And similar cases occurred by the Azerbaijanian division. Moscow, lecturers and the staff of the school in all national units in the Red Army. convinced by such facts of the dis­ when they began to disaonear, being In May 1937, I was transferred to loyalty of its national units, began to replaced by Tartars, Uzbegs, Armen­ the 3rd Tartarian division in the liquidate them. The best and most ians, Georgians and— in the most Crimea, andI travelled through national-minded elements were shot, important positions— by Russians. Some Charkiv, as I wished to re-visit the Red while many went into exile, the rest of the Ukrainian officers were arrested, Military Academy. But it was no beina dispersed all over the U.S.S.R. longer there. Instead was the Charkiv others were hastily transferred, and in small units. In this way the Infantry School, commanded by a “territorial, system” of the Soviet Arm­ a third group disappeared to unknown Russian. There were students from ed Forces was destroyed, for it was destinations. various nations, and when I asked dangerous to Moscow on account of The school was visited by Control about the old staff, T was told that its staff of nationals and its autarchic Commissions from time to time, and “ this national-chauvinistic nest had been tendencies. Page 8 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 5—6 IP IE It E "

MOSCO W 9S SPECULA TIONS O VER TME and independence. In order to achieve this aim the Communists resorted to TREATY OF PERE Y A SLA V every possible means of propaganda. The various academies of learning and Manoeuvres to divert Ukraine from of Slav brotherhood, just as if these certain scholars we_re instructed to its Efforts to obtain Independence two nations had formed an alliance for publish suitable “documentary collec­ life. tions” and “scientific” works. Writers, On Moscow’s instructions lavish and poets, musicians, painters, sculptors, Moscow’s false propaganda lengthy celebrations were recently held choirs, and those engaged in the to mark the 300th anniversary of the In order to obliterate historical facts, theatrical and film professions were in­ Treaty of Pereyaslav, which was con­ namely that resistance to Russia and formed that it was their duty to glorify cluded on January 18, 1654, by the Uk­ an uncompromising fight for political, the “ imiolable friendship” of the Rus­ rainian Hetman, Bohdan Khmelnitsky, cultural and economic emancipation sians and the Ukrainians. Various appro­ and the Russian Tzar, Alexej Michaj- can be traced right through the history priate exhibitions were held in museums lowitsch. of Ukraine during the past 300 years, and libraries. Mass meetings, lasting What were the terms of this treaty, Moscow disseminated as many lies as from early in the morning until late and what aim had the Kremlin rulers possible as propaganda in the course at night, were held in the villages, in mind when they decided to celebrate of the anniversary celebrations. With factories, and schools, in the course its anniversary in so grand a style, the aid of skilful misrepresentations, of which suitably prepared lectures and and when they issued instructions as literature, films, exhibitions, and agita­ speeches were given. Socialist working to how this historic event should be tions, Moscow tried to convince the competitions, the aim of which was interpreted? Ukrainian masses that the enslavement to establish records in certain types of Three hundred years- ago, as all of Ukraine by tzarist Russia meant work, were, of course, also held— of us know, the Ukrainian Hetman, “progress” for the Ukrainians and all in honour of this “ historic event.” above all that subjugation by the Khmelnitsky, was obliged to enter into Tn addition, all sixteen republics of an alliance with the Russian Tzar, Russian Bolshevik regime had brought the U.S.S.R., including the satellite Alexej, during the Seven Years’ War them social “ liberation.” In the tumult states of Northern Korea and Mon­ with Poland, solely in order to safe­ of these lavish celebrations the impres­ golia, participated in the anniversary guard the independence of the newly sion was to be created that the union celebrations in some form or other. created Ukrainian state against Polish of Ukraine and the great Russian For months on end tourists from all intervention. Russia, however, violated Empire had brought the Ukrainians the over the Soviet Union undertook the treaty during Khmelnitsky’s life­ “ fulfilment of the desires they had excursions and marches to “historic” time, and the latter was obliged to cherished for centuries” and had been places. Special postage-stamps and a “great blessing” for Ukraine, and enter into negotiation with Sweden and badges were issued to commemorate that for all these things the Ukrainians Transylvania in order to protect his the historic day, and school-children were indebted for all time to their country against the murderous designs were forced to write essays at home “big brother” , the “great Russian of his Russian ally. Khmelnitsky’s and during school-hours about the successors, Vyhovsky, Doroshenko, and nation”, and above all to the Russian significance of this event from Communist Party. The alliance between Mazeppa, were forced to continue this Moscow’s point of view. To mark this political course, and together with the Russians and the Ukrainians during anniversary, streets were renamed and Poland, Turkey and Sweden they wag­ the centuries was depicted as a harmon­ the “historic” town of Cherkassy was ious idyll, whilst the “class enemies” of ed wars against Russia during th; made the centre of a newly established seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, in both nations were blamed for any administrative area. order to free Ukraine from the “disturbances” which had occurred in the course of this “harmonious The Communists, however, did not clutches of Moscow into which it had stop at demonstrations of Platonic fallen since the violation of the Treaty alliance.” It was stressed that the bolshevist revolution had put an end to friendship. In order to prove their of Pereyaslav. This political course on “ everlasting friendship” to the Ukrain­ the part of Ukraine proved decisive all such disturbances for good, and that both nations, in the bosom of their ians, the Russian Bolshevik rulers in during the years that followed and in Moscow decided to unite Crimea with particular during the heroic fight o mutual “Soviet motherland”, now had a chance to enjoy prosperity, technical the Ukrainian Soviet Republic by a the Ukrainian nation against Russian special decree. But this is most certain­ progress and advantageous cultural supremacy in the twentieth century. ly nothing more than an illusory development. Now, 300 years later, the Russian “ present” , for in reality Crimea and Bolshevik rulers in Moscow have Aims to destroy Ukrainian the entire “Ukrainian Soviet Republic" suddenly seized upon the idea of inter­ Nationalism will continue to remain under Russian preting the historical episode connected tyranny. with the Treaty of Pereyaslav as an By means of these fairy-tales and important turning-point in the history deceptions the Central Committee of The truth: W. Ochrymovych of Ukraine and of describing it as “ the the Russian Communist Party tried to It truly seems historical irony that fulfilment of the historic aims” of the turn the 300th anniversary of the simultaneously with the climax of these Ukrainian nation after their union with Treaty of Pereyaslav to account, in exaggerated celebrations in Ukraine the Russia. Accordingly Moscow issued order to create the impression of an military tribunal in Kiev sentenced W. orders that the 300th anniversary of this alleged equality and brotherhood of Ochrymovych, one of the supporters antiquated treaty was to be celebrated the Russian and Ukrainian nations and of the Ukrainian fight for freedom as the “ voluntary union” of the Uk­ thus frustrate the efforts of the and a member of the leading national rainians and the Russians in the spirit latter to obtain their national freedom Cont-d at foot of Page 9, C.ol. 1 No. 5—6 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 9 \ S L A V

On December 9, 1953, Pravda publish­ SOOth ANNIVERSARY OF THE ed a joint Decision of the Central ENSLA VEMENT OF UKRAINE RYRUSSIA Committee of K.P.S.S., the Council of Ministers of the U.S.S.R., and the ALL UNION CELEBRATION Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the decisions by the Soviet administration plants, state farms and collective farms U.S.S.R., concerning the 300th anniver­ in respect of industry, agriculture and in Ukraine, in Russia and in other sary of the Re-union of Ukraine and trade, the question of the relations republics. Russia. It had been resolved to “mark of Ukraine with Russia was raised as On the occasion of the 36th anniver­ that anniversary in 1954 as a notable a central political problem inside the sary of the October revolution, while event of history, a great national U.S.S.R. reviewing troops in Kyiv, General festival of the Ukrainian and Russian Chuykov took the floor and said that The political propaganda campaign nations as well as of all the other “ in fraternal union with the great nations of the Soviet Union.” with regard to the “ Re-union” was Russian nation and other nations of launched on a large scale, affecting all In the same issue of Pravda was a the Soviet Union, Soviet Ukraine has spheres of Soviet life—party, administ­ long editorial under the heading, “ The achieved a great success in its economic rative, cultural, economic, military. The great strength of the friendship and and cultural life, giving a hearty Soviet press began to publish lectures fraternity of nations.” This dealt with Welcome to that great triumph of on such subjects as “ The historic friend­ the same subject, and commented at friendship of the nations of our mother­ ship of the Ukrainian and Russian length upon the above Decision—i.e. land— the 300th anniversary of the re­ nations” , “ The liberation fight of the it was re-written and some of its union of Ukraine and Russia.” Ukrainian nation in the years 1648- sentences and punctuation were re­ 1654, and the re-union of Ukraine and Failure of the Lenin-Stalin arranged. In accordance with Soviet Russia” , etc. which were given in national policy practice, the Decision was also reprinted villages and towns, at party conventions It is a fact that Russian policy with in Radyans\a U\raina (“ Soviet Uk­ and public meetings, in factories, M.T. regard to Ukraine has remained the raine” ) and in a series of central news­ Stations, state farms, schools and the same during the last 300 years, invari­ papers as well as in the regional and higher educational institutions. ably aimed not only at the destruction district press of the Ukrainian S.S.R. At the same time compulsory reading of Ukrainian independence, but also at This important action of the supreme of the “ Decision” about the 300th the Russification and enslavement of all organs of the U.S.S.R. completed pre­ anniversary began everywhere. Writers Ukrainian lands. Therefore it should parations for the celebration of the “ Re­ and poets started to write new novels not be surprising if the above-mention­ union” , and initiated the festivities. In and poems in honour of the noteworthy ed “ Decision” says clearly that “ the this way, besides matters of economic date and of “ the elder brother” ; union of Ukraine and Russia, in spite of and social policy dealt with in recent the fact that at that time Russia was composers worked on new operas, songs programme speeches by Malenkov, governed by the tzar and by land- and marches; scientists busied themsel­ Khrushchov and Mikoyan, and besides owners, was of great progressive ves discovering new falsifications of importance to the further political, history. economic and cultural development of Radyans\y Pysmenny\ (Soviet Writer) the Ukrainian and Russian nations. The revolutionary organisation, the O.U.N., is preparing to publish a collection call­ to death. To conceal the truth as union of these two great Slav nations... ed “The Chronicle of a Great Friend­ regards the national revolutionary fight Russia and Ukraine, was the only wise ship” ; an almanac “For ever with you, course of action to take against their of the Ukrainians, the reason adduced Russia”, is to appear in Lviv; the enemies.” for this sentence was that the accused composer Dankevych has already purg­ Certain concessions and grants were had acted as an agent for the American ed his opera “ Bohdan Khmelnitsky” — only tactical deviations from the general secret service. This, too, is the only libretto by W. Wasilewska and A. line of Russian policy, or maybe reason why, contrary to the usual Korniychuk—of the passages that dealt temporary oversights in Petersburg or practice, this sentence was made with historical fact; film producers have publicly known throughout the country, Moscow. However, the most serious revised the film on Khmelnitsky, and whereas, up to now, active supporters concessions made by Rusia were caused prepared a new arrangement based on of the Ukrainian fight for freedom by organised force and resistance in the present requirements; M. Hrechucha Ukrainian nation. have been executed en masse in has published a long article in Radyan- secret. sl(a U\raina under the heading. “The Today that policy has been experienc­ Moscow’s true attitude towards the good fortune of the Ukrainian nation ed to the full— the long series of oppres­ Ukrainians, which was to be disguised in the fraternal family of Soviet sive orders, “ thanks to which the Uk­ by the anniversary celebrations, is nations” , in which he heaps abuse on rainian nation has been able to realise convincingly illustrated by the cam­ “ Ukrainian bourgeois nationalists.” its national revival, having united all the paign which is at present being Not only in Ukraine, but in Moscow, Ukrainian lands in the Ukrainian conducted and which aims to extermin­ Leningrad, Vladivostok and all over the Soviet Socialist State.” The “ friendship ate the Ukrainian underground move­ U.S.S.R., in literary clubs and libraries, of nations” is, as is known, an official mask. ment by the mass deportation of the exhibitions have been prepared; under young people of Ukraine from their brazen titles such as “ socialist competi­ The grandiose celebrations of the 300th anniversary are supposed to prove native country, and the systematic tion of the workers of Leningrad and settlement in their stead of Russian and Ukraine” , “socialist competition of the the success of that “ national policy.” In reality, however, they are attempts to other new settlers from the Asiatic Voronizh and Poltava collective farm­ conceal their bankruptcy. republics. ers” and the like, socialist competition S. L. is being carried on between factories, Continued overpage Page 10. . UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 5—6

A summary of Russian policy in Beria, declaring: “ the friendship of the the internal lack of strength of the Ukraine for the last 30 years, years full Soviet nations has never been so strong Soviet social and state system, the of terrible and unscrupulous Russifica­ and unshakable as it is today. True, weakness of the Soviet rear . . .” Today tion and extermination, does not give there are politicians abroad who regard­ Russia is trying to convince the world Russia any cause ' for optimism despite ed the -unmasking and disarming of the that the problem of the independence heavy Ukrainian losses. The Ukrainian people’s enemy, Beria,- as a weakness of of Ukraine has already been solved, problem has not been solved; on the our country, but those politicians were that the Ukrainian nation stands in contrary, due to the national force of short-sighted indeed.” “a firm and everlasting union with the Ukrainian nation and its organised Lt is known also, that in the bill of the Russian nation” , and that there is fight, Moscow has been compelled to indictment against Beria he was accused no “ weakness of the Soviet rear . . . ” . make new tactical deviations from its of trying to disunite the “ fraternal At the same Congress, Malenkov general policy. The political devel­ nations.” Russian political circles today declared: “ In the capitalist world, opment of Ukraine has not gone along are not only aware of the basic there has taken shape in the person of the line of “re-union with Russia” ; nationalist tendencies in Ukraine, but the U.S.A. a new centre of reaction rather it has consistently aimed at also they quite correctly estimate their and aggression; it is this centre that separation, and this has been furthered force .and do not deny them. Hence on threatens the cause of freedom and by the Russification policy of the the one hand they define nationalism the national independence of nations.” Kremlin in all its many guises— rightly and call it by its proper names— Today Pravda s official policy is to play national oppression, filling up the party independence, sovereignty, united states, the part of a protector not only of the and administrative apparatus with etc—and, on the other hand, they “independence” of France, but also of Russians, open Russian racialism, and try by every means to satisfy it by a Ukraine. Though it may be chance a population policy which, along with fictional reality, to prove that all these that a day after the publication of the displacement of the population, spread demands ! have already been fulfilled “Decision”, Pravda published an editor­ the bacteria of “ Ukrainian bourgeois thanks to the help given by the Russian ial headed “ France and the Problem of nationalism” all over the U.S.S.R. nation in the form of a common European Security” , yet this fact is Consequently, the split between the Russian state. Thus Pravda assures us significant and symptomatic. But the Ukrainian and Russian nations is today that “ the Ukrainian nation has already weak point of Russia, Ukraine, is deeper than it was before. realised its everlasting dream and creat­ certainly no less dangerous to it than The changes in Ukraine after the ed a national Ukrainian Soviet State” , the weak point of the West, France, to death of Stalin, particularly the removal and “ that the better sons of the Russian the U.S.A.' of Melnikov, were the first evident nation have always been in sympathy The present campaign emphasising acknowledgement of the bankruptcy with its just fight, and acknowledged the “ friendship” of Ukraine and Russia of the Stalin national policy; they and protected the right of Ukraine to can be regarded as political propaganda cannot be regarded only as the personal national independence.” in preparation for a new offensive, rivalry of cliques for power. Although It can be clearly seen from the above exactly as the ostentatious “state Beria—1who, thanks to his post, could that great importance is attached funeral” of the Metropolitan Sheptytsky better estimate the whole importance, by the Kremlin to Ukrainian— Russian preceded an intensified attack against seriousness and maturity of the nation­ relations as the main problem of the the Ukrainian Catholic Church. al, and particularly of the Ukrainian, internal policy of the U.S.S.R., a In general, it should be expected that problem in the U.S.S.R.—was the chief problem full of. contradictions and this new action will include all spheres promoter of those unimportant reforms, danger. One can see the fear of losing of Ukrainian life; therefore, the last it is also certain that Malenkov Ukraine which would mean the down­ “ voluntary” resettlement of able-bodied understood the internal situation, for fall of the whole Soviet Empire. Hence Ukrainian families from Western U k­ his personal consent was necessary for also the emphasis on “ the unshakable raine in the Amur country and the the removal of Melnikov; and he did and everlasting friendship of the U k­ Sakhalin region should be regarded as not reinstate Melnikov even after the rainian and Russian nations, of all an integral part of that action. removal of Beria. It follows that' both the nations of the Soviet Union, which It is significant that Kruglov is assist­ cliques considered it necessary to relax is a guarantee of their national indep­ ed in his work by Strokach, who the policy of their predecessor Stalin, endence and freedom, of the flourish­ gained much experience in underground and shows rather more realistic think­ ing of national culture, and of the work during World War II; he was ing on the part of the new Russian growth of the Ukrainian nation as well recently re-instated in his former post rulers. as: of other nations of the Soviet at the Ministry of Home Affairs of the It is probable that Beria would have Union.” Ukrainian S.S.R. in Kyiv. retreated still .further, but he was But the importance of the celebra­ We do not doubt that new police and among Russian chauvinistic circles tion of the 300th anniversary is not military actions against our movement dominated by Stalin. It is possible that exhausted in the sphere of internal will remain as fruitless as formerly. we would have seen some remarkable politics. They play an especially But in the text of the “ Decision” it events if he had succeeded in breaking important part in Russian foreign should be noted that not only Ukrain­ out of the Russian environment and policy as a demonstration and manifest­ ian nationalists, but also imperialistic escaping to Ukraine or Georgia. In ation of its force and solidarity, chauvinists have for the first time been this connection, the fact that General which is in fact greatly weakened by called enemies of the friendship of Chuykov was at that rime appointed the urgency of the Ukrainian problem. Ukraine and Russia. Therefore we may Commander of the Kyiv" military At the 19th Congress of K.P.S.S., assume that what is at issue is not only district was not a mere chance if one Malenkov reported on the “ further the masking of the real chauvinistic remembers that it was Russian Army establishment of the Soviet social and tendencies of the Kremlin today to circles who helped Malenkov to liquid­ state system” and discussed the friend­ cause more confidence in Ukraine and ate Beria; neither is it surprising that ship of nations, referring deliberately to abroad, but also the preparation of a in his speech of August 8, 1953. World War II in these words: new all-Union purge in which many of Malenkov connected “ the friendship of “ Taking the offensive against our those who helped in the liquidation of the Soviet nations” with the case of country, the Fascist invaders counted on Reria will fall as victims to Malenkov. No. 5—6 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 11

S. Lenkawsky 1. The concealment of the act of subjugation of Ukraine by Red Russia, The Crimea am (lie Kremlin “ love” lor (He camouflaging it into Russian “general government” of a new type under the Ukrainian ■al©i Ukrainian S.S.R. which is after all The decision of the Supreme Soviet seem to have strengthened the position only a piece of paper. of the U.S.S.R. of February 19, 1954, of the Russian imperialists on that 2. The creation of a sense of on tie administrative inclusion of the sunny soil. autonomy by the help of menials and Crimea within the Ukrainian S.S.R., And suddenly, after all those cruel turncoats recruited among the native was a theatrical gesture by Moscow. acts and efforts to consolidate Russian population, leading to an increase of Tne reasons for that inclusion as strength in the Crimea, the Kremlin all-Union patriotism. given by the Kremlin leaders were the dictators decided that the Crimea 3. The collective enslavement of the geographical nearness and the close should be annexed to Ukraine because rest of the Ukrainian lands— Western economic and cultural relations of of its territorial nearness and economic and South-Western— under the pretext Ukraine and the Crimea. relations with the latter— that is, on of their liberation by the Russians. Those reasons are objective : they grounds that have existed since the 4. The falsification of the historic have always existed. They existed even beginning of Ukrainian history. fight of Ukraine, replacing its true at the time when the Bolsheviks, What does it mean? aims by individual mistakes in policy having seized power in Ukraine and Expressing his gratitude for the that have long been corrected. colonised it under the name of annexation of the Crimea by the Uk­ It seems that those mirages were not “ Union Republic”, separated from it rainian S.S.R., D. S. Korotc’nenko, head convincing enough if Russia considered the Ukrainian regions of Kursk, of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian i: necessary “out of its infinite confid­ Bryansk, Krasnodar, the western reg­ S.S.R., spoke of that act as “a friendly ence and love” for the Ukrainians ions of Rostov and the Crimea; and act which proves the infinite confidence “to make a present” of the Crimea to when, desp'te the geographical, geopolit­ and love of the Russian people towards the Kyiv administration. Russia has, ical, strategic, economic and even the Ukrainians.” The head of the allegedly, resigned from its property in administrative absurdity of that deci­ Presidium of the Russian R.F.S.R., favour of the “ younger brother.” In sion, they annexed the Crimea to M. P. Tarasov, pointed out that reality, however, ir has not resigned Russia as an allegedly “autonomous” the annexation of the Crimean Region anything: neither has it made any republic. was occurring at the time the nations present. The Crimea is full of Kremlin In order to strike their own roots, of the U.S.S.R. were celebrating the janissaries. What difference does it the tzarist, and later the Kremlin, 300th anniversary of the re-union of make whether Russia rules over them rulers year by year settled “truly Ukraine and Russia (or, rather, we directly, or through its native and Russian” commissars and a great should say, the enslavement of Uk­ Russian “ viceregents” who live in Kyiv number of Russian officials and their raine by Russia), and that this act not and enslave Ukraine for Russia? helpers in the Crimea. Like locusts, only strengthened the friendship Russia expects that by propaganda the Russians occupied the seaport between the nations of the Soviet and constant repetition of slogans of towns, the complicated economic- Union, but furthered the establishment friendship the historic processes of Uk­ administrative machinery, the manage­ of fraternal relations between Ukraine rainian thought can be changed. From ment of the fishing, fruit and canning and Russia. All the speakers on this the time of Khmelnitsky and the industries, the organisation of health gala performance in Moscow, headed Pereyaslav treaty betrayal there has resorts, sanatoria and so on. Hard by Voroshilov and Shvernik, referred been established through the centuries manual toil was left to the natives, to the 300th anniversary and to the a tendency to keep away from Russia Tartar and Ukrainian collective farm­ frendship of nations. and all political ideas of the liberation ers, herdsmen, fishermen, wine-grow­ The falsification of the meaning of of Ukraine have been based on this ers, miners, longshoremen. the Pereyaslav treaty, the parades, recognition. The Russian lash over the Crimea— radio, press and propaganda meetings, By the Crimean “ present” the Krem­ the party apparatus and the N.K.V.D. gifts of decorative vases, carpets and lin wants to change the very basis of — forced native labour into two camps. so on, do not mislead Ukrainians, who Ukrainian thought. It wants to divert The Communist Party, according to its require concrete acts of high import­ Ukrainian political attention from deadly plans, aimed at the demoralisa­ ance before they can believe any Russia, and direct it to the defence of tion of all national and traditional Russian words of friendship. the coast of the Black Sea as a matter social • groups, and has for years The Third World War is approach­ of first-rate importance. The trend of poisoned the youth of the native ing and the Kremlin is anxious the new political suggestions to U k­ population with the opium of Marxist to prevent the Ukrainians from desert­ raine by Russia will be as follows: doctrines in order to produce fanatic ing in large numbers to the enemies of Turkey is an enemy of Ukraine; to the support for itself. This training of new Russia and of communism as they did north, the rear is secured by Russia janissaries, red janissaries of the Krem­ in the year 1941. It is necessary to which, in friendship, has made a lin in the Crimea— this was the method create an illusion that it is worth whib present of the Crimea. The enemy of of the Party. In addition, there was to fight on thé side of the Russian Ukraine, insinuates Moscow, is not to the way of Cheka, the M.G.B., “elder-brother”, that there is some­ the north, but in the south, as it was in N.K.V.D., M.V.D.— deliberate oppres­ thing more of value to fight for and the rme of Kosynsky and Nalyvayko. sion of all the elements that refused to defend than was the case during the Ukraine should finally submit herself tread the path of Bolshevik janissaries. war with Germany. This “ something” is to Russia and become an outpost of Executions, deportations, daily individ­ the illusion that state rights have been Russian imperialism on the southern ual terrorism, finally mass expulsion oF gained. But reality has hitherto denied the 25o,d00 Tartar people from the this. So Russia is now anxious to front. Crimea in 1944 and the prolonged create mirages of statehood for U k­ Thus the “bear's love” , and the colonisation of the Crimea with tried rainians. The inside view of these treacherous gifts of the Russian “ elder Kremlin henchmen, all these measures mirages may be summarised as follows: brother.” Page 12 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER 2. SMALL PROLOGUE TO A KERSTEN COMMITTEES GREAT ACT 1. FEIGHAN CALLS SOVIET “PRISON OF NATIONS” On the occasion of the hearing of Uk­ rainian witnesses by the Commission of From The Cleveland News, Monday, July 12, 1954 the American Congress in Munich Congressman Michael A. Feighan accounts of the tactics used by the about the Bolshevik terror and the of the Cleveland and the 20tli. District Bolsheviks during the years 1917- figilt of Ukraine for its independence. was sent to Munich as a member 1921 and later, to destroy the The name of Congressman Kersten of the Kersten Committee to invest­ national independence of some fifteen is familiar to the Ukrainian community igate Communist aggression. He non-Russian nations. For a great because of his friendly attitude toward gives his views on the subject in this many years, Communist propaganda Ukraine and other nations enslaved by letter. has sought to cloud the issue with Russia; and by his speeches made at respect to the national aspiration of anti-Bolshevik public meetings of A.B.N. Since I became a member of the the people of these non-Russian and conferences regarding the psycho­ House Committee investigating Com­ nations. The testimony we have logical war in U.S.A. Congressman munist aggression I have heard received will deal a death blow to Kersten pursues his policy which is remarkable testimony on the methods this evil propaganda because it will aimed at giving moral support to the and techniques of the Communists expose the Soviet Union for what it national-liberation fight and its ide­ which add up to the greatest crimin­ is—the prison of nations, and the ology : the national and sovereign . al conspiracy in the history of all ruthless enslaver of all people in its rights to democratic statehood of the mankind. This testimony has come power. nations enslaved by Russia. The well- from the people who have lived known actions of Kersten aimed at under and suffered the tortures of U.S must have a positive policy the protection of the Baltic states have communist aggression. It is my fervent hope that, from caused wide circles of the freedom- On the basis of this first-hand the testimony taken here in Munich loving world to take up a favourable testimony, I am all the more convinc­ and elsewhere, it will be possible for attitude towards him. Kersten has tried ed that the policy of containment the United States to develop a to protect the independence of those as advocated by the former positive policy, calling for the libera­ small nations and Pravda (Truth) has diplomat George Kennan is not only tion of all nations and people enslav­ vigorously attacked him for his bold­ amoral, but that it represents a sure ed by Communism, in the name of ness. Now Kersten’s Commission, as an formula for the defeat of human those moral and political principles official Commission of the Congress of freedom everywhere in the world, upon which the American way of U.S.A., has focused its attention on and the establishment of world life is based. Those moral and other nations enslaved by Bolshevism, domination by the Russian Com­ political principles are far more including Ukraine. Kersten’s Commis­ munists. powerful in the cause of freedom and sion has not only stated the fact of the The Committee heard those who justice than are all the armies and terrible genocide committed by the had been eye-witnesses of the most destructive weapons known to man­ Soviets by means of famine organised appaling crimes ever committed kind. according to a fixed plan, or by the against mankind. These crimes of the I sincerely believe that our historic murder of prisoners as at Vinnytsya, Russian Communists ranged from the task will be made easier for us, as but has further proceeded to an devilish torture of individuals to Americans, by the evidence our analysis of the political background brutal and heartless mass-destruction Committee has been receiving from of those crimes. Attention was also of entire nations. Other witnesses witnesses who know only too well given to the great agitation about the testified to the way in which the what Communism means, and what “celebrations” of Pereyaslav by Bolshe­ Communists desecrate and destroy must be done to defeat it. vik Russia. On that occassion a just all those things for which mankind analysis of Soviet falseness was made has laboured and died through the Self-determination—the prior aim by Congressman Feighan who stated centuries. In particular, we heard The policy of the United States, that the deceit of both Tzarist. and descriptions of the methods used by since the days of its inception, has Bolshevik Russian imperialism was the Communists to violate the integ­ been based upon the political belief identical. The declarations by Congress­ rity of the family and the sancktity of that all nations, large and small, man Feighan, who boldly declared his the home; to destroy all temples of have not only the right, but also the position as a protector of the idea of God without regard to difference of duty, to separate themselves from sovereign national statehood for all the belief; to sweep away all laws upon any tyrannical oppressor. In more nations enslaved by Russia, are worthy which the order of civilisation is recent years we have expressed this of the traditions of Washington and based; grossly to distort historical policy by our unwavering support of Lincoln. It is astonishing that the truths and facts, and to provoke an the principles of national self-deter­ opinions of that champion of libera­ atmosphere of fear by means of mination, and this principle should tion have not been adopted as a basis which the elite leaders of the con­ stand as a beacon of hope to all the for the policy of U.S.A. with regard to spiracy control the people. enslaved nations of the Communist Bolshevism. Every declaration, every All of these crimes, when put empire. question of Congressman Feighan, as together, present a picture which is In speaking thus, I refer particular­ well as of Kersten himself, prove their the blackest ever known to mankind. ly to the people of Estonia, Latvia, objective knowledge of the problem and I was particularly impressed with Lithuania, Poland, East Germany, their just attitude towards the desires the evidence given by the spokesman Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary, Ruman­ of nations. Kersten’s Commission, Con­ for the enslaved people of non- ia, Bulgaria, Byelorussia, Ukraine, gressman Feighan’s questions and his Russian nations of the U.S.S.R. This Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turk­ bold declarations that are heard so testimony was supported by docu­ estan, Idel-Ural, Cossakia, North seldom in the West today hinted ments, hard facts, and eye-witness Caucasia and Russia. at new trends coming from over-seas. No. 5—6 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 13

If only they are not merely temporary has not yet been forsaken. Kersten’s TSCHU-EN-LAI trends! Commission has undertaken the difficult Centre-forward for the Soviets Tne interest of the Congress of task of telling the U.S.A. and the free It cannot be doubted that the Soviets U.S.A. in the problems of Ukraine world the truth about the position and already have a military potendal at and the holding of a political objective desires of the nations behind the Iron their disposal which, given an equal investigation of its desires seems to Curtain. Slowly but surely, Americ­ level in atomic armament, would prove that the problem of Ukraine is an statesmen themselves realise what present an insurmountable obstacle to coming to the fore. has been the result of their policy of the West. Added to this is the tenacity Wide scope of Committee’s enquiries containment and appeasement. Con­ of the Soviets in pursuing their imperial­ It was primarily Vinnytsya that gressman Feighan’s opinion that it is ist aims and expanding their strong stood in the centre of attention, though not a strategy of peripheral wars, but positions, a fact about which Senator there had been dozens, andmaybe a concentrated attack on the centre of Knowland recently gave some sensa­ hundreds of such Vinnytsya-s. In West­ evil, Moscow, that can solve the tional information. Fie disclosed a plan ern Ukraine, hundreds of prisoners problem, contains new elements as well. by Mao-Tse-Tung, drawn up in the have been murdered in every town. The action of Kersten’s Commission is, form of documents, according to which Lviv, Lutsk, Dubno, Stryj and other presumably, only the beginning. Two the “peaceful” Communist infiltration towns were filled with corpses of days spent on investigation of the into the whole of Asia is to be effected prisoners in the summer of 1941. complicated Ukrainian problem— the by 1965, and the extension of Com­ It would have been wrong if Kersten’s fight and martyrdom, resistance and munism to Africa, Western Europe, Commission had thought that Poles heroism of a nation composed of and the rest of the world by 1973. could make depositions on those over 40 million people; Bolshevik According to this plan, the bolshevist matters. Western Ukraine is an integral terror and genocide over the most annexation of Japan, for instance, is part of United Ukraine and any Polish stubborn nation which has not laid due to take place in the year i960. claim to it would be abortive. The down, its arms for thirty-five years, Exactly what this “peaceful infiltra­ attention of our friends over-seas and is the only nation that has today tion” will be like has recently been should be drawn to this point, too. The the strongest political and armed under­ demonstrated in Korea and Indo-China. famine was a special subject and ground organisation— is much too few. Tschu-En-Lai’s hasty departure from its political background was clear to Baltic complexities will be investigated Geneva for New Delhi was apparently the Congressmen. by the Commission for months; it will connected with preparations for this The history of the enslavement of not inquire of only ten or twelve action, and the purpose of his journey Ukraine in the national-state aspect as witnesses but will hear far more. was to prevent India’s President, well as today’s problems of the fight of Two days are even not enough to Nehru, from joining an Asiatic anti- Ukraine, its revolutionary-liberation enumerate those terrible victims of bolshevist bloc. The aim of a further organisation, its attitude towards the death, deportation, collectivisation and trip to Burma, etc. is to incite even present policy of U.S.A., the estimation murder committed by Bolshevik Russia more countries to frustrate the South­ of the “Voice of America” all roused during the last thirty-five years, at east Asian Pact planned by the West lively interest among members of the a time when the Western World did and to use these countries as tools in Congress Commission. It should be nothing to help Ukraine and other the bolshevist war. pointed out that every critical word, nations enslaved by Bolshevism to As far as the large-scale political and every critical opinion with regard to carry on their fight. diplomatic plans of the Bolsheviks are the wrong attitude, for example, of the We are of the opinion that the West concerned, the cards have been cleverly “Voice of America” and other institu­ should at least have time enough shuffled and the West must be on its tions, was taken into consideration. to comprehend the terrible realities of guard. The Congressmen seemed to try to find Ukraine, to honour its fight if only Meanwhile, Senator Knowland has out what the representatives of the through a love of truth, and, by learn­ commented upon the determination of enslaved nations thought about the ing of its heroism and tragedy, to show Mendes-France to end the war in Indo- policy of their government. It is respect to a firm nation which China. ffe said the French Prime characteristic that none of the Con­ has never ceased to fight. Minister’s bet would solely serve the gressmen tried to conceal critical We express our wish to Kersten’s cause of the Communists. A policy, remarks; they did not try to justify Commission, to its political spokesman, which after the lengthy war in Indo- anything; they wanted to find out the Congressman Feighan, and to its head, China now advocated self- surrender in reasons for one or another attitude of Kersten, that those two days— so order to achieve a peace at any price, he the representatives of the enslaved na­ insignificant in the study of Ukraine— added, would make it extremely tions towards one or the other act of may become the small prologue to a difficult to hold South-east Asia. Mr. A/nerican policy. We do not know if great drama: an American study of Tschu-En-Lai will no doubt be very Kersten’s Commission is able to use its the grandeur of Ukraine and its pleased with this new ally, and Malen­ information and experience for the heroism as a nation. kov is sure to express his approval. forcing through of changes of today’s Hitler was afraid of the Ukrainian ______G. H. sphinx; he preferred not to answer policy in U.S.A., particularly that of Victory over Bolshevism lies only that riddle. He found- his end in the the so-called “American Committee of along the way which Ukraine travels, steppes of Ukraine. Liberation from Bolshevism” headed the way of realisation of Ukraine’s by Admiral Stevens; nevertheless, we It would be tragic for the West if political ideas and military-strategical wish every success to the Commission the successors of Washington and conceptions. She sees clearly the that is carrying on its work without Lincoln should be afraid of continuing enemy that lurks on the Muscovite prejudice, seeking after truth. We know their work: to find out about Ukraine territory. that great hidden forces oppose the for themselves, to draw upon the Sooner or later, America and the idea of dismemberment of the Russian experience of Ukraine gained in its entire West will comprehend the empire and the creation of national fight against Bolshevism, and not to violence of that enemy, and see it as states; we know that Kennan’s policy value lightly its partnership. the embodiment of a threat to the aiming at co-operation with Bolshevism Cont-d at foot of Col. 3. whole world. Page 14 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 5—6

TURMOIL ON THE VIRGIN SOIL MOSCOW ATTACKS THE O. U. N. OF KAZAKHSTAN at the 18th Congress of the Communist Party of Ukraine Ukrainsky Samostiinyk (Ukrainian A regular conference of the Com­ The language of Kyrychenko’s Independent) has published figures on munist Party of Ukraine— K.P.U.— speech is one thing, and its contents tne tilling of the virgin soil of Kazakh­ was held in Kyiv from March 23rd another. We do not know what the stan which are grossly exaggerated. to 26th; its importance consists other delegates said in reply, or in However, in other Soviet newspapers primarily in the fact that Kyrychen- their reports. There were 48 of them, Soviet bureaucrats sound an alarm: ko, the first secretary of C.K. K.P.U. some of them natives of the western i: appears there are too many shortages was compelled to deal with the Uk­ regions of Ukraine, who had some­ of fuel, of machines, spare parts, etc. rainian revolutionary liberation how to apologise and speak of their not to mention of books, newspapers, underground organisation, and part­ successful fight against O.U.N. surv­ textiles, food— often even of such icularly the Organisation of Ukrain­ ivors, and to emphasise the word ordinary things as salt. But it seems ian Nationalists— O.U.N.— warning "survivors" in order to prove their that the urging on of plans and the the party delegates and members of own vigilance. pressure on the “ voluntary” help of the state machinery of the dangerous Kyrychenko’s speech suggests the displaced persons who may not even receive the necessaries of life, is methods which that underground following: organisation employs in its fight. steadily maintained. 1. That the uncompromising fight Reading aloud the report of C.K. An article in Isvestia on June 24, against Ukrainian bourgeois national­ K.P.U., Kyrychenko in the course under the headline “Goods trains for ists continues in Ukraine. Constant of his speech spoke as follows: the virgin soil delay too long at appeals for irreconcilability prove stations”, gives us a clear idea of how "... The party organisations of that in Ukraine the regime is the work on the land is kept supplied the western regions of Ukraine permanently and solely threatened by by the state. We quote from that should be watchful also in their the Ukrainian liberation movement. article, which was written by V. Byryu- future fight against the O.U.N. 2. That according to Bolshevik inter­ kov: survivors; they should prevent pretation, by the term “bourgeois “One may see the following picture them from penetrating into collect­ ideology" one should understand at many field stations of the Karahanda ive farms, factories, educational democracy and the national content railway: heaps of sections of movable institutions, and carrying on their of a state. Bolshevik publicists and houses, agricultural machines, travell­ subversive activity there. What we "scientists" always attempt to prove ing kitchens, etc. lie along the high­ demand of all the party organisa­ that "parliamentary democracy is a ways . .. Hundreds of waggons, sowing- tions is: a universal doubled product of the bourgeoisie and is a machines, tractors, combines, tractor watch ..." tool for the enslavement and exploit­ ploughs, waggons loaded with houses Broadcasting the text of this report ation of the proletariat” . accumulate at the unloading platforms on March 24th, Radio Moscow point­ 3. That, just as formerly the Bol­ of stations. This intolerable situation ed out that this text had been trans­ shevik press used to write frequently has already lasted for three months. lated from the Ukrainian language. on the "nationalists” and "Fascist “It appears that not only the That is something new in the addres­ survivors” in Ukraine, so it is com­ railways stations, but also those who ses of the Russian-Bolshevik "federal pelled to write articles on O.U.N. make use of them— trusts of state commissioners” or "viceroys" in "survivors” even today. But are farms, M.T.S. units, departments of Ukraine: Melnikov, Khrushchov and they mere "survivors” if they the agricultural bank, fuel stations— Postyshev used to speak in Russian, succeed in penetrating into "collective were unprepared for the delivery of and Stanislav Kossior, though he had farms, factories, educational institu­ such large quantities of industrial promised that he would learn tire tions” , and if party leaders must, at goods. Ukrainian language, did not keep the party conference, call upon the “As a rule the freight yards are not his promise until his liquidation in whole party apparatus to be "watch­ properly equipped, temporary platforms *937- ful” . We have heard similar calls to are not mechanised nor illuminated at But also the international situation fight Kossior, Postyshev, Khrushchov night, there is no saving of labour. compels Bolshevik Russia to rely, and to fight against "survivors” from Even the big junctions cannot cope tactically, upon the Ukrainian nation Melnikov— and now it is the turn of with the goods passing through them. and to make formal concessions at Kyrychenko. “Since locomotives are not well least. The Ukrainian Kyrychenko at 4. Finally, that Bolshevik propa­ distributed, goods are often delivered the head of K.P.U. and his report ganda is compelled to call the Uk­ for unloading after long delays. Some made' in the Ukrainian language— rainian liberation movement by its of the smaller stations have become big transport junctions, but the Board this is one example. In the great game proper name— O.U.N., Organisation administering transport does not raise, of international politics, it is very of Ukrainian Nationalists. Abusive as it should, the question of the important to Bolshevik Russia whose phrases like ' "Fascist survivors", side is being taken and, what is more technical equipment of these stations "German-Ukrainian nationalists” , or with the Ministry of Transport. important, whose side will be taken "Am erican agents-saboteurs” , etc. by the ethnic masses of the enslaved “ In the meantime, alarming news have been unable to conceal from the nations. Russia can easily count on about the lack of agricultural machin­ Ukrainian nation the fact that the them formally and tactically because ery and fuel comes from the M.T. the West has not yet realised the underground revolutionary fight is Stations and state farms of Northern importance of the national-liberation not a foreign or personal plot, but a Kazakhstan. Movable houses are essen­ fight of the Soviet nations. Russia, cause directed by a political organisa­ tial, yet only one-fifth of the hundreds however, realised that importance tion whose name and whose aims are delivered to the stations have been long ago. today known all over Ukraine. removed to sites.” No. 5—6 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 15 THE FIGHT OF THE UKRAIN­ N. Ekhadieli IAN UNDERGROUND CONTINUES The Russian charel in Ike service of the regime The New York daily paper Svoboda In connection with the recent visit tions” (sic!) with the Orthodox Church (Freedom) published on July 13, 1954 to Moscow of a German Protestant of Finland. Mr. Korab then adds that material from the local World Teleg­ ecclesiastical delegation, headed by the a permanent representative of the raph and Sun of July 9, 1954, and former Federal Minister, Heineman, Moscow .Patriarchate (that is to say, an from bulletins of the “Associated Press” Mr. Alexander Kora'o, a regular agent of the Soviet government— Ed.), and the “ United Press” Agencies, about contributor to the American newspaper namely Bishop Michael Tschub, has the fight that is being tirelessly continu­ in Germany Neue Zeitung, has written been sent to Finland “ with the ed by the Ukrainian revolutionary an informative article entitled purpose of establishing close connec­ movement in the motherland. The “ Moscow’s Manoeuvres With The tions''with the patriarchs of Alexand­ article in Svoboda says: Orthodox Church” (published on June ria, Jerusalem, and Antioch and thus “ The underground anti-communist 24, 1954), in which he sheds light gradually bringing about a change in movement that has agitated Ukraine upon the ecclesiastical policy of the the distribution of power, to the dis­ since the time of World War II has Soviet government. advantage of the Oecumenical Pat­ spread to Malenkov’s terrible slave The author points out that anti- riarch in Constantinople, so that, at a camps at Vorkuta in Siberia. This is religious propaganda in the Soviet subsequent world conference of the stated by a former British soldier, Union, in particular among the Kom- Orthodox Churches, Moscow’s key William Piddington^ once a bold motor­ somolzen (Young Communists) shows position would be recognised.” cyclist, and his British companion, a marked increase, and stresses the fact Mr. Korab stresses that the organ of Eric Pleasants. Both these men were that the ideological Party organ The the Moscow Patriarchate has reproach­ recently released from Soviet camps. Communist recently demanded “more ed the World Church Council with Crossing Berlin on his way home after attention to the questions of anti- supporting the Anglo-American bloc, spending years in prison on false religious propaganda” and, in an and fittingly remarks: “In this respect, charges of espionage, Piddington declar­ article thus entitled described all too, the Moscow Patriarchate is to ed that he had joined the underground religious creeds, without exceptions, as render Soviet policy a valuable service, movement directed by Stepan Bandera “ instruments of reaction” . Mr. Korab since, with the aid of various leading from Munich. Though most of its adds that in the same article all agita­ personalities of the Protestant and members are .„Ukrainians, a large tors, propagandists, “cultural function­ Anglican Church (as is now the case number of Russians belong to it, says aries” , and publishers were exhorted to as regards the German Protestant dele­ Piddington. Despite the terror establish­ "fight religion in the Soviet Union by gation under Dr. Heinemann— Ed.), it ed by the Soviet guards in the camp, he every possible means.” is to set up a pro-U.S.S.R. group within the World Church Council.” So added, there is now among the prison­ On the fact that religion is tolerated much we are told in Mr. Korab’s ers a greater opposition to Malenkov’s and to some extent even furthered article in the Neue Zeitung. regime there than is generally believed in the Soviet sphere of influence at To complete this convincing picture in the West. Reports by the allied present, Mr. Korab makes the follow­ intelligence service contain detailed ing apt comment: “The Kremlin rulers o f the part played by the Russian Orthodox Church in the service of information on the Ukrainian Bandera regard the existence of the Orthodox the Soviet regime we should like to movement, which has accumulated Church exclusively from the point of add the following remarks: arms from German ammunition depots view of the foreign political interests seized after the war and Soviet military of the Soviet Union and of the Work From the reign of Peter the Great onwards, when the Patriarchate was units it had surprised and attacked. which this Church does in the secret Compelled to move to the West, organisations of world Communism, as abolished in Russia and the Church Bandera had continued to send groups for instance in the so-called World was placed under the administration of people behind the Iron Curtain to Peace Council.” of the Synod, the head of which was blow up trains and undertake other a secular procurator appointed by the Mr. Korab then adds, “Thanks to forms of sabotage.” Tzar, the Russian Church as far as the Moscow Patriarchate, the Soviet foreign, affairs were concerned was the The New York Polish newspaper government has gained an additional instrument of Russia’s imperialist Nowy Swiat (New World) has also means of influence on the development policy, whilst in home affairs it was published an article on the fight of of the ecclesiastical situation in the an instrument of the police state. the Ukrainian underground organisa­ countries which have a people’s Accordingly, the Church dignitaries tion under the heading: “The ferment democracy. In these countries, as for were administrative officials rather than in Ukraine has reached Malenkov’s instance in Bulgaria (this country has clergymen responsible for the spiritual Vorkuta.” The paper states that: detached itself from the Constantinople welfare of a Christian community. The “The Banderaites repeatedly harass Patriarchate— Ed.), Rumania, Poland, Russian “church administrators” the red tzarists. The permanent under­ and Czechoslovakia, the apparently appointed in the non-Russian countries ground struggle continues to weary the Autocephalous Orthodox Churches by the Synod, as for example ecclesias­ supreme sanhedrin in the Kremlin. have been placed under the supervision tical heads like the Exarchs (in “ The Banderaites continue to blow of the Patriarchate in Moscow.” Georgia) and the Metropolitans (in up Soviet trains, bridges and rails; Mr. Korab points out that the Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, etc.), had they organise groups of saboteurs in Moscow Patriarchate is now endeavour­ definite civil and administrative func­ factories and the like. Piddington had ing to exert its influence on the tions, inasmuch as they had to carry remarked that one can hardly disregard Orthodox Church of Finland, and men­ out ministerial orders and above all the movement, because it is already not tions the fact that the Moscow keep a political check on the clergy in only a Ukrainian one, but an activity of Pariarch, Alexej, has requested the the countries in question. Just as the many of the nations and tribes of the Constantinople Oecumenical Patriarch Russian Church in those days was the U.S.S.R.” to sever “ the non-canonical connec­ Cont-d overpage. Col. 1. Page 16 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 5—6

The 8th Congress of the surgeons Ukraine Mehlnd the Iran C nr tain of Ukraine, held to mark the anniver­ On June 6, 1954, the 7th Republican ■ There are shortcomings in the trad­ sary of Pereyaslav, opened in Kyiv in a Congress of the “Consumers’ Co­ ing of books and other cultural goods. ceremonial atmosphere. More than 1000 operative Societies” of the Ukrainian Marketing of agricultural products on surgeons came from Ukraine and other S.S.R. came to an end in Kyiv. The commission develops very slowly; in Soviet republics to take part in the work of the board of administration of the Chcrnivtsi region, for example, only Congress. ’Ukoopapilka” was voted a “ success” . 4 districts out of 39 adopted trading Malikov was elected chairman. Korot- on commission; in the Stalin region An editorial of Pravda Ufy-ainy in chenko and the secretary of C.K. only 9 districts out of 29; in the June reports that 275,000 students— K.P.U., “comrade” Ivashchenko, part­ Voroshylov region 9 districts out of 31. including students taking correspond­ icipated in the work of the Congress. ence courses— are attending higher educational institutions in Ukraine. It seems that there are defects in the Ukraine is one of the largest coal Prom the universities of Ukraine about distribution of consumers’ goods in basins of the Soviet Union, says Kyiv 43,000 young specialists will graduate several regions. On the whole, industrial Radio. Today it delivers almost one- this year. units have recently delivered less third of all the coal that is being mined saddlery, gas-lamps, lighters ‘bat’, in the U.S.S.R. In the reconstructed Institutes of the Academy of Scienc­ window-glass and other products than and newly created coal pits of the es of the Ukrainian S.S.R. have formerly. There are also serious defects Stalin and Voroshylovgrad region, as organised more than 100 research in the trade in kitchen utensils, foot­ well as in the coal pits of the Kirovo­ expeditions this year. The most import­ wear, textiles, clothes and confection­ grad and Cherkassy regions opened ant work is being carried on by ery. Country people see little of these during the post-war period, the coal geologists, who are investigating the things, and seldom buy them. output is greater by nearly 30% than it rocks and minerals of Donbas, the was in the U.S.S.R. in 1940, and 2 to 3 Crimea, the Carpathian and other Cont-d from Page 15. times greater than it was in the whole regions. Ukrainian scientists are also of tzarist Russia in the year 1913. instrument of the Tzarist police, it is carrying on research-work in the today the instrument of the Kremlin Caucasus and Moldavia, though these and once again serves the cause of A textile factory is in production at regions do not formally belong to the Russian imperialism, this time under Hlynyany, Lviv region, and one of its Ukrainian S.S.R. shops produces carpets with motifs the Soviet banner. ' t from the Galician folk carpet designs. As regards the Church of Finland The Azerbaijan state theatre of Moscow’s Isvestia, April 29, published in particular, it is maintained that Russian drama, the Moldavian choir a fairly long article on the craft, “ Doyna” , and the Soviet Army’s there has never been any canonical writing that people in Moscow, Lenin­ connection between it and the Moscow Alexandrov Ensemble of Song and grad, Kaliningrad and Siberia are Dance are on tour, and have arrived Patriarchate and that it has never been familiar with the Hlynyany carpets; to perform at Lviv. under the administration of the latter. especially they praise the designs dedi­ Exactly the opposite is the case: from cated to the Re-union, dated 1654- On June 27, Kyiv Radio broadcasting the canonical point of view the head of 1954. Sydor S. Shchurko is the shop for Ukrainians abroad, reported that the Church of Finland comes under superintendent; A. Rudnytska and M. many families of workers and officials the sole administration of the Oecum­ Zabolotska are shop foremen. in the city were moving into new, enical Patriarch of Constantinople, well-furnished houses. More houses whilst autocephalous churches were, Industries of Donbas in the Donetz had been built this year, said the radio, according to canon law, originally Basin are finally to be supplied with than in many years past. allowed to be established in those water. Near the village of Chervony countries in which the apostles preach­ Oskol in the Izyum district, on the A month’s course of training for ed, as for instance in Constantinople, Oscol at its outlet to the Donetz, cadres of propagandists, organised by Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria. a one kilometre concrete dam is to be the regional committee of K.P.U. in Thus the Moscow Patriarchate, accord­ built, which will raise the level of the Carpathian Ukraine, began at Uzhorod ing to canon law, can least of all river by 12 metres. By this means a in June. The course includes lectures on lay claim to any authority over the large artificial Chervony-Oskol lake will the decisive role of the masses in National History, Dialectical and churches of other countries. These be created to supply those towns Historical Materialism, and also on the are merely dioceses of the Oecumenical of Donbas whose industry suffers from Patriarch of Constantinople, whose September and February-March plenary shortages of water. From the 100 km sessions of C.K. IC.P.S.S. authority over them can never be Chervony-Oskol lake—its area is 15,000 The propagandists will be sent to contested by any of the newly establish­ hectares—a 125 km canal, Donetz- collective farms in the Uzhorod region ed patriarchates in their countries. Donbas, will be constructed. Pravda. to carry on anti-Ukrainian and anti­ In any case there is no canonical and Isvestia. national propaganda. Their task will be no historical basis for the present to strengthen the rule of the bol- endeavours of the Russian Church The collective body of Donetz coal shevist occupation of Carpathian Ukraine. under the pro-Moscow Patriarch, scientific research institute has con­ Alexej, to force the rest of the structed a unit-station for selection and Orthodox Churches to submit to its processing of samples of coal before THE UKRAINIAN OBSERVER is published by the Ukrainian Information authority, and these aims are as it is shipped to the consumer. This Sendee (U.I.S.), and printed by Uk­ arrangement considerably reduced ex­ presumptuous and unscrupulous as the rainian Publishers Ltd., 237, Liverpool policy of aggression pursued by the penditure in labour. Road, London. N. 1. Tel. NORth 1828. secular rulers in the Kremlin. Kyiv Radio. July 16. UKCAifj lau OeSEPVCP Vol. VI No. 1—2 LONDON, JANUARY—FEBRUARY 1954 Price 1 sh

CONTENTS: WHAT ARE THE PROSPECTS?

WHAT ARE THE PROSPECTS? 1 During the past month the tension in has now adopted an extremist attitude the international situation increased and is one of the most violent opponent A. Katninskyj despite the fact that numerous attempts of the E.D.C. General de Gaulle’s obviously pro-Russian attitude, and NEW SOVIET “ PROSPER­ were made to overcome this difficulty. The leading politicians of the West the fact that France has no clearly ITY” AND COLD W AR ...... 2 sought an opportunity to negotiate with defined official foreign policy, provide Moscow in a concrete and direct man­ the politicians who are opposed to the P. Poltava ner. At the instigation of British and E.D.C. and the idea of Europe re-arm- PREPARATIONS FOR THE above all French politicians the Ber­ ing, with some good arguments. Anti- muda Conference was held and people German sentiments seem to outweigh THIRD WORLD WAR AND in Europe set their hopes on the discus­ the more reasonable views for the sion held there. Despite the fact that purpose of a military unification of THE TASKS OF UKRAINIAN official reports stated that the three Europe. Western partners were in agreement, N A T IO N ...... 3 For this reason it was no mere coin­ the actual contents of these reports and cidence that John Foster Dulles, in a the various commentaries published Z . Poray statement he made on December 15 th, were such, that the public in general 1953, said that there would be a fun­ FIGHTING THE AMERICAN- came to quite a different conclusion. damental change in America’s foreign RUSSOPHILS ...... 8 Actually, Sir Winston Churchill policy should the E.D.C. not be ratifi­ would like to see current political ed, a statement, incidentally, which RUSSIAN AGENTS AND SPIES 9 problems solved on the “ highest level” caused considerable concern in Paris. by certain governmental heads, where­ We are bound to agree with John Jaroslav Z. Pelenskyj by the threat of communist aggression Foster Dulles’ opinion in this respect, AN OBJECTIVE PICTURE is obscured by a desire to resume for should the E.D.C. not be ratified trade relations with China and with it will upset all America’s defence plans (Review of the latest American countries belonging to the Soviet block. and force her to make special treaties literature on East-European Sir Winston is also of the opinion that with the Federal Republic of Germany, problem s) ...... all conflicts can be overcome by means 10 which represents an anti-bolshevist of conferences of the type held at factor. This would, in fact, be the only NEW POLITICAL LINE OF Yalta and Potsdam. He still seems to share the views held by Charles L. way out since it would be disadvant­ THE SOVIET ACADEMY OF Bohlem, who, when he was appointed ageous to America’s defence system, SCIEN CE ...... 11 U.S. ambassador to Moscow, continu­ if she were to withdraw from the ed to defend the attitude expressed in European continent cOmpletly. 300th ANNIVERSARY OF THE the agreements made there, and merely It is highly probable that two other TREATY OF PEREYASLAV ... 12 criticized the Russians for not keeping these agreements. possibilities will be preferred to a complete withdrawal from Europe, “FRIENDSHIP AND COOPE­ France’s attitude is even more con­ and these would be: the setting up of fusing, since her politicians are resort­ RATION,” OR SUBJUGATION? 13 a German national army and the re­ ing to means, which are becoming more tention of American air and naval and more dangerous, in their efforts to Prof. V. Derzhavyn bases on the European continent. In establish friendly relations with the THE HUMANE STUDIES IN any case the French parliament will Soviet Union. One of the most disast­ have to reach a decision, for Mr. POST-WAR UKRAINE ...... 14 rous attempts to arbitrate with the Dulles has made a very plain and Eastern bloc was undertaken by Da- UKRAINE BEHIND THE IRON ladier, who, in 1938 in Munich, sur­ candid statement. France will be bound C U R T A IN ...... 16 rendered to a totalitarian power, but to admit that he is serious . . . Page 2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. I—2

The results of the Bermuda Confer­ ence are very meagre. By agreeing to New Soviet ^Prosperity” and the proposal that a Four Power con­ ference be held in Berlin, and indicat­ Cold W ar ing that the talks on Germany with the Soviets would be resumed, the states­ By A. Kaminskyj men at the Bermuda Conference fell Moscow’s New Course The Sceptics into the same propaganda trap that Internal Weakness the Russians set when the E.D.C. de­ There are numerous sceptics who have bate began in the French parliament. The new economic course steered by serious doubt as to the chances o f suc­ Those who allowed themselves to be the U.S.S.R. since Stalin’s death and as cess o f the new economic policy and set deceived again by the Soviets were, defined in the speeches o f Malenkov, no great hopes on it. They point out that however, not deceived by Vyshinsky, Khrushchov, and Mikojan, show a new the realization o f the Soviet Union’s vast who, on December 9th, at the conclu­ and intensified development o f agricul­ plans in which the poor population are sion of the eighth regular assembly of tural production, as Well as an increase promised so much, would mean an the U.N. replied to President Eisen­ in the production o f light industries, almost revolutionary re-adjustment of the hower’s suggestion that an Internatio­ with an emphasis on consumption goods, entire Soviet economic system, by nal Atomic Energy Agency should be in an attempt to improve the standard emphasis being transferred from the set up, for non-military purposes only, of living of the Soviet population. It is heavy to the light industries. According by reproaching him with having threat­ described in many circles as one o f the to the opinion o f these sceptics, however, ened war and pursuing a policy of ter­ important events, not only during the such a re-adjustment o f the Soviet in­ rorism! By this statement Vyshinsky past months, but also during the past dustries is not likely, since a closer exam­ gave his audience some idea of what years, in the history o f the Soviet Union. ination of the new Soviet budget, un­ will happened at the proposed Four As usual various interpretations o f these doubtedly reveals that Stalin’s heirs are Power conference to be held in Berlin. measures have been given, and various by no means inclined to stop the expan­ This conference, like all the others, forecasts as to their results have been sion o f the basic industries o f steel, will prove utterly futile, since the Sov­ made. power, and fuel production. The present iets are not in the least interested in a production-level o f the light industries, peaceful settlement of international particularly consumption goods, is so low problems, but solely in strengthening as a result o f the preference shown for to have succeeded in surviving their their position in Europe, and are simply the heavy industries, that it cannot be own internal political crisis, whilst in aiming to set up a favourable basis for brought up to the desired standard by Asia, bolshevism was able to strength­ further aggression. en its position without having to fear purely administrative, propagandist, and The statements made by the Moscow any serious challenge on the part of the internal measures. commentator, Boris Leontjev, revealed Western world. James Burnham’s idea The fundamental reasons for this are the true intentions of the Russian rulers. of a liberation policy was not elaborat­ because, in the first place, the U.S.S.R. He said, “ The President of the United ed, but was dropped in it’s initial stage, must keep to the industrial course States is endeavouring to propagate a despite the fact that conditions were already set, because o f its expan­ new variant of the old Baruch plan, most favourable for its further develop­ sion policy and in view o f the present which refused to acknowledge the ment. competitive rearmament in the world. necessity of prohibiting atomic weap­ Secondly, there is a strong group of ons, and also, the necessity of enforc­ The report on the Bermuda Confer­ ence only mentioned the nations of economists and politicians in the Krem­ ing a control, to ensure that this pro­ lin who adhere to the fundamental prin­ Eastern Europe in a casual way and hibition was complied with. It is ob­ ciples o f the old Stalin theory, which did not give them much hope of their vious that the United States has no were defined in his last work, “ Economic desire to reach an international under­ most important problem, liberation from Russian imperialism, being solved Problems o f Socialism in the U.S.S.R.,” standing. This is plainly indicated by as follows: the agitatory speech made by President in the near future. Their liberation is Eisenhower and the attitude of the no longer one of the fundamental aims “ If we were to follow the advice of American delegation in the U.N.’’ of the free Western countries’ magna­ these members (those who advocate a After the Four Power conference in nimous policy, it can be gather­ change of policy as regards industry— Berlin, Russian-bolshevist propaganda ed from the election speeches of editor’s note) then we should obviously will not only talk about the imperialism President Eisenhover, the late Senator have to abandon our conception o f the of American policy, but will continue Taft, and Harold E. Stassen. At supremacy of the manufacture of produ­ to supply new “ proof’’ of the Soviet present, the policy of the Western cers’ goods in favour o f the production of consumption goods. But what would Union’s “ desire for peace” . Unfortu­ countries’ is really too weak and in­ that mean? It would mean that we nately, President Eisenhower and John adequate to lead to a political offens­ Foster Dulles are constantly having to should thereby render the uninterrupted ive, such as James Burnham visualiz­ yield to their undisciplined Western growth of our national economy impos- colleagues, whose own special interests ed. Undoubtedly, America is not to sble, for such a development can only seem to be of greater importance, than blame for this, with the exception, of be furthered, if the primary importance the necessity of setting up a firmly course, of those circles in the United o f the manufacture o f producers’ goods established and consolidated Western States, which, in an incomprehensible is realized.” world. manner have adopted a Russophil at­ It is not surprising therefore that The political balance-sheet for the titude, and have caused considerable Malenkov’s plans and aims differ in no year 1953 can only be regarded as a harm by their preference for Russian way from the old conception, and that negative one, as far as the Western imperialist emigrant politicians. no attempt is made to undertake the countries are concerned. The E.D.C. has not been ratified, the Soviets seem Continued on Page 16 Continued on Page 5 No. I—2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 3

P. Poltava remnant of barbarism, the darkest spot on the shield of culture, the gieatest evil PREPARATIONS FOR THE THIRD WORLD WAR AND of contemporary mankind. It condemns therefore, and rejects wars as the means THE TASKS OF UKRAINIAN NATION of the policy among the nations. All pro­ gressive forces of mankind should make TRANSLATED FROM AN UNDERGROUND PUBLICATION IN UK­ a gigantic effort to finish with once and RAINE, AND ISSUED BY THE INFORMATION BUREAU OF far all such a despicable, degrading and “ UKRAINIAN LIBERATION COUNCIL” (U.H.V.R.) humiliating state of human affairs. W e do and always will strive in the first ranks EDITOR S NOTE ol. fighters for the condemnation and the This is a translation of the first part of a detailed study of the Ukjatnan underground relegation of wars from international life. movement attitude towads the most important question; in world politics, by the The prohibition and tiie suppression of leading Ukrainian underground writer, P. PO L T A V A . wars, is regarded as the first, and the most P. P O L T A V A was killed in the autumn of 1951 in Ukraine in the fight against Rus­ important step in the direction of the sup­ sian bolshevist. H e was one of the foremost icpresentatives of the Ukrainian under­ pression of imperialism as such. ground movement, and, as First Deputy Chairman of the Ukrainian Supreme Libera­ We are. consequently, for the peaceful tion Coucil (U .H .V .R.) and Member of the Executive of the Organization of Ukrainian co-exisience ot all nations in the world, Nationalists (O.U.N.), played an extremely important political part in the Ukrainian foi their mutual, open, faithful and most liberation movement. sincere friendship, and for the most close This publication was written and circulated in Ukraine, and the topical nature of co-operation under the conditions of questions discussed, and the earnest desire of the author to elucidate the problem of the general national and state independence, Ukrainian nation in its struggle against bolshevism and Russian imperialism, deserve with respected sovereignty and full special mention and credit. equality of rights. Durable peace and national state independence are— one and The World is rapidly approaching a One of the main programmatical aims indivisible. Such a peace is the ultimate 3rd W orld War. This is shown distinctly of the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation aim of the Ukrainian liberation move­ by the development of international events Council (U.H .V.R.), consists in the ment. during the last year: the outbreak of the removal of all shades of imperialism from war in Korea; the failure of all attempts international life. Under imperialism, the This standpoint in the basic question to solve peacefully the Korean problem; Ukrainian liberation movement sees a of peace and war finds firm corroboration the provocatively aggressive policy of policy which is directed towards the sub­ and support on the side of the broadest Muscovite-bolshevik imperialists in all jugation or an intentional subjection of masses of the Ukrainian nation— a sup­ parts of the world; tremendous amassing the weaker nations, in order to secure ter­ pressed nation ot peasants, workers and of armaments of almost all powers, and ritorial, strategical, economical, and other creative intelligentsia. The Ukrainian the complete inefficiency of all diplomatic advantages. Also it is the main source of nation has good reasons for such an at­ moves to alleviate the tensions of the international complications, difficulties titude. The centuries long subjugation of present international situation. and armed conflicts, bringing to mankind Ukraine, with it’s oppression, extortions and all kinds of torments suffered by her In such a state of affairs, it is necessary during the past centuries, so many evils. during the interminable historical ages, for the Ukrainian nation to determine her Each imperialism, finally bringing only was the direct result of the imperialism of own position with regard to the most negative results—not only for the sub­ her neighbours: Russia, Poland, Austro- important problems and events of the pre jugated nations, but also for the conquer­ Hungary, Germany, Rumania, and others. sent international life. Ukraine is becom­ ors. W e feel that every nation should In Europe, and perhaps throughout the ing fully conscious of her own tasks in achieve, by peaceful means, the best whole world, there is no other nation the present period, as well as her position possible internal social life for their which has suffered so much under the in the 3rd W orld War. countries. That they should aim at a high spiritual and material culture, and not yoke of imperialisms. Especially, the Uk­ rainians suffered under the scorge of the The Principal Ukrainian Attitude seek to despoil other countries by imperi­ imperialistic wars. Starting by the forced Towards the Peace and the W ar.. alism. Only then will mankind have the much promised peace and prosperity. participation of Ukrainian Kozak regim­ The preparations for the rd World ents in the wars of the Russian Tsars in 3 The most vile and infamous manifet- War are accompanied by extremely the second half of th century until now ation of imperialism, has been and will 17 vociferous propaganda for peace and — the Ukrainians are killed and maimed continue to be the constant wars amongst against war. Every government concern­ b) millions for the interests of their op­ the nations, these wars have been, and ed and all notable statesmen appear as the pressors. Also, the havoc caused by these will continue to be of the greatest misfor- most determined adversary of war, and wars is beyond estimation. In the course tunt and calamity to the whole of human­ exhort for the peaceful co-existence and of the last half century Ukraine was the ity. They leave behind millions of co-operation among the nations. The most main battle-field of two imperialistic victims, killed or injured; spiritual suffer­ vociferous efforts are made by the Rus- World Wars: 1914-1920, and 1941-1945. ing, and unheard of ruins of material sian-bolshevik block. Peace or War has From the wars, Ukraine emerged at last achievements, and untold misery for became the central problem of the pre­ more plundered and ruined than any many more countless millions. As the other nation in the world. T o offset the sent political and spiritual life of the result, mankind has not progressed one whole of mankind. ravages she suffered during the 2nd step forward. As thousands of years ago, W orld War, it would necessitate many The Ukrainian nation face up to this so also today, international relations are problem in the ideology of their revolu­ decades of undisturbed peace and pro­ ruled bv the jungle law of brute physical sperity. Yet a new war appears on the tionary liberation movement— a move­ ment in which tens of millions of Ukrai­ force, the survival of the fittest. The Uk­ world’s horison. What a war really nians in all Ukrainian lands are taking rainian revolutionary liberation move­ means, and it’s cost to a nation only the part, either actively or sympathetically. ment regard the wars as the most vicious Ukrainian people know better than any Page 4 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. I—2 one else in the world. This is the reason their criminal policy of extermination not nations subjugated of the Soviets> by ap­ why the Ukrainian nation rightly con­ only of Ukrainians, but of all the other pealing to the all-human ideals of liberty, demns wars, and is full of determination countries under their domination. international peace and justice, and pro­ to fight for their condemnation and pro­ Only a peace which would restore her gress of all mankind. hibition, until the full victory of this sovereign rights and national liberty, to­ Under imperialism, each war should be noble task is achieved. gether with that of other countries, would judged according to it’s aims. War made The Ukrainian Nation and present be supported by the Ukrainian nation, for the purpose of the subjugation of day conditions and this present peace of violence and nations is, of course, an unjust, criminal and vicious war. But war waged for Just and unjust wars atrocity will be condemned and fought for ever. national and social liberation, as waged Although the Ukrainian nation ad­ by oppressed nations, after they have un­ vocates the peaceful and friendly co-exist­ Under imperialism not all wars deserve successfully exhausted all legal and peace­ ence of nations, and is against imperial­ to be condamned as some are righteous able means is a just war. All truly pro­ ism, with the consequent wars, it is not gressive powers of mankind greet such It is obvious that the criminal imper­ blind to its own special present day cir­ wars enthusiastically and support them. ialistic war that Hitler unleashed in 1939, cumstances. Deprived of making war as a means was extremely unjust, and all freedom- International relations today are govern­ for the struggle for liberation, the enslav­ loving people and leading powers of the ed by two important factors. In the first ed nations would never have a chance to world gave it the most severe condemna­ place some Powers are still endeavouring get free from the chains of the brutal, tion. But the war of the Indonesian nation to reach their imperialistic goals, although cruel, and heavily armed imperialism. If which started after the 2nd World War disguiseu under various forms o f allegedly this should happen imperialism would against Dutch domination, was quite dif­ high and progressive ideals and propa­ celebrate victory, as violence would ferent. The Indonesian nation desired and ganda phraseology. Secondly many na­ always overcome justice, and progress in yearned for independence. It possessed the tions are now enslaved in various forms. the world would be checked. same right for independence as every Large parts of Asia, and Eastern and other nation of the world. The imperialist­ War of liberation— a rightful means of south-eastern Europe have been overrun ic circles in the Netherlands were not in­ struggle by Russo-bolshevik imperialists. From clined to satisfy the just demands of the 1920 onwards, Ukraine, Byelorussia, Geor­ In present world conditions the Uk­ Indoncsians> voluntarily. All peaceable gia, Armenia, Aserbaijan, parts of Central rainian nation condemns and discriminat­ means proved to be of no avail, so for Asia and regions of the Volga have all es only the unjust, imperialistic wars. But Indonesians, there remained only one pos­ suffered from the Bolsheviks, and from regards the wars of liberation and evalu­ sibly way out of the dilemna: to answer 1940 have been added the Baltic sea cout- ates them as a thoroughly just and right­ the imperialistic policy of the Dutch over- ries. As a result of the 2nd World War, eous means of defence of enslaved and lords, which was based upon brute force, more counries have been enslaved, in­ subjugated people; a means of defence by the same kind of force— but only in cluding Poland, Czecho-Slovakia, Ru­ against the suppression and robbery of the name of the rights and interests o f the mania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Eastern their national state independence, for the Indonesian nation, and for the purpose ol Germany. All these nations are being destruction of imperialism, and the con­ the construction of a better arid more just ruthlessly exterminated, by physical and struction of international order upon national and social order in this part of economic means. rightful and fair foundations. the World. The situation is not being helped by The 40-million strong Ukrainian nation the present imperialistic “ peace” , which Such a war can hardly be called unjust reject Tolstoy’s philosophy of “ non-resist­ has been brought about by the savage By this war, it was the only possible means ance to evil” , the philosophy which con­ law of brute force and not by the high for the destruction of the reactionary, and demns all form of force. The Ukrainian principles of international justice. for the victory of progress, and of the nation is not inclined to wait for her The Bolsheviks are fighting to keep this ideals of liberty and justice. death at the hands of her oppressors. “ peace” as it is, and most regretably, the They are of the opinion that the most suc­ The just war of the Ukrainian Nation West have been satisfied that it shall be cessful means of defence of an oppressed kept. This unjust and reactionary peace Just such a war, is also the liberating nation against the covetous clutches of is only beneficial to the ruling nations and revolutionary undergroud war, led by imperialists is, it’s own, hard, firmly destroys all the high ideals held by the the Ukrainian nation against the Russo- clenched fist. When a bandit puts a knife most progressive of mankind. bolshcviks at the present time. Keeping to one’s throat, the only way to save one’s This peace is particularly unjust to­ in mind that in U.S.S.R. there exist no life is to knock the knife out of hands of wards the Great Ukrainian nation of 40 possibilities for a peaceable legal struggle, the bandit. Whoever voluntarily resigns millions. By it, the Russo-bolshevik im­ the Ukrainian nation can fight for her from such a mean of defence as armed perialism not only continue their oppres­ rights, for the cause of liberty and justice, struggle, only strengthens the domination sion but force the Ukrainians to live only by means and ways of a revolution­ of imperialism in the world. under a totalitarian terrorist regime with­ ary undergroud war. This war is the The Ukrainian nation also rejects the out any hope of her social and human only way in which Ukrainian patriots tactics of Ghandi. Because such tactics are rights being restored by international can preserve and save themselves from not at all applicable under the conditions ciplomacy. Historical experience has annihilation in bolshevik prisons and con­ of bolshevik imperialism in U.S.S.R.; shown that even by these efforts, the de­ centration camps; it is their sole means of there exist no democratic freedoms in this sired results are not always attained and opposing the criminal, anti-national and empire, and there are no possibilities of certainly they would not be successful anti-popular bolshevik policy. By it, they legal defence, or lawful struggle. with the bolsheviks. If this peace continu­ can prepare for the realization of their When throughout the whole world the es, it will mean the annihilation of the century-long dreams, yearning and efforts principles of national state independence Ukrainian nation and they will no longer for their national and social liberty and would be securely created, and all nations would enjoy the liberty and freedom they be a separate national community. Under freedom. Also it exerts a tremendous the cloak of this unjust peace the bol­ moral, ideological, regenerating, and re­ so dearly desire; when relations between the nations would be of mutual friend- shevik imperialists are able to carry out volutionary influence upon the other No. X—2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 5

being effected. The conclusions drawn as as refrigerators and cars but also for free­ NEW SOVIET “ PROSPERITY” to the future, o f course, vary consider­ dom . . . and herein lies the source o f the' gradual disintegration o f the present AND COLD WAR ably. One group is of the opinion that the regime. Continued from Page 2 purchasing power o f the Soviet masses Moscow’s Political Aims will increase as soon as the production- In our opinion it would be wrong to reorganization o f industry, so the final level of consumption goods, including examine and consider the problem of result o f all this is, that the citizens o f the industrial consumption goods, becomes the new economic course o f the Soviet Soviet Union will have to wait a long adequate, and that this purchasing power Union as a thing apart from Soviet policy time before the new rulers keep their will not only catch up with the purchas­ in general. Any discussion o f this prob­ promises, if at all. ing power level o f the most prosperous lem must be primarily based on an exam­ countries in the world, but will actually ination o f the political aims of the Krem­ The Pessimists and the Optimists overtake it. Such a development would lin, which are directed towards perman­ be o f considerable significance, in view Another group of people, on the other ent expansion, and in principle, are not o f the danger o f a big economic crisis in hand, is o f the opinion that the new only based on the maintenance o f its the Western countries which is regarded rulers in M oscow are well able to follow present property and its internal strenth, as inevitable, by the Russians. Lippman but chiefly on the further expansion of their new economic course, which, by has also been quoted to state that the the further expansion o f the heavy in­ it’s sphere o f influence. It would be stup­ conflict between East and West is becom­ id to allow oneself to be deceived, as is dustries, they will be able to guarantee ing an economic conflict, to an ever-in- so very often done in the West, by tact­ the necessary priority o f the light indust­ creasing degree. Therefore the defeat of ical fluctuations in the Soviets’ foreign ries and chiefly the production o f con­ the Western countries is regarded as a and home policy. For instance, in the sumption goods. These people point out certainty, if the East, by expanding its Soviet Budget for 1954 the fact that the that the Soviet Union, during the years industries succeed in becoming economic­ funds assigned for defence purposes 1928 to 1953, has developed it’s basic ally superior to the West. amounting to 110.2 billion roubles are industries to such an extent, that it has Another group is more optimistic, 3 per cent less, than those assigned for now become the second strongest indust­ however, and regards this problem not this purpose in 1952 (113.8 billion), does rial power of the world. The production- only from the purely economic but also not by any means indicate that there level o f these industries, they add, which from the psychological aspect. In their really is a decrease in armaments. It must incidentally form the basic o f Soviet opinion an improvement in the standard be borne in mind that this difference of national economy, is already so high at o f living o f the Soviet population, Would 3 per cent, which in any case is only a the present time that it is not only not only benefit the latter, but also the very rough estimate, is balanced by the possible, but also imperative to develop Western world. The citizens o f the Soviet cut in prices for foodstuffs and consump­ the other industries accordingly. For this Union, once they have sufficient to eat tion goods for the Soviet Army. Further­ reason they maintain that there is every and possess a certain amount o f private more the fact must not be overlooked prospect o f a market improvement in the property—whereby, to draw a compar­ that M oscow has been rearming steadily supply-level, in view o f the large natural ison with every normal person, their since the end o f the war, whereas th resources o f the Soviet Union, and also appetite increases as they eat— will not Western countries have lost a few years’ in the social status o f the population only continue to yearn for such luxuries time in this respect. This means that the demand in various branches of rearm­ ship, respect and equality, based on the depending on their attitude to the cause ament has already been met, whilst in foundations of justice and true culture, of Ukrainian independence. other branches the developmnt o f new The Ukrainian nation only then would The Ukrainian nation is fully aware of standardized models, is, probably, to be regard war as un’awful and criminal, all the horrors of a new war. The guilt expected. In addition, there are also large as international war would become a for this new tragedy to mankind falls capital reserves available in the form of hideous crime. entirely upon the Russo-bolshevik imperi­ “ other expences” , which have increased The Ukrainian Nation has no alists. But at the same time the conditions from 43. billion roubles in 1952 to 83.7 other choice of the subjugation and enslavement of billion roubles in 1953, and which will no doubt be used for the armament The Ukrainian nation would welcome Ukraine by the Russo-bolshevik oppres­ industry. It is by no means a coincidence a war which would liberate them and sors is itself a worse tragedy, by the con­ that Malenkov stated in his speech on other subjugated nations from their pre­ tinuous annihilation of hundreds of thou­ August 8, 1953, that “ the Soviet Union sent bondage, and help towards the sands of the best patriots of Ukraine in would produce 400 million metres of silk destruction of the most sinister power the bolshevik prisons and concentration in the year 1953, which i§ more than five world has even known. They would glad­ camps, and the dire poverty and half­ times the amount produced in the year ly and eagerly join forces with such libe­ starvation, which will bring about total 1940” , whereas the production of cotton rating progressive world powers, and national extinction. The Ukrainian nation textiles has only increased by 34 per cent would cooperate most loyally in an al­ has only the choice between the terror of as compared to 1940 and woollen textiles liance. the Russo-bolshevik slavery, or the horror by 70 per cent. It can be assumed that of war. It is possible that the third world But a war with any other aims against this enormous increase in silk production war will bring liberation. Until then the Russo-bolsheviks would be ignored or is directly connected with parachute ope­ denied—such a war the Ukrainian nation there is not the slightest hope of any rations, Which during, and since the would regard as a fresh slaughtering and alleviation from the horror of Russo-bol­ second World Wax, have increased very only in the interests o f imperialistic shevik domination, and they would rather considerably in importance. powers. Such a war the Ukrainian nation suffer from another war than exist under would try to use for her own purpose in The Last Stage the way of developing and displaying present conditions. Such is the hate for The next few years are regarded by her own powers, and would reserve her the Bolsheviks and the hope for the better Moscow as being the last stage before the opinion of the adversaries of U.S.S.R. future. » . “ final struggle” with the Western powers. Page 6______UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. I—2

And during this last stage it is essential from whom all things can be learned” , as production o f consumption goods. Then, that the military and economic potential opposed to catchwords such as, “ bourge­ we will be the most prosperous country should not only be intensified, but also ois nationalism” , “ attempts to create in the world since we shall ensure the generally increased, and rounded off to strife between brother-nations” , and highest possible standard o f living for the form a co-ordinated and powerful entity. “ agents o f Western imperialists” , etc. people” . Emphasis must thus be placed on positive The second problem is camouflaged, as According to his statements, the high­ factors and as many negative factors as the “ prosperity o f the workers in the est possible standard o f living will be possible must be eliminated. It is there­ Soviet Union”, which is increasing “from reached as follows: fore not only imperative that agricultur­ year to year” , and already far surpasses “The increase in the production of al production should be increased in the standard of living o f workers in the foodstuffs in 1955 as compared to 1950, order to safeguard supplies for the Soviet Western countries. And, incidentally, will amount to 84,7 per cent, as compared Army now and in the future, but also these assertions are made despite the reve­ to the increase o f 71,4 per cent, provided that the social needs o f the population be lations on the part of Comrades Khrush­ by the Five Years’ Plan in the program­ alleviated, a factor which is of equal im­ chov and Mikojan, and the daily reports me o f the X IX Party Congress. At the portance to us in the struggle. published in the Soviet press, which are same time, higher figures have been fixed From 1928 to 1940 Moscow succeeded in complete contrast. for the first year o f the next Five Years’ in building up a vast industry, and pro­ Since the Russian chauvinist element Plan, that is, for the year 1956” . duced 166 million tons of coal, 31 million in Kremlin can assert itself undisturbed, “ In 1955 the state-controlled industry tons of petroleum, 18.3 million tons of now that Beria has been removed from for our country alone will turn out more crude steel, and 48 billion kilowatts of office, Stalin's successors are at present than 2.5 million tons o f meat, and in electric power. This achievement was endeavouring to remedy this weakness, 1956, 3 million tons; in 1955 it will turn only possible by untold sacrifices, such at least as far as one factor is concerned, out 850,000 tons o f sausage and in 1956 as have never before been made, in the by resorting to social and economic mea­ 1 million tons. It will produce 560,000 course o f history. Bearing out Stalin’s sures. They probably think that if the tons o f butter in 1955 and 650,000 tons theory and policy, of the primary import­ standard o f living o f the masses is im­ in 1956.” ance o f the production o f producers’ proved to a certain extent, national ten­ “ Within the next few years there will goods, 70 per cent o f the entire capital sion will also be lessened, and the recent be a considerable increase in the produc­ reserves were invested in the heavy in­ riots in the German Eastern Zone and in tion of chocolate and chocolate goods. dustry during the years 1929 to 1953, Chechoslovakia have strengthened their In 1956 twelve times more chocolate according to Malenkov’s statements, and belief in this respect. They feel that any will be maunfactured than in 1940, and all the other branches o f industry were political concessions would undermine 3.5 times more biscuits.” entirely neglected or even sacrificed. The the enslaved states. For this reason they “ Production o f industrial goods, to people who were neglected and sacrificed continue to adhere to their old policy, as meet the needs o f the population, will most, however, were the citizens o f the l'ar as questions o f nationalities are con­ increase by approximately 50 per cent Soviet Union who were forced to become cerned. during the next three years.” slaves for this industrial system, and were It is doubtful whether this reasoning In 1955, for example, 3,445,000 bicycl­ deprived of all human and personal on the part o f Moscow is correct. es will be manufactured, 4,527,000 wire­ rights and privileges. Economic and polit­ Because we should like to stress that the less and television sets, 330,000 electric ical aims were co-ordinated, a fact which so-called New Economic Policy (N.E.P.) refrigerators, 64,000 tons o f aluminium resulted in the genocide o f the non-Rus­ in Ukraine during the twenties, furthered utensils, and 16,500,000 metal beds. sian people and vast compulsory labour the cultural and political development o f “In 1956 the production of bicycles system. During World War II, however, Ukraine and was definitely directed will amount to 3.8 million, that is to say huge factories and combines alone, towards a split with Moscow. It was only fourteen times the production in 1940, proved to be insufficient, and had Hitler by new terrorism, political persecution, whilst the number o f watches manufac­ not followed such an unreasonable policy and a systematically planned famine in tured in 1956 will amount to 23 million, in the occupied territories, as far as the 1933, that Moscow was able to prevent which is practically nine times the numb­ non-Russian peoples were concerned this from happening. er manufactured in 1940,” and so forth. (particularly the Ukrainians and Byelo­ Mikojan’s Promises Mikojan’s speech also contained a russians) and had material help not been To judge from the main aspect o f number o f other promises, as follows: forthcomming from the Western powers, Soviet propaganda, and the zeal and fre­ improvement in the quality o f mass con« Russia’s collapse would have been in­ sumption goods and a wider range of evitable. quency with which they are propounded, it would appear that the production o f choice, and increased facilities for trans­ Internal Weakness consumption goods, really is the foremost porting such goods by rail; further erec­ tion o f 372 bakeries within the next three Tw o factors constitute the internal task and aim o f the Soviet rulers. In ad­ years, the building o f prefabricated Weakness of the Soviet monster. First, dition to the statements made by Malen­ houses, and the maunfacture o f glass for the contrast between the Russian elem­ kov and Khrushchov, the Minister of windows; during the years 1954 to 1956, ent, which became the main support o f Trade of the U.S.S.R., Mikojan, also new restaurants to be opened as the new empire and the non-Russian made a significant speech on October 17, 11,000 well as eating houses, snack-bars, and people in the U.S.S.R. and in the satelli­ 1953. Comrade Mikojan, was mainly con­ other types o f public canteens; the manu­ te states, and secondly, the material and cerned with the elaboration o f the details facture o f washing-machines, vacuum- social distress o f the population. The first o f the promises already made by Malen­ cleaners, potato-peelers, washing-machin­ problem is found in catchwords such as kov, which promised the citizens o f the es for crockery, and even electric pans “ the friendship o f the Soviet peoples” , Soviet Union a great deal. He summed up and various other utensils used in the “ the love o f the younger brother (Uk­ the main theory o f his speech as follow s: home, including the improvement o f ser­ rainians, Georgians, Poles,etc.) for the “ There can be no doubt that, after suc­ vice in the shops and restaurants. elder brother” (the Russians) “ who are cessfully solving the problem o f the ex­ the bravest and the cleverest o f all, who pansion o f the heavy industries, we shall In order to accustom the citizens of have invented practically everything, and rapidly promote the expansion o f the the Soviet Union to this state o f “ prosp­ No. I—2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 7 erity” as quickly as possibly, the pur­ Double Dependence port of consumption goods. Malenkov paid great attention to world trade, in chasing power o f the masses has been It is obvious, in view o f present pro­ his speech on August , 1953. raised by a cut in the retail prices o f mass duction-level o f the light industries, the 8 In addition, there is to be an expansion consumption goods, by a reduction in increase in production o f mass consump­ in the production of certain articles, state loans, and in agrarian taxes, and in tion goods of every kind, is dependent on manufactured by the factories o f the the field o f agriculture by an increase in two factors. Cuts in the production of Ministries o f Defence, Aviation, Engi­ initial prices, and various other measur­ heavy industries and an increase in agri­ neering and Smelting. Moreover, it is es. cultural production, The prospects are by probable that a small portion out o f New Soviet “ Prosperity” no means very hopeful. Since the Soviet “ other' expences” in the budget, will be Union, aims to keep peace with the West­ Andre Pierre a Frenchman, went to the allocated for this purpose. ern countries and in particular with the trouble of Working out exactly what the All this will result in a certain improv­ U.S.A., it will, according to Mikojan’s “luxury” amounted to, as promised to ement in the standard o f living in the statements, “ rapidly promote, the expan­ the citizens o f the Soviet Union by Mi- Soviet Union, as compared to previous sion o f the heavy industries in the future kojan. The results o f his calculations years, but it will not be a standard which too.” It is not surprising therefore, that appeared in an article in “ Le Monde” of includes any luxuries or is anything like so far there has been no indication o f an November 8, 1953. According to these the normal average standard o f living in increase in the production o f light indust­ calculations the “ surplus” achieved per the Western countries. As the Soviet citiz­ ries, in accordance with the plans announ­ head of the population will amount to en has been used to almost inhuman pri­ ced, prior tq Stalin’s death. This also ap­ 8 § ounces of meat, 3 ^ ounces of vations for many years, o f which the plies to those factories which are in the sausage, and 1 ounces o f butter per Western countries still have no idea, he process of being erected or only on draw­ week in 1956, provided the Kremlin is will, in spite o f everything, come to the ing boards. The prospects are even worse able to realize to the full extent its plans conclusion that conditions under Malen­ for the production-level of agriculture. and aims. kov’s rule are somewhat better than they In fact Khrushohow himself described The prospects are fairly hopeless for were under Stalin’s rule. In this way, too, the situation as catastrophic. It is extrem­ supplies o f industrial consumption goods. many people will set their hopes on even ely doubtful that Mikojan’s statement to According to official statements the better conditions iii the future. This is the effect that a cook is “ one o f the co­ amount of consumption goods available precisely the aim o f the Kremlin. workers in food provisioning with a great per head in the year 1955 as far as cloth­ It is very obvious that preferential deal of responsibility, and whose profes­ es and shoes are concerned will be as treatment is being given particularly to sion is one o f the most honourable and follows: cotton textiles 26.7 metres, woll- the Russian people in this plan. It is respected” , will ensure that the foods, len textiles 1.1 metres, shoes 1.5 pairs. shown in the figures o f the budget and too, will be “ honourable and respected.” The figures for 1950 in this connection by the sale in M oscow and Leningrad o f Food is needed more than fine phrases... were: 17.4 metre o f cotton textiles, 0,7 a limited number of television-sets, vacu­ And the same applies to Mikojan’s state­ metre of woollen textiles, and 1 pair o f um-cleaners, and even prefabricated ment regarding the reduction o f prime shoes. Anyone who saw how the Soviet houses. Whereas in the Ukraine, accord­ production and circulation costs (during citizens in the towns and in the country ing to Mikojan’s statements, “ the com ­ the years 1951 to 1955 the latter are to be were attired in the year 1950 is hardly mercial network has not yet been comp­ reduced by 23 per cent), the importance likely to be stirred to enthusiasm by the letely re-established” as it has so far only of state-controlled trade inspections and new statistics for the year 1955 .. reached about 88.3 per cent o f its pre-war social control by means o f trades union, It is hardly Worth mentioning articles level. Mikojan’s excuse, that wartime like sewing-machines, bicycles, and wire­ the improvement o f service in shops, and events are responsible will deceive no less sets, which will continue to some so forth, all o f which measures are to one who knows that national suppres­ extent to be luxury articles in the Soviet improve the standard o f living. In addi­ sion and economic exploitation, go hand Union. And the same applies to an even tion to these material difficulties, we in hand as far as Russian policy is con­ greater extent to refrigerators, television- should also like to point out that various cerned. sets, motor-cycles, motor-cars and such psychological problems are involved. The Psychological Warfare like, which in any case are only destined Soviet citizen is expected to re-adjust Present events in the Soviet Union are for the ruling class o f this “ society with­ himself and to produce more and higher- also o f especial significance in the psy­ out classes” . quality work. The fact must not, how­ chological war. The West, strange to say, Moreover, it must not be overlooked ever, be overlooked that he has become in it’s strategy o f the cold war, has so far that all these improvements are depend­ accustomed to the “ methods” o f the past made no use at all o f the national tension ent on a very big “if ’. The Western coun­ twenty-five years. which exists in the Soviet Union. It is tries, therefore, need hardly fear that the As previously stated, it would, how­ the most important weakness o f the Sov­ standard o f living o f the workers in the ever, be wrong to assume that conditions iets, and by no makipg use o f it, the Soviet Union will be higher than their will remain as they are. The average West have followed a very pro-Russian own in a few years’ time. But, sceptically, citizen is slightly better off now than he policy. They have neglected the nations it would be wrong to affirm that things was previously. The bread-supply, at subjugated by Moscow and have often will remain as they are. least, is practically adequate, in relation disheartened them in their struggle for to Soviet conditions. A certain increase independence and freedom. The psycho­ “ UKRAINIAN OBSERVER” was already provided for in the Five logical weapons o f the West, according of the Years' Plan, prior to Stalin’s death, in the to the political and tendentious concep­ UKRAINIAN INFORMATION production o f foodstuffs and o f the light tion o f Russian emigrants, were mainly industries and this is now being partly directed against the material need which SERVICE (U.I.S.) effected. exists in the Soviet Union. published by Attempts are being made to solve the It is high time that the cold war stra­ Ukrainian Publishers Ltd., problems o f the transition-period by re­ tegy was revised, and concentrated to a ,Liverpool Rd., 237 sorting to available stocks and clearance greater degree, on the national problem London, N.i. Tel. NORth . 1828 sales, gold reserves, as well as to the im- o f the U.S.S.R. Page 8 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. I—2

Z . Poray as he sees fit to denounce it, the “ separat­ ist” policy of non-Russians of the FIGHTING THE AMERICA Y-IUJSSO PHILS U.S.S.R. and also assailing Americans who are friendly to these liberating ende-' RUSSIAN EMIGRES AND THEIR FRIENDS IN THE U.S.A CONTINUE avourings. Professor Lev E. Dobriansky, TO DEFEND THEIR IMPERIALISTIC VIEWS of Georgetown University, replied in a letter to the New York Times on October 20, 1953 by revealing the workings of One o f the most disquieting, or even to be on watchful guard for Russia—no "American-Russophils” in American so­ dangerous, traits in American political matter what her name is— absolutely, un­ ciety and public life. Calling for an in­ thinking o f today is, in our view, conditionally and to the last breadth:” vestigation concerning these activities, the continued pro-Russian attitude. Ame­ We are unable to see a difference in Prof. Dobriansky wrote that— “ this in­ rican public opinion fortunately has essence between these words o f Messrs. vestigation would furnish an excellent lost its war-time feeling o f “love the So­ Kerensky and Milukov, and those pub­ ooportunity for the American public to viets.” The “ Great Ally” with whom it lished in “Pravda” upon Stalin's death: witness the extent to which pro-Russian was expected to build up a new millen­ “ The ardent, selfless support which the interests in this country have captured nium of peaceful and prosperous world­ Soviet Government enjoyed in the dif­ not only this Committee (i. e. A.C.L.B.), wide relations, proved to be the instigator ficult war years from all peoples o f the but also many o f our institutions. The of a diabolical “ Cold War” that the histo­ U.S.S.R.— and especially the confidence Harvard Russian Research Centre, the ry of mankind has ever known. One o f displayed by the Great Russian people, Ford Foundation, the many Russian In- the biggest shocks was the discovery that the leaders amongst the peoples o f our sti utes at our various universities, the the “ Great Ally” was aware o f the in­ country— was the decisive force which Library o f Congress and our Intelligence nermost working and vital secrets o f the ensured for our country the unbreakable schools would be implicated for there is U.S.A. Inspite o f this the pro-Russian unity and the historic victory over the sufficient evidence to confirm the presen­ feeling persisted in the U.S.A.. American first enemy o f mankind,— fascism .. ce and dangerous influence in each of public opinion felt that, a “clear distinc­ And even George F. Kennan, one of thesr. The fundamentals to which Mr. tion” should be made between the So­ the outstanding Russophils, in an ungua­ Kerensky alludes, and the processes and viets. The communists and the bolshe­ rded moment wrote: "... The Russians techniques by which the pro-Russians viks were their teal enemies, and the are always ready to sacrifice their person­ have established themselves would recei­ nice, friendly Russians, who are anti­ al freedom and dignity in order to domin­ ve a wholesome and long overdue public communists and anti-bolsheviks, are ate others, in order to call new areas Rus­ airing.” therefore—“peaceful democrats.” The sian and to have other peoples as their Criticizing the A.C.L.B., Prof. D ob­ prime aim o f American policy has been slaves.” to render to these “constructive Russian riansky continues in his letter: “ The Being aware that the Russian bolshe­ forces” the best possible aid and assistan­ failure of the American Committee in vik and the Russian democratic imperial­ ce. uniting the Russians and non-Russians istic aims and tendencies are identical the may be viewed as an unsuccessful labo­ Up till now the vast majority o f Am e­ Ukrainians are continuing their almost ratory test in our treatment o f peoples ricans do not realise that all Russians, desperate fight to help the Americans to and problems as related to the Soviet whatever their creed have the one object see all brands o f Russian imprialism in Union. In preparation for the future we in mind which is the furtherance o f their their true light. might well begin to consider a formula “Holy Empire.” The Russian democrats in keeping with the moral principles un­ are trying to penetrate American life in This applies first o f all to the pro- derlying our own tradition. The uncor­ the same way as the Soviet agents. Russian policy o f the “ private” Americ­ an Committee for the Liberation of rupted formula o f national self-determin­ It seems inconceivable that Americans Bolshevism, guided by Adm. Leslie C. ation insures for the Russian nation and would willingly and voluntarily assist at Stevens (Ret). Nothing has changed on its 92 million people, the right to determ­ the preservation and the extension of this front in the last three months. The ine for itself the desired ends o f democ­ Russian imperialism. On the contrary, A.C.L.B. still perserveres with its prin­ racy, the basic freedoms, economic pros­ the present American policy apparently ciple of “non-predetermination”, which perity, and equal sovereignty o f nations. is to check the spread o f Russian world practically means that the Americans It insures for the non-Russian nations in domination. Each American-Russophil refuse to interfere with the decision o f the U.S.S.R. the equal right to determine is working against this policy by turn­ whether Russia should remain a compul­ their independent statehoods, their own ing the war-time trend o f “ love the So­ sory empire, dominated by the Muscovit­ governments, the utilization o f their own viets” , into the post-war trend o f “ love es, or should be divided into self-deter­ resources, and their democratic free­ the Russian democrats.” minating sovereign national states, ac­ doms . . . It is to our enlightened interest, Mr. Alexander Kerensky Wrote in cording to the will o f those nations. As not only for victory in war, but even now 1943 in Novy Zhurnal (No. 5) an obit­ the Muscovites are holding their empire for the prevention o f war, to support the uary for the late leader o f the Russian by brute force and show no sign o f relax­ aspirations o f these “ separatists” whose party .of constitutional-democrats, Mr. ation, Admiral Stevens’ policy, o f “ non- heroic patriotism parallels that o f our predetermination” is tantamount, Milukov, the much publicized leader o f early American “ separatists” who found­ although maybe involuntary, tremend­ the Russian exiled democrats in the ed a national state, free and independent ous help to Russian imperialism. The o f an empire.” U.S.A., and head o f the short-lived Rus­ policy of “non-predetermination” is as sian Provisional Government in 1917, if somebody seeing a robber plundering Taking up the controversy “ The Wa­ as follows: “Russia is the geographical his victim, instead o f rendering help, shington Post” of November 4, 1953, backbone o f history, and should exist bv would declare his “ non-intervention.” published an editorial— “ Russians and her strength and power no matter On October 9, 1953 Mr. Alexander Ukrainians", and simultaneously another who rules or how she is ruled. From this Kerensky published a letter in the New letter o f Prof. Lev Dobriansky—"Soviet comes his (Milukov’s) testament for us: York Times attacking the liberation, or minorities .again." “The Washington No. I—2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 9

Post” agreed with Adm. Stevens and the A.C.L.B., endorsing the formula o f “ non­ Russian Agents and Spies predetermination.” It seems that “ The Washington Post”, too, is unaware of the In our last month’s issue o f “ Ukrain­ 4, 1953, under charges o f espionage and fact that this formula, in practice, great­ ian Observer” (December 1953), appear­ agents work. At the time o f writing ly aids the Russian imperialists. ed an article “Preparations for the next this article his trial has not yet finish­ ed. His German wife, Frau Elisabeth The “ Washington Post” editorial was Russian Empire” in which we showed Mii ler-Khorunshy, was also put on trial. the reason o f Adm. Stevens’ exultant th .t bolshevik infiltration was working “ release” o f November 20, 1953. It stat­ powerfully inside the "Nationalno-Tru- Muller-Khorunshy arrived in Germany ed that ‘The émigrés from Soviet terri­ dovy Soyuz” (The National Laborite during 1948, working in a factory in an tories should be struck by the fact that Union; one of the most powerful Rus­ autopark, then in a typewriter factory in when the issue, which devides the émi­ sen political parties in exile), and in Frankfurt. He soon showed his Russian grés and blocks their getting together to ot ter Russian political emigre organiza­ compatriots his political gifts and organi­ work jointly in the anti-bolshevik strug­ tions. zational ability. So began his rapid rise, gle, was set forth in detail by the con­ The scarcity o f space in this issue which in 4 years led him to the com ­ tending sides in independent American only allows to reveal some o f the out­ manding position in N.T.S. He was great­ newspapers, the editors unhesitatingly ran ding scandals. ly helped by Georgy Klimov, a fugitive adopted the point o f view o f the Ameri­ The most sensational which became Soviet Army major, who organized the can Committee. There was no contact known, was the discovery that one o f latest fugitives and deserters from the between the Washington Post and the '.he most prominent leaders o f the N.T.S., Soviet army into a. vast political party. Committee and the latter in no way in­ Mr. George Muller, alias Nikita Vladi­ Miiller-Khorunshy’s position was further fluenced the editors in writing their edi­ mirovich Kliorunshy, was a highly plac­ strengthened and protected by two other torial. Their views were the instinctive ed bolshevik agent and spy. He penetrat­ outstanding Russian emigre politicos, the reaction of fair-minded, objective Ameri­ ed deeply not only the N.T.S. but also President o f the N.T.S., Mr. Victor Bay- cans, and this should serve as a warning won the confidence of decisive American dalakov, and its vice- President, Mr. Vla­ to self-seeking elements amongst the and West-German authorities. His task, dimir Poremsky. But N.T.S. Was only the émigrés. It tells them that the policy con­ as ordered by high Soviet intelligence starting point for Muller-Khorunshy. He sistently adhered to by the American officers, was not only to collect valuable had close contacts with the C.I.C., and Committee o f self-determination, with information in Western Germany, but other U.S.A. military authorities. He also no pre-determination, is one which con­ also to persuade the Russian emigre forms strictly to traditional American organization and the American authori­ had close contacts with the Munich depat- concepts and which will command the ties to activities as desired by the Kremlin ment of the “American Committee for general support o f public circles in the government. For almost 5 yearsMiiller- Liberation from Bolshevism”. He co-op­ United States” . Khorunshy was successful in his work. erated with Mr. Manning H. William, Though indirect, this is, o f course, He directed the N.T.S. as he wished and the director of “Radio Liberation” in American soil. also duped the American Counter Intel­ Munich, sponsored by the A.C.L.B.— A session o f the "National Conference ligence Corps and occupation authorities and soon became in Western Germany of Freedom and Peace through Libera­ in Western Germany. He Was a gladly one o f the decisive authorities in the tion” organized by Congressman O. K. accepted guest in some American and American field o f psychological warfare Armstrong took place in Washington, on German homes. Finally he was caught against— bolshevism. December 4th, 1953. Some 200 represent­ and imprisoned; tried in Frankfurt/ atives o f various American organizations Main, Western Germany, on December In the middle o f 1952 Muller-Khorun­ were present, and especially, many ex­ shy became the lecturer at the “N.T.S. perts in Russian and bolshevik affairs. school of anti-bolshevik agents" at 57, Rev. Urussoff. defended the idea that Americans, o f Ukrainian descent, were Kaiser Friedrich Strasse, Bad Homburg; the Russian empire it a ‘‘voluntary asso­ represented by the President o f the “ Uk­ and also a scholar at the “ Institute for ciation” of free nations and it would be rainian Congress Committee o f Ameri­ Research o f the Soviet Union” , in Bad ca” , Prof Lev E. Dobriansky, and the “ in defiance o f American interests” to try to dismember this “ historically grown Homburg, under the guidance of Prof. Messrs. M. Piznak, S. Yarema and Prof. national entity.” How the Christian con­ R. N. Redlich. At the “N.T.S. school of N. Chubaty. Messrs. M. Lebed and S. science o f the Rev. Urussoff is salved by agents” Muller-Khorunshy indoctrinat­ Antonovych represented the ’’Supreme ed his victims, who, after they have Ukrainian Liberation Council” ; Dr. N. placing himself in the same imperialistic camp with Mr. Malenkov is for him to Procyk and Dr. O. Sokolyshyn represent­ finished their courses, were sent behind decide. Yet the general opinion o f the ed the “Antibolshevik Block of Nations” ; the Iron Curtain, and simultaneously, V. Omelchenko and V. Koval represent­ rally rather preferred to place itself on delivering them into the hands o f the ed the “ Ukrainian Youth Association of the side o f true liberty and fredom : Soviet M.G.B. (the Soviet counter-intel­ America.” There were also present such against the Russian empire and for the ligence). It is not known exactly and outstanding American s as .Admiral liberation. It cannot be expected that the probably never will be known, how many Mentz (Ret.), Congressman Fine, Am­ firmly entrenched American-Russophils people Muller-Khorunshy knowingly sent bassador Horn beck, Eugene Lyons, and would quickly or easily abandon their to their death, in this way. His most bril­ Professor Kendal from Yale University. positions. It will be a long and hard liant achievement, it is thougth, was the The theme at the conference was: fight to induce the Americans to recog­ death o f four anti-communist agents “ Where is the hard core and the sources nise that the really hard core o f Russian who were parachuted, from an “un­ of power of bolshevism and how to fight world danger lies not only in bol­ known plane” into Ukraine, and then this world peril?” A very interesting dis­ shevism, but in Russian chauvinistic im­ instantaneously caught by the Soviets cussion followed at which, obviously, perialism. such prominent pro-Russians as Mr. and after a short trial— shot. A week Eugene Lyons, and the Russian Jesuit, But the truth is gaining ground. later, Mr. Andrey Vyshinsky related Page io UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. I—2

with obvious relish and satisfaction, the whole affair in New York, before the An Objective Picture United Nations. This affair was exactly REVIEW OF THE LATEST AMERICAN LITERATURE ON what the Kremlin needed, in order to be able to assail the U.S.A. o f “ warmon­ EAST-EUROPEAN PROBLEMS gering” , “interventionist” and other conflict between Russian imperialist anti- Soviet activities. Miiller-Khorunshy Public opinion in the U.S.A. on the circles and the Ukrainians. A pro-Rus­ thought o f the idea; the N.T.S., mobiliz­ problems o f Eastern European peoples sian attitude is also reflected in Leslie C. ed the men; the Americans, allegedly, has, up to now, been influenced by Stevens’ book, “Russian Assignment”, evolved the methods and the Soviets— opinions expressed by various pro-Rus- published this year and from, which ext­ the gallows. sian writers in America, as for instance, Eugene Lyons, and the second part of racts have been printed in “ Atlantic.” It is hard to say how many more “ anti- George F. Kennan’s “American Diplo­ This author still adheres to the obsolute Soviet” activities o f this kind Were in­ macy 1900 - 1950.” Their case, however, theory of the independence of Commun­ stigated by Miiller-Khorunshy and other cannot be sustained in a serious discus- ism as an international concept, and tries Soviet agents, working inside the N.T.S., s on or argument. most assiduously to draw a sharp divid­ and other Russian émigré organizations, ing-line between bolshevism and the fun­ This was brought out when George F. or, how far the other leaders o f the Rus­ damental principles o f Russian imperi­ Kennan refused to take part in a tele- sian emigre organizations are knowingly alism. His arguments are, for the most vis:on discussion with .Professor Lev involved. For instance, at the trial in part, similar to George F. Kennan’s views Dobriansky on the theories he had Munich, in 1952 o f another Soviet spy, a on this subject. He persists in the erro­ advanced so far. Not only his refusal to Mr. Chirkovich, it became known that neous opinion that the Russian element take part in a discussion o f this kind, the leaders o f N.T.S., Messrs. Baydalak- is blameless, and is inclined to regard all which must appear extremely question­ ov.Poremsky and Pirang, knew of Cnir- that is Russian, as “ good, free and easy, able to any democratic citizen, but also kovich’s contacts with Korchakov, Yan­ or, at worst, naive.” the publication o f various objective kovsky and Angorievich, high Soviet in­ wo:ks and articles on the Eastern Europ­ In a recent article entitled “ Russians telligence officials, but kept silent. It is ean problems, points to the fact that there an Ukrainians,” the “ Washington Post” known, that N.T.S. was sponsored by is probably a difference of public opinion supported this author on his political certain American “ private circles” , with in America on the subject o f the present activity as chairman o f the A.C.L.B., and unlimited financial backing and which im­ regarding the controversy between Mr. bued American “ experts on psychological Alexander Kerensky and Prof. Lev Dob­ warfare” with the ideas and conception a known bolshevik trait to allow their riansky expressed an obviously pro-Rus­ o f the indivisibility o f Russia. However agens to publish such “ revelations” , to sian attitude to the relations between Rus­ absurd the idea is, the question remains give them the needed security; for in­ sia and Ukraine. This we Would rather now that the affair o f Miiller-Khorunshy stance, Miiller-Khorunshy was allowed to have it as “ Russians or Ukrainians” ? has been brought to light, exactly how deliver to the American C.I.C. some That is the query which the American far the Kremlin is directing the “ Ameri­ minor Russian spies in Western Germany. public, and in particular, American writ­ can” psychological warfare against bol­ Another fact is that Klimov in the mean­ ers are called upon to answer at the shevism through it’s Russian agents in time, succeeded in thoroughly desorganiz- present time. Western Germany. ing many Russian emigre organizations. Fortunately there is another section, The “ Open Letter” also reveals the N o one knows the Russians better which, does not adhere to the imperialist activities o f other Soviet agents in the than they know themselves. Consequent­ conception o f a greater Russia. This sec­ N.T.S., such as /. Kronzas, F. Arnold- ly it is interesting when they start to tion is all the more noteworthy, because Kurbatov, N. Lilakevich. reveal their innermost secrets, by their although it’s supporters are not yet internal party struggles and factional dif­ There was another scandal concerning numerous and their views have not, as ferences. The N.T.S.’ mishap with Miil­ Mstyslav Volonsevich the Archimandrite yet, been accepted for America’s foreign ler-Khorunshy brought many such reve­ of the Russian Orthodox Church, who policy, they do nevertheless include sever­ lations. Thus under the protection o f headed a large parish community in West­ al well-known representatives o f the N.T.S., a “Central Association of the ern Berlin. He became very interested in academic world and some objective Post-War Emigrants from U.S.S.R.” was the life o f his parishioners, collected writers. created, with headquarters in Munich. detailed personal data, and was deeply One o f them is Professor Hans Kohn, The leader o f this C.O.P.E. (Russian cap­ involved in their emigre party politics, who has just published a new work, en­ itals) is Georgy Klimov, the fugitive supported and instigated a whole series titled “ Pan-Slavism; its history and ideo­ Soviet major. An “ open letter” signed o f right-wing activities— and one day logy,” (1953) in which he presents an by five other Soviet officers and officials, vanished behind the Iron Curtain, with objective contribution to the history of was published recently, which has the his lists, data and the parish cash (600. stamp o f veracity although written by fu­ -—Deutsche Mark). He was later in political theories in Eastern Europe in gitives. According to this, M ajor Klimov Karlshorst, the seat o f the Soviet High the nineteenth century. American read­ is not a post-war fugitive. As, in 1944 he Command for Eastern Germany. ers will learn from this book that democ­ Was already in Stuttgart; in 1945 he repat­ Why it is that only the Russians, and ratic and liberal political ideas were then riated voluntarily to the U.S.S.R.; worked rarely Balts, or Ukrainians, or Caucas­ most strongly represented in Ukraine, for 2 years in Karlshorst with Russian ians are doing intelligence or agent’s whereas an authoritarian attitude and a Occupation High Command in Western work for the Kremlin? The answer is clear tendency to totalitarianism are Germany; was promoted to an inspector simple. The Russians are working for typical o f Russian thought. —and in 1947 emerged in Western their common cause: the preservation o f Hans Kohn has made notable contri­ Germany as a leader of —N.T.S. He their empire. It is no difference whether butions in his recent book-reviews. He wrote a book, “The Berlin Kremlin” they are doing it directly for the Kremlin, severely criticizes Eugene Lyons’ latest which won for him the confidence o f the or indirectly, through their emigre polit­ German and American authorities. It is ical organizations. book, “ Our Secret Allies” , by objecting No. I—2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page ii

to the subjective, one-sided, and tendent­ ious expression, “ Russian peoples.” He New Political line of the Soviet Academy oi gave a very favourable review of Profes­ sor Waldemar Gurian’s latest book, Science “ Soviet Imperialism and Its Origin and new “ actual members” have been corres­ Tactics; Symposium 1953” , which gives The results of the supplementary elect­ ions held on October , , by the ponding members” for many years, and, a thorough and academic examination of 23 1953 Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. were thereby hangs a tale! One of them, Pro­ this subject, and in its unbiassed attitude, for the most part obvious, but some were fessor K. Ostrovityanov, is an expert in might well serve as a text book. surprising. It was to be expected from the field of the interrelation of production and consumption in Soviet economy, A similar book was published in 1952, the outset that certain changes would be undertaken, as these were the first elect­ which is of the utmost practical import­ by Professor Waldemar Gurian, entitled ions of their kind since Stalin’s death, but ance to the “ Party and the Gavernment” “ Bolshevism, An Itroduction to Soviet it was not for foreseen to what extent. but has little to do with theoretical Marx­ Communism” , which created a consider­ The number of newly “appointed per­ ism and Leninism. The other, Professor able stir in Russophil circles, by the sons” to hold office in the field of Soviet P. Yudin, is regarded as an expert on assertion that Russian imperialism and Russian learning is somewhat startling, Soviet constitution, but has so far only present-day bolshevism could not be con­ —51 new “ actual members” and about been engaged in the purely practical field sidered as two different things. Even un­ three times as many new “ corresponding in this connection. At the time of the biassed circles in the U.S.A. are gradually members” ! Not even in the twenties Belgrade Cominform he was Zhdanov's admitting that the two ideologies are con­ when the former Petersburg Academy agent in the Balkan countries, and even his failure in Yugoslavia (mentioned in nected, and that the latter is actually of Science was compulsorily incorporated Tito's memoirs) did not prevent him based on Russian imperialism. The Ame­ into the so-called Moscow Communist from being promoted to the high position rican public is slowly but surely gaining Academy of Science was the number of personnel increased to such an extent. of Soviet ambassador, to the so-called an objective impression o f the quintes­ It is even more astonishing how the new German Democratic Republic. It would, sence o f Russian imperialism, which in academicians are grouped according to of course, be difficult to withhold the the shape o f bolshevism, is now begin- their subjects. title of “ actual member” of the Academy nig to be regarded as a menace by the from a man of learning of such repute! Compared to former Academy elections Western countries. it was expected the lion’s share of the The rest of the “ Marxist Leninist” can­ didates have had to be satisfied with the The report, by Perle Mesta, the Ame­ distribution of academic titles would titles of “corresponding members.” Many rican woman-diplomat, of her journey have gone to the representatives of the of them have not even been appointed, to Russia, has likewise had positive specifically “ Marxist Leninist” sciences, to the disciples of Marxist philosophy and including several who paraded their results and has definitely exposed the lie economy, or to the Leninist and Stalinist “ dialectical and materialist” erudition about the “ equal status o f all peoples in students of history, constitutions, and and “ orthodoxy” at the ceremonial assem­ the U.S.S.R.” American journalists and law. But this was by no means the case! bly held by the Academy a short time Writers are, to an ever increasing degree, At the bottom of the list is the Depart­ before the elections, on the occasion of now beginnig to have an open-minded ment of Literature and Philology which the fiftieth anniversary of the founding view o f the Russian problem and the po­ has not a single new “ actual member” of the Russian Bolshevist Party. The sition o f the subjugated nations, parti­ to show, despite the zeal which Soviet “ Party and the Government” only needs cularly that o f the Ukrainians. This can Russian philologists propagated Russian such talent, on special occasions. be seen from the lengthy article on Rus­ chauvinism and Moscow’s pan-Slavonic As compared to Stalin, the “ omnis­ sia published by “Time” on November hegemony during the war and after. Next cient man of learning” , who removed 30, 1953. This is the first time that the is the faculty of economics, philosophy, unwelcome Marxist and Leninist adher­ American press has given a clear picture and law, which is the most Marxist ents from the Academy and sent them to department of Academy. The Kremlin Siberian concentration camps, although of Nikita S. Khrushchev, a Russian, who has indicated that propaganda of this still insisting on the furtherance of Marx­ has pursued an imperialist policy in kind is one of the primary duties of a ist and Leninist doctrines, the practical Ukraine, and in his methods o f cruelty Russian philologist and not worthy of minded Malen\ov to all outward appear­ and terrorism strongly resembles Russian any special reward. It is not surprising ances, does not want theories about “ the despots like Ivan the Terrible. that the few literary men.F. Adrianova- leading role of the working class” or It will be seen therefore that a new Peretz, D. Blagoy, and D. Li\hachow, about the “ outstanding qualities of the who have undeniably rendered Russian Russian nation” from the Academy of tendency is making itself felt in Ameri­ philology a great service, are obliged to Sciences, but purely practical work in can political thought, which is led by be satisfied with the more modest title technical and economic fields. These are well-known men o f learning, and unbias­ of “corresponding member”. Philology of the utmost importance to the Kremlin, sed writers and journalists. It will give has been regarded in the Soviet Union and naturally atomic physics hold first the American public an objective picture since the twenties as one of those unpo­ place among the subjects of physics, of Eastern European political problems. mathematics, and technics at the Aca­ pular sciences which are at best merely Fundamentally, this picture will agree demy. Electro-technics, metallurgy, geo­ With Ukrainian views. It will be object­ suffered. logy, and mechanics are, however, also ive, and that is what is ungently needed It is true, that the department of eco­ well-represented. A new innovation is now. nomics, philosophy, and law, has receiv­ the inclusion in agriculture (including the ed two new “ actual members” (as against important branches of biology, botany, Jaroslav Z. Pelenskyj 13, received by the department of technic­ and soil-research), of a relatively large al sciences, and 15 by the department of number of experts on practical economy physics and mathematics), but both these (on no account “Maxist and Leninist Page 12 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. I—2

and received their assent. Then was read 300th Anniversary of the Treaty of a declaration from the Tsar promising to maintain friendly relations with the Uk­ Pereyaslav rainians and “ to defend them from all their enemies.” MOSCOW ORDERS VAST CELEBRATION This is how the leading Ukrainian his­ torian Mykhaylo Hrushevsky, describes The entire Soviet Union was ordered by This treaty was the result o f the gene­ the proceedings: the Kremlin to celebrate with great pomp rations long struggle o f Ukraine against and display the 300th anniversary o f the Polish domination. Bohdan Khmelnytsky ‘ The Muscovite delegates proposed that the Whole assembly should go to conclusion of the Treaty of Pereyaslav, thought of this treaty in terms only o f a the Cathedral to swear allegiance to the on January 18, 1954. This order was close political, diplomatic and military issued concurrently by the Council o f M i­ alliance. He was under formidable pres­ I'sar, but a dispute arose when Khmel- nisters, the Supreme Soviet, and the Cent­ sure from the Polish armies and under ytsky requested that the Tsar’s represent­ ral Committee of the Communist Party duress o f his “ ally” , the Tartar Khan o f atives should first take an oath, in c f U.S.S.R. and the day declared a state Crimea, who alternatively helped the the name o f the Tsar, that their ruler holiday. Important speeches were made Poles and the Ukrainians. Since his would not surrender Ukraine to Poland, at the decreed parades and public mani- accrssion to power, after his overwhelm­ aid would defend the land from its ene- festating in Moscow, but chiefly in Kyiv, ing victories over Poland in the years mi s, leaving intact Ukrainian rights and the capital of Ukraine. 1648, 1649 and 1650, Khmelnytsky ->ri\i!eges— similar to the oath the Polish always desired to form a great anti-Po­ Kings were acustomed to make in their The ordered celebrations were— as the lish alliance with Sweden, Brandenburgia pacta conventa’, upon assuming office. Russians put it— in honour o f the “ bro­ (Prussian), Moldavia, and Transsylvania. Tbi; proposal was refused, as their Tsar, therly, and everlasting reunion of Uk­ He had been having friendly negotiations ey said, was an autocrat who ruled raine with Russia.” In reality they will be with all o f them for years in an attempt according to his own will and did not the Russian celebrations o f the incorpo­ to gain their support against Poland, make pledges to his subjects. Although ration o f the free Ukrainain Kozak State without success. The Polish pressure, es­ his reply caused great dissatisfaction into the growing Russian empire. The pecially after Khmelnytsky’s heavy mili­ amongst the Kozak officers, they finally Ukrainian nation will mourn this fatal tary defeat in 1651 at Berestechko, grew swore unconditional allegiance in order anniversary, as the day o f the loss o f her ever stronger, therefore he had been forc­ to avoid breaking off negotiations. The liberty, whatever the outward appearan­ ed to seek help in Moscow. envoys then s?nt agents to administer ces might be. the oath o f allegiance to all the inhabit- Muscovy was eager to take part in the The Treaty o f Pereyaslav, was con­ ’ nts in the cities and villages o f Ukraine Ukrainian wars against Poland in order u d r Koz k rule.” (M. Hrushevsky, cluded on January 18, 1654 between the to regain for herself the territory she 'is'ory of Ukraine, New Haven, Yale rulers o f two independent states, Alexey had lost during the “Times o f Troubles.” University Press, 1941). Romanov, the Tsar o f Russia, and Boh- Moscow decided to justify her interven­ It is very interesting that hardly any dan Khmelnytsky, the Hetman o f Uk­ tion on the old and customary grounds 'ocumrnts have been preserved in Mos­ raine. By this treaty Ukraine, weakened o f the “ defence and protection o f the Or­ cow sheding any clear light upon these and exhausted by 6 years o f war against thodox faith and people” . But the true haopenings; Ukraine, repeatedly plunder­ Poland for her liberation, recognized the political reasons lay more deeply, as the ed and scorched, was not in the position sovereignty o f the Tsar over her country, Muscovite statesmen were afraid that if to preserve her most important and valu­ although still an independent state. The the Poles reconquered Ukraine, their able state documents. It is possible to con­ union was bound only through the person next aim would be to turn the Kozaks clude that the Muscovites did everything o f the Tsar. and the Tartars against Muscovy. The possible to hide the true circumstances of Muscovite “Zemski Sobor” (Generals of these negotiations, and especially the con- States) which met in M oscow in the d;tions under which the Kozaks were in­ adherents” !), as foreshadowed a few autumn o f 1653 took the decision that duced to take their oath o f allegiance to months ago in the orders issued regarding the Tsar was entitled “to accept under his the Tsar. It is an historical fact, however, an increase in agricultural production, high hand Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky that at Pereyaslav the basic rights and which is faced by a crisis. The agricultur­ and the entire Zaporozhian Host, with privileges o f Ukraine had been negotiat­ al research institute of the Acadamy was its cities and lands” , and authorized him ed and accepted bona fide by the Uk­ severely reprimanded by the “ highest to take them by force from Poland. rainians as well as the Muscovites. These authorities” (as the ceremonial assembly The Muscovites sent a delegation to rights and privileges had been formulated on October 30, 1953) because it had not Khmelnytsky to assure him that the Tsar in a solemn petition by the Kozak Host devoted sufficient research to the “ eco­ would take him under “ his protection” and sent to the Tsar by Khmelnytsky’s nomic problems of the collective system and would send an army in the spring special envoys. This petition was accept­ (kolkhoses), including the management of o f 1654 to help him against Poland. ed and approved by the Tsar. The origin­ Soviet estates, and machine and tractor Khmelnytsky, surrounded by his nobles al o f this highly important document, depots.” It can be assumed that the and officers, met the Muscovite delega­ has also been lost to posterity, but its tion in Jaunary 1654, in the Ukrainian measures announced by the Kremlin to contents were evident, by the rights and town o f Pereyaslav, for negotiations. The further the increase of Soviet agriculture liberties recognized and at first practised Muscovites at once requested him to call was not merely a propaganda trick. by Moscow, in Ukraine. an assembly o f the entire Kozak Host Whether the defects of this state and to give formal recognition to the sovere­ Accordingly—M. Hrushevsky writes— police-controlled activity can be balanced ignty of Moscow. According to the report “ all the Kozak judges and the elected by “ scientific” rationalization and inten­ by the Muscovite envoy, Buturlin— one city bailiffs were free to perform their sification of production is, of course, o f the rare records o f these happenings functions without interference. The K o­ another matter ! —Khmelnytsky placed before the Kozaks zaks were to elect their Hetman, but V. D. the question o f submission to the Tsar, were to inform the Tsar o f the result. No. I-- 2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 13

The Hetman and Zaporozhian Host were only three more years, but they all were “FRIENDSHIP AND CO-OPERA­ to be permitted to receive foreign en­ devoted to frantic military and diplomat­ TION” , OR SUBJUGATION? voys, Tjut were to notify the Tsar’s govern­ ic activities with the sole purpose to get ment of any circumstances which might free from Moscow. He renewed his The latest news and also official press lead to conflicts. And finally, the Kozak negotiations with Sweden, Prussia, Trans- reports from the Soviet Union indicate army was to number sixty thousand sylvania, Moldavia, and even the Khan that the national problem has become one men.“ of Crimea, but all to no avail. He died of the most vital. “ Communist” , the These terms, which are admitted by on January 27, 1657— a very sick and organ of the Central Committee of the the Muscovite historiography, evidently broken man. Communist Party has also expressed an include all the basic elements to constitute So started for Ukraine 3 long centuries opinion on this question. An article by an independent state, by the territory, o f national tragedy under Russian domi­ M. Kammari entitled, "Socialist Nations the government (the Hetman), the ethnic­ nation. Step by step, and act by act. of the U.S.S.R. in the Circumstances •>/ al and cultural life, the army, and the Moscow broke her solemn pledges and Transition from Socialism to Commu­ foreign policy. The Ukrainians believed guarantees, and with growing force and nism ’ appeared in the October 1953 edi­ all they had to endure was the sole speed infringed upon her rights, cancell­ tion (No. 16), and in the November edi­ person o f the Tsar, and all they wanted ed her liberties, abrogated her privileg­ tion (No. i7) an article by W. Lazis, en­ was M oscow’s aid in their struggle for es. The Muscovites were proud to be titled, "The Great Power of the Friend­ independence from Poland. For the sake slaves o f their mighty Tsar and they ship of nations was published. Both articl­ of this aid the Ukrainians were prepared started to break Ukrainians into the es dealt with the question of the national to tolerate even some Muscovite infrin­ same form o f living. One by one all relations with exist between the non-Rus­ gements upon their guaranteed independ­ democratic forms o f Ukrainian national sian peoples and the Russians within the ence. life were broken. In 1764, during the L’.S.S.R. and which have been a source But very soon it became evident that reign o f Catherine II. the Hetmancy of great anxiety to the Kremlin during Moscow looked upon the Treaty o f Pe- Was abolished, and in 1775 the Zaporo­ the past months. reyaslav in a thoroughly different way, zhian Sich, the military Kozak centre on M. Kammari, in his article said, “ The and the Muscovite opposition to Ukrain­ the lower Dniepr was destroyed, extin­ socialist nations which now find themselv­ ian independence became obvious. guishing the last remnants o f the auto­ es for the first time within the orbit of the Instead o f aid and assistance, Muscovy nomy o f Ukraine. In 1863, Count Valu- U.S.S.R., are fundamentally different to started to send her overlords and officials yev, the Russian Minister o f the Interior, the bourgeois nations. New socialist to take the places o f the hated Poles. issued an Ukas by which the existence nations are much more united than Some Muscovite governors had been sent o f the Ukrainian language was forbidden. any bourgeois nations” (p. 12). By this to Kyiv at once; here they built a new The Treaty o f Pereyaslav was a clas­ “ uniting” the author means “ The fore­ fortress, stationed a garrison, and behav­ sical example o f what the Russians mean most principle and basic political prere­ ed like absolute masters. This was repeat­ by the words ‘union” , and “ federation” . quisite in the formation of socialist ed in other cities. One o f the first and By a miraculous renaissance, Ukraine nations is their conquest, and the most severe blows was M oscow’s refusal was able, in the course o f the 19th and strengthening of the dictatorship of the to recognize and to honour the autonomy the first half o f the 20th century, to proletariat” (p. 13). of the Orthodox Church o f Ukraine. regain her national consciousness, her The nations in the U.S.S.R. thus differ They attempted to sever its ties with the pride, her will for liberty and state sove­ from the “ bourgeois nations” inasmuch Patriarch o f Constantinople and instead, reignty. Her national independence was a. they are suppressed by a dictatorship. to subordinate the Kyivan Metropolitan reestablished in the years o f the Great Kammari goes on to say, “ The leaders and bishops to the authority o f the Pat­ Revolution 1917 - 1919 by forming the of the socialist nations are the working riarch o f Moscow. For the Tsar this was sovereign Ukrainian National Republic. class and its international party which, by not an alliance but a new territorial The Russian bolsheviks, in the same reason of its power strengthens and guid­ acquisition. way as the Russian Tsars, had to comply es these nations” (p. 12). The promised military help proved with these facts. And history once more too, to be a dismal failure. Although, repeated itself by Moscow utilizing the But to what nation does this “ working Moscow began to wage a war against internal and external difficulties o f the class” and its party belong? Kammari Poland, it was not with the aim to aid young Ukrainian state, extended her gives the following answer to this ques­ Ukraine, but only of annexing Byelo­ “ helping hand.” As once the Tsar Alex­ tion : “ The Russian working class, under russia, for which M oscow had long been ey, so now Lenin, and later Stalin, at the guidance of the Communist Party, greedy. Instead o f helping Khmelnytsky, first recognized the existence o f Ukraine formerly helped the suppressed nations in Moscow demanded help and services as an independent state, and became a our country to develop and strengthen the from Khmelnytsky: the Tsar demanded member o f the Union o f the Soviet So­ Soviet socialist conception of the state and the dispatch o f his army to Byelorussia cialist Republics, even a member o f the to further the Soviet system of eco­ to assist the Muscovites. Simultaneously United Nations. But as 300 years ago, nomy” . . . (p. 15). the Russian contingents sent to Ukraine so everywhere the same Russian govern­ The second author, W . Lazis, gives us started to entrench themselves firmly ors, the same Russian officials, garrisons, figures showing the increase in production instead o f fighting the Poles, and made fortresses, the same uses and practices o f in the various republics of the U.S.S.R. use of every ill-considered word and theRussian master nation. by way of argument. “ Taking the average every careless act to gather the reins o f The bitter mockery o f the situation is Continued on Page 14 Ukrainian life in their hands. The Rus­ that M oscow is forcing the enslaved Uk­ sian “ helping hand” led Ukraine not to rainian population to celebrate the 300th liberation but to Muscovite domination. anniversary o f the “ liberating” Treaty lin wishes to convince the whole world Hetman Khmelnytsky, by concluding o f Pereyaslav. By tremendous pomp and that Ukraine, willingly and joyfully, as- the Treaty o f Pereyaslav had made the display the whole world is blinded to the siociated herself with Moscow, “ now and most terrible error o f his whole life. He real situation in Ukraine, and especially, for eternity.” But this is unbelievably disentangled Ukraine from Poland but to the feelings, tendencies and inclina­ false, as Ukraine decesively wants her led her to Muscovite slavery. He lived tions o f the Ukrainian nation. The Krem- full independence. Page 14 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 1—2 development of industrial production in Prof. Volodymyr Derzhavyn the year 1951 as a basis, the production in the U.S.S.R. increased by 16 per cent The Humane Studies in the Post-War Soviet as compared to 1950. In the Ukrainian and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Repub­ Ukraine lics it increased by 18 per cent, in Latvia by 19 per cent, in Esthonia by 24 per IV. LITERATURE cent, and in the Moldau Soviet Socialist Russian Soviet bolshevism acknow­ nations to Moscow, “ Soviet patriotism,” Republic by 41 per cent. Statistics for ledges no fundamental or formal differ­ the entire science o f literature was syste­ the year 1951 and for the first quarter of ence between literary criticism and the matically abolished and extirpated by the year 1953 show that the nations of science o f literature, as they are primari­ the terrorist measures o f the Secret State- the U.S.S.R. have successfully achieved ly regarded as a means o f political pro­ police Because o f the great fear the the program of the fifth Five Years’ paganda. The scientific study o f litera­ Kremlin had o f an uprising o f the whole Plan” (“ Communist” , November 1953, p. ture in Western European countries con­ nation and also on the part o f the Uk­ 28). sists o f research into literary sources; rainian Communists, methods were ap­ From the difference in production criticism of texts; editing; literary ana­ plied in a most cruel and sinister manner figures one would assume that the non- lysis as regards style, and from the cult­ in Soviet Ukraine, where in 1939 only Russian republics are in a much better ural, historical, psychological, and bio­ three well-known literary research men position, but this is not the case because graphical point o f view. Only for reasons were left. A. Krymsky and B. Jakubsky most of their production goes to Moscow. o f prestige, and on condition that there in Kyiv, had actually given up their lite­ Despite the fact that the non-Russian re­ is no deviation from the general politic­ rary activity at the end o f the twenties publics are suppressed, the Kremlin pro­ al standard, is this allowed in the Soviet (incidentally, they both died before the pagandists still have audacity to main­ Union. end o f the war) Whilst the third, Alex­ tain that the “ assistance” given to the During the vast Russification move­ ander Biletzky in Charkiv (not to be con­ non-Russian nations is “ outstanding” . ment from 1926 to 1938, directed alle­ fused with the well-known Ukrainian The farmers in the various republics, who gedly against “ remnants” o f bourgeois historian, Leonid Biletzky, who emigrat­ are forced to hand over a large amount of nationalistic and counter-revolutionary ed in the twenties and is at present engag­ their production, are in the best position elements, but in reality, aimed to achieve ed in research Work in Canada), was only to define this “ assistance” . a mass-conversion of all the non-Russian saved by the fact that he had devoted Culture Policy M. Kammari severely criticizes “ regi­ ive laws which govern the formation of problems are concerned” (p. 25). “ The onal nationalism” and writes as follows socialist nations in the U.S.S.R.” (p. bourgeois nationalists play a treacherous regarding the development of national 27)- and counter-revolutionary part by selling problems: “ In the course of socialism In any case, Kammari states that it the interests of their nations and their there has been considerable development would be necessary to introduce a univer­ native countries to foreign imperialists” the processes of fusing small tribes with sal language, once dictatorship has be­ (p. 18). a similar language into nationalities, the come supreme throughout the whole Kammari affirms that remnants of ca­ consolidation of these nationalities into world,— naturally this would be the Rus­ pitalism are still evident, by the enthusi­ nations, and by changing their dialects, sian language. “ It is the aim of Commu­ asm shown for the “ reactionary bourgeois the formation of their languages into the nism, in keeping with the doctrine of culture” of the West, and in tne negation national language of these consolidated Marx and Lenin, not only to bring about of Soviet socialist culture (p. 26). socialist nations.” (p. 24). In this way the friendly relations between the nations, The author lists all the “ phenomena of author camouflages the process of Russifi­ but also to fuse them into one” (p. 26). nationalism” and quotes examples of the cation and assimilation which is put into “ National differences and languages elimination of class differences among practice in the entire Soviet block. He are dying out and will be replaced by a the bourgeois nations and the glorification openly admits on page 23 that “ the Rus­ universal language as soon as the socialist of reactionary elements in national sian language is becoming a means, to economic system has been strengthened culture. The most dangerous phenome­ an ever-increasing degree, to further eco­ sufficiently . . . National languages will, non of “bourgeois nationalism” is its ig­ nomic and cultual relations between the of course, still continue to exist for some norance of the powerful influence of “ the nations of the Soviet Union. According to time side by side with a universal lan­ leading Russian culture” and its influence Kammari’s article there are at present 6 guage even after the victory of socialism on the national culture of other Soviet million children attending schools in Uk­ all over the world” (p. 37). nations (p. 25). raine, whereas in the Russian federalist Enemy Number One What is the reaction in the West to republic, which has double the population Despite its policy of a dictatorship of the propaganda of the Moscow “ Commu­ of Ukraine, there are 17 million children the proletariat, the Kremlin is unable to nist” , which constantly maintains that attending school, since “ the national eliminate the internal difficulties caused “ the American imperialists are seeking to staff for all the Soviet republics is trained by various “ bourgeois nationalists” . Kam­ liquidate the national sovereignty of the in the Russian republic.” mari comments as follows: “The Com­ nations” (“ Communist” , October edition, munist Party of the Soviet Union exposed It would be wrong to assume that such No. 15 p. 25), and that the Americans all the nationalists and chauvinists, and a policy is only pursued in the non-Rus­ “ are violating the principle of national so­ still continues to wage a systematic war sian nations of the U.S.S.R. Kammari vereignty, and, appealing to nations to against all elements and remnants of maintains in his article that the forming forego their sovereign rights in favour of nationalism” (p. ). o f “ socialist nations” in countries with a 26 a world government, which would be N o one, however, criticizes Russian people’s democracy has nothing to do dominated by America” (“Communist”, nationalism; on the contrary, adherents with his subject, but, “ apart from some November edition, N o. 16 p. 32). What is are actually eulogized in public. differences and some forms of independ­ the reaction of the West to all this? ence in each country, this process is deve­ “ The remnants of capitalism still play loping according to the general and object- a most important part as far as national O. Zaporo No. I—2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 15

his attention almost exclusively to the and S. Maslov (1945), destined for use sufficiently the “ beneficial influence that history o f Western European and Rus­ in secondary and high schools, contain­ great Russian literature had an Uk­ sian literature and was not an adherent ed little that was scientific, but did at rainian literature”, shall thereby proving o f the national Ukrainian movement. least oppose the Russification to a large themselves to be secret Ukrainian bour­ His pupils were, however, not allowed extent and stressed the logical develop­ geois nationalists. As this type of accus­ to study any kind o f literary research. ment o f national sentiment in Ukrainian ation has no limits and can be applied to All that remained was insipid and Worth­ literature (it was censured as “ bourgeois anything, it is not surprising therefore less Soviet Russian propaganda, a kind nationalist” in 1946 and banned). During that the number o f literary publications o f literary criticism written in Ukrainian the years 1944 to 1946 in articles pub­ of any value are rapidly dwindling from which already bore considerable traces lished in the “ Radyanska Literatura” year to year. of Russification. (“ The Soviet Literature” ) by writers such It is somewhat o f a paradox that the “ideological” campaign which Zhdanov, Alleged “ Liberalism” from as E. Kyrylyuk, 1. Pilhuk, and F. Polish­ Stalin’s all-powerful favourite, began in 1939 to 1946 chuk, on the subject o f Ukrainian clas­ sical writers o f the nineteenth century, 1947 and has intensified since against When the Soviets in the autumn 1939 we find a few scientific points o f interest “ cosmopolitans” , “ admirers o f the occupied West Ukrainian territories, here and there, but expressed in a confus­ West” , and“ homeless traitors to their which previously had been under Polish ed and empty “ Marxist and Leninist” native country” , has lowered the stand­ rule, it was their intention to allow Uk­ phraseology. ard o f Ukrainian literary criticism and rainian national culture to continue for When for the second time in 1944 the science o f literature, to an even lower a time at least, and so win over to the West Ukrainian territories, were occup­ level than was the case prior to 1939. As Soviet side, well-known national repre­ ied, further measures were enforced. “ native country” only meant Soviet Rus­ sentatives including those in the spher­ Although at the beginning no attempt sia, the blow dealt by the Soviets in Uk­ es o f literature and o f the science o f lite­ was made to prevent the outstanding raine was aimed at those literary men rature. In the first place the Kremlin per­ men in the field o f literary research, V. who, because o f their Jewith origin, felt mitted, and in fact unofficially recom­ Shchurat (who died soon after the war), that they were in no danger o f being mended, belles-lettres and poetry to M. Voznyak, and M. Derkach, from accused as adherents o f Ukrainian bour­ give expression to Ukrainian national continuing their specialised work, which geois nationalism and so ventured to sentiments and traditions in the fight did not menace the Soviet bolshevist evidence a certain interest for Western against the “ German Fascist aggressors” , ‘ ideo’ogy.” M. Voznyak actually suc­ European and American literature. The instead o f expressing an alleged “ Soviet ceeded in publishing in 1946 his scient­ well-known West Ukrainian literary patriotism” (which had proved to be ific study on the Ukrainian classicism, critic, Michael Rudnycky, for example, completely ineffective in Ukraine during Kvitka Osnovyanenko (1778 - 1843),— who in 1945 was appointed university the first month o f the war). It was inevit­ an unprecedented case in the Soviet Uk­ professor for literature because o f his able that this “ liberal course” should raine since the thirties. In 1947, a collec­ pro-Soviet attitude, but is now bitterly also effect literary criticism and the tion o f the hitherto unknown poems of paying the price for having shown an science o f literature, but in this respect the Ukrainian poetess, Lesya Ukrainka interest in the West, in a manner typical the science o f literature did not gain (1871 - 1913), was published by M. D er­ o f an intellectual Communist. Any men­ much, as the “Party and Government” kach. tion now that there might possibly be were merely interested in propagandist But this “ liberal” attitude on the part intellectual ties between Ukrainian lite­ results and not in the promotion o f scien­ o f the Soviets was, however, only o f rature and the West is prohibited and tific research in the field o f literature. short duration. scorned. Even a modest collection of his­ In addition there were very few possibi­ torical facts, in Prof. A. Shamray's book, New Reprisals lities o f publishing works dealing with “Lesya Ukrainka and English Litera­ the study o f literature, but a few well- As early as the summer o f 1946 a new ture” , is barmed. Only one positive influ­ known Ukrainian scholars o f literature wave o f Soviet Russian persecution was ence is permitted in Ukrainian literature, were brought back from Siberian con­ directed against all anti-Russian ideas namely— Russian! centration camps. Amongst them were and has continued up to the present time. Conclusion two well-known professors, O. Dorosh- The “policy of leniency” had not proved kevych and A. Shamray known mainly very effective in Ukraine, and had not In Soviet Ukraine there are now prof­ for their “ bourgeois nationalist” text­ succeeded in eliminating the passive resis­ essorships and even a reseach institute for the science o f literature. There are books on the history o f literature which tance o f the masses or the armed resist­ also special journals and other publica­ had been decried at the end o f the twen­ ance o f the valiant Ukrainian Insurgent ties. Both o f them died in Kyiv after the Army (U.P.A). For this reason practic­ tions which deal with literary matters. But there is no scientific treatment o f lite­ end o f the War without having published ally everything that had been published rary questions, in metre, style, and re­ anything o f scientific interest and import­ from 1939 onwards was now branded as ance. Another was Yuriy Mezhenko, “ bourgeois nationalist aberrations” , and search on literary sources, even in non­ political subjects. The few literary men the well-known literary critic, who it was either officially or semi-officially banned. of former days, who were either spared thought had been executed about the This included books which might claim a by the Soviet government for reasons of beginning o f the thirties. Various works certain scientific value, as for instance, P. prestige and propaganda or were pardon­ were also published. The large work on Volynsky’s “ Literary and Theoretical ed during the “ liberal” years of 1939 to the history o f ancient and mediaeval Uk­ Quotations from Ukrainian Writers of 1946, are gradually dying out and there rainian literature, which was compiled by the First Quarter o f the Nineteenth Cen­ is no one to succeed them. A. Biletzky, the Institute o f Science o f Literature, a tury” (nothing more than a harmless the best representative o f Soviet Ukrai­ department of the Ukrainian Academy of work on literary sources), /. Pilhuk’s nian literature, will not even venture to Sciences, during the years 1939 to 1940, “ Shevchenko and Belinsky” , and F. Po­ train any o f his pupils as a qualified was, however, not published, because it lishchuk's “Maxim Gorky and Develop­ literary expert, aithough he has nothing was alleged there was a “ shortage o f ment of Ukrainian National Poetry.” to fear, as he was wise enough to resist material during the years o f the war.” Although these works were pro-Russian, all the temptations o f the former “liberal The book, “Outline of the History of they were banned by the Soviet press, tendency” and published an irreproach- Ukrainian Literature” by E. Kyrylyuk because the authors had not stressed Page i 6 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 1 —2 Ukraine Behind the Iron Curtain WHAT ARE THE PROSPECTS? Continued from Page 2 The Communists in the villages Republic on August 8, 1953.) This includes 50.000 communists who are employed in important state The statement made by John Foster In it", leading article the “ Radyanska Ukraina” of departments or in other agricultural administrative Dulles to the effect that there might be November 24, 1953, states that “ Party organizations positions. have now been established in practically all the kol- a fundamental change in America s The fact must be mentioned that, in the ethno­ foreign policy, leads one to hope that khoscs in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. More graphical territory of Russia proper, communist or­ than 180.000 communists are now employed in agri­ ganizations were set up in practically all the villages there might also be a change in Ame­ culture and more than 130,000 party members work twenty-five to thirty years ago. These organizations rica’s political attitude. If the E.D.C. in the kolkhoses. The new tasks which agriculture consisted of local elements, namely Russian farmers should not be ratified and America have been set makes it imperative that party work and kolkhos workers. therefore obliged to deal with her part­ should be intensified.” The article stresses the point The Kremlin is now endeavcuiing to strengthen that fundamentally the questions are neither purely its position in the rural areas of the Ukraine. ners individually, the situation, in spite economic nor purely political, and that hypothesis Attempts ace being made to achieve this aim by of the present setback as far as West­ must be applied in one's daily work. means of the “ increase in the staff of specialized ern defence is concerned, would, how­ “ There are still many serious faults in he work of • workers” in order to improve agricultural work, a ever, not be entirely hopeless. the Party organizations in the villages. There are too measure resorted to on the strength of the decision.» few communists among the technical personnel in of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in Freed of British and French colonial the villages, or among the groups of persons assign­ the Soviet Union on September 7, 1953, which refer­ ed to vvork in orchards, fields, and tractor-driving, policy the United States would be able red to “ institutions for the purpose of promoting the to support the national independence and among the cattle overseers . . . The communists development of agriculture in the Ukrainian Soviet arc the leading force for the fulfilment of the tasks Socialist Republic.” movements in Asia, and in this way of the party and to carry out the decisions of the During the past months the telephone network and deprive the Soviets of a dangerous Central Committee of the Communist Party of the the broadcasting system in Ukraine and ш Byelorus­ weapon. Indeed, such a turn of events Soviet Union.” sia have been expanded and increased very consider­ does not appear to represent a problem On reading this revealing articie we come to the ably. This has been done not only for technical rea­ conclusion that Russian Communism is not, as yet, sons of course, but also in pursuit of certain political at all, if we take into consideration the firmly established in the Ukraine. So far there is not aims In this way the rural population is to be influ­ fact that the U.S.A. have adopted a a party organization in every kolkhos, and where enced to an ever-increasing degree by official Soviet censorious attitude towards British and there is one, it cannot supervise the population com­ propaganda. The broadcasting system was enlarged French views on the national aims of pletely. In addition, we also come to the conclusion by the setting up of new stations. that these party organizations are formed by higher The telephone network is likewise being used by the Asiatic and African peoples, and, authorities and consist mainly of urban elements and the Soviet administrative authorities In agricultural also, their political imperialism is not of Ukrainian farmers. These 130.000 communists, concerns to a much greater extent than was formerly neither in keeping with American prin­ many of whom are of Ukrainian extraction with the case, especially at night. The “ Pravda” of No­ ciples nor with the political practices of unsavoury characters, represent a comparatively small vember 22, 1953, reported that the party organiza­ proportion in view of the fact that more than 28 mill­ tion of one of the areas in the vicinity of Sumsk held this nation, so far. ion Ukrainians arc employed in the kolkhoses. The a “ meeting” with the heads of the kolkhoses, by This policy, must however, be the remaining 21 million Ukrainians are either employed means of the telephone and in this way listened to in industry or live in towns. (According to Malen­ their reports and also admonished them. All other same as regards Eastern Europe. And, kov’s statements about the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist telephone calls were prohibited during the time. The too, the individual Eastern European kolkhos functionaries, some of them party members, problems could form the basis of a po­ able, thought rather peculiar, Work on toon tired of this method, however, and went home. sitive liberation policy. In this connect­ Thereupon the night-porters on duty answered the the “ Literary Style o f Karl Marx” questions put by the Party headquarters . . . ion attention could be devoted to the instead! * * * Ukrainian problem. A liberation policy, Those who wish to study the ‘science The district of Poltava is one of the most prosper­ in which national problems are clearly o f literature’ in Soviet Ukraine nowadays ous m the Ukraine, but despite this fact it is one of defined and emphasized, would meet know exactly what will be expected of the most “ backward” districts of the country, not with a response in Ukraine and, above them. They will have to practise a only in agiiculture and industry, but also 111 new all, in the national underground move­ buildings. The contrast in prevailing conditions there kind o f higher propaganda journalism, is most usual. For this leason “ Pravda” criticized the ment. And the Soviets would be unable which contains no scientific matter, but party leaders of this district and in particular the to after any opposition. is directed only towards tracking down party secretaries, who change very often, for »his But even if the E.D.C. should be anything else that approaches science and stale of affairs. The inefficient economic policy of the party is not criticized. In addition, the fact that half ratified, the national problem in Asia promptly denouncing it. Those averse the vegetable and fruit produce from the Poltava and in Eastern Europe will continue to to this prospect will do better to choose as district has to be set ’.o Moscow and Leningrad has be of primary importance. Europe, their subjects, Russian or Western Europ­ resulted in a hostile attitude on the part of the kol­ without it’s eastern nations is not a ean literature, and go to Russia where khos farmers. They are disgrunted that sucb vast quantities of their produce are sent to Russia without united Europe. Europe must, however, no one can accuse them directly o f being their receiving any kind of leimbursement whatso­ be able to offer the Eastern European supporters of “Ukrainian bourgeois ever. nations something posive, otherwise it nationalism.” Should they eventually * * * will lose it’s power of attraction comp­ become Russian literary experts, then Duiing the past years, the seven years schooling letely. The problem of the relations system was established in Ukraine and attempts were paradoxically they will be able to discuss between Europe and the Ukraine will Ukrainian literature in a much freer and made to provide more secondary schools training. A statement to this effect was made recendy by then have to be solved, either accord­ more objective manner than is possible Pinchuk the Minister for Education in Ukrainian ing to the European conception or in Soviet Ukraine. Sovitt Socialist Republic. In the course of this year otherwise . . . The Research Institute for Literature 28,854 schools were opened in Ukraine* of these at the Ukrainian Academy o f Sciences 4.864 were secondary schools. There are now 831 Perhaps the year 1954 will show secondary schools more than there were in the year which trend predominates and what has for some years been working on a 1940 and 2.3 times more than in 1946. A ten-years the political prospects are likely to be. detailed study of the history of Ukrainian schooling system has now been established in 35 dist­ literature, organized in advance by the ricts and industrial centres. The official Soviet author­ The answer of Ukraine will depend ities have promised to provide 226 million roubles for upon whether these prospects are in Research Institute for World Literature, the erection of schools! ? r a department o f the Russian Academy o f accordance with Ukrainian nation in­ How much that money is needed shows that the terests. Sciences o f the Soviet Union. Surely no number ol schools is still not sufficient, as classes more striking example o f “ Soviet co ­ have to be held in three shifts. operation could be found! ______* * * Ukrainicus Printed by ‘‘Ukrainian Publishers Ltd’ ’, 237, Liverpool Rd., London, N. 1 ., Tel. NORth 1828.