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HI 595 (2019)

Morocco: History on the Cusp of Three Continents

Monday 2:30-5:15 Prof. Wylie ASC 505 ASC 517 Office Hours: M, 11:15-12:15, TR 1:45-2:45 & by appt. [email protected]

Explores the range and limits of social mixture – cultural, political, economic – as three met at the northwest corner of and influenced one another from the 8th to the 21st centuries.

This reading seminar, open to both advanced undergraduate and graduate students, explores the history of the northwest African kingdom of Morocco. Because it is located on the cusp of three continents, the region has long been affected by developments elsewhere. Through focusing on Morocco, we will learn about its people’s historical interactions with (especially colonization by and emigration to and from and ), the (from where Muslim invaders came in the 8th and 12th centuries), and the rest of Africa (through trade across the ).

Most of our reading will be in the form of monographs, but there are a few comprehensive histories in English that students may wish to purchase or consult because they provide useful background. One example is Jamil-Abun Nasr, A History of the Maghrib in the Muslim Period. The Journal of North may be found on the 6th floor of Mugar Library; its call number is DT 160 J68. I intend to give a mini- lecture at the end of each class to introduce you to the material of the following week.

Seven titles by the following authors may be purchased: (The Muqaddimah), Maria Menocal (Ornament of the ), Natalie Z. Davis (Trickster Travels), Aomar Boum (Memories of Absence), S.G. Miller (A History of Modern Morocco), (By Bread Alone), Fatima Mernissi (Dreams of Trespass). The by Miller and el Hamel (Black Morocco) are available online at Mugar. All our required readings are on 2-hour reserve in Mugar library (or on Blackboard if they are articles). Changes may be made to the syllabus from time to time. (Supplementary readings are optional and may be used for the Third Hour presentations.)

We have the good fortune to be seeing three Moroccan films on selected evenings. They will be shown before we meet to discuss a that is relevant to their subject matter. In this way, I hope you’ll gain greater visceral familiarity with the , its languages and landscapes. One evening we will dine together on Moroccan .

Evaluation Criteria The forms of evaluation in this seminar will emphasize writing in two forms. The first will be weekly one-page précis statements that describe the central argument and evidence in the week’s reading, as well as raise a provocative issue for discussion (30%). The second writing exercise will be a 15 page bibliographic essay that surveys the literature on a particular theme (40%), due 26 April. In addition, students will take part in weekly seminars as active, dynamic participants in discussions. At least once over the course of the semester students will serve as discussion leaders during The Third Hour, framing questions, and helping to organize the seminar agenda for that week. Seminar participation will constitute 30% of the grade for the course.

Academic Integrity Students are expected to observe the procedures and guidelines regarding plagiarism and academic integrity prescribed by the Arts and Sciences Academic Conduct Code. Those guidelines are provided on the following websites: http://www.bu.edu/cas/students/undergrad-resources/code/ http://www.bu.edu/grs/academics/resources/adp.html

1. Jan. 28 Introduction: The Historical Grid, a broad overview

THE MIDDLE AGES

2. Feb. 4 A Muslim Perspective

Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah, An Introduction to the History of the World, pp. vii-9, 35-43, 91-167, 232-57, 263-91.

Supplementary reading: Jamil Abun-Nasr, A History of the Maghrib in the Muslim Period, pp. 76-103; Diana Wylie, “Decadence? The Khaldunian Cycle in and ,” Journal of North African Studies 13, 3 (2008), pp. 387-99 in a special issue of JNAS (“The of Ibn Khaldun”). Diana Davis, “A note on the geography and ecology of the Maghreb,” in Resurrecting the Granary of Rome, pp. 177-85.

3. Feb. 11 A European Perspective

Maria Rosa Menocal, The Ornament of the World, How , , and Created a of Tolerance in Muslim Spain (omitting the five chapters on the following pages: pp.101-29, 147-88, 216-28);

Supplementary reading: Richard Fletcher, Moorish Spain; Amira Bennison, “Liminal States: Morocco and the Iberian Frontier between the 12th and 19th Centuries”, JNAS, Spring 2001, pp. 11-28; special issue of JNAS devoted to Iberian-Moroccan relations, vol. 19, 1 (Jan. 2014).

4. Feb. 19 An African Perspective

Chouki el Hamel, Black Morocco, a history of , race, and , chapters 3 to 6 (pp. 1-240)

Supplementary reading: E.M. Bovill, The Golden Trade of the , pp. 98-206; Ghislaine Lydon, On Trans-Saharan Trails, Islamic Law, Trade Networks, and Cross- Cultural Exchange …., chapter 2; Bernard Lewis, Race and Slavery in the Middle East; C. Becker on Ismkhan, JNAS, winter 2002; Wright (“Morocco: The last great slave market?”) and El Hamel (“Race, Slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean Thought: The question of the Harratin in Morocco”), JNAS, autumn 2002; Ross Dunn, Resistance in the Desert, ch. 4; Ibn Battuta, Ibn Battuta in Black Africa; N. Levtzion and JFP Hopkins, Corpus of Early Sources for West African History; JR Willis, Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa (Ahmad Baba document); Mohamed Ennaji, Serving the Master, Slavery and Society in Nineteenth Century Morocco; John Hunwick and Eve Troutt Powell, eds., The African Diaspora in the Mediterranean Lands of Islam, selected documents (pp. 38-48, 119-20, 125-7, 139-43, 204-19).

THE EARLY MODERN WORLD

5. Feb. 25 The Aftermath of the Expulsion from Spain: Through the eyes of

Natalie Zemon Davis, Trickster Travels: a Sixteenth Century Muslim between Worlds, chapters 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9.

Supplementary reading: Jamil Abun-Nasr, A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period, pp. 206-227.

6. March 4 and its aftermath

Thomas Pellow, The Adventures of , selected chapters (online), and S.G. Miller, A History of Modern Morocco, chapters 1 and 2.

Supplementary reading: Nabil Mattar, Britain and Barbary 1589-1689; Linda Colley, Captives, the story of Britain’s pursuit of empire and how its soldiers and civilians were held captive by the dream of global supremacy 1600-1850 , Part One (pp. 23-134); Charles Hanford Adams, The Narrative of Robert Adams, A Barbary Captive; Baepler, White Slaves, African Masters.

THE COLONIAL ENCOUNTER

7. March 18 The Coming of the French and the Spanish

Susan G. Miller, The History of Modern Morocco, chapters 3, 4, 5; el Hamel, chapter 7

Supplementary reading: Susan Miller (trans. and ed.), Disorienting Encounters, Travels of a Moroccan Scholar in France 1845-1846; Sebastian Balfour, Deadly Embrace, Morocco and the Road to the ; Edmund Burke III, Prelude to in Morocco, Precolonial Protest and Resistance 1860-1912; Jamil Abun- Nasr, pp. 369-404; D. Wylie, “Moroccan urbanism: a case study in colonial and post- colonial metissage,” Beiruter Texte und Studien, Band 102, 2007; Linda Nochlin, “The Imaginary ,” Art in America, May, 1983; William Hoisington, Lyautey and the French Conquest of Morocco; Jonathan Katz, Murder in Marrakech.

Film: “Where are you going, Moshe?” ( Benjelloun, 2007)

8. March 25 The Jewish Presence

Aomar Boum, Memories of Absence, How Muslims remember Jews in Morocco

Supplementary reading: Daniel Schroeter, The ’s Jew: Morocco and the Sephardi World; Vivian Mann, ed., Morocco, Jews and Art in a Muslim Land; Benny Morris, “The Darker Side,” The New Republic, 10 Sept. 2008, pp. 35-9. Norman Stillman, The language and culture of the Jews of , Morocco, an ethnolinguistic study (1988); and Society in , ed. E. Gottreich and D. Schroeter; Emily Gottreich, The of : Jewish and Muslim Space in Morocco’s Red City.

Film: “” (Nabil Ayouch, 2012, 115 mins.)

9. April 1 Life in Modern Cities

Mohamed Choukri, For Bread Alone; Fatima Mernissi, Dreams of Trespass

Supplementary reading: Paul Rabinow, French Modern; Gwendolyn Wright, The Politics of Design in Urbanism, J-L Cohen and M. Eleb, , Colonial Myths and Architectural Ventures; Women Writing North Africa, The Northern Region, ed. Fatima Sadiqi et al. (2009)

INDEPENDENCE

10. April 8 A Powerful and Domestic Dissent

Susan Miller, chapters 6 and 7; Susan Slyomovics, The Performance of Rights in Morocco, chapters 4 and 6

Supplementary reading: R. Bourqia and S. Miller, In the Shadow of the Sultan, Culture, Power and Politics in Morocco; Henry Munson, Religion and Power in Morocco; Azzedine Layachi, Society, Society and Democracy in Morocco, The Limits of Associative Life; Abdellah Hammoudi, Master and Disciple, The Cultural Foundations of Moroccan .

11. April 17 Berber Culture and Nationalism

Bruce Maddy-Weitzman, The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North African States, selected chapters (3,4,6)

Edmund Burke III, The Ethnographic State, France and the Invention of Moroccan Islam, ch. 7; Nabil Boudraa and Joseph Krause, North African Mosaic, A Cultural Reappraisal of Ethnic and Religious Minorities, chapter 12 (“Nationalist and Islamist Discourse and the Socio-Political Implications of Recognizing Tamazight (Berber) in Morocco,” by M.. Errihani, pp. 238-57); Cynthia Becker, “Amazigh Textiles and Dress in Morocco”, African Arts, Autumn 2006 pp. 42-55; Bruce Maddy-Weitzman, “Ethno-Political Globalization in North Africa: the Berber Culture Movement” JNAS 11, 1 (2006), pp. 71- 83 [all xeroxes]. David Crawford, “How Berber matters in the middle of nowhere,” Middle East Report 219 (summer 2001), available as a PDF on his webpage. El Hamel, chapter 8.

Supplementary reading: Cynthia Becker, Amazigh Arts in Morocco, Women Shaping Berber Identity; M. Brett and E. Fentress, The ; David Crawford, “Morocco’s Invisible Imazighen,” JNAS, Spring 2002, pp. 53-70; , Saints of the Atlas; Ernest Gellner and Charles Michaud, and Berbers: From Tribe to Nation in North Africa ; Abdellah Hammoudi, The Victim and its Masks.

Film: “” (2004, 108 mins.)

12. April 22 : Intégrisme/Political Islam and

Henry Munson, The House of Si Abd Allah, selections from; S.G. Miller, chapters 8 and 9. Excerpt from the Mudawanna (Xerox).

Supplementary reading: Emilio Spadola, The Calls of Islam, Sufis, Islamists, and Mass Mediation in Urban Morocco; Edmund Burke III and Ira Lapidus, Islam, Politics, and Social Movements; John Ruedy, ed., and Secularism in North Africa; Malika Zeghal, Islamism in Morocco; Dale Eickelman, Knowledge and Power in Morocco; Abdellah Hammoudi, Master and Disciple; Henry Munson, Religion and Power in Morocco, Vincent Cornell, Realm of the Saint: Power and Authority in Moroccan Sufism.

13 . April 29 Presentation and Submission of papers