Rapporto Televisione E Infanzia

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Rapporto Televisione E Infanzia Focus in Media STUDI E RICERCHE Televisione e Infanzia Focus in Media Rapporto sull’offerta della Fondazione televisiva per bambini per la Sussidiarietà in Italia STUDI E RICERCHE Focus in Media Televisione e Infanzia Rapporto sull’offerta televisiva per bambini Focus in Media in Italia della Fondazione per la Sussidiarietà Team di ricerca Piermarco Aroldi, Marco Deriu, Daniele Milesi, Maria Francesca Murru, Matteo Stefanelli, Nicoletta Vittadini Focus in Media della Fondazione per la Sussidiarietà Il Focus in Media della Fondazione per la Sussidiarietà nasce nel 2011 con lo scopo di sviluppare un’analisi indipendente del sistema comunicativo italiano e dei suoi molteplici attori e dinamiche (emittenti, contenuti, linguaggi, pubblici, contesti, processi evolutivi). Il lavoro di ricerca del Focus in Media intende individuare temi e problemi particolarmente rilevanti da sottoporre all’attenzione delle istituzioni, degli operatori dei media e dell’opinione pubblica, e avanzare idee e proposte rivolte a rendere il sistema della comunicazione sempre più rispondente alle esigenze di crescita civile della società italiana e capace di valorizzare le diverse identità sociali e culturali in essa presenti. Comitato scientifico Piermarco Aroldi, Università Cattolica di Milano Fausto Colombo, Università Cattolica di Milano Vincenzo Costa, Università del Molise David Anthony Forgacs, New York University (USA) Guido Gili (Coordinatore), Università del Molise Matthew Hibberd, University of Stirling (UK) Giuseppe Richeri, Università della Svizzera Italiana di Lugano (CH) Philip Schlesinger, University of Glasgow (UK) Michele Sorice, LUISS “Guido Carli”, Roma Centri di ricerca Il Forum in Media della Fondazione per la Sussidiarietà si avvale per la realizzazione delle singole ricerche dei seguenti Centri e Istituti: CCPR - Centre for Cultural Policy Research, University of Glasgow. CMCS - Centre for Media and Communication Studies “Massimo Baldini”, LUISS “Guido Carli”, Roma. IMeG - Istituto Media e Giornalismo, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano. OssCom – Centro di ricerca sui media e la comunicazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano. © 2013 Fondazione per la Sussidiarietà, Milano per i testi © OssCom – Centro di ricerca sui media e la comunicazione dell’Università Cattolica ISBN 978-88-97793-04-5 Indice Introduzione: ragioni, obiettivi e prospettive della ricerca Ragioni: perché studiare la Children’s Television 5 Obiettivi: le domande di ricerca 6 Prospettive: dalla tutela negativa al sistema delle provision 7 L’articolazione della ricerca e del report 9 Il contributo della letteratura scientifica su Televisione e Infanzia I media e l’infanzia: modelli di relazione e di responsabilità 11 Dalle Teorie degli effetti ai cultural studies. Sguardi incrociati su televisione e infanzia 15 Spazi di convergenza 40 I diritti dei bambini nei media: libertà di espressione e potere di partecipazione 51 Le condizioni strutturali. Il quadro normativo Il contesto internazionale 55 Il quadro normativo a tutela dei minori e a favore della CT in Italia 68 Le condizioni strutturali. Lo scenario europeo e il contesto italiano Il processo di digitalizzazione 79 La Children’s Television in Europa 87 Il caso italiano 94 La Children’s Television in Europa e in Italia 98 Analisi dell’offerta italiana di Children’s Television L’offerta DTT 107 L’offerta DTT a pagamento: l’opzione “Bambini” di Mediaset Premium 110 4 TELEVISIONE E INFANZIA L’offerta satellitare 111 Gli ascolti 118 Profilo spettatoriale e posizionamento dei canali 128 Sviluppi e tendenze dello scenario italiano 132 Editoria e tv per l’infanzia: un quadro di scambi reciproci Televisione e editoria per bambini nell’industria del licensing 145 Lo scenario strutturale tv / editoria per bambini in Italia: i player 148 La relazione tv / editoria per bambini in Italia: modelli industriali 149 Analisi dell’offerta editoriale 151 La relazione tv / editoria per bambini in Italia: le strategie dei player 154 Logiche culturali della relazione tv / editoria per bambini 159 Conclusioni La crisi di crescita della Children’s Television 163 La CT tra pubblico e privato 164 Una CT a due velocità 164 Lo stiramento del target school 165 Modelli di comunicazione e relazione 166 Una CT cross-platform 169 La CT tra scuola e famiglia 170 La CT tra coesione e frammentazione 171 La residualità dei Teens 172 Rilanci 173 Bibliografia 175 5 Introduzione: ragioni, obiettivi e prospettive della ricerca Il presente report restituisce i risultati della prima annualità (2011-2012) della ricerca denominata “Televisione e Infanzia”, realizzata da OssCom – Centro di ricerca sui media e la comunicazione dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore per conto della Fondazione per la Sussidiarietà, nel quadro delle attività di Focus in Media, al fine di ricostruire e descrivere l’offerta televisiva specificamente rivolta al pubblico dei bambini e dei preadole- scenti. Ragioni: perché studiare la Children’s Television Le ragioni che hanno sostenuto e guidato la ricerca “Televisione e In- fanzia” sono sostanzialmente due. La prima consiste nell’opportunità di offrire alcuni strumenti conoscitivi circa l’esperienza televisiva di bambini e ragazzi, utili alla riflessione che la Fondazione per la Sussidiarietà sta sviluppando sul sistema dei media. Più precisamente, si è voluto fornire dati di scenario e categorie teorico/ interpretative che consentano una maggiore conoscenza di quella parti- colare porzione dell’attuale panorama televisivo che, nel nostro Paese, si rivolge ai più piccoli; in accordo con la letteratura internazionale proponia- mo di chiamare tale segmento di programmazione Children’s Television1 (d’ora in poi CT). La seconda ragione è contribuire a formulare una valutazione cultura- le di questo fenomeno nell’attuale contesto sociale italiano; l’emergenza educativa su cui, da più parti, è stata richiamata l’attenzione, insieme alla 1 Oltre al consenso internazionale sul termine, la scelta della lingua inglese aiuta a risolvere alcune ambiguità e prolissità della lingua italiana; con questo termine si fa dunque riferimento alla produzione e alla programmazione di testi televisivi rivolti al pubblico dei bambini e dei preadolescenti (0-14 anni), sia maschi che femmine. 6 TELEVISIONE E INFANZIA necessità di discutere le trasformazioni che riguardano il sistema televisivo e in particolare il ruolo del servizio pubblico, incoraggiano una riflessione sulla CT volta a verificarne la compatibilità con i valori della centralità della persona e la pertinenza con il principio di sussidiarietà. Comune a entrambe le ragioni è la considerazione, spesso implicita e quindi data per scontata, che la qualità dell’esperienza televisiva dei bam- bini e dei ragazzi costituisca una parte non trascurabile della vicenda uma- na che li vede protagonisti; e, di conseguenza, che essa implichi per la so- cietà degli adulti un terreno di oggettiva responsabilità nei confronti delle nuove generazioni. Sulla natura e sugli ambiti di questa responsabilità la ricerca vorrebbe provare a fornire qualche spunto di riflessione. Obiettivi: le domande di ricerca Sulla base di questo rationale, la ricerca si è posta alcuni obiettivi cono- scitivi, sia a carattere di fondo, sia di natura più specifica. In particolare, le domande di ricerca che articolano l’intero progetto triennale si concentra- no sul rapporto tra offerta di CT da parte dei broadcaster e domanda di CT da parte dei diversi soggetti sociali portatori di interesse nei suoi confronti (dai ragazzi che ne sono i primi destinatari ai loro genitori e familiari, alle altre Istituzioni formative, alle organizzazioni della società civile), al fine di valutare l’adeguatezza della prima rispetto alla seconda e le condizioni necessarie a favorire un’offerta realmente adeguata. Più in dettaglio le do- mande che articolano le tre annualità della ricerca sono le seguenti: Qual è l’offerta attuale rivolta alle diverse fasce del pubblico infantile? Si tratta, innanzitutto, di descrivere la struttura e l’articolazione dell’of- ferta e di verificare l’andamento, a livello nazionale e internazionale, del relativo segmento del mercato televisivo, sia in termini di soggetti emitten- ti, sia di piattaforme tecnologiche utilizzate (DTT, Tv satellitare, Tivù Sat, IPTV etc.), sia di modelli di business (in chiaro e pay), per valutare tanto gli investimenti in atto quanto le logiche che li sostengono. In secondo luogo, si tratta di capire quali sono i profili e le filosofie editoriali, i generi e i contenuti più frequenti, le forme pragmatiche di re- lazione che alimentano l’offerta (e l’eventuale risposta del pubblico), per arrivare a definire quali sono i principali modelli di Tv per bambini e pre- adolescenti. INTRODUZIONE 7 Qual è la domanda nei confronti della programmazione televisiva rivolta ai più giovani? Questa domanda di ricerca mira a operativizzare il tema dell’adegua- tezza dell’offerta; si tratta, da una parte, di indagare quali sono le opinioni in proposito nutrite dai diversi stake-holder coinvolti nel complesso am- biente formativo del minore (genitori, insegnanti, educatori) e che vanno ad alimentare le aspettative sociali nei confronti della programmazione Tv; dall’altra, di ragionare sulla letteratura scientifica e sul contributo delle scienze umane nel definire i criteri di tale adeguatezza; infine, di avviare processi esplorativi di indagine sugli stessi destinatari (bambini, preadole- scenti e adolescenti) per meglio mettere a fuoco i tratti qualificanti, specifi- ci e attuali dell’esperienza
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