Ekonomska Učinkovitost Globalnih Medijskih Konglomeratov

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Ekonomska Učinkovitost Globalnih Medijskih Konglomeratov UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Marija Igerc Ekonomska učinkovitost globalnih medijskih konglomeratov Diplomsko delo Ljubljana, 2015 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Marija Igerc Mentor: red. prof. dr. Borut Marko Lah Ekonomska učinkovitost globalnih medijskih konglomeratov Diplomsko delo Ljubljana, 2015 Ekonomska učinkovitost globalnih medijskih konglomeratov V zadnjih tridesetih letih so prevzemi in spojitve postali ena najpogostejših strategij podjetij v medijski industriji. Mnogi avtorji takšno združevanje medijskih podjetij povezujejo z maksimiranjem dobička, saj naj bi se na ta način povečala tako tržna moč kot tudi učinkovitost poslovanja podjetij. V diplomskem delu trdim, da koncentrirano medijsko lastništvo ne povečuje ekonomske učinkovitosti kapitala. Sinergije ne prinašajo pričakovanih izjemnih dobičkov. Doseg diplomskega dela ni tako velik, da bi lahko sama izvedla kvantitativno analizo največjih globalnih medijskih konglomeratov, zato sem ga napisala pretežno teoretično, ob tem pa sem se naslonila na nekaj mednarodno objavljenih študij. Rezultati delno podpirajo mojo prvotno hipotezo, saj so pokazali, da nekateri ekonomski kazalniki ne kažejo boljših rezultatov v tistih medijskih podjetjih, v katerih se je kapital v veliki meri združeval in koncentriral. Zdi se, da so megamedijske združitve za marsikoga razočaranje. Ključne besede: medijska industrija, prevzemi in spojitve, medijski konglomerati, koncentracija lastništva, sinergije. Economic efficiency of global media conglomerates In the past thirty years, acquisitions and mergers have become one of the most common strategies of companies in the media industry. Many authors associate such integration of media companies with profit maximization, since it should increase market power and efficiency of business operations. In the thesis I argue that concentrated media ownership does not increase the economic efficiency of capital. Synergies do not bring the expected exceptional profits. Since the scope of the thesis is not extensive enough that I could carry out the quantitative analysis of the largest global media conglomerates, I mostly included theoretical findings in which I leaned on some internationally published studies. The results partially support my original hypothesis, showing that some economic indicators do not indicate better results in the media companies in which the capital was largely pooled and concentrated. It seems that mega media mergers have often been disappointing. Keywords: media industry, acquisitions and mergers, media conglomerates, concentration of ownership, synergies. KAZALO KAZALO ................................................................................................................................... 4 KAZALO SLIK ........................................................................................................................ 5 KAZALO TABEL .................................................................................................................... 5 UVOD ........................................................................................................................................ 6 1 MODERNI KAPITALIZEM OB KONCU DVAJSETEGA IN NA ZAČETKU ENAINDVAJSETEGA STOLETJA ...................................................................................... 9 1.1 GLOBALIZACIJA ......................................................................................................... 10 1.2 RAST PODJETIJ V ZADNJIH 35 LETIH ..................................................................... 10 1.3 NASTANEK VELIKIH INTEGRIRANIH MEDNARODNIH KORPORACIJ ............ 12 2 MEDIJI ................................................................................................................................ 14 2.2 MEDIJSKE VSEBINE ................................................................................................... 15 2.3 MEDIJI KOT GOSPODARSKI SUBJEKTI .................................................................. 16 2.3.1 MEDIJSKI TRG ....................................................................................................... 18 3 RAST IN NASTANEK KONCENTRIRANEGA MEDIJSKEGA KAPITALA ........... 20 3.1 OBLIKE RASTI MEDIJSKIH PODJETIJ ..................................................................... 22 3.2 DEJAVNIKI, KI VPLIVAJO NA RAST MEDIJSKEGA KAPITALA ......................... 23 3.2.1 DEREGULACIJA IN PRIVATIZACIJA .................................................................. 24 3.2.2 TEHNOLOGIJA ...................................................................................................... 25 3.2.3 KOMERCIALIZACIJA ............................................................................................ 26 3.2.4 SUBJEKTIVNI DEJAVNIKI .................................................................................... 26 3.2.5 GLOBALIZACIJA MEDIJSKE INDUSTRIJE ......................................................... 27 3.3 STRATEGIJE POSLOVANJA MEDIJSKIH KONGLOMERATOV ........................... 29 3.3.1 SINERGIJA .............................................................................................................. 29 3.3.2 EKONOMIJA OBSEGA .......................................................................................... 30 3.3.3 ECONOMY OF SCOPE (EKONOMIJA RAZPONA, EKONOMIJA SKUPNE PROIZVODNJE IN RAZDELITVE, EKONOMIJA DOSEGA, EKONOMIJA PODROČJA DEJAVNOSTI) ................................................................................................................. 31 3.3.4 USTVARJANJE BLAGOVNE ZNAMKE ................................................................. 32 3.3.5. DIVERZIFIKACIJA ................................................................................................ 33 3.3.6 SEGMENTACIJA IN SPECIALIZACIJA ................................................................ 34 3.3.7 STRATEŠKA ZAVEZNIŠTVA IN PARTNERSTVA .................................................. 34 3.4 KONCENTRACIJA LASTNIŠTVA .............................................................................. 35 3.5 VPLIV USTROJA MEDIJSKE INDUSTRIJE NA MEDIJSKE TEKSTE .................... 37 3.5.1 VPLIV KORPORATIVNE POLITIKE NA NOVINARSTVO .................................... 40 4 INTEGRIRANI MEDIJSKI KONGLOMERATI ........................................................... 42 4.1 USTROJ/ORGANIZIRANOST MEDIJSKIH KONGLOMERATOV .......................... 43 4.2 POSLOVANJE MEDIJSKIH KONGLOMERATOV ................................................... 47 5 JE ZDRUŽEVANJE MEDIJSKEGA KAPITALA RES TAKO DOBIČKONOSNO? 50 6 POLOŽAJ SLOVENIJE .................................................................................................... 54 6.1 KONCENTRACIJA LASTNIŠTVA NA SLOVENSKEM MEDIJSKEM TRGU ........ 59 4 SKLEP ..................................................................................................................................... 61 LITERATURA ....................................................................................................................... 63 PRILOGI ................................................................................................................................. 69 PRILOGA A: SEZNAM NEKATERIH NAJVEČJIH MEDIJSKIH PREVZEMOV IN ZDRUŽITEV V ZGODOVINI ............................................................................................................................ 69 PRILOGA B: ZGODOVINSKI PREGLED IN PREMOŽENJE PETIH NAJVEČJIH SVETOVNIH TRANSNACIONALNIH MEDIJSKIH PODJETIJ ............................................................................. 70 KAZALO SLIK SLIKA 2.1: Struktura medijskih industrij ................................................................................ 19 SLIKA 4.1: Delež zaposlenih v 100 največjih medijskih korporacijah s sedežem v zda glede na vrsto medijske dejavnosti ........................................................................................... 46 SLIKA 4.2: Rast medijskih prihodkov (povprečno v 100 največjih medijskih korporacijah v zda v obdobju odl leta 2000 do leta 2011) ....................................................... 47 KAZALO TABEL TABELA 3.1: RAZLIČNI PRISTOPI K TEORIJI KORPORATIVNEGA NADZORA MEDIJEV ................................................................................................................................. 40 TABELA 4.1: ŠTEVILO ZAPOSLENIH V PETIH NAJVEČJIH MEDIJSKIH PODJETJIH NA SVETU OD LETA 2006 DO LETA 2011 .................................................. 45 TABELA 4.2: ZAPOSLITVE GLEDE NA MEDIJSKI SEKTOR – JUNIJ 2010 (VELJA ZA 100 NAJVEČJIH MEDIJSKIH PODJETIJ V ZDA) .......................................... 46 TABELA 4.3: PRIHODKI V 1OO NAJVEČJIH MEDIJSKIH KORPORACIJAH V ZDA GLEDE NA MEDIJSKI SEKTOR ................................................................................. 48 TABELA 4.4: POSLOVANJE NAJVEČJIH SVETOVNIH MEDIJSKIH KORPORACIJ V LETU 2010 (V MILIJONIH $) .................................................................. 49 TABELA 4.5: FINANČNA VREDNOST NAJVEČJIH PETIH SVETOVNIH MEDIJSKIH PODJETIJ OD LETA 2006 DO LETA 2011 (V MILIJONIH $) PO IZRAČUNIH CNN MONEY.COM ......................................................................................... 49 TABELA 7.1: POSLOVANJE NEKATERIH NAJPOMEMBNEJŠIH KOMERCIALNIH MEDIJSKIH PODJETIJ V SLOVENIJI: LASTNIŠKA SESTAVA LETA 2010 IN FINANČNI REZULTATI (ČISTI PRIHODKI, DOBIČEK ALI IZGUBA) TER ŠTEVILO ZAPOSLENIH LETA 2013 .................................................... ….58 TABELA 7.2: ZAPOSLITVE GLEDE NA MEDIJSKI
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