IV.

OBSERVATIONS UPO N"SHILLINGA F FRANCIO " E DAUPHISTH N AND MARY STUART, REPRESENTING THEM AS " AND QUEEN OF SCOTLAND, ENGLAND, AND IRELAND," DATED 1568: WITH NOTES REGARDING THE ASSUMPTION BY QUEEN MARY E ARM CROWOD FTH SAN F ENGLANDNO HENRY B . . YHOLTF , ESQ., LONDOK.

[The objecr Holt'M f o st communicatio establiso t s e genuinenwa hth - ness of a coin of Mary Queen of Scots and her husband, Francis, , wit apparene hth t date 1558. Other coin medald r san he f o s reign wer r e Holtexhibiteeb M sen e meetino y t th ,b t o t d g when this communicatio s thui n gold i d ss i an describe,s read t I wa n . Miy db - Holtseemo wh ,o imagin st e tha t mighi t t have bee npattera n piecr efo an intended silver coinage, which never came to be circulated. " The Queen is represented in profile, her hair in plain bands, and with- out earrings; she wears a wreath of laurel on her head surmounted by a husbanprofilr e he Th f .eo d Franci Dauphie th s ' respectant, s ni ' and above their heads is the of England. The legend is FRANC •

regree 1W recoro t tr HOESEUROH deate M dth f o h Januar h 7t n o , y 1868, before this paper ccralrt be revised for Press. ' 280 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 1867. e e datbasth th s eet i A . A • BEGiN• RE• T E o E TMAEI • G X • sc • A • D A• e reverse th mott''1558.th n s O i oe ' 'POSVIMVS DEUM ADJDTOEEM NOSTRUM," surroundin ornamentan ga l escutcheon, upon, whic e armhth s of Englan impale e e sinisterdar th n thosd do an f ,Scotlan eo e th n do dexter, the numeral ' X' being on the one side, and the two units, II. on the other, the whole surmounted by the royal crown of England. Size of coin scal9 , Mionnet.f eo "

After a minute comparison with coins in the Society's Museum, a very decided opinion was expressed by members skilled in numismatics, that questiot n genuinei e no s on t nI e seemewa . th havo dt e been alterer do manufactured for deception, from one of Philip and Mary of England. Under these circumstances it has been deemed inexpedient either to give an engraving of the coin, or to print the ingenious arguments used by Mr Hol supporo t theorys hi t e speciastrucs , th thar wa kt fo lti purpose of payin Frence gth h troop contemplatea n si d invasion , howeverWe . , extract the larger portion of his communication which serves to illustrate assumptioe th youthfue th y nb l Scottish Crowe Queetitle th th o e t nf no of England, immediately upo accessioe nth Queef no n Elizabet Novemhn i - ber 1558.]

On the 4th of April 1558, Henry IV., King of France, obtained from youthfue th l Mar f Scotlanyo r signaturdhe instrumenn a o t e t granting heirs e successiohi hith s d e mrealr an th he f Scotlandm o o l nt al d an , rights to the throne of England, should she die without issue. A few days after this was executed—viz., on Sunday the 24th of April, Mary was marrie t Notrda e , Paris Francio t , Dauphine sth . In honour of this event, Henry caused two medals to be struck, of different sizes (specimens of which are exhibited). These are here referred simplo seriefirsa e t f th o t s sya subsequently strucRoyae th t ka l Minn i t Paris, whence, indeed, every known seal, coin, or medal representing Franci Mard san s " ya Kin Queed gan England,f no issueds "wa . One of the most interesting writers upon Mary Stuart erroneously supposed the marriage-medallion before mentioned to have been struck at r Eoyahe le CanongatMinth n i t t Edinburgha e . ALL questio than o n t point was, howevere discover th t res a y t b t e originase ,n 184 yi th f 0o l FRANCIS DAUPHI FEANCF NO MARD EAN Y STUART,1 155828 . dies at the Hotel des Monnaies, Paris, from which the impression of the larger medallio latels nha y been taken. The small silver coin exhibited, dated 1558, was, however, it is believed, struc Edinburghn ki commemorato t , marriagee gola eth s d wa meda s a ; l now to be found in the Sutherland Cabinet in the Advocates Library, Edinburgh—which bears date 1558 resembled an , "e Parith s s Wedding Medallion" on the obverse, with the two heads respentant, the reverse and legend, however, being altogether different. On the 17th November following, Mary Queen of England died, and that fact having been communicated to Henry, by his ambassador at London, wit utmose hth t speed Kine th , g los timo n tn takin i e g stepo st lay claim to the sovereignty of the whole Britannic Empire on behalf of Mary Queen of Scots, as the rightful representative of Henry VII. therefore,d "An " accordin Speedo gt nearese ,th "s blooda n ti lawfud ,an l heire to the crowne of England, hee caused by proclamation in Paris her stile to be published under the name of ' Mary Queene of England, Scotland Ireland,d an , caused an 'arme th dEnglanf so joinee b do t d with Scotlan Franced dan , whic e Dolphith h d she impaled nan edi , botn ho their seales, plate, tapestry d othean , r adornements; which caused great troubles (saith Leslie) betwixt the kingdomes of England, France, and Scotland." (Vide Speed, in the " Succession of England's Monarchs," . 860p Boo . . kIX Edit. Lond. 1650, folio). This proclamatio s furthei n e "r Memoirth allude n i f Loro t o ds d Burghley," vol. ii. p. 33, where mention is made that Mary the Dauphin's wifd Queean ef Scotlando n d beeha , n publicly decorated wite th h additiona propele titlesth d r an ,armoria l insigni a quee f ao f Englan no d and Ireland, and the detail thus proceeds :—" In the eye of a discerning statesman, the designs of the French, and of the Catholics everywhere, could not possibly have been more significantly displayed than in the assumption of the title and arms of Queen of England and Ireland by Mary, at the moment of Elizabeth's succession." mannee Th whicn i r e armh th f Englan o s d first appea havo t r e been assume s " a Mary y Baros e b d th t wa Femnie.,ne s e first th wa , n I " coat of the Dauphin of France, which occupied the upper part of the shield, whilst the lower half contained that of Mary. This impaled quarterly,—1. The arms of Scotland ; 2. The arms of England; The third 2 28 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , JUNE 1867. e seconath s firste fourte d th ;Th .s ha Over all, halescutcheon a f f no pretence of England, the sinister half being, as it were, obscured or cut off. " Perhaps so given," says Strype, " to denote that another (and who should that be but Queen Elizabeth ?) had gotten possession of the crown in her prejudice." One of those escutcheons being brought out of Franc delivered e an th f Norfolko det o , Marshall e referreh , d it to the heralds, who found the same to be " prejudicial to the Queen's Majesty r state dignity.d he , an , " This decisioe see Strype'. b nin y nma s Annals . 12 "Hence, ,. p vol . i . " says Camden , "flowed34 . p ,s a , from a fountain, all the calamities wherein she (Mary) was afterwards wrapped." The news of this assumption by Mary reached England early in January 1559, and is thus noticed by Burghley in his Diary of the 16th Januar than yi t year :—Dolphie "Th s wiff Francnhi o e d Queeean f no Scots, did by the of King and Queen of Scotland, England, and Ireland graunt to the Lord Fleming certain things," &c. ' Numerous other authorities might f necessaryi , e th referree t b , bu , dto foregoing will suffice to prove two facts,-—viz., 1st, That Mary was pro- claimed as Queen of Scotland, England, and Ireland, in Paris, in December 1558. 2d, That she assumed, as her legal right, the title and arms of Queen of England, &c., at the moment of Elizabeth's accession. From the data which exist, and the course adopted by Henry II., it is clear he did not content himself with the mere assumption by Mary of the title and arms of England, 'but that it was intended to follow up those claims by attacking England through Scotland, dethroning Elizabeth, and in her stead elevating Mary. (Vide Lord Burghley's Memoirs, p. 33.) The knowledge of these facts, doubtless, very materially expedited the coronation of Elizabeth, which took place at Westminster on the 15th January 1559. ' Elizabeth's positio t thina sr fro periofa ms satisfactorydwa s wa e Sh . without friends, allies money—ar o , r witwa th France—and Scotlann di the power of the Dauphin and Mary. Peace, therefore, became an in- dispensable necessity for her, and it was happily concluded at Cateau Cambresis Aprid 2 e l th following n o , . So far, however, from tha tmanney peacan n ei r abatin e avowegth d intention of Henry to insist on the sovereignty of the whole British FRANCIS DAUPHI FEANCF NO MAR D EAN Y STUART,3 155828 .

empir lawfue Maryr eth fo s a ,l representativ f Henreo e th y d VII.ha t i , effect of strengthening it, by enabling him to negotiate the marriage of his daughter, Madame Elizabeth of France, with Philip of Spain; and con- sidering that in the March previous Elizabeth had established the Pro- testant religion in England, Henry was entitled to calculate with tolerable certaint sympathe th n yo entird yan e supporl foreig Popeal e th d f nan o ,t Eoman Catholic powers, in addition to the very numerous members of that faith then in Scotland and England. All Elizabeth's remonstrances against the assumption by Mary of the title of Queen of England were consequently in vain, and seemed but to have the effect of increasing the desire of the French king to main- tain it. No better indicatio adducee b n n Ca thif do s stolid determinatioe th n no part of Henry than the fact, that within a few days after the conclusion of the before-mentioned peace he caused the great seal of Francis and Mare prepare b e Boyao yt th t da lforwardee b Min o t t Parisa t d dan , direct to Mary of Lorraine. By a singular coincidence, it was sent in the same ship which conveyed John Kno o Scotlandxt , wher landee eh n do Ma , 1559y2 . This fact appears in the following letter from to Eailton (Sadler's Stat es mos i Papers t t "I assured : ) , that suc jewela h e th , Great Seal, wit e usurpehth d arm Englandf o s , quartered s lateli , y come to our realm, but it is kept marvellous secret. It was sent in the month of May, in the same ship in which I came to Scotland, and was shown grean i e totm secrecy."1 y notioan f attackins o nA e th s f whollo g wa t Englan a ou y se y b d question, Henry endeavoure somn o t e hi expedien o dt t whereb mighe yh t be enabled to send an army into Scotland under pretence of supporting authorite th Eegene th f yo t Mary. Accordingly 1559y Ma , n direction,i s were given her by Henry to declare the supremacy of the Eoman Catholic religio Scotland—onn i e immediate consequenc creatf o whict o e s ehwa that bod f Protestantyo s know Congregation,e "s a nTh " who, desirous of testifying their determined opposition to the Regent's proclamation, hastily collecte armen da d force, with which monte theyth Junf n hi ,o e following, vainly endeavoure o besiegt d e Perth o matterS . s stoot a d 1 See the letter itself in Knox's "Works, vol. vi. p. 86, and the note to p. 89. 4 28 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , JUNE 1867. tha l seemet al time d dan , progressing most favourabl developmene th n yi t of Henry's views, whic e furtheh r supporte raisiny db glarga e bodf yo •troops readsene b Scotlan o t o y t momene dth marriage th t Philif eo po t daughters hi sisters thad hi f an ,o t , Madame Marguerite, with Philiberf o t Savoy, had taken place. The month of July following was appointed for the celebration of these solemnities, in honour of which a grand tourna- ment was to be held at the palace of the Tournelles, Paris, and to which, 10te onth h July, Mar borns a triumpha ywa n eo r emblazoneca l d with the royal escutcheons of England and Scotland, and preceded by the two heralds (both r husbanScotshe f o ) d Franci e King-Dauphinth s , apparelled with the arms of England and Scotland, and crying in a high voice, " Place ! Place pour la Eeine d'Angleterre !" Such was the progress made by Henry in giving effect to his wishes. Mais " L'homme propos t Dieee u dispose." Thu s dreamhi s f victorso y and aggrandisemen tsame werbroughy th en da fatae a o o t lt termination joustins byhi g wit Coune hth Montgomerf to Francid y an ; Dauphie sth n thereby became Francis II., Kin Francf Scotlandf go o d ean . Mary's perfect approval of the schemes of her late royal father-in-law fully appears fro e followinmth g extract fro r Nicholamlettea Si f o r s Throgmorton, the English ambassador at Paris, who, as early as the first week of Mary's accession to her new dignity as Queen of France, thus wrot Elizabeto et h :— informem a " I d tha youne th t g French Queen, since deate th eth f ho French King, Henry, hath written unto Scotland that God had provided, notwithstanding the malice of her enemies, that she is Queen of France and Scotland both, and trusts ere long to be Queen of England." The correctness of this surmise cannot be better exemplified than by preparatioe th reig firse w s face th ne ntwa th f t o event e thae nth on tf so of a new " Great Seal" at the Paris Mint, on the obverse of which Francis and Mary (each wearing a crown, and both holding a sceptre in either hand) are clothed in regal robes, and represented side by side, each seated in a chai statef o r , placed unde canopya r , seme with fleur lyse d s , e feef eacth o t h restin a separat n go e cushion with tassels, beneath which is the date "1559." The legend round the obverse is, " FRAN- CISCUS ET MARIA, D. G., R. R., FRANCOH. SCOT. ANGL. ET HYBER." This Seal wa likn i s e manner remitte o Scotlanddt , wher t i stile l remains—ot a r FRANCIS DAUPUI FRANCF NO MARD EAN Y STUART,5 155828 . least the obverse of it—the reverse, if any, never having been dis- covered. This seal was noticed by Nicholas Throgmorton in his letter to Queen Elizabeth, dated 14th September 1559, wherein he wrote :— " I am informed that there is lately sent a seal into Scotland, with the arm f Englando s , Franc Scotlandd an e , quartered, bearing this stile :— FHAN. ET MAR. D. G., FRA. SCO. ANGL[^B ET HIBBRNIJ3 EEX ET REGINA. The same arms are also graven on the French queen's plate; for the more certainty whereof Peter r beinM ,ou rgt a Mewta togethe, I e d th san t a r Court servey , da wer e d wite on like t hdinnerth a e , whereo I thoughf t good to advertise your Majesty." r NicholaSi s Throgmorton again r lettes alluded Si seahi e o th n rt i l o t William Cecil, dated Paris, Octobe , 15525 r 9 :— " I have received one letter from you, wherein you sent me remem- brance for getting knowledge of the French Queen's seal for Scotland, whichsay—su yo s I—ia o , od mattesa greaf o r t importance. " I cannot learn thereof otherwise tha nI hav e written heretofore, which I have had confirmed as good news, as have been at the hands of the engraver." Both Francis and Mary being, on their accession, mere puppets in the hands of the Duke of Guise and the Cardinal of Lorraine, those statesmen resolved not to abate the preparations which had been already made for maintaining Mary' s e Englisclaith o mt h throne. Accordingly, they directe Queee dth n Eegen onct a o tet mak trucea e wit "Congregation,e hth " and to adopt such other measures as they deemed necessary for the successful accomplishment of their intentions. In this they were, how- ever ,e treacher foile th e Ear y th f Arranb d o lf communicate o o y wh , d their plans to the English Ministers, and thereby enabled them to adopt measure defeao st intendee th t d object. A measura s f precautiono e e Queeth , n Dowager fortified Leithd an , partly garrisoned it with the small body of French soldiers who had r aid como he mee T .o t et this difficulty e Protestantth , s agai- ap n peale o Elizabethdt eagerlo wh , y complied with their wishesn i d an , e Octobeth r followin e allieth g d forces besieged Leith wit e intenhth - tio o compet n s capitulatioit l n befor e arrivath e f additionao l l troops from France. 6 28 PKOCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , JUNE 1867. .The intention of the Guises to despatch further forces to Scotland will be found specially mentioned by Sir Mcholas Throgmorton in the follow- ing extract from his letter to Sir "William Cecil, dated "Blois, 10 Novem- ber 1559 :"— t learye ns a nothingFrence n .restbruie e th ca f th Th I ,o r ht ." Fo great preparations towards Scotland continues still." Circumstances, however, preventin intendee gth d expedition Coure th , t of France sent Ambassadors to Elizabeth to persuade her to withdraw her troops ; but she comprehending the reason,—viz., to give Francis the libert makinf yo g himself maste n Scotlandi r , tha mighe h t t afterwards wit e greatehth r ease attack England,—nott onlbu , yso refuseo d o t d published a manifesto to show the indispensable necessity she was under drivo t e Frenceth h f Scotlandtroopso t e Amboisou Th . e Conspiracy breakin Marcn i t hou g 1560 e Guiseth , s found themselves unablo t e favourite carrth t you e project the formed yha d with respec Scotlando t t , and were compelled to defer the execution of it to a more convenient time; consequently, Francis II. having declared to Elizabeth his wish for peace, plenipotentiaries were sen botn o t h side Berwick-on-Tweedo st n o , May 30, 1560, where the preliminaries of a treaty between England, France, and Scotland were signed, and the treaty itself concluded at Edinburg Juln ho following9 y d commemoratean , a silve y b dr medal (one of which was exhibited). This medal was another production of e Parith s Mint, whereon Franci s representewa s e obverseth n o dn i , bold relief, wit proue uniquhth d dan e legend, " FBANCISOU, Sa . u.D , FRANC SCOT.T E . , BEX," withou e slightesth t t allusio Maryo nt ; whilsn o t .the reverse wer cornucopiaso etw , filled with flowers, from which protruded two miniature busts, one representing Francis, his head adorned with a wreat e othe f laurelth o h d r an Mary, , without the laurel. largA . , F e surmounte crowne th France,f y do b appears betweecornucopiaso tw e nth , e fooe datth th tt ea 1560d an , wit e wordhth s "PAX CUM ANGLIS.A " more complet r impudeno e t absorptio f Mary'o n s positio s Queea n n Eegnant of Scotland can hardly be imagined. consideredo s s Thawa t i t , would appear fro msilvea r coin subsequently issuesame th en di year whicd an , h deserves especial reasons o notictw r efo , —viz. omissioe 1st,Th claio nt e righm th Englando t t e d 2d,Th an ; introduction of Mary's name as queen—the legend on the reverse being, FRANCIS DAUPHIN OF FRANCE AND MARY STUART, 1558. 287 " FRAN. BT MAR. D. o., R. R., FRANCO scoTOQ," and the aims of England ex- cluded from the escutcheon. By the fifth article of this treaty, it was declared (inter alia) that the king and queen of France and Scotland should not assume the title and arms of the king and queen of England and Ireland for the future, and tha l Actal t s passed with those titles shoul repealede db r deemeo , o n f do value, On the death of Francis on the 5th of December following, the Lorraine seeing no opportunity to execute the project of obtaining England by the way of Scotland, and with the arms of France, advised Mary to return to Scotland, and gave her several directions for her conduct, and among these, to quit the title of " Queen of England." e addedb y ,ma tha t [I t Mary Quee t retur no f Scot n Scoto o t nd di s- land till the 20th August 1561.]