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Hydrological Inferences from Watershed Analysis for Water Resource Management Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

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Hydrological Inferences from Watershed Analysis for Water Resource Management Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (2014) 17, 111–121 HOSTED BY National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences www.elsevier.com/locate/ejrs www.sciencedirect.com RESEARCH PAPER Hydrological inferences from watershed analysis for water resource management using remote sensing and GIS techniques Prafull Singh *, Ankit Gupta, Madhulika Singh Amity Institute of Geo-Informatics and Remote Sensing (AIGIRS), India Received 1 April 2014; revised 1 September 2014; accepted 17 September 2014 Available online 29 October 2014 KEYWORDS Abstract The present study highlights the importance of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and satellite Remote sensing; images for assessment of drainage and extraction of their relative parameters for the Orr watershed GIS; Ashok Nagar district, M.P., India. Hydrological parameters such as drainage analysis, topographic Hydrological inferences; parameters and land use pattern were evaluated and interpreted for watershed management of the area. Watershed management Hydrological module of ARC GIS software was utilized for calculation and delineation of the watershed and morphometric analysis of the watershed using SRTM DEM. The stream order of watershed ranges from first to sixth order showing dendritic type drainage network which is a sign of the homogeneity in texture and lack of structural control of the watershed. The drainage density in the area has been found to be low to medium which indicates that the area possesses highly permeable soils and low relief. The bifurcation ratio varies from 4.74 to 5 and the elongation ratio is 0.58 which reveals that the basin belongs to the elongated shaped basin category. The mean Rb of the entire basin is 4.62 which indicates that the drainage pattern is not much influenced by geological structures. Land use map of the watershed was generated from latest available multispectral satellite data and whole watershed covers under agricultural land, settlement, fallow land, forest, mining areas and water body. The present study reveals that SRTM DEM based hydrological evaluation at watershed scale is more applied and precise compared to other available techniques. Ó 2014 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences. 1. Introduction * Corresponding author at: Amity Institute of Geo-Informatics and Presently high inhabitant’s expansion, fast urbanization and Remote Sensing (AIGIRS), Amity University-Sector 125-NOIDA- 201303, Gautam Budha Nagar, U.P., India. Tel.: +91 0120 4735601 climate change along with the irregular frequency and intensity (O), mobile: +91 9958196406. of rainfall make appropriate water management and storage E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Singh). plans difficult. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the eval- Peer review under responsibility of National Authority for Remote uation of water resources because they play a primary role in Sensing and Space Sciences. the sustainability of livelihood and regional economics 1110-9823 Ó 2014 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2014.09.003 112 P. Singh et al. throughout the world. It is the primary safeguard against analyzing hydrological systems (Farr and Kobrick, 2000; drought and plays a central role in food security at local and Grohmann et al., 2007; Panhalkar, 2014). national as well as global levels. The ever-growing population Recently Bastawesy et al. (2013) utilized remote sensing data and urbanization is leading to over-utilization of the resources, and digital elevation models to extract the catchment hydrological thus exerting pressure on the limited civic amenities, which are parameters to delineate storage areas for the Uganda Equatorial on the brink of collapse (Singh et al., 2013; Jha et al., 2007). Lakes region. They concluded that digital elevation models Quantitative morphometric analysis of watershed can pro- (DEMs) are a very accurate tool for morphometrical parameter vide information about the hydrological nature of the rocks evaluation and watershed delineation for watershed management. exposed within the watershed. A drainage map of basin pro- In addition, low-intensity and erratic monsoons create fur- vides a reliable index of permeability of rocks and their rela- ther shortages of surface-water supply. As a result, the demand tionship between rock type, structures and their hydrological for groundwater resources has increased tremendously from status. Watershed characterization and management requires year to year, causing a drastic decline of groundwater levels. detail information for topography, drainage network, water Over-exploitation of groundwater has led to the drying up of divide, channel length, geomorphologic and geological setup the aquifer zones in several parts of the country. It is, there- of the area for proper watershed management and implemen- fore, essential to increase the recharge of the basin for the tation plan for water conservation measures (Sreedevi et al., water management program at watershed level (Ellis and 2013). Revitt, 2010; Rao, 2008; Eyquem, 2007). Remote sensing data, along with increased resolution from The present study comes under the semi-arid region and satellite platforms, makes these technologies appear poised to received maximum recharge through rainfall and the area make a better impact on land resource management initiatives urgently required integrated watershed based morphometric involved in monitoring LULC mapping and change detection analysis to understand the physiographic status of the area. at varying spatial ranges in semi-arid regions is undergoing The hydrological analysis of watershed and their morphometric severe stresses due to the combined effects of growing popula- evaluation of Orr watershed, Ashok Nagar, District of Madhya tion and climate change. (Singh et al., 2012). Pradesh were carried out for water resource management Surface hydrological indications are one of the promising through the use of SRTM DEM, satellite images and GIS anal- scientific tools for assessment and management of water ysis. The main aim of present the work is to investigate and resources. Drainage morphometric analyses are a prerequisite identify various drainage parameters to understand the geome- for selection of water recharge site, watershed modeling, runoff try of the watershed for the conservation and management of modeling, watershed delineation, groundwater prospect map- water resources in a sustainable manner. The result observed ping and geotechnical investigation. (Magesh et al., 2011; in present work can be the scientific data base for further Thomas et al., 2012). The drainage network analysis is gener- detailed hydrological investigation and finds out the alternative ally performed to understand the prevailing geological varia- solutions for water harvesting in the study area through the tion, topographic information and structural set of a basin construction of various suitable structures (Check dam, Stor- and their interrelationship. Remote sensing and GIS based age tanks, Recharge shaft) based on observed calculations. drainage basin evaluation has been carried out by number of researchers for different terrains and it is proved to be a very scientific tool for generation of precise and updated informa- 2. Study area tion for characterization of drainage basin parameters (Grohmann, 2004; Korkalainen et al., 2007; Hlaing et al., The study area Orr watershed lies between geographic lati- 2008; Javed et al., 2009; Pankaj and Kumar, 2009). tudes 24°100 and 24°500 N and longitudes 77°400 and 78°050 E Previously drainage morphometric parameters were from 154 m to 541 m average from mean sea level (AMSL) extracted from topographical maps or field surveys. Drainage with an area of about 996 km2 (Fig. 1). Ashok Nagar, is a parameter extractions from last two decades are more popular newly constructed district of Madhya Pradesh and located from digital topographical information which is called as dig- on the northern part of Madhya Pradesh between Sindh and ital elevation models (DEM), which is more fast, precise, the Betwa rivers. The area comes under the northern part of updated and inexpressive way of watershed analysis (Moore Malwa plateau and Bundelkhand plateau. et al., 1991; Maathuis, 2006). The climate of the study area is characterized by a hot sum- One of the most recent near global elevation data sets mer and general dryness except during the southwestern mon- recorded during the 11 day Shuttle Radar Topographic Mis- soon. The period from middle of June to September is the sion is based on a C-band interferometric radar configuration. southwestern monsoon season. October and November forms This information, representing the radar reflective surface the post monsoon or transition period. The district receives the (which may be vegetation, man-made features or bare earth), maximum rainfall during the southwest monsoon period i.e. was collected in 2000 (Maathuis, 2006). June–September. About 92.2% of the annual rain fall predi- Digital elevation models (DEMs), such as from the Shuttle cates during the monsoon season. Only 7.8% of the annual Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), or the ASTER GDEM rain fall takes place between October and May. Thus surplus product (USGS, Denver, Colorado, USA), have been used water for ground water recharge is available during the period to extract
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