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Progress in the Application of Landform Analysis in Studies of Semiarid Erosion

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Progress in the Application of Landform Analysis in Studies of Semiarid Erosion Progress in the Application of Landform Analysis in Studies of Semiarid Erosion GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 437 Progress in the Application of Landform Analysis in Studies of Semiarid Erosion By S. A. Schumm and R. F. Hadley GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 437 Washington 1961 United States Department of the Interior STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary Geological Survey William T. Pecora, Director First printing 1961 Second printing 1 967 Free on application to the U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 20242 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract _____________________________ 1 Drainage -basin components-Continued Introduction__________________________ 1 Hill slopes-Continued The drainage basin as a unit ________ 2 'Form__ __________.-__----__ - 7 Relative relief and sediment yield ____ 2 Aspect--________-_---------__-__ 7 Drainage density and mean annual Stream channels ___________________ 8 runoff __________________ _______ 2 Discontinuous gullies_____________ 8 Drainage area and sediment yield ____ 3 Aggradation _____________________ 12 Drainage-basin components____________ 7 Channel shape ___________________ 12 Hill slopes_________________________ 7 References__-_-_____-_ ____________ 13 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Relation of mean annual sediment yield to relief ratio_--_-_____--_--------___- 3 2. Relation of mean annual sediment yield to relief ratio for 14 small drainage basins __________________________________________________________________ 4 3. Relation of mean annual runoff to drainage density.___________________________ 5 4. Relation of mean annual sediment yield to drainage area ______________________ 6 5.. Diagram of typical seepage step ________-__________-___-_-_-_---------_-.---- 8 6. Rose diagram showing relation of slope aspect to steepness of slope ____________ 9 7. Drainage nets of six selected basins ________________-_________-----_-------- 10 8. Profiles of discontinuous gullies______________________________-__-___--__-_- 11 9. Relation of width-depth ratios to weighted mean percent silt-clay in alluvium of bed and banks _____ _________________________-_-__-__-_-------_------ 13 in Progress in the Application of Landform Analysis in Studies of Semiarid Erosion1 By S. A. Schumm and R. F. Hadley ABSTRACT presented. Such explanations are attempted The analysis of topographic and hydrologic data gathered in the reports listed as references; the pur­ during studies of erosion in semiarid areas of Western United pose here is simply to indicate the application States show the following relation: (a) Mean annual sediment of quantitative landform analysis to studies yield from small drainage basins is related to a ratio of basin relief to length; (b) mean annual runoff from small drainage dealing with the hydrology and erosional char­ basins is related to drainage density; (c) mean annual sedi­ acteristics of semiarid drainage basins. ment yield per unit area decreases with increase in drainage area; (d) the form of some convex hill slopes is related to surficial creep; (e) asymmetry of drainage basins, including Landform analysis may range from field differences in hill-slope erosion and drainage density, is measurements of gross drainage-basin char­ related to microclimatic variations on slopes of diverse ex­ acteristics to the preparation and analysis of posure; (0 the cutting of discontinuous gullies is closely related to steepening by deposition of the semiarid valley detailed topographic maps. Generally, the floor, (g) aggradation in ephemeral streams seems to be most work reported herein was of a reconnaissance prevalent in reaches where the ratio of contributing drainage nature because of the lack of good topographic area to channel length is relatively small; and (h) stream- channel shape, expressed as a width-depth ratio, is related maps and aerial photographs for the areas in­ to the percentage of silt-clay in bed and bank alluvium. vestigated. Therefore, landform analysis may The above relations cannot be detected without measure­ be little more than the surveying of a hill- ment of terrain characteristics. They further indicate the slope profile; however, measurement rather imoortance of quantitative terrain analysis in studies of than qualitative description characterized the erosion. approach. Comparisons of sediment yields,from small INTRODUCTION drainage basins in diverse climatic regions, show that mean annual rates of erosion are The impetus given to quantitative geomor- greatest in semiarid regions, excluding the phology by Strahler (1957) has led to several effects of cultivation on highly erosive soils recent publications on the techniques of land- in some humid regions. Maximum sediment form analysis. This report reviews the re­ yields, in areas where the mean temperature sults obtained by applying some of these is about 50°F, occur where the annual pre­ techniques to studies of the geomorphic and cipitation is between 10 and 15 inches (Langbein hydrologic characteristics of small drainage and Schumm, 1958). Sediment yields decrease basins on the semiarid public lands of West­ sharply on both sides of this maximum, owing ern United States. These studies by the in one instance to a deficiency of runoff and authors are part of the soil and moisture in the other to increased density of vegetation. program of the Department of the Interior Average precipitation in the areas discussed carried out by the Geological Survey. here is less than zQ inches, and density of vegetation is low, generally less than 30 per­ This brief review of work completed and in cent. These studies, therefore, were made in progress demonstrates some relations among areas of high sediment yield. Such areas are topographic and hydrologic characteristics of ideal for the study of erosive processes and small drainage basins. There is no attempt 'Presented at American Association for the Advancement of in this report to offer detailed physical expla­ Science Symposium on Quantitative terrain studies, Chicago, 111., nations for the existence of the relations Dec. 27, 1959. THE APPLICATION OF LANDFORM ANALYSIS IN STUDIES OF SEMIARID EROSION the effects of landforms and erosion on each As shown on this figure, the points for drain­ other. age areas underlain by sandstone and con­ glomerate plot close to the lower end of the Although rates of sediment yield are gen­ regression line as both relative relief and erally high in semiarid regions,the annual sediment yields are low. The shale areas are rates are variable. Consequently, it is neces­ characterized by greater relative relief and sary to collect records for long periods to higher sediment yields; the seemingly anom­ obtain a dependable relation between the hy- alous high relative relief in some shale areas drologic and geomorphic characteristics of a may be attributed to recent gullying and bad- drainage basin. However, if records longer land development. The relation between sed­ than 5 years were required, little hydrologic iment yield and relief ratio for 14 small data would be available for most semiarid re­ drainage basins, underlain by rocks of the gions. Therefore, 5 years of hydrologic rec­ Fort Union formation and located in the Chey­ ord was accepted as the minimum required enne River basin of eastern Wyoming, is for correlation with basin charateristics. shown on figure 2 (Hadley and Schumm, 1961). The work to be described was grouped into Studies in Texas by Maner (1958) have shown two sections. The first includes small drain­ a correlation between relief ratio and sedi­ age basins that were studied as units, that is, ment yield. ^Recently in Illinois no meaningful the general topographic characteristics of the correlation was found owing perhaps to the drainage basin were related to the hydrologic effects of cultivation within the drainage basins characteristics. In the second section only (Stall and Bartelli, 1959). components of the drainage basin were con­ sidered, that is, hill slopes and selected More refined drainage-basin parameters reaches of stream channels. can be used where topographic maps are available. For areas where there are none or only aerial photographs of poor quality, sim­ THE DRAINAGE BASIN AS A UNIT ple measures such as relief ratio are readily obtained. Basin length can be measured on RELATIVE RELIEF AND SEDIMENT YIELD the poorest aerial photograph, and relief can be obtained readily with an altimeter in the Mean annual sediment yield was calculated field. from measurements of sediment deposited in stock-water reservoirs in Wyoming,Colorado, Figures 1 and 2 indicate that with uniform Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona. The 59 drain­ climate, sediment yield from small drainage age basins studied ranged in size from 0.1 to basins depends on geomorphic characteris­ 18.2 square miles. The relative relief of these tics. The good correlation between mean an­ drainage basins is expressed as a relief ratio, nual sediment yield and relief ratio suggests which is the relief of the drainage basin di­ that a practical approach to an erosion class­ vided by basin length measured in a straight ification of semiarid lands may be through a line approximately parallel to the major drain­ quantitative analysis of the geomorphic char­ age channel. Basin relief was measured from acteristics of a region. the spillway elevation of the reservoir to the maximum elevation on the divide. However, in basins where isolated high points on the DRAINAGE DENSITY AND MEAN ANNUAL RUNOFF divide tend to give undue weight to basin height, relief was measured to an average divide ele­ Another
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