Watershed Modeling
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A Multivariate Geomorphometric Approach to Prioritize Erosion-Prone Watersheds
sustainability Article A Multivariate Geomorphometric Approach to Prioritize Erosion-Prone Watersheds Jesús A. Prieto-Amparán 1, Alfredo Pinedo-Alvarez 1 , Griselda Vázquez-Quintero 2, María C. Valles-Aragón 2 , Argelia E. Rascón-Ramos 1, Martin Martinez-Salvador 1 and Federico Villarreal-Guerrero 1,* 1 Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31453, Mexico; [email protected] (J.A.P.-A.); [email protected] (A.P.-A.); [email protected] (A.E.R.-R.); [email protected] (M.M.-S.) 2 Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31350, Mexico; [email protected] (G.V.-Q.); [email protected] (M.C.V.-A.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +52-(614)-434-1448 Received: 15 August 2019; Accepted: 15 September 2019; Published: 19 September 2019 Abstract: Soil erosion is considered one of the main degradation processes in ecosystems located in developing countries. In northern Mexico, one of the most important hydrological regions is the Conchos River Basin (CRB) due to its utilization as a runoff source. However, the CRB is subjected to significant erosion processes due to natural and anthropogenic causes. Thus, classifying the CRB’s watersheds based on their erosion susceptibility is of great importance. This study classified and then prioritized the 31 watersheds composing the CRB. For that, multivariate techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA), group analysis (GA), and the ranking methodology known as compound parameter (Cp) were used. After a correlation analysis, the values of 26 from 33 geomorphometric parameters estimated from each watershed served for the evaluation. The PCA defined linear-type parameters as the main source of variability among the watersheds. -
Estimation of the Base Flow Recession Constant Under Human Interference Brian F
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, VOL. 49, 7366–7379, doi:10.1002/wrcr.20532, 2013 Estimation of the base flow recession constant under human interference Brian F. Thomas,1 Richard M. Vogel,2 Charles N. Kroll,3 and James S. Famiglietti1,4,5 Received 28 January 2013; revised 27 August 2013; accepted 13 September 2013; published 15 November 2013. [1] The base flow recession constant, Kb, is used to characterize the interaction of groundwater and surface water systems. Estimation of Kb is critical in many studies including rainfall-runoff modeling, estimation of low flow statistics at ungaged locations, and base flow separation methods. The performance of several estimators of Kb are compared, including several new approaches which account for the impact of human withdrawals. A traditional semilog estimation approach adapted to incorporate the influence of human withdrawals was preferred over other derivative-based estimators. Human withdrawals are shown to have a significant impact on the estimation of base flow recessions, even when withdrawals are relatively small. Regional regression models are developed to relate seasonal estimates of Kb to physical, climatic, and anthropogenic characteristics of stream-aquifer systems. Among the factors considered for explaining the behavior of Kb, both drainage density and human withdrawals have significant and similar explanatory power. We document the importance of incorporating human withdrawals into models of the base flow recession response of a watershed and the systemic downward bias associated with estimates of Kb obtained without consideration of human withdrawals. Citation: Thomas, B. F., R. M. Vogel, C. N. Kroll, and J. S. Famiglietti (2013), Estimation of the base flow recession constant under human interference, Water Resour. -
Drainage Basin Morphology in the Central Coast Range of Oregon
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF WENDY ADAMS NIEM for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in GEOGRAPHY presented on July 21, 1976 Title: DRAINAGE BASIN MORPHOLOGY IN THE CENTRAL COAST RANGE OF OREGON Abstract approved: Redacted for privacy Dr. James F. Lahey / The four major streams of the central Coast Range of Oregon are: the westward-flowing Siletz and Yaquina Rivers and the eastward-flowing Luckiamute and Marys Rivers. These fifth- and sixth-order streams conform to the laws of drain- age composition of R. E. Horton. The drainage densities and texture ratios calculated for these streams indicate coarse to medium texture compa- rable to basins in the Carboniferous sandstones of the Appalachian Plateau in Pennsylvania. Little variation in the values of these parameters occurs between basins on igneous rook and basins on sedimentary rock. The length of overland flow ranges from approximately i mile to i mile. Two thousand eight hundred twenty-five to 6,140 square feet are necessary to support one foot of channel in the central Coast Range. Maximum elevation in the area is 4,097 feet at Marys Peak which is the highest point in the Oregon Coast Range. The average elevation of summits in the thesis area is ap- proximately 1500 feet. The calculated relief ratios for the Siletz, Yaquina, Marys, and Luckiamute Rivers are compara- ble to relief ratios of streams on the Gulf and Atlantic coastal plains and on the Appalachian Piedmont. Coast Range streams respond quickly to increased rain- fall, and runoff is rapid. The Siletz has the largest an- nual discharge and the highest sustained discharge during the dry summer months. -
“Major World Deltas: a Perspective from Space
“MAJOR WORLD DELTAS: A PERSPECTIVE FROM SPACE” James M. Coleman Oscar K. Huh Coastal Studies Institute Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………4 Major River Systems and their Subsystem Components……………………..4 Drainage Basin………………………………………………………..7 Alluvial Valley………………………………………………………15 Receiving Basin……………………………………………………..15 Delta Plain…………………………………………………………...22 Deltaic Process-Form Variability: A Brief Summary……………………….29 The Drainage Basin and The Discharge Regime…………………....29 Nearshore Marine Energy Climate And Discharge Effectiveness…..29 River-Mouth Process-Form Variability……………………………..36 DELTA DESCRIPTIONS…………………………………………………………..37 Amu Darya River System………………………………………………...…45 Baram River System………………………………………………………...49 Burdekin River System……………………………………………………...53 Chao Phraya River System……………………………………….…………57 Colville River System………………………………………………….……62 Danube River System…………………………………………………….…66 Dneiper River System………………………………………………….……74 Ebro River System……………………………………………………..……77 Fly River System………………………………………………………...…..79 Ganges-Brahmaputra River System…………………………………………83 Girjalva River System…………………………………………………….…91 Krishna-Godavari River System…………………………………………… 94 Huang He River System………………………………………………..……99 Indus River System…………………………………………………………105 Irrawaddy River System……………………………………………………113 Klang River System……………………………………………………...…117 Lena River System……………………………………………………….…121 MacKenzie River System………………………………………………..…126 Magdelena River System……………………………………………..….…130 -
A Look at the Links Between Drainage Density and Flood Statistics
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1019–1029, 2009 www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/13/1019/2009/ Hydrology and © Author(s) 2009. This work is distributed under Earth System the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Sciences A look at the links between drainage density and flood statistics B. Pallard1, A. Castellarin2, and A. Montanari2 1International Center for Agricultural Science and Natural resource Management Studies, Montpellier Supagro, Montpellier, France 2Faculty of Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Received: 28 August 2008 – Published in Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.: 22 October 2008 Revised: 16 June 2009 – Accepted: 16 June 2009 – Published: 7 July 2009 Abstract. We investigate the links between the drainage den- Woodyer and Brookfield, 1966). Dd is also higher in highly sity of a river basin and selected flood statistics, namely, branched drainage basins with a relatively rapid hydrologic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and coef- response (Melton, 1957). ficient of skewness of annual maximum series of peak flows. The drainage density exertes on flood peaks significant The investigation is carried out through a three-stage anal- controls which can be broadly divided between direct and ysis. First, a numerical simulation is performed by using a indirect effects (Merz and Bloschl¨ , 2008; Bloschl¨ , 2008). spatially distributed hydrological model in order to highlight Among the most significant direct effects there is the con- how flood statistics change with varying drainage density. trol associated with the length of the stream network and Second, a conceptual hydrological model is used in order hillslope paths. Because flow velocity is higher in the river to analytically derive the dependence of flood statistics on network, Dd significantly affects the concentration time and drainage density. -
Stream Turbidity Modeling: a Foundation for Water Quality Forecasting
STREAM TURBIDITY MODELING: A FOUNDATION FOR WATER QUALITY FORECASTING By Amanda L. Mather A DISSERTATION Presented to the Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems and the Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science and Engineering May 2015 School of Medicine Oregon Health & Science University CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL This is to certify that the PhD dissertation of Amanda L. Mather has been approved ______________________________________ Richard L. Johnson, PhD Research Advisor ______________________________________ Joseph A. Needoba, PhD Examination Committee Chair ______________________________________ Karen H. Watanabe, PhD Examination Committee Member ______________________________________ Paul G. Tratnyek, PhD Examination Committee Member ______________________________________ Anthony J. (Jim) Tesoriero, PhD U.S. Geological Survey External Examination Committee Member TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... i LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ x ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... -
Hydrologic-Land Use Interactions in a Florida River Basin
HYDROLOGIC-LAND USE I^TTERACTIONS IN A FI.ORIDA RIVER BASIN By PHILIP BRUCE BEDIENT A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL RILFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1975 DEDICATED TO MY WIFE CINDY WHO WOKK-ED UNSELFISHLY FOR FOUR YEARS SO THAT I COULD COMPLETE m EDUCATION ACKNOI-JLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the members of my graduate comraittee for their encouragement and advice throughout the research effort. I would espe- cially like to thank Dr. W.C. Ruber for his undivided attention and assistance from the early conception of the research to the final days of writing and review. I would also like to thank Dr. J. P. Heaiiey and Dr. H.T. Odum for many hours of enlightening discussions and lectures. The primary influence for the overall research has come from these three pro- fessors, and I am deeply grateful for their guidance throughout the past five years. Special thanks are due to several of my co-workers vjho provided support and encouragement when it V7as needed. Without Mr. Steve Gatewood's cartographic and drafting ability, much of the research would have been incomplete. Mr. Jerry Bowden contributed many hours of tedious effort so that input data and computer outputs were available on time, I am grateful to them both for their hard work and good friendship. I would like to thank the research group at the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District for funding the Kissimraee Project, and for providing such able assistance in data collection and analysis. -
The Relationship Between Drainage Density and Soil Erosion Rate: a Study of Five Watersheds in Ardebil Province, Iran
River Basin Management VIII 129 The relationship between drainage density and soil erosion rate: a study of five watersheds in Ardebil Province, Iran A. Moeini1, N. K. Zarandi1, E. Pazira1 & Y. Badiollahi2 1Department of Watershed Management, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran 2University College of Nabie Akram (UCNA), Iran Abstract Drainage density is one of the parameters that can be considered as an indicator of erosion rate. This study analysed the relationship between drainage density and soil erosion in five watersheds in Iran. The drainage density was measured using satellite images, aerial photos, and topographic maps by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies. MPSIAC model was employed in a GIS environment to create soil erosion maps using data from meteorological stations, soil surveys, topographic maps, satellite images and results of other relevant studies. Then the correlation between drainage density and erosion rate was measured. The mean soil loss rate in the study areas were 1 to 6.43 t.h-1.y-1 and drainage density values varied 1.44 to 5.43 Km Km-1.The results indicate that the relationship between these two factors improved when the types of sheet erosion, mechanical erosion and mass erosion was ignored because these types of erosion were not mainly influenced by the power of runoff. There was a high correlation between drainage density and erosion in most of the watersheds. Finally a significant relationship was seen between drainage density and erosion in all watersheds. Based on the results obtained, the present method for distinguishing soil erosion was effective and can be used for operational erosion monitoring in other watersheds with the same climate characteristics in Iran. -
Estimating Sediment Delivery Ratio by Stream Slope and Relief Ratio
MATEC Web of Conferences 192, 02040 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819202040 ICEAST 2018 Estimating sediment delivery ratio by stream slope and relief ratio Kieu Anh Nguyen1 and Walter Chen1,* 1Department of Civil Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan Abstract. Nowadays, the storage capacity of a reservoir reduced by sediment deposition is a concern of many countries in the world. Therefore, understanding the soil erosion and transportation process is a significant matter, which helps to manage and prevent sediments entering the reservoir. The main objective of this study is to examine the sediments reaching the outlet of a basin by empirical sediment delivery ratio (SDR) equations and the gross soil erosion. The Shihmen reservoir watershed is used as the study area. Because steep terrain is a characteristic feature of the study area, two SDR models that depend on the slope of the mainstream channel and the relief-length ratio of the watershed are chosen. It is found that the Maner (1958) model, which uses the relief-length ratio, is the better model of the two. We believe that this empirical research improves our understanding of the sediment delivery process occurring in the study area. 1 Introduction Hsinchu County (Fig. 1). The watershed is mostly covered by forest with an area of 759.53 km2, and the elevation In recent years, soil erosion has become one of the most ranges from 220 m to 3527 m. serious environmental issues in the world due to climate Shihmen reservoir watershed receives an average of change. The determination of the amount of loose 2200 mm to 2800 mm of precipitation annually, delivered sediments in an area such as a watershed is an important by typhoons and rainstorms typically from May to August first step to understand the problem. -
Remote Sensing and GIS Based Extensive Morphotectonic Analysis of Tapti River Basin, Peninsular India Shubhendu Shekhar*1, Y.K
Volume 65, Issue 3, 2021 Journal of Scientific Research Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Remote Sensing and GIS Based Extensive Morphotectonic Analysis of Tapti River Basin, Peninsular India Shubhendu Shekhar*1, Y.K. Mawale2, P. M. Giri2, R. S. Jaipurkar3, and Neelratan Singh4 1Department of Geology, Center for Advanced Studies, University of Delhi, India. [email protected]* 2Department of Geology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati, India. [email protected], [email protected] 3Administrative Building, SGB Amravati University, Amravati, India. [email protected] 4Geochronology Group, Inter-University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi. India. [email protected] Abstract: The present study on Morphotectonics of the Tapti basin susceptible parameter which controls the river courses (Miller, using remote sensing (RS) data and Geographic Information 1953; Altaf et al. 2013). The formations of landforms are the System (GIS) technique is an important input in deciphering the manifestation of the controls of tectonics which are lead by the association between drainage morphometry and tectonics of the processes of weathering and erosion (Singh and Singh, 2011; area. The basic structural elements like the established faults and Thomas et al. 2012). other linear features of the study area were identified on the digitally processed remote sensing data and drainage pattern/morphometry Remote Sensing technology is an important input in was derived from the available Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, deciphering the relationship between drainage morphometry and Digital Elevation Model (SRTM DEM) (90m) data. The various tectonics of the area (Altaf et al. 2013). GIS techniques provide morphometric characters of the Tapti river basin were studied in an analytical tool for quantitative analysis in such studies (Cholke, detail. -
Fluvial Geomorphology Analysis of the Kiamichi River, Oklahoma
W 2800.7 F293 no. T-l9-P-l 6/04-6/06 c.l FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY ANALYSIS OF THE KIAMICIll RIVER, OKLAHOMA OKLAHOMA DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION' JUNE 1,2004 through JUNE 30, 2006 A comprehensive geomorphic analysis of the Kiamichi River, Oklahoma was conducted to characterize the current landscape, fluvial geomorphic condition, flow and sediment regimes, and to identify potential impacts from the impoundment of the Jackfork Creek tributary to the morphological form and function of the river. The Kiamichi River channel has changed little over the last 25 years. It was classified as a Rosgen F type stream and had a basin relief ratio of 0.00345. The Kiamichi River Basin is classified as a Rosgen X type valley. Meander wavelength increased significantly in the downstream direction; the average reach meander wavelength ranged from 11 to 60 mean reach bankfull widths. Bankfull width, bankfull area, width:depth ratio, and channel stability increased in the downstream direction. Although there was no significant change in substrate size longitudinally, the percentage of gravel and cobble substrate increased and the percentage of bedrock decreased in the downstream direction. Bankfull discharge increased in the downstream direction, as expected. The majority of sites sampled were classified as Rosgen F4 stream types. The effective discharge (Qe) at the Big Cedar gaging station was estimated to be 4500 cubic feet per second (cfs) with a threshold discharge (Qt) of 0.1 cfs. The Antlers gaging station Qe was estimated to be 25,000 cfs with a Qt of 3.5 cfs. Deposition bar area below the Jackfork Creek tributary has increased over time. -
Progress in the Application of Landform Analysis in Studies of Semiarid Erosion
Progress in the Application of Landform Analysis in Studies of Semiarid Erosion GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 437 Progress in the Application of Landform Analysis in Studies of Semiarid Erosion By S. A. Schumm and R. F. Hadley GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 437 Washington 1961 United States Department of the Interior STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary Geological Survey William T. Pecora, Director First printing 1961 Second printing 1 967 Free on application to the U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 20242 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract _____________________________ 1 Drainage -basin components-Continued Introduction__________________________ 1 Hill slopes-Continued The drainage basin as a unit ________ 2 'Form__ __________.-__----__ - 7 Relative relief and sediment yield ____ 2 Aspect--________-_---------__-__ 7 Drainage density and mean annual Stream channels ___________________ 8 runoff __________________ _______ 2 Discontinuous gullies_____________ 8 Drainage area and sediment yield ____ 3 Aggradation _____________________ 12 Drainage-basin components____________ 7 Channel shape ___________________ 12 Hill slopes_________________________ 7 References__-_-_____-_ ____________ 13 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Relation of mean annual sediment yield to relief ratio_--_-_____--_--------___- 3 2. Relation of mean annual sediment yield to relief ratio for 14 small drainage basins __________________________________________________________________ 4 3. Relation of mean annual runoff to drainage density.___________________________ 5 4. Relation of mean annual sediment yield to drainage area ______________________ 6 5.. Diagram of typical seepage step ________-__________-___-_-_-_---------_-.---- 8 6. Rose diagram showing relation of slope aspect to steepness of slope ____________ 9 7. Drainage nets of six selected basins ________________-_________-----_-------- 10 8.