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River Dynamics Bruce L. Rhoads Index More Information Www Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19542-4 — River Dynamics Bruce L. Rhoads Index More Information Index abductive reasoning, 10, 145 anabranching rivers, 252, 330, 332, 349, complicating factors, 147–151 abrasion, 297, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 308 383, 392 determination of, 146 role in downstream fining, 298–299 and mega rivers, 195, 266–268 bar elements, 12, 13, 208, 209, 210, 211 advective processes, 16, 19, 26, 28, 34, 50, 63, and optimization principles, 252–253 bar theory 88, 130, 290, 291, 310, 323, 325, 326 difference from braided rivers, 187 and initiation of braiding, 234–236, 237, aggradation, 125, 149 environmental domain of, 194–195, 252 238, 241 and agriculture, 348 equilibrium of, 253 of initiation of meandering, 202–203 and anabranching, 253, 254, 261 importance of avulsion in, 255–256 bar units, 12, 198, 202, 203, 220, 225, 254, 258, and anastomosis, 261, 342 in arid and semi-arid North and South 269, 285 and avulsion, 194, 237, 246, 254, 255 America, 262–264 and braiding, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, and braiding, 237, 240, 249, 337 in Australia, 261–262 241, 245 and channelization, 359 on the Okavango Delta, 264–266 and confluence-diffluence units, 241, 242 and complex response, 160 processes of anabranching, 253–254 and initiation of meandering, 198–200, and dam removal, 396, 397, 398 vegetation and bank resistance, 256 202–205 and dams, 364, 366 anastomosing rivers, 194, 252, 256, 259–261, at confluences, 284–285 and downstream fining, 300, 306 264, 266, 267, 325, 330, 383, 392 forced, 200, 203, 207, 217 and floods, 163 and equilibrium, 261 in elongate meander bends, 227–228 and legacy sediment or post-settlement environmental domain of, 194 bar-bend theory alluvium, 347 annual maximum series, 138, 141 of initiation of meandering, 202, 203–205 and mega rivers, 266 Anthropocene, 343 bar-element scale, 12, 83, 85, 127, 170, 198, and mining waste, 351 antidunes, 84, 314, 315 207, 247, 250, 269, 386, 393, 400 and river equilibrium, 145, 157, 234, 372 armor. See bed material bars, 98, 234, 253, 257, 386 and stream instability, 380 arroyo, 149, 357 bank-attached, at confluences, 283–284, and the longitudinal profile, 297 avulsion, 13, 162, 241, 243, 246, 249, 250, 254, 285, 286, 289, 292 and timber harvesting, 350 255–256, 257, 259, 262, 263, 264, 267, compound, 237, 245, 250, 258, 337, and urbanization, 354 268, 328, 332, 335, 337, 339, 342 339, 340 at confluences, 272 in braided rivers, 187, 239 channelization, 361 backswamp, 336, 386 mid-channel, at confluences, 285 aggradational-degradational episode, 351 bank erosion, 98, 99, 100, 102, 104, 214, plug, 328, 329, 330 agriculture, 371, 375, 399 221–224, 232, 237, 242, 246, 248, 258, point. See point bar and soil erosion, 345–346 333, 350, 355, 365, 378, 388, 391, tributary-mouth, 283, 284, 285 effects of soil erosion on rivers, 346 392, 393 unit, 237, 245, 246, 250, 258, 301, 321, 330, effects on river morphology, 347–350 and basal endpoint control, 223 337, 340 global impact of, 344 and cattle grazing, 350 bar-unit scale, 12, 83, 85, 127, 132, 160, 170, impacts on hydrology, 345 and lateral channel migration, 224–225 198, 246, 247, 250, 296, 297, 301, 313, alluvial architecture, 335, 337, 340, importance in braided rivers, 248 386, 393, 400 341 bank material, 98 base level, 4, 20, 30, 32, 34, 36, 47, 160, 261, alluvial fans, 39, 257, 261, 264 and channel geometry, 175, 176 302, 303, 308, 309, 311, 328, 396 alluvium, 144, 225, 257, 264, 314, 320, 321, bankfull discharge, 155, 156, 172, 173, 174, baseflow, 135, 143 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 347, 349, 175, 187, 188, 253, 359, 380, 390, 391 beaver, in stream restoration, 395 357, 397 determination of, 151 bed material, 92 alternate bars, 193, 198, 200, 201, 204, 235, recurrence interval of, 146 active layer, 122, 125, 129, 130 237, 321, See also bar units relation to dominant discharge, 145–146 and channel geometry, 176 relation to bar units, 198 relation to effective discharge, 152 armor, 359, 360, 365, 367, 368 Amazon River, 3, 48, 55, 60, 266 bankfull stage, 145, 146–151, 383 armor, static versus mobile, 125 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19542-4 — River Dynamics Bruce L. Rhoads Index More Information 508 Index bed material (cont.) suspended, 100, 119, 120, 121, 132 channel formative event, 6, 144, 158, 159, coarse surface layer, 123–125 transport and stream power, 120–122 181, 184, 185, 357 downstream fining of, 122, 128, 297–305 bedrock rivers, 3, 12, 97, 130, 161, 163, 174, channel geometry, 144, 183, 367, See also winnowing of, 125 225, 255, 256, 306, 311 rational regime theory, downstream bedform scale, 12, 83, 85 erosion of, 307–308 channel geometry bedforms, 12, 13, 84–85, 114, 120, 132, 217, bench index, 148 and feedback among variables, 178 268, 278, 302, 321 benches models of change over time, 183–185 bedload, 100, 116, 119, 122, 152 within river channels, 147–149, 361, 400 channel heads, 25–29, 30, 33, 38, 39 coarse particle tracing and transport, bend theory, 203 and climate, 28 129–131 of initiation of meandering, 202 channel infills, 328–331, 335, 336, 337, 339, efficiency, 121 bifurcation ratio, 41, 137 340, 342, 354 Eulerian perspective, 119, 120, 122, 127, bifurcations, 237, 241, 246, 248, 250, 258, 268, channel initiation, 27, 28, 36, 45 129, 130 269, 329 by overland flow, 16–19 global flux, 48 dynamics of, 242–246 by subsurface flow, 20, 21 Lagrangian perspective, 129, 130 biodiversity, 392, 393, 395, 399, 401 stability analysis, 17–20, 21 morphological method of determining boundary conditions channel planform, 12, 85, 182, 241, 313, 327, transport rate, 132 rough versus smooth, 108 339, 367, 386 particle travel distances, 129 boundary layer change over time and space, 195–196 role of grain kinematics in transport, around particle, 116 differences between meandering and 129, 131 boundary layer theory, 86 braided rivers, 188–192 sheets, 237, 258, 339, 340 relation to flow resistance and boundary factors influencing, 188 transport and excess boundary shear shear stress, 87 importance in river classification, 186 stress, 120 boundary layer, turbulent, 87 major types of, 186–188 transport and river equilibrium, 156 buffer layer, 87, 91 channel slope, 309, 317, 321, 349, 355, 358, transport and stream power, 120–122 over a smooth bed, 88 359, 360, 365, 380 transport equations, basic form of, turbulent layer, 88 and concept of a graded river, 176, 294 120 viscous sublayer, 87 defined, 76 transport intensity, 120 boundary Reynolds number, 106, 107, 183 dependence on channel planform, 188, transport, measurement of. See braided rivers, 234, 256, 260, 261, 267, 268, 190, 206 Appendix D 285, 321, 330, 332, 367, 383, 389, 392 equilibrium, 307 volumetric transport rate, 120, 130, difference from anabranching rivers, 187 interdependence with grain size of bed 132 equilibrium of, 248 material, 297, 300, 305 bed-material entrainment, 105–116 initiation of braiding, 234–237 relation to controlling factors, 183, 296 and impulse, 112, 115 morphological attributes of, 237–241 relation to the longitudinal profile, 294 and thresholds of motion, 108–109 planform dynamics, 246–251 channelization, 367, 371, 375, 382, 396, equal mobility, 111, 112, 125, 300–301 process-form interactions in, 241–246 399, 400 in particle mixtures, 109–112, 302 simulation models of, 249–251 definition of, purpose, 358 into suspension, 112, 116 braiding index, 240 effect on channel stability, 358–359 size selective, 109, 111, 125 active, 246 geomorphic responses of rivers to, bed-material load, 100, 122, 242, 249, 282, and bed-material load, 246–247 359–361 283, 303, 329, 332, 363, 364, 365, 367, braiding intensity, 249, 251 characteristic form, 12, 13, 145, 158–159, 398, 400 braidplain, 187, 338 178, 357 accuracy of predictive models, 122 braidtrain, 187, 338, 339 Chezy coefficient, 82, 83, 216 and changes in channel morphology, buoyancy, 291 Chezy equation, 82 131–133 and mixing at confluences, 292 Clean Water Act, 371, 373, 376, 391 and equal mobility, 125, 126 climate, 12, 14, 24, 34, 42, 43, 49, 50, 53, 59, and mobile armor layers, 126 celerity, 80, 81, 101 60, 62, 70, 104, 140, 143, 155, 156, 159, equal mobility, 220 centrifugal force, 96, 213, 218, 244, 276, 307, 343, 344 fractional transport of, 122–128 277 and geomorphic effectiveness of fractional transport rates, 125 channel classification floods, 163 partial transport, 125 and the longitudinal profile, 313–314 as independent variable in fluvial systems, predicting fractional transport rates, in River Styles Framework, 386 12, 15, 24, 49, 308, 357 127–128 in Rosgen Method, 379–380 climate change, 11, 15, 22, 37, 143, 178, 195, size-selective transport, 126, 297, 299, channel evolution model, 359, 382, 396 309, 363, 403 300, 301 Rosgen Method version of, 383 effects on rivers, 2, 356–357 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19542-4 — River Dynamics Bruce L. Rhoads Index More Information Index 509 Colorado River, 4, 363, 364 and sediment budgets, 65, 71 diffusive processes, 15, 20, 28, 33, 39, 50, 63, competence of flow, 86, 107, 130, 211, 237, as a theoretical principle, 7 78, 117, 130, 290, 310, 312, 323, 325, 238, 242, 297, 300, 302, 316, 364, in bed-material transport, 131, 132 326, 367 365, 391 constant of channel maintenance, 24 and overbank sedimentation on flood- defined, 123 contamination, of bed material, 351, 354 plains, 325 complex response, 160 conveyance capacity, 255, 261, 358 in bedload transport, 130–131 concave-bank bench, 216, 323, 386 Cooper Creek, 261 discharge, 72 concavity index, 307 counterpoint accretion, 323 as the basic metric of flow in rivers, 72 confluence hydrodynamic zone, 272 critical flow, 80 bankfull.
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