River Dynamics Bruce L. Rhoads Index More Information Www

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19542-4 — River Dynamics Bruce L. Rhoads Index More Information

Index

abductive reasoning, 10, 145 anabranching rivers, 252, 330, 332, 349, complicating factors, 147–151 abrasion, 297, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 308 383, 392 determination of, 146 role in downstream fining, 298–299 and mega rivers, 195, 266–268 bar elements, 12, 13, 208, 209, 210, 211 advective processes, 16, 19, 26, 28, 34, 50, 63, and optimization principles, 252–253 bar theory 88, 130, 290, 291, 310, 323, 325, 326 difference from braided rivers, 187 and initiation of braiding, 234–236, 237, aggradation, 125, 149 environmental domain of, 194–195, 252 238, 241 and agriculture, 348 equilibrium of, 253 of initiation of meandering, 202–203 and anabranching, 253, 254, 261 importance of avulsion in, 255–256 bar units, 12, 198, 202, 203, 220, 225, 254, 258, and anastomosis, 261, 342 in arid and semi-arid North and South 269, 285 and avulsion, 194, 237, 246, 254, 255 America, 262–264 and braiding, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, and braiding, 237, 240, 249, 337 in Australia, 261–262 241, 245 and channelization, 359 on the Okavango Delta, 264–266 and confluence-diffluence units, 241, 242 and complex response, 160 processes of anabranching, 253–254 and initiation of meandering, 198–200, and dam removal, 396, 397, 398 vegetation and bank resistance, 256 202–205 and dams, 364, 366 anastomosing rivers, 194, 252, 256, 259–261, at confluences, 284–285 and downstream fining, 300, 306 264, 266, 267, 325, 330, 383, 392 forced, 200, 203, 207, 217 and floods, 163 and equilibrium, 261 in elongate meander bends, 227–228 and legacy sediment or post-settlement environmental domain of, 194 bar-bend theory alluvium, 347 annual maximum series, 138, 141 of initiation of meandering, 202, 203–205 and mega rivers, 266 Anthropocene, 343 bar-element scale, 12, 83, 85, 127, 170, 198, and mining waste, 351 antidunes, 84, 314, 315 207, 247, 250, 269, 386, 393, 400 and river equilibrium, 145, 157, 234, 372 armor. See bed material bars, 98, 234, 253, 257, 386 and stream instability, 380 arroyo, 149, 357 bank-attached, at confluences, 283–284, and the longitudinal profile, 297 avulsion, 13, 162, 241, 243, 246, 249, 250, 254, 285, 286, 289, 292 and timber harvesting, 350 255–256, 257, 259, 262, 263, 264, 267, compound, 237, 245, 250, 258, 337, and urbanization, 354 268, 328, 332, 335, 337, 339, 342 339, 340 at confluences, 272 in braided rivers, 187, 239 channelization, 361 backswamp, 336, 386 mid-channel, at confluences, 285 aggradational-degradational episode, 351 bank erosion, 98, 99, 100, 102, 104, 214, plug, 328, 329, 330 agriculture, 371, 375, 399 221–224, 232, 237, 242, 246, 248, 258, point. See point bar and soil erosion, 345–346 333, 350, 355, 365, 378, 388, 391, tributary-mouth, 283, 284, 285 effects of soil erosion on rivers, 346 392, 393 unit, 237, 245, 246, 250, 258, 301, 321, 330, effects on river morphology, 347–350 and basal endpoint control, 223 337, 340 global impact of, 344 and cattle grazing, 350 bar-unit scale, 12, 83, 85, 127, 132, 160, 170, impacts on hydrology, 345 and lateral channel migration, 224–225 198, 246, 247, 250, 296, 297, 301, 313, alluvial architecture, 335, 337, 340, importance in braided rivers, 248 386, 393, 400 341 bank material, 98 base level, 4, 20, 30, 32, 34, 36, 47, 160, 261, alluvial fans, 39, 257, 261, 264 and channel geometry, 175, 176 302, 303, 308, 309, 311, 328, 396 alluvium, 144, 225, 257, 264, 314, 320, 321, bankfull discharge, 155, 156, 172, 173, 174, baseflow, 135, 143 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 347, 349, 175, 187, 188, 253, 359, 380, 390, 391 beaver, in stream restoration, 395 357, 397 determination of, 151 bed material, 92 alternate bars, 193, 198, 200, 201, 204, 235, recurrence interval of, 146 active layer, 122, 125, 129, 130 237, 321, See also bar units relation to dominant discharge, 145–146 and channel geometry, 176 relation to bar units, 198 relation to effective discharge, 152 armor, 359, 360, 365, 367, 368 Amazon River, 3, 48, 55, 60, 266 bankfull stage, 145, 146–151, 383 armor, static versus mobile, 125

508 Index

bed material (cont.) suspended, 100, 119, 120, 121, 132 channel formative event, 6, 144, 158, 159, coarse surface layer, 123–125 transport and stream power, 120–122 181, 184, 185, 357 downstream fining of, 122, 128, 297–305 bedrock rivers, 3, 12, 97, 130, 161, 163, 174, channel geometry, 144, 183, 367, See also winnowing of, 125 225, 255, 256, 306, 311 rational regime theory, downstream bedform scale, 12, 83, 85 erosion of, 307–308 channel geometry bedforms, 12, 13, 84–85, 114, 120, 132, 217, bench index, 148 and feedback among variables, 178 268, 278, 302, 321 benches models of change over time, 183–185 bedload, 100, 116, 119, 122, 152 within river channels, 147–149, 361, 400 channel heads, 25–29, 30, 33, 38, 39 coarse particle tracing and transport, bend theory, 203 and climate, 28 129–131 of initiation of meandering, 202 channel infills, 328–331, 335, 336, 337, 339, efficiency, 121 bifurcation ratio, 41, 137 340, 342, 354 Eulerian perspective, 119, 120, 122, 127, bifurcations, 237, 241, 246, 248, 250, 258, 268, channel initiation, 27, 28, 36, 45 129, 130 269, 329 by overland flow, 16–19 global flux, 48 dynamics of, 242–246 by subsurface flow, 20, 21 Lagrangian perspective, 129, 130 biodiversity, 392, 393, 395, 399, 401 stability analysis, 17–20, 21 morphological method of determining boundary conditions channel planform, 12, 85, 182, 241, 313, 327, transport rate, 132 rough versus smooth, 108 339, 367, 386 particle travel distances, 129 boundary layer change over time and space, 195–196 role of grain kinematics in transport, around particle, 116 differences between meandering and 129, 131 boundary layer theory, 86 braided rivers, 188–192 sheets, 237, 258, 339, 340 relation to flow resistance and boundary factors influencing, 188 transport and excess boundary shear shear stress, 87 importance in river classification, 186 stress, 120 boundary layer, turbulent, 87 major types of, 186–188 transport and river equilibrium, 156 buffer layer, 87, 91 channel slope, 309, 317, 321, 349, 355, 358, transport and stream power, 120–122 over a smooth bed, 88 359, 360, 365, 380 transport equations, basic form of, turbulent layer, 88 and concept of a graded river, 176, 294 120 viscous sublayer, 87 defined, 76 transport intensity, 120 boundary Reynolds number, 106, 107, 183 dependence on channel planform, 188, transport, measurement of. See braided rivers, 234, 256, 260, 261, 267, 268, 190, 206 Appendix D 285, 321, 330, 332, 367, 383, 389, 392 equilibrium, 307 volumetric transport rate, 120, 130, difference from anabranching rivers, 187 interdependence with grain size of bed 132 equilibrium of, 248 material, 297, 300, 305 bed-material entrainment, 105–116 initiation of braiding, 234–237 relation to controlling factors, 183, 296 and impulse, 112, 115 morphological attributes of, 237–241 relation to the longitudinal profile, 294 and thresholds of motion, 108–109 planform dynamics, 246–251 channelization, 367, 371, 375, 382, 396, equal mobility, 111, 112, 125, 300–301 process-form interactions in, 241–246 399, 400 in particle mixtures, 109–112, 302 simulation models of, 249–251 definition of, purpose, 358 into suspension, 112, 116 braiding index, 240 effect on channel stability, 358–359 size selective, 109, 111, 125 active, 246 geomorphic responses of rivers to, bed-material load, 100, 122, 242, 249, 282, and bed-material load, 246–247 359–361 283, 303, 329, 332, 363, 364, 365, 367, braiding intensity, 249, 251 characteristic form, 12, 13, 145, 158–159, 398, 400 braidplain, 187, 338 178, 357 accuracy of predictive models, 122 braidtrain, 187, 338, 339 Chezy coefficient, 82, 83, 216 and changes in channel morphology, buoyancy, 291 Chezy equation, 82 131–133 and mixing at confluences, 292 Clean Water Act, 371, 373, 376, 391 and equal mobility, 125, 126 climate, 12, 14, 24, 34, 42, 43, 49, 50, 53, 59, and mobile armor layers, 126 celerity, 80, 81, 101 60, 62, 70, 104, 140, 143, 155, 156, 159, equal mobility, 220 centrifugal force, 96, 213, 218, 244, 276, 307, 343, 344 fractional transport of, 122–128 277 and geomorphic effectiveness of fractional transport rates, 125 channel classification floods, 163 partial transport, 125 and the longitudinal profile, 313–314 as independent variable in fluvial systems, predicting fractional transport rates, in River Styles Framework, 386 12, 15, 24, 49, 308, 357 127–128 in Rosgen Method, 379–380 climate change, 11, 15, 22, 37, 143, 178, 195, size-selective transport, 126, 297, 299, channel evolution model, 359, 382, 396 309, 363, 403 300, 301 Rosgen Method version of, 383 effects on rivers, 2, 356–357

Index 509

Colorado River, 4, 363, 364 and sediment budgets, 65, 71 diffusive processes, 15, 20, 28, 33, 39, 50, 63, competence of flow, 86, 107, 130, 211, 237, as a theoretical principle, 7 78, 117, 130, 290, 310, 312, 323, 325, 238, 242, 297, 300, 302, 316, 364, in bed-material transport, 131, 132 326, 367 365, 391 constant of channel maintenance, 24 and overbank sedimentation on flood- defined, 123 contamination, of bed material, 351, 354 plains, 325 complex response, 160 conveyance capacity, 255, 261, 358 in bedload transport, 130–131 concave-bank bench, 216, 323, 386 Cooper Creek, 261 discharge, 72 concavity index, 307 counterpoint accretion, 323 as the basic metric of flow in rivers, 72 confluence hydrodynamic zone, 272 critical flow, 80 bankfull. See bankfull discharge characteristics of flow within, 273–274 curvature, of meandering channels, 206, 207, critical unit, 112 factors influencing flow within, 274–275 229, 230, 231 definition of, 72 flow within the mixing interface, 275–276 cut banks, 207, 208, 210, 221, 225, 332 dominant. See dominant discharge helical motion of flow within, 276–278 cutoffs, 226–227, 229, 231, 236, 237, 248, 258, effective. See effective discharge influence of bed discordance on flow in, 267, 328, 329, 332, 333, 335, 337 functional-equivalent, 155 280–281 chute, 329 half-load, 155 secondary flow in, 278 neck, 330 mean annual, 165, 171, 172, 248 confluence-diffluence units, 238, 239, cycle of erosion, 5, 8, 15, 29 mean daily, 142, 143, 151, 363 241–242, 246, 268, 269 measurement of, 135, See Appendix C confluences, 11, 241, 248, 250, 309 dam removal, 394 peak, 135 and river ecology, 269 and sediment flux, 396 disequilibrium, 159, 309, 333 as fundamental components of river net- geomorphic responses of rivers to, dissolved load, 60, 97 works, 269 396–399 global flux, 48 as planform-scale components of fluvial reasons for, 396 dominant discharge, 144–145, 147, 157, 402 systems, 269 dams, 371, 401 and downstream hydraulic geometry, 172 bar-unit dynamics in braided rivers, 242 abundance of, 361–362 relation to bankfull discharge, 145–146 bed discordance at, 275, 279, 291 and global sediment flux, 58–59 downstream channel geometry, 174, 184, 271, bed morphology of, 281–285 effects on river flow, 362–363 See also rational regime theory change in channel form at, 271–272 effects on river morphology, 364–366 bedrock rivers, 174–175 changes in energy and depth at, 272–273 impoundment-runoff index, 362 braided rivers, 241 factors affecting junction angle, 270–271 influence on sediment transport, 363–364 integrated empirical and analytical flow in. See confluence hydrodynamic zone trap efficiency, 58, 363 approach, 183 in braided and anabranching rivers, Darcy-Weisbach equation, 82 multivariate models of, 175–178 269, 290 Darcy-Weisbach friction factor, 82, 83, simultaneous-equation models of, 178 lateral mixing at, 290–293 318 versus downstream hydraulic geometry, planform dynamics of, 290 Davis, William Morris, 5 173–174 planform geometry of, 269–270 deductive reasoning, 10 downstream fining. See bed material, scour at, 282–283, 285, 286 degradation, 149, 240, 351 gravel-sand transitions sediment transport in, 285–287 and channelization, 359, 360 drainage area ratio, 41 confluent meander bends, 287–290 and dam removal, 396 drainage basin connectivity and dams, 364 and the scale of river systems, 11 and dam removal, 396 and river equilibrium, 145, 157, 234, circularity, 32 and river restoration, 394–395 372 definition of, 3 between channels and floodplains, 266, and stream instability, 380 evolution of, 12, 15, 37–38 321, 392 and urbanization, 355 in equilibrium or steady state, 305 between sediment sources and sinks, 65 defined, 124 mass balance of, 63 disruption of, by dams, 362 response to in-channel mining, 367 relation to river dynamics, 4 ecological, 373 deltas, 39, 47, 49, 59, 303, 327, 363 stream length-drainage area relation, 44 of hillslopes and rivers, 55, 58 denudation rate, 49 drainage density, 24, 36, 37 of hydrological pathways, 103 and cosmogenic nuclides, 61–63 drainage ditch, 345, 361, 400 of river systems, 13 and measured data on sediment load, 60 drainage divide, 3, 21, 25, 26 of runoff and erosion, 344 relation to controlling factors, 62–63 migration of, 37–38 of sediment fluxes, 66, 67, 104, 159, 163, relation to relief, 52–53 drainage-basin scale, 49, 63, 159, 311, 346, 349, 353 depth of flow 373, 386 versus disconnectivity, 67 local, 77 dunes, 84, 114, 169, 217, 220, 242, 278, 302, conservation of mass mean over a cross section, 73 313, 330, 336, 337

510 Index

ecology, 2, 123, 142, 197, 269, 345, 366, 369, flooding, 1, 319, 380 at confluences, 273, 274, 283 372, 373, 374, 375, 386, 389, 392, 396, floodplain, 3, 57, 62, 63, 97, 99, 145, 146, 147, fluvial geomorphology, 2, 9, 29, 97, 157, 343, 399, 401, 403 163, 186, 221, 254, 256, 260, 261, 262, 369, 370, 371, 374, 378, 379, 389 and river management goals, 372–373 266, 348, 350, 354, 355, 361, 367, 386, definition of, 2 ecosystem, 1, 3, 269, 372, 373, 375, 378, 386, 389, 394 growth of, 2 392, 393, 399 definition of, 319–321 history of, 4–6 ecosystem services, 399, 401 deposition. See lateral accretion, vertical origin of, 4 categories of, 399 accretion, overbank sedimentation, public awareness of, 2 eddies, in turbulent flow, 79, 88, 89, 90, 91, 99, levee, channel infill role in river management, 372 100, 114, 202, 213, 308 development of, 321 roots of, 5 effective discharge, 152, 158, 159, 161 erosion, 331–333 scientific inquiry in, 6–10 factors affecting, 152–155 integral component of river systems, 319 styles of reasoning in, 10 relation to bankfull discharge, 152 major depositional processes, 321 fractal scaling embeddedness, 123, 366 major erosional processes, 332 and self-similarity, 44 energy grade line, 76 of anastomosing rivers, 335, 341–342 braided rivers, 248 energy gradient, 76, 83, 330 of braided rivers, 335, 337–339 definition of, 44 energy, of flow in rivers, 75–76 of meandering rivers, 335, 336–337 freestream, 86 entrenchment ratio, 380, 383 of mega rivers, 266 friction coefficient, 82 ephemeral streams, 2, 122, 135, 159, 163, 261, of wandering gravel-bed rivers, 335, Froude number, 80, 191, 314, 315, 317 263, 360, 366 339–341 equilibrium, 5, 38, 159 sedimentology of, 335–342 gaging station, 135 in relation to steady state and characteristic shaving of, 332, 333 Ganges River, 266, 267 form, 13 stripping of, 332, 334 geologic timescale, 12, 49, 67, 231, 261, 266, landscape evolution, 34 typology of, 333–335 269, 290, 294, 305, 308, 357 models, 34 floods geological conditions of river channels, 144, 145, 152, 156, 172, and bifurcations, 268 as independent variable in fluvial sys- 176, 179, 184, 248, 294, 295, 335, 366, and confluences, 269 tems, 12 372, 379, 383, 387, 388, 389 flash, 74 geomorphic effectiveness, 157–163, 185 of river channels, limitations of geomorphic effectiveness of, 141, 160–163, and climate change, 357 concept, 157 169, 234, 249, 262, 316, 332, 339, major tenets, 157–160 erosion 348, 349 of floods, 160–163, 349 detachment-limited, 19, 34, 306, 307 impact of climate change on, 357 geomorphic units, 386 transport-limited, 19, 34, 307 impact of dams on, 363 geomorphic work, 151–152, 156, 158, 161 event timescale, 12, 13, 14, 49, 104, 172, 229, impact of land-use change on, 348, geomorphological assessment of rivers and 241, 245, 246, 269, 369 350, 354 watersheds Exner equation, 131, 132 mega, 21 goals of, 378–379 extremal principles, 170 flow duration analysis, 142–143, 151 Geomorphological Assessment Process, 379 and river meandering, 198 flow duration curve, 142, 165 geomorphological instantaneous unit hydro- and hydrologic variability, 143 graph, 137 fall velocity, 112, 116, 117, 118, 119, and runoff-generating mechanisms, 143 Gilbert, Grove Karl, 4, 107, 144 121 flow oscillation theory graded river, 5, 144, 145, 157, 176, 178, 234, Stokes Law, 116 of river meandering, 200–202 294, 295, 372 flood control, 149, 361, 375 flow resistance, 166, 169, 179, 358 grain scale, 12, 83, 85, 159 flood frequency analysis, 138–142 and bedforms, 84–85, 115 gravel-sand transitions exceedance probability, 140 and scales of roughness, 84 and downstream fining, 302–304 peaks over threshold method, 141 in step-pool channels, 317, 318 groundwater, 135 recurrence interval, 138, 140 influence of vegetation on, 225 groundwater flow, 72, 97 recurrence interval, annual maximum of sediment grains or particles, 84 gullies, 22–24, 28, 34, 70, 157, 227, 255, 332, versus partial duration series, 141 on floodplains, 319 346, 347, 350 flood frequency curve, 139, 140, 165 relation to boundary shear stress, 83 and hydrologic variability, 143 relation to mean velocity, 82–83 habitat, 71, 122, 142, 197, 269, 319, 321, 350, flood power, 161, 163 flow separation, 213, 218, 233, 288, 289, 354, 358, 366, 372, 373, 378, 383, 386, and channel change, 161 329, 330 389, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, duration of, 162 at confluences, 273, 274, 280, 284 400, 401 floodbasins, 259, 260 flow stagnation, 216, 288, 323, 329 head loss, 76

Index 511

head, as measure of energy, 75 infiltration capacity, 16, 20, 134, 249, 345, formation of, 325–327 headcut, 26, 30, 31, 32, 163, 227, 262, 309, 350, 353, 354 front-loading versus backloading, 326 349, 355, 359, 360, 367 instability, 18, 19, 21, 36, 203, 205, 239, link scale, 12, 269 dynamics of, 310–311 275, 358 logging. See timber harvesting helical motion, of flow, 201, 202, 214, 215, Kelvin-Helmholtz, 275 longitudinal profile, 12, 164, 248, 294, 313, 216, 217, 218, 230, 244, 245, 268, of braided rivers, 234, 241, 337 364, 386, 390 276–278, 282, 286, 289, 290, 292 of channel banks, 181, 224 adjustments of, 308–312 historical range of variability, 387–389 of river channels, 149, 158, 351, 357, 359, changes in channel types along, 313–314 Horton ratios, 41–43, 44, 45 367, 372, 382, 383, 396 concave-upward form of, 295, 296, 300, Horton, Robert E., 5 of step-pool units, 316 302, 305, 306, 307, 308 human impacts on rivers, 6, 14, 371, 388, See of wandering gravel-bed rivers, 257, 258 convex-upward form of, 295, 306 also agriculture, channelization, climate interception, 20, 49, 134, 345, 350, 353 defined, 294 change, dams, mining, timber harvest- intermittent streams, 2, 4, 135, 163 dependence on resolution of topographic ing, urbanization islands, 252, 253, 257, 260, 267, 268, 269, 339 data, 295–296 and changes in land cover, 344 in anabranching rivers, 187 equilibrium form of in alluvial rivers, direct versus indirect, 343–344 isovels, 95 305–306 scope of, 343 equilibrium form of in bedrock rivers, human impacts on sediment flux, 62, 103, 343 junction angle, 270 306–308, 309 Hutton, James, 4 and channel slope, 271 functional forms used to depict, 295 hydraulic conductivity, 20, 134, 345 and climate, 271 hydraulic drop, 81, 391 and stream order, 270 management of rivers, 6, 14, 234 hydraulic engineering, 144, 181 and post-project appraisals, 402–403 hydraulic geometry, 164 kinematic viscosity, 10 and uncertainty, 401–403 at-a-station, 165, 166–171, 183 Kinoshita curves, 231 and watershed planning, 378 at-a-station and extremal principles, knickpoint, 21, 159, 227, 312, 355, 359, general goals of environmental manage- 170–171 367, 396 ment, 371 at-a-station, of braided rivers, 240 definition and morphologic characteris- importance of geomorphology in, 369 at-a-station, reach-averaged, 169 tics, 309–310 main geomorphological and ecological at-many-stations, 170 evolution of, 310–312 goals, 372–373 defined, 164–166 Kolmogorov microscales, 10 passive approach to, 389 downstream, 165, 171–173, See also relation to river science, 369–371 downstream channel geometry laminar flow, 78, 86 role of social processes in, 371–372, 403 downstream, for bankfull discharge, 173 land drainage, 149, 358, 375, 400 Manning equation, 82, 83, 166, 167, 172, 358 downstream, versus downstream channel landscape evolution, 5, 15, 29, 97, 269 Manning’s n, 82, 169 geometry, 173–174 models of, 33–39, 305 and channel geometry, 176 hydraulic jump, 81, 318, 391 landscape sensitivity. See geomorphic Manning’s roughness coefficient, 82, 83 hydraulic radius, 77, 80, 82, 83, 109, 115, 166, effectiveness mass movement, 23, 60, 71, 98, 99, 100, 222, 189, 358 landslides, 27, 60, 71, 104, 350 316, 355 hydraulics, 2, 5, 12, 72, 144, 374, 375 large woody debris, 67, 82, 210, 225, 256, 257, mean annual flood, 140, 189, 359 hydrograph, 102, 135 314, 318, 339, 349, 358, 394, 395, 396 meander belt, 206, 322 and river network structure, 137 lateral accretion, 261, 263, 321–323, 335, 336, meander loops, 207, 228, 231 factors influencing shape of, 137–138 339, 340 compound, 231 hydrological cycle, 1, 134 lateral migration, 221, 224, 225, 229, 230, 232, compound form of, 226, 228, 232 hydrology, 2, 12, 72, 134, 144, 345, 374, 375 242, 245, 246, 249, 255, 256, 259, 263, meander scar, 328, 332, 336 hyperconcentrated flow, 99–100 327, 332, 334, 335, 348, 349, 350, 367, meander train, 206, 225 hyporheic exchange, 135, 394 388, 396 meandering rivers, 256, 259, 314, 321, 322, hyporheic zone, 135 law of the wall, 115, 117, 119 325, 327, 328, 332, 349, 367, 383, 389, hypothesis, 7, 8, 9, 10, 43, 49, 144, 145, 211 and bed shear stress, 92–93 392, 400 extremal, 179 and logarithmic velocity profile, 90–92 and extremal hypotheses, 198 hysteresis, 168, See suspended sediment derivation of, 89–92 and floodplain shaving, 332 concentration velocity profile equation, 91 bank erosion and lateral migration, legacy sediment, 347–348, 349, 350 224–225 imbrication, 123, 316 levee, 67, 254, 255, 259, 260, 261, 262, 266, bed material transport in, 218–221 impulse, 112 267, 327, 328, 334, 336, 342, 386 bedrock, 225 relation to turbulence, 112–113 artificial, 327, 358, 394 flow in, 213–218

512 Index

meandering rivers (cont.) and complexity of flow in rivers, 75 pools and riffles, 198, 201, 358, 386, 394, 401 initiation of meandering, 198–205 classification of flow types, 73–74 characteristics of, 209–210 lateral migration of, 221, See also lateral dimensionality of fluid motion, 74–75 forced, 210–211 migration three-dimensional flow, 95–96, 213 identification of, 209 pattern of bed shear stress, 216, 218 optimality, 7, 182, 183 maintenance of, 211–213 planform characteristics, 205–207 and junction angles, 271 relation to bar units in meandering riv- planform evolution, 225–233, 337 optimality principles ers, 207 sinuosity of, 186, 206 and rational regime theory, 178–181 velocity reversal hypothesis, 211–213 mega rivers, 195, 266–268 and river networks, 46 post-settlement alluvial. See legacy sediment mining, 58, 302, 371 overbank sedimentation, 302, 321, 323–328, Powell, John Wesley, 4 hydraulic, 5, 351–353 335, 339, 342, 348 power functions. See Appendix A in-channel, effect on rivers, 366–368 mechanisms of, 323 in fluvial geomorphology, 9 waste, effect on rivers, 351–353 overland flow, 16, 18, 20, 27, 29, 39, 97, 345, isometric versus allometric scaling. See Mississippi River, 3, 160, 266, 322, 325, 346, 353, 354 Appendix A 332, 349 infiltration excess, 16, 20, 24, 26, 72, 134, 345 multivariate, 175 mitigation, 370, 376–378, 389, 391, 402 saturation excess, 20, 26, 27, 30, 33, 72, 134, primary channel, 254, 255, 257, 258, 259, 260, mixed load, 119, 190, 302, 303, 349 135, 143 263, 266, 267, 341 mixing interface, 273, 275–276, 280, 289, 290 oxbow lake, 227, 328, 332, 333, 386 pristine conditions, 372, 374, 375, 392 versus shear layer, 273 formation of, 328–330 protection, of rivers, 373–374 mixing, in rivers, 290–291 oxbow lakes, 336, 337 model theoretic view (MTV) of scientific rainsplash, 16, 22, 345, 346, 353 theory, 7–8 partial duration series, 141, 146 rating curve, 136–137, 151, 165 models geomorphological importance of, 142 sediment, 101, 104, 152 analytical, 8, 21, 38, 152, 231 particle path length, 129 rational regime theory, 178–183, 191, 402 cellular automata, 249 particle size limitations, 182 data, 8 characterization of. See Appendix B numerical/analytical approaches, 181–182 numerical, 8, 37, 83, 95, 96, 132, 203, 205, distributions. See Appendix B optimality approaches, 178–181 229, 231, 232, 250, 325 downstream fining. See bed material threshold approach, 181 physical, 9, 205, 287, 357 phi units. See Appendix B vectorial mechanics, 181 physics-based, 229, 230, 249, 250, 251 particle Reynolds number, 119, 183 ray-isovel method, 95 predictive, 50, 59, 71, 96, 122, 170, 185, 251, particle step length, 129 reach, of river, 72 273, 325, 357, 380, 398, 402 path lengths reference condition, 372, 374, 380, 387, 388, reduced-complexity, 185, 250 of transported particles, 130 389, 392, 393, 394, 399 theoretical, 7, 8, 9, 17, 19, 311 percolation, 135 reference reach, 380, 383, 390, 391, 392 uncertainty of, 402 perennial streams, 74, 121, 135, 159, 261, 366 regime theory, 144, 145, See also rational modern timescale, 12, 14, 49, 63, 157, 172, pivoting angle, 105, 110 regime theory 176, 178, 290, 300, 335, 357, 369 relation to grain resistance to motion, 110 regulative principles, 7, 145, 157 momentum flux, 78, 79, 88, 89, 121, 287 relation to particle size, 110 relative roughness, 314 momentum flux ratio, 274, 285, 287, 288, 292 planform. See channel planform and grain resistance, 84 planform scale, 12, 72, 83, 85, 127, 160, 170, relief, 12, 16, 24, 29, 36, 39, 50, 52, 55, 57, 59, Natural Channel Design, 389–392, 393, 402 205, 246, 247, 248, 249, 269, 359, 386, 62, 159, 270, 294, 304, 344, 350 naturalization, 370, 375, 378, 389, 393, 400 as independent variable in fluvial sys- 399–401, 402 plate tectonics, 15 tems, 12 Navier-Stokes equations, 95 Playfair, John, 4 relief ratio, 50, 52, 64 nonequilibrium, 159 Playfair’s Law, 4 reservoirs. See dams nonlinear dynamical behavior, 7, 36, 157, point bar, 191, 208, 210, 219, 221, 225, 232, restoration, 370, 374–375, 377, 378, 379, 389, 231, 346, 369, 383, 402 258, 288, 289, 321, 335, 336, 337, 390, 391, 399, 402 of models, 34–35 339, 354 and Natural Channel Design, 392 normal stress influence on flow through meander bends, process-based, 392–396 effective, 224 217–218 return flow, 135 turbulent, 88, 115, 201 relation to bar units in meandering riv- Reynolds number, 80, 87, 94 ers, 207 Reynolds stresses, 88, 93, 96, 113, 115, 224 oblique accretion, 323 pollution, 1, 71, 99, 142, 351, 371, 373, 399 ridge and swale topography, 322, 386 Okavango Delta, 264 pools rills, 16, 21, 29, 34, 70, 346 open-channel hydraulics, 72 infilling of, 350, 397 and channel initiation, 16–17, 21

Index 513

characteristics of, 22 sediment budget, 65–67, 132 sediment yield, 49, 70, 71, 346, 353, See also versus gullies, 22–24 and connectivity, 66–67 sediment load ripples, 84, 114, 217, 283, 284, 313, 336, 337 and drainage-basin management, 71 and earthquakes, 60 river and models of sediment flux, 70–71 and rock erodibility, 57 definition of, 2–3 and sediment residence time, 67 relation to drainage area, 50, 53–57 river engineering, 223, 369, 371, 392, 393, 402 and sediment tracing, 68 relation to precipitation and runoff, 50–52 river network, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 15, 29, 33, 34, of Coon Creek, 65, 71 relation to vegetation, 52 39, 63, 269, 308 sediment delivery problem, 63 sediment, fluvial as example of self-organized criticality, 46 sediment delivery ratio, 63–64, 69, 70, 346 characterization of. See Appendix B development of, by overland flow, 30–32, and timescale, 67 sedimentary links, 304–305 36–37 defined, 63 seepage erosion, 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, development of, by subsurface flow, 30, limitations of, 64–65 38, 224, 346 32–33, 38–39 sediment fingerprinting. See sediment selective sorting, 297, 299, 304, 306 fractal scaling of, 44–46 tracing and downstream fining, 299–302 geometry of, 39 sediment load, 49, 121, See also sediment self-organized criticality, 46, 231, 248 laws of network composition, 43 yield sensitivity, of river systems, 357, See also method of defining, 39 and agriculture, 58, 346, 348, 351 geomorphic effectiveness optimal channel networks, 46 and anabranching rivers, 260, 268 shear layer, 114, 323, 326 stages of development, 29 and braided rivers, 243 shear stress topology of, 44, 45 and channel geometry, 178, 179, 181 acting on grains, 116 River Styles Framework, 379, 383–389 and channel planform, 188–189 bank, 222, 224 river system, 3–4 and channel slope, 296 bed, 77–78, 82, 83, 87, 113, 115, 116, 123, as floodplain and channels, 319 and confluences, 285, 286, 290 125, 181 dependent and independent variables, and dam removal, 397, 398 bed determination of, 92–95 12–13 and denudation rate, 62 bed, bankfull, in rivers, 182, 183 heirarchical spatial structure of, 11–12 and effective discharge, 151, 152, 155 boundary, of overland flow, 16 timescales, 12–13 and human impacts, 58 boundary, ray-isovel method, 95 river-network scale, 11, 33, 269, 297, 306, 359, and longitudinal profile, 296, 305, 306 critical bank, 225 373, 386, See also drainage-basin scale and mining activities, 352 critical bed, 108, 111, 128, 181, 182, 183, rivers and runoff, 52 211, 300, 316 importance of, 1 and straight rivers, 192, 193 critical bed, for channel initiation, 37 Rosgen Method, 379, 389, See also Natural and timber harvesting, 350 critical bed, of overland flow, 19 Channel Design and urbanization, 354 critical dimensionless bed, 106, 110, 111, concerns about, 383 and water quality, 372 112, 191, 300 of geomorphic assessment, 379–383 factors influencing at drainage-basin critical dimensionless grain, 116 roughness height, 91, 92 scale, 49 dimensionless bed, 106, 107, 130, 236, Rouse equation, 117, 118, 119 global predictive model, 59 237, 300 Rouse number, 117, 119 impact of dams on, 58, 364, 365, 366 turbulent, 79, 80, 86, 88, 89, 93, 113, 115 relation to basin topography, 50, 52–53 viscous, 78, 79, 86, 89 saltation, 100, 116, 307, 308 relation to climate and vegetation, 49, 60 shear velocity, 83, 87, 92, 106, 112, 118, 119, science relation to drainage area, 50 129, 156 applied design, 370, 371, 374, 389, 392, relation to rock and soil erodibility, 50 bank, 224 399, 402 relative importance of controlling factors, bankfull, 183 applied predictive, 370 59–60 critical, 112 applied versus basic, 370 versus solid load, 97 critical bank, 224 scour and fill, 130, 168, 172, 234, 337, 415 sediment production, 55, 63, 64, 67, 104, 346, sheetwash, 16, 346 scroll bars, 226, 232, 321–322, 323, 330 350, 351, 355 shingle bars, 227, 228 secondary channels, 254, 255, 257, 258, 259, sediment storage, 54, 55, 62, 63, 65, 104, sinuosity 260, 263, 266, 267, 321, 332, 341, 248, 321 and channel straightening, 358 386, 394 sediment residence time, 67 and cutoffs, 226 secondary circulation, 214, 215, 218, 220, 244, sediment tracing, 67–70, 103 and length of oxbow lakes, 328 245, 278, 280 sediment transport capacity, 101, 124, 132, and meander evolution, 231 secondary flow, 214, 215, 229, 242, 244, 268, 179, 219, 237, 238, 242, 253, 282, 296, and sediment flux, 229 286, 291 300, 302, 306, 323, 324, 359, 360, 361, factors controlling, 206 and helical motion, 278 365, 391 of braided rivers, 240

514 Index

sinuosity (cont.) structures for stream stabilization and turbulence, 87, 88, 112–115, 116, of single-thread rivers, 186 restoration, 391 118, 323 recovery of, 360 subcritical flow, 80, 81, 281, 311, 314, bursting, 114 soil creep, 16 317 coherent turbulent structures, 114, soil erosion, 55, 58, 59, 63, 64, 70, 71, 98, 100, supercritical flow, 81, 281, 314, 317 275–276, 291, 364 101, 347, 353 superelevation, of the water surface, 213, 216, ejections, 113, 115 impacts of agriculture on, 345–346 230, 244, 246, 273, 277, 278, 327 horizontal bursting, 202 solid load, 97 suspended load, 48, 99, 119, 121, 193, 307, horizontal coherent structures, 202 splays, 327–328, 336, 338 321, 327 quadrant analysis of, 113 bank-top, 327 suspended sediment, 323 sweeps, 113 crevasse, 260, 261, 262, 327, 336, 341, 386 global flux to oceans, 47 turbulent dissipation rate, 10 stability, 17, 158, 355 transport of, 116–119 turbulent flow, 10, 78–79, 80, 86, 88, 114 morphological, 314, 316, 357, 374, 401 transport, measurement of. See turbulent kinetic energy, 93, 213, 225, of river channels, 71, 318, 371, 372, 380, Appendix D 276, 291 389, 391, 392, 395 suspended sediment concentration, 100, 103, stability analysis, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 170, 192, 117, 119, 323, 325, 350 urban stream syndrome, 353 202, 234, 243 first flush phenomenon, 102 urbanization, 353, 371, 375, 399, 401 slope, 224 hysteresis, 102–103, 104 effects of construction on streams, stage, of a river, 135 relation to discharge and other controlling 353–354 steady state, 7, 13, 36, 37, 38, 39, 145, 157, 158, factors, 100–105 effects of urbanized areas on river chan- 248, 306, 309, 312, 324, 387, 389 seasonal variations, 104 nels, 355–356 steepness index, 307, 309, 310, 312 wave, 101 effects on hydrology, 354–355 step-pool channels, 314, 383, 386 suspended sediment load, 67, 100, 119, 152, effects on sediment supply, 355 flow and sediment transport in, 317–318 229, 269, 308 phases of, 353 formation of, 314–316 relation to sediment concentration, morphology of, 316–317 101 valley slope, 26, 176, 186, 188, 189, 193, 195, stability of, 316 sustainability, 59, 371, 372, 375, 392, 393 196, 206, 256, 296, 313, 388 Sternberg’s Law, of downstream fining, symmetry valley spacing 297, 298 of bifurcations, 243 in relation to advective and diffusive storm sewer, 102, 354, 355, 399, 401 of confluence planform, 270 processes, 35–36 Strahler, Arthur, 5 of confluences versus bifurcations, 270 vegetation, 12, 104 straight rivers and anabranching, 256, 261, 264–266, and sinuosity, 186 tectonic uplift, 34, 36, 37, 39, 62, 63, 267, 268 environmental conditions of, 194 294, 296, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, and bank erosion, 222, 224 stream capture, 37 312 and braided river dynamics, 249 stream length ratio, 41 terrace, 149, 162, 266, 272, 349, 365, 366, and braided rivers, 192, 339 stream links, 12, 39–41, 43, 304 386, 397 and channel geometry, 175 and width function, 137 definition of, 320 and channel recovery to disturbance, 359, cis versus trans, 43 thalweg, 98, 188, 189, 192, 193, 194, 200, 201, 361, 365, 366, 396 stream magnitude, 39–41 202, 256, 321, 336, 337, 360 and lateral migration of rivers, 232 stream order, 39–41, 44 threshold channel, 181 as independent variable in fluvial systems, stream power, 46, 78, 120, 121, 129, 130, 162, thresholds 12, 357 229, 234, 248, 250, 252, 253, 256, 258, extrinsic, 157 clearing of, 344, 345, 349, 350, 353, 391, 259, 266, 296, 306, 328, 332, 348, 355, in river systems, 4, 157, 159, 346 399 358, 359, 388 intrinsic, 157 growth on point bars, 233 and floodplain characteristics, 333 throughflow, 72, 97, 134 velocity and floodplain typology, 333–335 timber harvesting fluctuating components of, 88 critical, 112 effect on rivers, 350–351 mean, at a location in the flow, 74 dimensionless, 247 topographic steering, of flow, 217, 218, mean, over a cross section, 73 meandering versus braided rivers, 221, 230 measurement of. See Appendix C 189–191 transient conditions, 13, 159, 194, 308, vector, 74 of floods, 161 309, 312 velocity profile, turbulent flow, 91 potential, 190 tributaries vertical accretion, 261, 321, 323, 329, 333, stream power incision model, 37, 306, 312 effect on downstream fining, 304–305 334, 335, 336, 339, 340, 361 stream, versus river, 2 effect on main rivers, 271–272 self-limiting nature of, 323

Index 515

virtual velocity wall similarity concept, 94 waterfalls, 309, 311 of transported particles, 129, 130 wandering gravel-bed rivers, 194, 252, watershed. See drainage viscosity, 78, 99 256–258, 259, 260, 261, 267, 285, basin dynamic, 78 383, 389 watershed assessment, 378, 379, eddy, 79, 89, 117 environmental domain of, 194 389 kinematic, 80, 87, 183 wash load, 99, 100, 258, watershed planning, 378, 389 viscous sublayer, 108, 114 303, 397 wave, of sediment, 351 von Karman’s constant, 90, 92 water quality, 1, 99, 371, 372, 373, 374, 383, wetted perimeter, 77 vorticity, 201 392, 399, 401 width, of ﬂow, 73