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Bath, 1770-1835 'A RESONATING VOID': STRATEGIES AND RESPONSES TO POVERTY, BATH, 1770-1835. JANET MARY CHIVERS A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements ofthe University of the West ofEngland, Bristol, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Bath Spa University. School of Historical and Cultural Studies November 2006. Abstract This thesis addresses the lives of the poor in Bath in the period 1770 to 1835, a period of rapid expansion, spatially and demographically, and a time of change both locally and nationally. Because of the importance to Bath of image, the labouring poor have been marginalised. This thesis will help to fill 'a resonating void' in Bath's historiography. It makes an important addition to urban history as a study of a spa resort, and adds to the rather patchy history of poverty in an eighteenth-century urban context. It confirms the view that women were the main recipients of attention under the Old Poor Laws. Using Poor Law records, charity records and Coroners' records, the thesis shows how the poor used the Poor Laws to access poor relief and establish settlements. In times of illness or accident they applied to medical charities. Some women turned to prostitution, and some subsequently entered the Bath Penitentiary and Lock Hospital seeking rehabilitation. Some single, female, domestic servants committed infanticide and some of the poor took their own lives. The authorities acted promptly and pragmatically to examine, and possibly remove, applicants, often single women. They manipulated the apprenticeship scheme as part of a poor relief strategy, and to ensure future labour requirements. The civic elite founded charities to address the problem of begging, to assist the sick or injured poor and used legislation to clean the streets of beggars and prostitutes. Changes in the 1820s have been detected, in line with national trends, suggesting that a tougher line was being taken by the civic elite towards the poor. It reveals the relationship between overseers, justices, the charitable elite and the poor in an eighteenth-century city, characterised by pragmatism on one hand and agency on the other, and adds a more nuanced aspect to the history of Bath while providing an important addition to a national picture of urban poverty. Acknowledgements I owe a big debt of gratitude to the following people: Professor Graham Davis and Dr Elaine Chalus as my supportive and long-suffering supervisors, to the staff at Bath Spa University Library, St Matthias, University of West ofEngland Library, Bath University Library and Bath Central Library, to the staff at Somerset and Hampshire Record Offices, and, even more, to Colin Johnston and the staff at Bath Record Office, to Writhlington Community College Repro-graphics department, and last, but far from least, to my husband, Maurice, for his IT skills and unfailing support. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction I Chapter breakdown 12 Conclusion 13 Chapter 2: Pauper and Bastardy Examinations 17 Introduction 17 The Poor Laws 18 The administration of the Poor Law 19 Historiography 20 Overseers of the Poor 27 Justices of the Peace 30 Pauper examinations 32 Migration 34 Claiming a settlement 37 Bastardy examinations 38 Women and the Poor Law 41 Married women, widows and deserted wives 41 Singlewomen and the Poor Law 44 Conclusion 46 Chapter 3: Removal Orders 53 Introduction 53 Historiography 54 Sources 59 Removal orders in Bath 60 Removal orders, Parish of St. James, 1780- 1784. 60 Removal orders, St. James, 1792-96 64 Removals orders, St. James, 1799-1803 68 Removal orders, Walcot, 1827-33 71 Conclusion 75 Chapter 4: John Curry, Overseer fo r the Poor for the parish of Walcot, Bath, 1811-1831. 81 Introduction 81 The eighteenth-century Overseer 82 The Sturges-Bourne Acts ofl8 18 and 1819. 84 The parish of Walcot 85 John Curry 89 The diary 90 Conclusion 99 Chapter 5: Pauper Apprentices 103 Introduction 103 Sources 104 The apprenticeship system 105 Premiums 106 Age of apprentices 108 Training 112 Gender differences. 115 Treatment of apprentices. 119 The termination of apprenticeships 125 Apprenticeship as a means of poor relief 128 Decline of apprenticeships 129 Conclusion 131 Chapter 6: Philanthropy 138 Introduction 138 Historiography 138 Philanthropy in Bath 140 Women and philanthropy 142 The ·middling sort' and philanthropy 143 Subscription philanthropy 143 Bath 'Heroes' 144 Two medical charities 147 Bath City Infirmary and Dispensary 14 7 The Casualty Hospital. 15 1 Women at the Casualty Hospital 153 The Collapse of the Bath and Somersetshire Bank 154 The merger 155 The Bath Penitentiary for Penitent Prostitutes. 157 Who gained from philanthropy? 164 Patients and prostitutes. 164 Subscribers and managers 166 The medical profession 168 Conclusion 170 Chapter 7: Vagrancy and Prostitution 177 Introduction 177 Historiography 179 Sexuality and space 181 Sources 183 Information concerning vagrants 184 Control and punishment 186 Maria Price 187 Somerset Quarter Sessions Records 188 Prostitution and crime 190 Dangerous work 19 1 Prostitution as a life-cycle choice 193 Conclusion 194 Chapter 8: Infanticide 199 Introduction 199 Definitions 200 Historiography 20 1 The legal context 205 The person thought most likely to commit infanticide 207 Concealing the pregnancy 208 Infanticide in Bath 209 Case Study I - Mary Cure 209 Case Study 2 - Sarah Webb 211 Case Study 3 - Ann Panting 213 The importance of medical evidence and Bath Coroners 215 Still-births and accidental infant death 217 Conclusion 220 Chapter 9: Suicide 226 Introduction 226 Felon or lunatic? 228 Historiography 229 Sources 236 Felo de se verdicts in Bath 237 Suicide as an indication ofthe menial health of the cotnmunity 239 Methods used to commit suicide. 241 Suicide and status 243 Age-related suicide. 244 Gender differences. 246 Conclusion .248 Chapter 10: Conclusion 255 Bibliography 262 Figures Fig.2 . 1 The number of examinants year on year fo r Bath 1771-1774 33 Fig 2.2 Claims of settlement by percentage for City of Bath, 1770-1774, St Michael's parish, 1815-1818, and parish of Walcot, 1821-1824, 38 Fig 2.3 Number of single women, widows and deserted wives examined. 41 Fig 3.1 Removals fr om St. James 1780-1784 61 Fig 3.2 Removals from St. James, 1792-1796 65 Fig 3.3 Removals fr om St. James, 1799-1803 69 Fig 3.4 Walcot Removals, 1827-33 71 Fig 5.1 Age of apprentices at start of indentures. 109 Fig 5.2 Trades where wife of master was involved 114 Fig 5. 3 Three trades to which most girls apprenticed 115 Fig 5.4 Trades to which most boys apprenticed 116 Fig 5.5 Destination of male pauper apprentices 118 Fig 5.6 Destination of fe male pauper apprentices 119 Fig 5. 7 Number of pauper apprentices, St. James, Bath 13 I Fig 7.1 Showing the number of women and men apprehended Year on year 184 Fig 8.1 City of Bath, recorded infant deaths, 1776-1835 217 Fig 9.1 Economic welfare and suicide 240 Fig 9.2 Recorded methods used to commit suicide, 1776-1835 242 Map of Bath 1786 This map has been redacted from the online thesis due to potential copyright issues. ·' .. ·· ·�... ..... l• ...... .,"'·-'- ., \t1t..... ...... f ... ,.�:..-... \'"••·��� .... ... .: .. •..,. 2•• , .•. , .... ,,. .. .,.. � ... ..... '• .. � 1.... '"- ••• • • __ ·c·� • ., From Davis and Bonsall, A History of Bath, p.288 Parish boundaries fr om Ordnance Survey, 'Georgian Bath'. Map of Bath 1786 This map has been redacted from the online thesis due to potential copyright issues. ,.,.... ,, '4"•1 n:e:,..• ,, H•�LlA .:.,..,.s , t. .;:,,.• ... (t ·�......... � l ... ·-- ··-..·-�J .. :�t... .. · ••-�Uo .. n \·t'l�t •�·•· =-• ...., ... r� .. •I;(,.., -•� ,,.-; "·\r!h-c.. ..... t":tr.r •-•• ·.:-..." :>,�o"l•••,,. • 1 ,,. »- .. -·· .. ·"· h ., 4 1.:-.,.-a-.... ... ... ...t -·�· • .,., ,_ ·�f:"f '· .. :J\ _::- -� ::..":� .. ._ .. .. < . • • r"� : ,;1:�· - ._ . ... -.. � ... ·· . ... -· ..•1 .. From Davis and Bonsall, A History of Bath, p.288 Parish boundaries from Ordnance Survey, 'Georgian Bath' Chapter 1: Introduction In Th e Image of Georgian Bath, Peter Borsay wrote that the contemporary image of Bath was complex and varied, but what was most striking was what had not been written. He continued: 'On the whole, working men and women (other than in passing negative references), children, and, to a lesser extent, craftsmen and tradesmen fa il to register a presence. Where they might have stood there is a resonating void' .1 This thesis helps to filltha t void. An exploration of the strategies and responses employed by the poor and by the civic elite in the face of poverty in the period 1770 to183 5 , reveals the working of the poor laws in that period, and the relationship between the poor and the Overseers, Justices, Coroners, charity subscribers and managers. Examining Poor Law records, charity records and Coroners' records for the period 1770 to 1835 reveals that the Poor Law officials in the fo ur central parishes of the city worked efficiently, if parochially, keeping in mind the possible future labour needs of a spa resort. The Justices of the Peace were educated men who worked hard in support of the Overseers. Such examination also reveals a change in attitude towards the poor in the 1820s which affected poor women in particular. This thesis stands, therefore, at the intersection of urban history, the history of poverty, women's history, and the history of Bath. Bath has been written about extensively but the historiography has concentrated on the good and the great living in, or visiting, the city, the architecture, or what is sometimes referred to as Bath 's 'Georgian summer'. This thesis provides a valuable addition to this limited view of a city that was an important spa and health resort, and is now a World Heritage Site. A more nuanced picture of Bath will emerge, fo r the period 1770 to 1835, peopled by, atnong others, the poor, paupers, patients and prostitutes.
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