Allied Social Science Associations Atlanta, GA January 3–5, 2010
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Download File Are Today's Inequalities Limiting Tomorrow's Opportunities?
Equitable GrowthWashington Center forEquitable Growth ILLUSTRATION BY AUSTIN CLEMENS Are today’s inequalities limiting tomorrow’s opportunities? A review of the social sciences literature on economic inequality and intergenerational mobility October 2018 By Elisabeth Jacobs and Liz Hipple www.equitablegrowth.org Equitable Growth Are today’s inequalities limiting tomorrow’s opportunities? A review of the social sciences literature on economic inequality and intergenerational mobility October 2018 By Elisabeth Jacobs and Liz Hipple Contents 6 Fast facts 8 Overview 13 Definitions and metrics 14 Absolute or relative? 15 What does “high“ mobility look like? 24 Which resources should we measure? 26 Does high inequality today mean low mobility tomorrow? 32 How does economic inequality limit the development of human potential? 34 Health inequalities 38 Parental investment 44 Education 52 Conclusion to “how does economic inequality limit the development of human potential“ 54 How does economic inequality limit the deployment of human potential? 55 Changing structure of the labor market 62 Persistent discrimination 65 Household balance sheets and intergenerational mobility 68 Conclusion to “how does economic inequality limit the deployment of human potential“ 70 Conclusion 72 About the authors 73 Acknowledgements 74 Bibliography 87 Endnotes Fast facts Intergenerational mobility is the technical concept at the heart of the American Dream. An individual’s place on the economic distribution is supposed to reflect individual effort and talent, not parental resources and privilege. Yet this perspec- tive ignores the mounting evidence of the myriad ways that poverty and economic inequality foreclose equality of opportunity for far too many Americans now and in the future. -
Economics 881.25 Human Capital and Economic Development
Economics 881.25 Human Capital and Economic Development Class Meetings Class times Fridays 15:05 - 17:35 Classes begin 9 January 2015 Classes end 20 February 2015 Class location Social Sciences 111 Instructor Instructor Robert Garlick Email [email protected] Office Social Sciences 204 Office hours Wednesdays 13:30 - 15:30 for open office hours http://robertgarlick.youcanbook.me for one-on-one meetings about research 1 Course Overview This is a graduate, seminar-style course studying the intersection between development economics and the economics of human capital. The course is aimed primarily at doctoral students in eco- nomics who are interested in conducting research in development economics. Much of the material will also be relevant for graduate students interested in applied microeconomic research on human capital topics. The course will focus on two dimensions of human capital: education and health. Issues around nutrition and fertility will be discussed briefly but will not be a major focus. We will focus on economic topics relevant to low- and middle-income countries and will primarily read papers using data from these countries. We will also read some papers using data from developed countries, focusing on their theoretical or methodological contributions. We will only briefly discuss some macroeconomic aspects of the relationship between human capital and economic development. We will not study the relationship between human capital and the labor market, as this will be discussed in detail in Economics 881.26. The course has three goals: 1. Prepare students to conduct applied microeconomic research at the intersection between de- velopment economics and the economics of human capital 2. -
Skill Versus Voice in Local Development
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES SKILL VERSUS VOICE IN LOCAL DEVELOPMENT Katherine Casey Rachel Glennerster Edward Miguel Maarten Voors Working Paper 25022 http://www.nber.org/papers/w25022 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 September 2018 We thank Samuel Asher, Angélica Eguiguren, Andrés Felipe Rodriguez, Erin Iyigun, Mirella Schrijvers, Eleanor Wiseman and the Innovations for Poverty Action team in Freetown for excellent research assistance and fieldwork. We thank the Decentralization Secretariat, the GoBifo Project, Local Councillors in Bombali and Bonthe districts, and a panel of experts for their collaboration. We thank the Editor and referees, as well as Mike Callen, Macartan Humphreys, Ken Opalo, Ann Swidler, Eva Vivalt and numerous seminar participants, for valuable comments. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the UK Economic and Social Research Council, the Governance Initiative at JPAL, NWO 451-14-001 and the Stanford Institute for Innovation in Developing Economies. All errors are our own. This study was pre- registered on the AEA registry: https://www.socialscienceregistry.org/trials/1784. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research or the Department for International Development. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer- reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2018 by Katherine Casey, Rachel Glennerster, Edward Miguel, and Maarten Voors. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. -
Gender and Child Health Investments in India Emily Oster NBER Working Paper No
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES DOES INCREASED ACCESS INCREASE EQUALITY? GENDER AND CHILD HEALTH INVESTMENTS IN INDIA Emily Oster Working Paper 12743 http://www.nber.org/papers/w12743 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 December 2006 Gary Becker, Kerwin Charles, Steve Cicala, Amy Finkelstein, Andrew Francis, Jon Guryan, Matthew Gentzkow, Lawrence Katz, Michael Kremer, Steven Levitt, Kevin Murphy, Jesse Shapiro, Andrei Shleifer, Rebecca Thornton, and participants in seminars at Harvard University, the University of Chicago, and NBER provided helpful comments. I am grateful for funding from the Belfer Center, Kennedy School of Government. Laura Cervantes provided outstanding research assistance. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. © 2006 by Emily Oster. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Does Increased Access Increase Equality? Gender and Child Health Investments in India Emily Oster NBER Working Paper No. 12743 December 2006 JEL No. I18,J13,J16,O12 ABSTRACT Policymakers often argue that increasing access to health care is one crucial avenue for decreasing gender inequality in the developing world. Although this is generally true in the cross section, time series evidence does not always point to the same conclusion. This paper analyzes the relationship between access to child health investments and gender inequality in those health investments in India. A simple theory of gender-biased parental investment suggests that gender inequality may actually be non-monotonically related to access to health investments. -
Prosperity Economics Building an Economy for All
ProsPerity economics Building an economy for All Jacob S. Hacker and Nate Loewentheil ProsPerity economics Building an economy for All Jacob S. Hacker and Nate Loewentheil Creative Commons (cc) 2012 by Jacob S. Hacker and Nate Loewentheil Notice of rights: This book has been published under a Creative Commons license (Attribution-NonCom- mercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported; to view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/3.0/). This work may be copied, redistributed, or displayed by anyone, provided that proper at- tribution is given. ii / prosperity economics About the authors Jacob S. Hacker, Ph.D., is the Director of the Institution for Social and Policy Studies (ISPS), the Stanley B. Resor Professor of Political Science, and Senior Research Fellow in International and Area Studies at the MacMil- lan Center at Yale University. An expert on the politics of U.S. health and social policy, he is author of Winner-Take-All Politics: How Wash- ington Made the Rich Richer—And Turned Its Back on the Middle Class, with Paul Pierson (September 2010, paperback March 2011); The Great Risk Shift: The New Economic Insecurity and the Decline of the American Dream (2006, paperback 2008); The Divided Welfare State: The Battle Over Public and Private Social Benefits in the United States (2002); and The Road to No- where: The Genesis of President Clinton’s Plan for Health Security (1997), co-winner of the Brownlow Book Award of the National Academy of Public Administration. He is also co-author, with Paul Pierson, of Off Center: The Republican Revolution and the Erosion of American Democracy (2005), and has edited volumes, most recently, hared Responsibility, Shared Risk: Government, Markets and Social Policy in the Twenty-First Century, with Ann O'Leary (2012). -
Pia J. Raffler
Pia J. Raffler Contact Department of Government +1 617 495 4765 (Office) Information Harvard University praffl[email protected] 1737 Cambridge Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 www.piaraffler.com Academic Assistant Professor, Harvard University since 2017 Positions Department of Government Faculty Affiliate, Center for African Studies Faculty Affiliate, Institute for Quantitative Social Science Faculty Affiliate, Weatherhead Center for International Affairs Research Fellow, Princeton University 2016 { 2017 Center for the Study of Democratic Politics, Niehaus Center for Globalization and Governance Education Yale University, New Haven, CT Ph.D., Political Science 2017 M.A., M.Phil., Political Science Dissertation: Information, Accountability, and Political Elite Behavior With distinction, APSA Award for Best Dissertation in Experimental Research Committee: Thad Dunning (chair), Kate Baldwin, Chris Blattman, Ana De La O, Steven Wilkinson Columbia University, New York, NY Master in International Affairs 2008 Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit¨at, Munich Vordiplom, Sociology, Political Science, and Economics 2004 Publications Forthcoming. Martin, Lucy and Pia Raffler. \Fault Lines. The Effects of Bureaucratic Power on Electoral Accountability" American Journal of Political Science 2019. Dunning, Thad et al. \Voter information campaigns and political accountability: Cumulative findings from a pre-registered meta-analysis of coordinated trials." Science Advances 5(7). Forthcoming. Platas Izama, Melina and Pia Raffler. \Private vs. Public Information and Voting Behavior. A Field Experiment in Ugandan MP Elections." Information and Accountability: A New Method for Cumulative Learning. Edited by Thad Dunning et al. Cambridge University Press. Forthcoming. Baldwin, Kate and Pia Raffler. \Traditional Leaders, Service Delivery and Electoral Accountability." Decentralization and Development in Practice: As- sessing the Evidence. Edited by Jonathan Rodden and Erik Wibbels Cambridge University Press. -
Export Dynamics in Colombia: Firm-Level Evidence
Faculty Research Working Papers Series Export Dynamics in Colombia: Firm-Level Evidence Jonathan Eaton New York University Marcela Eslava Universidad de Los Andes Maurice Kugler John F. Kennedy School of Government – Harvard University James Tybout Pennsylvania State University October 2007 RWP07-050 The views expressed in the KSG Faculty Research Working Paper Series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the John F. Kennedy School of Government or of Harvard University. Faculty Research Working Papers have not undergone formal review and approval. Such papers are included in this series to elicit feedback and to encourage debate on important public policy challenges. Copyright belongs to the author(s). Papers may be downloaded for personal use only. NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES EXPORT DYNAMICS IN COLOMBIA: FIRM-LEVEL EVIDENCE Jonathan Eaton Marcela Eslava Maurice Kugler James Tybout Working Paper 13531 http://www.nber.org/papers/w13531 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 October 2007 We gratefully acknowledge Banco de la República de Colombia for its support to this project, both financially and in terms of data access. We also thank Pietro Bonaldi, Monica Hernández, and Miguel Rueda for excellent research assistance, as well as Enrique Montes for expert data advice. Finally we are grateful to Costas Arkolakis, Sascha Becker, Gene Grossman, Ricardo Hausmann, Elhanan Helpman, Dalia Marin, Marc Melitz and participants in the CEPR conference on "Globalization and the Organization of Firms", as well as members of the Board of Governors of Banco de la República de Colombia, for valuable comments. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. -
WHY COMPETITION in the POLITICS INDUSTRY IS FAILING AMERICA a Strategy for Reinvigorating Our Democracy
SEPTEMBER 2017 WHY COMPETITION IN THE POLITICS INDUSTRY IS FAILING AMERICA A strategy for reinvigorating our democracy Katherine M. Gehl and Michael E. Porter ABOUT THE AUTHORS Katherine M. Gehl, a business leader and former CEO with experience in government, began, in the last decade, to participate actively in politics—first in traditional partisan politics. As she deepened her understanding of how politics actually worked—and didn’t work—for the public interest, she realized that even the best candidates and elected officials were severely limited by a dysfunctional system, and that the political system was the single greatest challenge facing our country. She turned her focus to political system reform and innovation and has made this her mission. Michael E. Porter, an expert on competition and strategy in industries and nations, encountered politics in trying to advise governments and advocate sensible and proven reforms. As co-chair of the multiyear, non-partisan U.S. Competitiveness Project at Harvard Business School over the past five years, it became clear to him that the political system was actually the major constraint in America’s inability to restore economic prosperity and address many of the other problems our nation faces. Working with Katherine to understand the root causes of the failure of political competition, and what to do about it, has become an obsession. DISCLOSURE This work was funded by Harvard Business School, including the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness and the Division of Research and Faculty Development. No external funding was received. Katherine and Michael are both involved in supporting the work they advocate in this report. -
Acquiring Knowledge Outside the Academy in Early Modern England
Patrick Wallis Between apprenticeship and skill: acquiring knowledge outside the academy in Early Modern England Article (Accepted version) (Refereed) Original citation: Wallis, Patrick (2018) Between apprenticeship and skill: acquiring knowledge outside the academy in Early Modern England. Science in Context. ISSN 0269-8897 (In Press) © 2018 University of Cambridge This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/88579/ Available in LSE Research Online: June 2018 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s final accepted version of the journal article. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. Between Apprenticeship and Skill: Acquiring Knowledge outside the academy in Early Modern England Patrick Wallis Argument Apprenticeship was probably the largest mode of organized learning in early modern European societies, and artisan practitioners commonly began as apprentices. Yet little is known about how youths actually gained skills. I develop a model of vocational pedagogy that accounts for the characteristics of apprenticeship and use a range of legal and autobiographical sources to examine the contribution of different forms of training in England. -
School Vouchers, Labor Markets and Vocational Education
School Vouchers, Labor Markets and Vocational Education By: Eric Bettinger Michael Kremer Maurice Kugler Carlos Medina Christian Posso Juan E. Saavedra No. 1087 2019 Bogotá - Colombia - B ogotá - Bogotá - Colombia - Bogotá - Colombia - Bogotá - Colombia - Bogotá - Colombia - Bogotá - Colombia - Bogotá - Colombia School Vouchers, Labor Markets and Vocational Education By ERIC BETTINGER, MICHAEL KREMER, MAURICE KUGLER, CARLOS MEDINA, CHRISTIAN POSSO AND JUAN E. SAAVEDRA* The opinions contained in this document are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not commit Banco de la República nor its Board of Directors Abstract We provide evidence on the long-run impact of vouchers for private secondary schools, evidence collected twenty years after students applied for the vouchers. Prior to the voucher lottery, students applied to either an academic or vocational secondary school, an important mediating factor in the vouchers’ impacts. We find strong tertiary education and labor market effects for those students who applied to vocational schools with almost no impact on those who applied to academic schools. The labor market gains for vocational students are strongest at the top of the distribution and null at the bottom of the distribution. We find additional long- run impacts on consumption, and teen-age fertility. The expected net present value of benefits to participants and to taxpayers was large and positive implying that the program was welfare improving unless net externalities were large and negative. JEL Codes: E51, H24, I22, I23, I26, J13 Keywords: school choice, scholarships, formal earnings, access to higher education, access to consumer credit, fertility. _____________________ * Bettinger: Stanford University, [email protected]; Kremer: Harvard University, [email protected]; Kugler: George Mason University, [email protected]; Medina and Posso: Banco de la República de Colombia, [email protected], [email protected]; Saavedra: University of Southern California, [email protected]). -
Personalities and Public Sector Performance: Evidence from a Health Experiment in Pakistan
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES PERSONALITIES AND PUBLIC SECTOR PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM A HEALTH EXPERIMENT IN PAKISTAN Michael Callen Saad Gulzar Ali Hasanain Muhammad Yasir Khan Arman Rezaee Working Paper 21180 http://www.nber.org/papers/w21180 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02138 May 2015, Revised April 2018 We thank Farasat Iqbal (Punjab Health Sector Reforms Project) for championing and implementing the project and Asim Fayaz and Zubair Bhatti (World Bank) for designing the smartphone monitoring program. Support is provided by the International Growth Centre (IGC) state capabilities program, the IGC Pakistan country office, and the University of California Office of the President Lab Fees Research Program Grant #235855. Callen was supported by grant #FA9550-09-1- 0314 from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. We thank Tahir Andrabi, Eli Berman, Ali Cheema, Julie Cullen, Clark Gibson, Naved Hamid, Gordon Hanson, Asim Khwaja, Jennifer Lerner, Jane Mansbridge, Edward Miguel, Craig McIntosh, Ijaz Nabi, Rohini Pande, ChristopherWoodruff, and seminar participants at UC Berkeley, UC Los Angeles Anderson, UC San Diego, Paris School of Economics, New York University, University of Washington, Harvard Kennedy School, and participants at the IGC Political Economy Group, Development and Conflict Research (DACOR), Pacific Development (PacDev), New England Universities Development Consortium (NEUDC), Southern California Conference in Applied Microeconomics (SoCCAM), Bay Area Behavioral and Experimental Economics Workshop (BABEEW), Symposium on Economic Experiments in Developing Countries (SEEDEEC), and the Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis of Development (BREAD) conferences for insightful comments. Excellent research assistance was provided by Muhammad Zia Mehmood. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. -
Do Casinos Really Cause Crime? Douglas M
Econ Journal Watch Scholarly Comments on Academic Economics Volume 5, Issue 1, January 2008 Editor’s Notes 1-3 COMMENTS Do Casinos Really Cause Crime? Douglas M. Walker 4-20 Correctly Critiquing Casino-Crime Causality, Earl L. Grinols and David B. Mustard 21-31 Highway Penetration of Central Cities: Not a Major Cause of Suburbanization, Wendell Cox, Peter Gordon, and Christian L. Redfearn 32-45 Reply to Cox, Gordon, and Redfearn’s Comment on “Did Highways Cause Suburbanization?” Nathaniel Baum-Snow 46-50 Growth Accelerations and Regime Changes: A Correction, Richard Jong-A-Pin and Jakob de Haan 51-58 The EITC Disincentive: A Reply to Dr. Hilary Hoynes, Paul Trampe 59-65 Gulphs in Mankind’s Career of Prosperity: A Critique of Adam Smith on Interest Rate Restrictions, Jeremy Bentham 66-77 EC ONOMI C S IN PRA C TI C E The Market for Lemmas: Evidence that Complex Models Rarely Operate in Our World, Philip R.P. Coelho and James E. McClure 78-90 “Theory” and “Models”: Terminology through the Looking Glass, Robert S. Goldfarb and Jonathan Ratner 91-108 CHARA C TER ISSUES Left Out: A Critique of Paul Krugman Based on a Comprehensive Account of His New York Times Columns, 1997 through 2006, Daniel B. Klein with Harika Anna Barlett 109-133 Appendix: Taking Stock of Paul Krugman’s 654 New York Times Columns, 1997 through 2006, Harika Anna Barlett and Daniel B. Klein I-XLV THE SOUNDS OF SILEN C E 134 Entire January 2008 Issue (1.6MB) 1-134 EDITOR ’S NOT E Econ Journal Watch, Volume 5, Number 1, January 2008, pp 1-3.