Religious Policy and Dissent in Socialist Hungary, 1974-1989. The

CEU eTD Collection IstvánSecond Reader: Professor Rév Supervisor: Professor Al Nadia Religious Policy and Dissent in Socialist Hungary, Hungary, 1974 Socialist in andDissent Policy Religious

In requirements for of fulfillment the thedegree partial of The Case of the of Bokor The Case - Central European University Bagdadi History Department Budapest, Hungary

András Jobbágy Master ofArts Submitted to Submitted

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movement

- 1989.

CEU eTD Collection with accordance in made copies Furthersuch instructions may made. copies such any of part This a librarian. form the must from page obtained be may Details Library, European Central the in lodged in only either made be process, may part, any or full by Copies Author. the with rests thesis this of text the in Copyright Statement Copyright of

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CEU eTD Collection main text transla All Hungarian. in are use I literature secondary the of much and sources primary my of All Notes translation on tions were done by me; I only gi only I me; by done were tions .

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ge in ge the the CEU eTD Collection church order in se new a for argues author the regarded longer Kádárist such of material archival available the on arguments its bases thesis The churchin quo status this behind consideration major episcopacy. The of cause political the served repression of mechanisms applied the that argues and movement, expressed form dissent. of political the grass Catholic the Hungary. Kádárist Abstract cularization/modernity/Communism keep 90 ad 1980s, and 1970s - Secondly, the thesis analyzes the perspective of the party the of perspective the analyzes thesis the Secondly, The ic te ae f h Bokor the of case the Since state relationships relationships state ing to reach a more profound and comprehensive understanding on religious policy and policy religious on understanding comprehensive and profound more a reach to Hungary

thesis investigates religious policy, church policy, religious investigates thesis h uiy f h Ctoi Cuc intact Church Catholic the of unity the

as the Subdivision III/IIISubdivision as the and the - ot Bokor root Firstly, by Firstly, - state relationships state ahlc C Catholic

h tei age ta te oo cn e osdrd s religiously a as considered be can Bokor the that argues thesis the in

approach, late Kádárist Hungary.

- pointing out the interconnectedness between the ideology of of ideology the between interconnectedness the out pointing movement movement uc a is oiia eey n h eaie pro, the period, examined the in enemy political its as hurch

- oeet eel ta te omns party communist the that reveals movement

, and religion with the findings of empirical research empirical of findings the with religion and

which which had been consolidated in the course of 1970s. courseof the in consolidatedbeen had which and 3

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State OfficeAffairs. ofChurch

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CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusion ChapterBokor 4.The ChapterBokor 3.The Chapterof the 2.The political Bokor: theology ideologyand ecclesiology Chapter 1. Religiousand Policy Hungary1989. between inSocialist 1974 Introduction Table of Contents Abstract Notes ontranslation Statement of Copyright Table ofContents 3.1. The through Bokor thelens ofthe strength state:and structure motivation, inner 2.3. Conclusion 2.2. Ecclesiology Theology 2.1. Political 1.3. Conclusion 1.2. Objectives ofreligious and achievements policy Hungary inSocialist Institutional1.1 structure andreligious means of Hungary policyinSocialist Sources considerations and methodological The Bokor Religious policyKádárist inlate overview Hungary: historiographical andtheoretical Research questions 4.4. Conclusion 4.3. Bokor an the underground Catholic 4.2. Operativeinto interventions the perspectivegovernment ofthe Hungarian Vatican the and Bokor the of issue the pressure: political under See Holy The 4.1. 3.4. Conclusion theaction in 3.3. Shift plan:keepingenforcing unity by schism 3.2. Theon theBokor firstand religious action planits

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CEU eTD Collection networks, these of One number. great in intellectuals and people young attracted form new The Church. official the within Church unofficial of sort a became members thousand few l formed communities local active but Small community. semi new a boundaries: theseagainst Church Catholic the arosewithin challengenew a on, 1960s publi the of out practice religious the keep to and churches, the over they membersBokor wereof tobe presumed the stat the from pressure of because parishes their from displaced or suspended be to had who priests those of names the with bishops the to list a over handed had Archbishop new the that priests among spread to started rumor a year Ca Hungarian the of head official the as served he 1986, in death Esztergom.Lékai his Archbishopdeath, Until inaugurated as year of was after Mindszenty’s one 1976, In Esztergom”. of Governor “Apostolic to Veszprém, of bishop former the Lékai, appoin pope the dismissal, Mindszenty’s of announcement official the before the in began phase new po the of deprived been had Mindszenty See. Holy the toward government Hungarian the of demand essential an was dismissal his regime, communist the of antagonists ideological main the since government, Kádárist Józs Cardinal the of policy religious the of achievements major the one Introduction - ntttoaie fr o rlgos raiain a cytlzn, fr o base of form a crystalizing, was organization religious of form institutionalized In 1974 Pope Paul VI declared vacant the Archdiocese of Esztergom. This event is event This Esztergom. of Archdiocese the vacant declared VI Paul Pope 1974 In Two basic principles of the Kadarist religious policy were to maintain strict control strict maintain to were policy religious Kadarist the of principles basic Two ssibility to fulfill his duties since his arrest in 1948, yet with his official dismissal a dismissal official his yetwith 1948, in arrest his since duties his fulfill to ssibility ef Mindszenty, the Prince Primate and Archbishop of Esztergom was one of one was Esztergom of Archbishop and Primate Prince the Mindszenty, ef

religious policy of the Kádár the of policy religious 6

e. One thing was common to these priests, priests, these to common was thing One e. - movement. - E ra. On 2nd of February, three days days three February, of 2nd On ra. oentok, hc ih their with which networks, oose

tholic Church. In the same same the In Church. tholic c sphere. From the late the From sphere. c e László ted - CEU eTD Collection UniDuke Ramet N.C.: (Durham, Pedro differentiate I 1 so, doing In Hungary. socialist late in policy religious and relationships Research questions ecclesiastical live onthemargins o for up stood only could and successfully significance earlier its lost had movement a as Bokor the Yet rehabilitation. “Bulányists” marginalized the of several ( “Crows” of codename views. Bulányi’s of threats” “political the against warned who Paskai László primate, new the of remarks doctrinal several on withdrawal Sacred Bulányi’s for the called Hungary to sent of letter a in Faith, prefect the of Doctrine the a for Congregation as Ratzinger Cardinal 1986, In radicals. hothead and heretics tur in Church official The state. atheist the to faithful its of The sellout the Vatican.collaboration; unprincipled of the hierarchy the accused reached “Bulányists” that Church the within developed controversy bitter a years problematic doctrinally alleged his of because episcopacy the by duties priestly his from suspended was Bulányi Pater 1982 In spectacularly. deteriorate Bokor antagonism ofthe the soon provoked base The Gospels”. the live “to Christianity, ideas theological his Bokor the

Leslie László, “The Catholic Church in Hungary,” in in Hungary,” in Church Catholic “The László, Leslie After 1976, the relationships between the Bokor and the Church hierarchy started to started hierarchy Church the and Bokor the between relationships the 1976, After My thesis investigates the case of the BokorMy the thecase of thesisinvestigates - movement stood out with its charisma its with out stood movement 1

enhl, h sae euiy netgtd h “uáyss udr the under “Bulányists” the investigated security state the Meanwhile,

f the Church. – “Varja

norgd i floes o ie rdcly uncompromising radically a live to followers his encouraged

k” versity Press, c1990), 168 c1990), versityPress, ) during the 1980s. After the fall of the regime in 1989, in regime the of fall the After 1980s. the during )

sus Te etr a pbihd n ugr wt the with Hungary in published was letter The issues.

socialist state. socialist 7

- n isolated and stigmatized the Bulányists as Bulányists the stigmatized and isolated n Catholicis communities in general, but especially the the especially but general, in communities tic leader, Pater Bulányi, who Bulányi, Pater leader, tic - movement in the context ofchurchcontext inthe movement - 169. m and Politics in Communist Societies Communist in Politics and m

ecig. n h following the In teachings. –

based on based - state state , ed. , CEU eTD Collection 2014. 24, February Church. Catholic Társadalom the subverting in Security State of András instrument the became unconsciously or deliberately 3 organizing community his again started 1960s. the late He activityin years. for worker transport a as worked Bulányi 1960 in release after 1958 in again imprisoned but released, was he 1956 of revolution the During In1952 1945. in in Debrecen communities small networkof in teacher literature and German school 2 government. Bokor motivat the of interconnectedness the represent grasp I and aim to Inaddition, movement. the strangle isolateand attemptedand to therefore threat a as it classified state the whether contrary, the on or, Church, the rule” and “divide p given the in feared clerics many as Bokor, the instrumentalized indeed state socialist the whether question the to answer the seek I Here state. the of perspective church of matrix ecclesiology. Bokor the of leader and of material agencies state different archival the on arguments my base mostly I where thesis my of parts other ideology Bokor’s the of aspects political the on reading comprehensive a offer i dissent political of form a as movement the at view to possible is it whether to answer an Bokor seeks and the ideology, its on and movement focuses level analytical first The topic. examined the on understanding a this Using levels. analytical three between

György Bulányi (1919 Bulányi György Máté - - óh n i esy el wt te ut cmo pbi dsore acrig o hc B which to according discourse, public common quite the with deals essay his in Tóth movement and the overall religious political objectives of the late Kádárist Kádárist late the of objectives political religious overall the and movement Máté The second analytical level is concerned with the role of the Bokor the of role the with concerned is level analytical second The 21, http://www.egyhazestarsadalom 2012, , - óh “uáy pooaí ö provokatív “Bulányi Tóth,

- state relationships between 1974 and 1989, with special emphasis on the the on emphasis special with 1989, and 1974 between relationships state - 2010) was ordained to the priesthood in 1943 1943 in priesthood the to ordained was 2010)

– -

movement, founder charismatic the Bulányi,György of writings the Ianalyze ,

Sátoraljaújhely, Tata and Debrecen. Bulányi Bulányi Debrecen. and Tata Sátoraljaújhely, 2

in the conceptual framework of political theology and theology political of framework conceptual the in röksége” [The Provocative Heritage of Bulányi], Bulányi], of Heritage Provocative [The röksége” n the communist socio communist the n .hu/kozelmult/bulanyi 8 pproach I expect to reach a more profound profound more a reach to expect I pproach

ions behind the state’s policy regarding the regarding policy state’s the behind ions , he was arrested and sentenced to life to sentenced and arrested was he as a piarist monk piarist a as - - provokativ political setting. In order to order In setting. political

long hiding. After his his After hiding. long - . He worked as a high a as worked He . rkee. Accessed oroksege/. eriod, - began movement in th in movement

3 –

o raie a organize to

in order to order in - unlike the the unlike long prison. prison. long ghz és Egyház ulányi ulányi final final e - CEU eTD Collection Pub Academia Period Postwar the On in Perspectives 1945,” after Yugoslavia and Slovenia in Church Catholic the 6 5 4 Hu Kádárist late the respect this societies. communist of case the in observable much very is practice and secularism, of sayideology to better or theory,between discrepancy The outcomes. completely different sp private the to religion limit to endeavors political modernity. of boundaries the redrawing” and legitimation discursive contestation, of process “ongoing the in role active an has still and had indeed religion that descriptive and level. polemical the on both theory secularization challenged Casanova Jose relevance has which entitled book famous his In work. notion my of perspective one here highlight to like would I abundant. is communism, and religion modernity/modernization, and religion secularism/secularization, in policy Religious late theore Kádárist and historiographical Hungary: an anticlerical politicalpractice. as Communism of image dominant the challenges indeed which Hungary, rela multifaceted the illuminates case” “Bokor the that argue religious will I communism, apparatus. state communist and and institutions religion of relationship complex the on understanding our p the how of question the to

Ibid. 65 Ibid. Casanova, Jose See for instance: instance: for See 4

I regard Casanova’s works as highly significant because it instru it because significant highly as works Casanova’s regard I The literature on the enormously complex relationships between religion and and religion between relationships complex enormously the on literature The and answer seeks issues, wider toward The analytical ofmy third research turns level - 66.

lishing, 2008), 213. 2008), lishing, Public Religions in the Modern World Modern the in Religions Public Mateja Režek, “Cuius Regio Eius Religio. The Rela The Religio. Eius Regio “Cuius Režek, Mateja inhp o te ahlc hrh n party and Church Catholic the of tionships

articular case of the Bokor the of case articular

, ed. Balázs Apor, Péter Apor, and E. A. Rees (Washington, DC: New New DC: (Washington, Rees A. E. and Apor, Péter Apor, Balázs ed. , gr ws lo o a ecpin Te constitutional The exception. an not also was ngary 9

(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994) Press, Chicago of University (Chicago:

here have the tendency to turn out with out turn to tendency the have here Public Religions in the Modern World Modern the in Religions Public h Sveiain f atr Erp: New Europe: Eastern of Sovietization The - movement contributes or modifies or contributes movement tionship of Communist Authorities with Authorities Communist of tionship - tt i te ae Kádárist late the in state 5

s consequence, a As tvl ons out points ctively tical overview from the the from priori a

From

CEU eTD Collection Churches], and Kádár the in Security Churches [State Kádár a egyházüldözők és egyházak” Egyházüldözés és “Állambiztonság Kádár Vörös, Szemle Géza Egyháztörténti 2010).; L’Harmattan, 1945 Church, Catholic the of History the from in Security], State Géza 2013); policy. religious 7 Bottoni, Stefano Balogh, Margit Soós, Viktor Attila Vörös, Géza Tabajdi, Gábor of articles and books the to limited not but including works, yea recent in Hungary, public discourse. Bokor the were channels such view, my In sphere. public the in religion of participation the serve to emerged channels discursive other consequence, a As sphere. public the in presence their legitimize to order in feelings national mobilize not did here denominations since countries, European Eastern other to compared perspective transnational the in secularization of Hungary story different view, a represents point this From Church”. “National of role distinguished the in herself efficien or nationalism of card the play could Church, Catholic predominant bloc Soviet the across Church Orthodox national that fact the in manifests rather examples denominations imposedby thestate. religious over control strict meant practice in state and church of separation of principle

Tabajdi, Vörös, Soós, Soós, Vörös, Tabajdi, - osabn [ korszakban” – h dsiiaiy f h Hnain ae oprd o te Esen European Eastern other to compared case Hungarian the of dissimilarity The ih ead t cmuit eiiu plc ad state and policy religious communist to regards With

which by their activity attempted to reintegrate religious views and values into the into values and views religious reintegrate to attempted activity their by which Vörös, “Egyházak az állambiztonsági dokumentumokban” [Churches in the Documents of the the of Documents the in [Churches dokumentumokban” állambiztonsági az “Egyházak Vörös, Gábor Tabajdi, Tabajdi, Gábor Csapdában. Tanulmányok a Katolikus Egyház történetéből, 1945 történetéből, Egyház Katolikus a Tanulmányok Csapdában. tt Scrt Ntok, Network Networks, Security State

- 10, no. 4 (2009): 3 (2009): 4 no. 10, Era] Bottoni rs one can witness a significant increase in the number of scholarly of number the in increase significant a witness can one rs , ed. Viktor Attila Soós, Csaba Szabó, and László Sziget (Budapest: Szent István István Szent (Budapest: Sziget László and Szabó, Csaba Soós, Attila Viktor ed. ,

and Ungváry Ungváry and A III/III. Krónikája Krónikája III/III. A

– - 19.; Géza Vörös, “Hálózatok, hálózatépítés az egyházakon belül a belül egyházakon az hálózatépítés “Hálózatok, Vörös, Géza 19.; korszakban. Tanulmánykötet. Tanulmánykötet. korszakban.

in their works focus on focus works their in - 1989] –

in contrast to the Polish Catholic Church or the the or Church Catholic Polish the to contrast in [The Chronicle of Subdivision III/III.] Subdivision of Chronicle [The 10 , ed. Gábor Bá Gábor ed. , -

Building within the Churches Churches the within Building

Catholic grass Catholic –

in Hungary no church, including the the including church, no Hungary in the role of role the rstá Ungváry Krisztián nkúti and György Gyarmati (Budapest: (Budapest: Gyarmati György and nkúti [Persecution and Persecutors of the the of Persecutors and [Persecution -

State Security in in Security State roots - hrh eainhp in relationships church

ae h cpct to capacity the have - 1989 1989 –

n h Kádár the in and especially the the especially and [Ensnared. Essays [Ensnared.

(Budapest: Jaffa, (Budapest: n others. and implementing implementing l fashion tly - Era ], in in ], 7

CEU eTD Collection ob political Party in changes and shifts for implementation. roomthis precisely provide that mentioning could worth is which it however flexibility this; dispute cannot I by decades. previous policy the religious to compared Kádárist “flexible late and its early that the out between pointing continuity the emphasizes she Instead 1980s. 1970s the and of policy religious the on interpretation comprehensive distinct any offer not does Köbel research, 8 História (Budapest: 1790 Magyarországon, regime [Ch rendszerben” Kádár a egyházpolitika és “Egyház Balogh, policy. Balogh contrast, In 1989 Since Challenges in Hierarchy,” Catholic Roman 1945 Church, Catholic the Gyarmati of History the from Essays [Ensnared. in Relationship], Special a of [History Officers.] Security tartótiszteknek. tankönyv Állambiztonsági egyházakat? Társulat non and official Numerous practice. political communist as policy does really not conceptual changestarting point. the this but churches, and di denominations within oppositionists and collaborationists intimidated clear less or more a makes narrative supplementing this A of rule. dimension and divide of tactic the with combined mechanisms repressive various applying by Church Catholic the destroy ultimately or suppress to aimed regime party communist the of decades earlier the researchthe of in establishedbeen has as givenperiod the policyon imagereligioussame of projectsthat it preconception,the verynamely literaturemain this struggles withone limited success. of degree varying with period communist whole the cover scope whose works ambitious few a and studies case empirical of set a of consists literature the 1980s, Nevertheless,

pret xml i fr h lte te aube ok y zli Kbl Dsie e impressive her Despite Köbel. Szilvia by book valuable the latter the for is example perfect A - State and the Churches] the and State ], ], The – hs narrative This Eszmélet

–

(Budapest: L’Harmattan, 2010), Krisztián Ungváry, “The Kádár Regime and the Subdu the and Regime Kádár “The Ungváry, Krisztián 2010), L’Harmattan, (Budapest: regards religious institutions as natural enemies of the communist ideology as well well as ideology communist the of enemies natural as institutions religious regards

uhr id, 00; éa is Vik Kiss, Réka 2010); Kiadó, Luther source publishing work publishing source Szilvia Köbel, Köbel, Szilvia ocrig church concerning , no. 3 (1997), 69 (1997), 3 no. ,

– Bdps: ’amta, 02; tfn Btoi “g klnee kpslt történ kapcsolat különleges “Egy Bottoni, Stefano 2012); L’Harmattan, (Budapest: in her article article her in

MTA , ed. Sabrina P. Ramet (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014) Macmillan, Palgrave Ramet Sabrina (London: ,P. ed. - 2005 2005 - – TTI, 2005) TTI,

eyn o ide iprat dooia peie o communist of premises ideological important indeed on relying (Budapest: Rejtjel, 2005) Rejtjel, (Budapest: Sae Cuce, eiiu Patc i Hnay 1790 Hungary, in Practice Religious Churches, [State, ” legal basis did not change in essence in the course of 1970s and 1980s 1980s and 1970s of course the in essence in change not did basis legal ” “Oszd meg és uralkodj”. A Pártállam és az egyházak. egyházak. és az Pártállam A uralkodj”. és “Oszdmeg eiin n Pltc i Post in Politics and Religion is more concerned with the g the with concerned more is of Balogh Balogh of - 79. Margit Balogh and Jenő Gergely, Jenő and Balogh Margit 79.

Csapdában. Tanulmányok a Katolikus Egyház történetéből, 1945 történetéből, Egyház Katolikus a Tanulmányok Csapdában. - tt rltosis n rlgos oiy f h 17s and 1970s the of policy religious and relationships state together with Jenő Gergely also bears great significance. Margit significance. great bears also Gergely Jenő with together tor Attila Soós, and Gábor Tabajdi, Tabajdi, Gábor and Soós, Attila tor - state. According to t to According state. 11

[How to Persecute Churches? A Textbook for State State for Textbook A Churches? Persecute to [How

urch and Ecclesiastical Policy under the Kádár the under Policy Ecclesiastical and urch

eneral characteristics of the the of characteristics eneral - oils Cnrl n Suhatr Europe: Southeastern and Central Socialist - 1989] - tnto bten orp or corrupt between stinction fiil aiettos f the of manifestations official , ed. Gábor Bánkúti and György György and Bánkúti Gábor ed. , Állam, egyháza Állam, his narrative, the socialist the narrative, his etvs n their and jectives

[“Divide and Rule”. The The Rule”. and [“Divide - 2005]

oyn üldözzünk Hogyan k, vallásgyakorlás vallásgyakorlás k, Kádárist vl I, vols. 2 II, vol. , 8

In generalIn ehd of methods ing of the the of ing

religious archival archival - 1989 ete” ete” - ,

CEU eTD Collection 1987), Press, University Indiana (Bloomington: e supporting 10 as fields 11. 1988), Press, University N.C: Duke (Durham, practical such in 9 but ideology” of terms in not realized be should cooperation the for ‘reciprocation’ the that crucial is “it policy: religious phrased, clumsily il although follows, What system”. our to loyal are priesthood the and leaders church the of majority vast the … churches and state between cooperation political flexibl and consequent the secure to continues situation political domestic firm “our frame: conceptual well. i put institutions. Ramet as “cooptation”, state as churches considered state communist the which to according observed be can tendency the cases many in suggests, in religious with precisely more or religion, with irreconcilable is nature its by systemwhich political a arrangementas political communist the consider not do I practice in therefore, antagonism, ideological b should and could view, my in 1980s, and policy of needs the by shaped challenges and situations new with decision political the influenced strongly cases many in latter the if even terms, ideological not and political in thinking was foremost and first everywhere, like just Hungary, in power ruling int taken be to has it However, argument. this support also Party ruling

utae te rcia pltcl osdrtos eid hs cneun” n “flexible” and “consequent” this behind considerations political practical the lustrates Pedro Ramet, ed., ed., Ramet, Pedro er Ramet, Pedro 10

stain eot f h Sae fie f hrh far i 18 vldts this validates 1982 in Affairs Church of Office State the of report situation A - making. The political purposes of politica of purposes political The making. e realization of our religious political aims and the further development of of development further the and aims political religious our of realization e rs ad omsa: h Pltc o Rlgo i Esen uoe n te USSR the and Europe Eastern in Religion of Politics The Commissar: and Cross atr Crsint ad oiis n h Tw the in Politics and Christianity Eastern

tttoscuce. n h cnrr, s o isac Ramet instance for as contrary, the On stitutions/churches. t, is clearly graspable in the case of late Kádárist Hungary as Hungary Kádárist late of case the in graspable clearly is t,

- making. Socialist religious policy in Hungary in the 1970s the in Hungary in policy religious Socialist making. –

67 n te dooia cnieain cud lo be also could considerations ideological the and

- 73. 12 e comprehended in this frame. Regardless the the Regardless frame. this in comprehended e

l power in turn do change in accordance in change do turn in power l 9

hs edny f coto” and “cooption” of tendency This nit Century entieth , Christianity under Stress 1 1 Stress under Christianity , o account that the the that account o cclesiastical

CEU eTD Collection Years Khrushchev Chumachenko, Tatiana 1947 Romania, in Power Political and Religion War: Cold 159 2010), Press, University European Central Berglund(Budapest: in Church,” Catholic 14 Formati the Romania Communist 13 12 11 greetedcertain chur by were which efforts and objectives political religious such had government Kádárist the that account into probability the take really not does research scholarly Hungarian current the eff similar the considering perspective transnational a from striking been not would claim a such that fact the Despite thesis. my in role significant a plays which interpretation possible one mention to like would I resistance. churches, r and divide of and paradigm aforementioned the than interpretations state the of part the both on adaptation unchanged objective, the instrumental the achieve to attitude “machiavellist” specific a as only considered usually party Kádárist the of characteristic main is pragmatism This Hungary. Socialist of framework the in practice and institutions religious of accommodation the facilitate should policy the premises, ideological communist stressing by citizens loyal otherwise alienating practicalit political follow should policy religious state’s the that implied also it other, the On loyalty. for return in compensation political as displayed constructions. “ Sincan, Maria Anca See for instance Balogh, Balogh, instance for See MOL Natalia Schlikhta, “Competing Concepts of Reunification behind the Liquidation of the Ukrainian Greek Greek Ukrainian the of Liquidation the behind Reunification of Concepts “Competing Schlikhta, Natalia – cneta faeok wih oue o te uul comdto and accommodation mutual the on focuses which framework, conceptual A

XIX XIX –

11 A

(New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2002), Sharpe, M.E. York: (New – n h oe ad hs en ta n ielgcl eaain hud be should relaxation ideological no that meant this hand one the On

21 hitaiy n Mdriy n atr Europe Eastern in Modernity and Christianity – hrh and Church f idee ad nemdais eoitn te tt Cuc Rltosi in Relationship Church State the Negotiating Intermediaries and Middlemen Of

d “ ches or particular layers of certain orparticularches layers of churches. Church and Ecclesiastical Policy Ecclesiastical and Church –

0032 0032 ization and repressionization of churches. veYears –

1/a 1/a tt i Sve Rsi. usa Otooy rm ol Wr I o the to II War World from Orthodoxy Russian Russia. Soviet in State – .

” (PhD diss. Central European University, 2011), 53. 53. 2011), University, European Central diss. (PhD ” 1982 (123.b) (123.b) 1982 orts of communist regimes across Eastern across regimes communist of orts -

tt, but state, 15 fe hglgtd y itrcl coasi a a as scholarship historical by highlighted often 13 - 87.; 87.;

Ramet, Ramet, - 65 underthe Kádár

– (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 10 2009), Macmillan, Palgrave (London:

n em o rlgos policy religious of terms in Eastern Christianity, Eastern - 191.; Lucian Leustean, Leustean, Lucian 191.; e. ra Porter Brian ed. , 13 12

rvds om o different for room provides

ies, that is to say instead of of instead say to is that ies, - r ule or collaboration versus versus collaboration or ule egime

, ”

71. 71.

- 3 Szűc - 19. 19.

Orthodoxy and the and Orthodoxy s and Bruce R. R. Bruce and s

- Europe, –

it is is it - 24.; 14

CEU eTD Collection movement t és gyakorlatáról mozgalom Bokor 15 nature in journalistic and/or polemic apologetic, more are which discourse, public publicati earlier endeavors, up few very a of mixture a is access could I what Bokor, the on focusing socio several by supplemented view a from not Máté but Bokor, the of phenomenon András work. his of significance the of church i place its on Catholicism, Hungarian modern in role its Bokor,on the interpretationsfocusingsystematicon historical published example, or Bokor uncovered. remain still perspectives and aspects phases, many Bokor The their as well as government the implementat of decisions political the to aim underlies I it as However, demonstrate, thesis. my in examine I material source the in explicitly appear t of applicability Church the of unity to aimed it contrary, the on Church, Catholic the rule and divide to want not did t accordingconsideration into option the take and narrative, dominating mentioned the rethink to ground fertile a provide movement,

Máté - - - movement. Despite the fact that the movement appears in many works as a reference a as works many in appears movement the that fact the Despite movement. Tóth, “The Provocative Heritage of Bulányi” of Heritage Provocative “The Tóth, Despite of the massive archival work of both Hungarian and international scholars, scholars, international and Hungarian both of work archival massive the of Despite base Catholic the of case The state relationship, are still lacking. I would like to highlight one scholar here because here scholar highlightone to like Iwould lacking. are still relationship, state ], ], Távlatok - movement: historiography and specificmovement: research and difficultieshistoriography of ion by stateagencies. therelevant i picpe ed t b tse b eprcl eerh sne t os not does it since research, empirical by tested be to needs principle his , no. 26 765 (1995): 26 no. ,

and rule it with the help of a cooperative ecclesiastical hierarchy. The The hierarchy. ecclesiastical cooperative a of help the with it rule and

n pir o 99 ad ifrn nraie cruaig n the in circulating narratives different and 1989, to prior ons

oóijrl [elcin o te hooy n Patc o te Bokor the of Practice and Theology the on [Reflections eológiájáról” – 772. -

eiiu remarks. religious - o which from the late 1970s the socialist party socialist the 1970s late the from which o omnte i Hnay epcal te Bokor the especially Hungary, in communities historical, but rather from a theological point of of point theological a from rather but historical, 14 ;

András Máté András

- te usadnl cmlx arx of matrix complex outstandingly the n óh rt iprat tde o the on studies important wrote Tóth - 15 Tóth, “Bokorból vadonba? Jegyzet vadonba? “Bokorból Tóth,

n em o hsoia studies historical of terms In mn tee ois s the is topics these Among - to -

date scholarly scholarly date – keep the keep

but still but - state state ek a a ek - - CEU eTD Collection w numberhis a in oftimes for without critique cites Havasy Europe also Benyhebelow) (see 193. Eastern of Soul the for Struggle The Flag: Red the of category the to belongs which Lékai, 18 1944 17 2013) 1980] and 1946 between County Csongrád in Communities keretében vonatkozási egyház hivatalos a és pártállam a közt, 1980 16 properwithout critique. non also and Hungarian prevent not did This comi writings polemic other any as hierarchy) spiritual meta underlying The recollections. u to back go cases many in sources his form, other in survive not did which documents publishing of contribution important his beside Havasy. Gyula by compiled this sourcebo used widely of first the is phenomenon example telling A movement. the of sympathizers and members the from come which interpretations such on rely heavily conclusions and arguments scholarly that visible sources. these in present narratives biased the from itself distancing of problem the with struggles research the articles, journal samizdat or official contemporary and testimonies written interviews, source available party of material archival the from apart that, fact the to Due emerges. latt the with deal not do I thesis my In interpretations. based historically as themselves fashion

See for instance: for See Gyula Havasy, Havasy, Gyula For instance, J. Luxmoore and J. Babinek in their book uncritically cite stories from Havasy on Cardinal on Havasy from stories cite uncritically book their in Babinek J. and Luxmoore J. instance, For er type. - 1989]

n h cs o te rpr itrcl tde a pcfc ehdlgcl problem methodological specific a studies historical proper the of case the In

collaborationist the and state communist the against Bokor the of struggle (Budapest: Private Publishing,1990) Private (Budapest:

16 A magyar katolikusok szenv katolikusok magyar A

- András Mezey, “Katolikus kisközösségek és bázisközösségek Csongrád megyében 1946 és 1946 megyében Csongrád bázisközösségek és kisközösségek “Katolikus Mezey, András material on illegal Catholic groups and networks is limi is networks and groups Catholic illegal on material ih ead t te eerh n t on research the to regards With 18

aay isl ws n cie ebr f h Bkr and Bokor, the of member active an was himself Havasy legends. legends. - artv o hs ok mly te ae rps (the tropes same the employs book his of narrative edései, 1944 edései,

Jonathan Luxmoore and Jolanta Babiuch, Jolanta and Luxmoore Jonathan 15 - ok on the Catholic Church under communism under Church Catholic the on ok Hungarian scholars from using these sources sources these using from scholars Hungarian

g rm uáy o ohr oo members. Bokor other or Bulányi from ng - nverifiable stories, rumors, and memory memory and rumors, stories, nverifiable 1989 1989 ,

(London: Geoffrey Chapman Publishers, 1999), 1999), Publishers, Chapman Geoffrey (London: (PhD Diss. Pázmány Péter Catholic University, University, Catholic Péter Pázmány Diss. (PhD e Bokor he [The Sufferings of the Hungarian Catholics Catholics Hungarian the of Sufferings [The . ” [Catholic Small [Catholic ” - oeet i i particularly is it movement, - Communities and Base and Communities - state agencies, the agencies, state ted to oral history oral to ted orks. orks. The Vatican and and Vatican The

- CEU eTD Collection 230 2014), BTK, Europe] Kele Central Eastern és and Hungary in Magyarországon Movements mozgalmak lelkiségi Lelkiségek, Commu Bulányi A bázisközösségek: 21 (2013), “ Benyhe, Bloc. Eastern the throughout countries several in groups Catholic underground 20 “Bokor Benyhe, State Bernát 2013); 19, December Budapest, University, Catholic Péter 1980s. early and 1970s late the [Bokor Egyház” in Bokor the over controversy the on 19 and “illegal of because long prison life to sentenced and trialed arrested, was persons other eleven with Bulányi 1952 in when Church. catacomb a of structure the of basis the given organize to started Kolakovic Pater mysterious 1940 late the to back Boko the of beginnings the that assumption the accepts usually subject the meta mentioned the mind in bearing by interpretations such use literature, I exclusion, complete secondary of instead of case In decision. my of cause the explain and sign non I otherwise, from coming evidence additional by validated be cannot which inquiry of scope my from sources such exclude I so, do to order In paradigm. so history the aspects many in but unconsciously, or consciously that fact the Máté

The unpublished essays of Bernát Benyhe represent the only serious source serious only the represent Benyhe Bernát of essays unpublished The ils fae f church of frame cialist On this first first this On eye dniis oaoi wt te Croatian the with Kolakovic identifies Benyhe - - Church], Forthcoming publication. publication. Forthcoming Church], - narrative. Tóth and Ber and Tóth

1. iis n ugr: h Bulányi The Hungary: in nities A specific example of this, Isay,bi this,would of specificexample A This meta This –

a paradigm which served its legitimation during, and after the collapse of the the of collapse the after and during, legitimation its served which paradigm a - - State phase 241.

- -

narrative can also be recognized in such valuable works as the essays of of essays the as works valuable such in recognized be also can narrative Church] (presented (presented Church]

nát Benyhe. nát of Bulányi’s community organizing activity see: see: activity organizing community Bulányi’s of s and early and s

- eesg s Ktlks ghz z 50 az Egyház Katolikus a és jelenség - state relationships. In my thesis I would like to overcome this this overcome to like would I thesis my In relationships. state

1950 Nonetheless, what is important here is to call attention to attention call to is here important is what Nonetheless,

- anti at the at p eoeo ad h Ctoi Cuc i te al 15s, in 1950s], Early the in Church Catholic the and henomenon s, when Pater Bulányi with the encouragement of the of encouragement the with Bulányi Pater when s, - state activity”. Bulányi was released in 1960 with an in1960with released was Bulányi activity”.state Catholicism in Hungary in the era of the Vatican II Vatican the of era the in Hungary in Catholicism 16 , ed. Gábor Barna and Kinga Povedák (Szeged: SZTE SZTE (Szeged: Povedák Kinga and Barna Gábor ed. ,

Jesuit Stjepan Tomislav Poglajen, who organized organized who Poglajen, Tomislav Stjepan Jesuit

ased historio ased ml communities, small t - Közép 21

- interrupted was attempt first This Európában Európában - oo acut. hr I do I Where accounts. Bokor - s vk ljn [h Frt Base First [The elején” évek es Bernát Benyhe, “Bokor “Bokor Benyhe, Bernát graphyis András Mezey, “Az “Az Mezey, András - based historical interpretation interpretation historical based Bokor did write its own its write did Bokor [Spirituality and Spiritual Spiritual and [Spirituality 20 - Állam

that the literatureon the that hc wud have would which Bokor r - - ghz [Bokor Egyház” movement go movement - State – lő hazai első , Pázmány ,

- Állam Church” Church” – - - -

CEU eTD Collection Bulányi 24 denied he theresurr that fact the to due excommunicated was 1996 in Bokor, the of wing radical most and younger the non and esoteric writings his (1931 Barcza Barna examples. 23 22 movement the of center the in stayed and years these in emerged also Bulányi, around were 1968 in groups formed first the after country the throughout quickly very expanded communities extremism certain a and pac radical attitude, elite Christian intellectuals of number great a Bokor thinking, independent the of encouragement of characteristics distinctive The com context different distinctively Bokor The arrest. his before organized mid the from relationships state Bokor the consider narrative critique.without efforts. earlier his of result Bokoras the of developmentlater the considered naturallywho himself, Bulányi to back goes narrative the that coincidence no is It Bulányi. of story life personal the to Bokor the p The attempt. first the of continuation natural the represented groups new these narrative, common most the to According 1960s. late the from again communities small organize to began and amnesty,

Havasy, Havasy, ic I el ih h ves of views the with deal I Since eye “Bokor Benyhe, . ”; Máté ”; In my view, there is no compelling evidence which would suggest that one should should one that suggest would which evidence compelling no is there view, my In ection of Christ in his writings. his ofChrist in ection The Sufferings of the Hungarian Catholics Hungarian the of Sufferings The 23 –

– eod eln wt Crsin mysticism Christian with dealing beyond - - Tóth “Reflections on the Theology and Practice of the Bokor”, 765 ofthe Bokor”, Practice and Theology the on “Reflections Tóth

Christian ideas as reincarnation. András Gromon András reincarnation. as ideas Christian all crystallized in the 1970s, when the loose network of newly founded base founded newly of network loose the when 1970s, the in crystallized all - 1969. - Állam - roblem with this narrative is that it binds the historical development of development historical the binds it that is narrative this with roblem movement, as it appears as appears it as movement, 24 - ghz (Forthcoming) Egyház”

The - 1999), Catholic priest and one of the closest friends of Bulányi in the 1980s, in 1980s, the in Bulányi of friends closest the of one and priest Catholic 1999),

Bulányi in detail in the third chapter, here I would like to mention other other mention to like would I here chapter, third the in detail in Bulányi It is more surprising that the historical research embraced this embraced research historical the that surprising more is It leadership of the movement, which consisted of older priests older of consisted which movement, the of leadership

- 1970s, continuous with the communities that Bulányi had Bulányi that communities the with continuous 1970s,

ifism, theological progressivism and in a few cases even even cases few a in and progressivism theological ifism, pared to the catacomb communities of the early the of communities catacomb the to pared - movement of the 1970s and 1980s developed in a in developed 1980s and 1970s the of movement , 213. 213. , , 17

an increasingly significant factor in church in factor significant increasingly an - 5; Máté 35.;

–

tepe to attempted –

open (1951 - óh “h Pooaie eiae of Heritage Provocative “The Tóth, - - discussions, biblical ended )

, Catholic priest who belonged to to belonged who priest Catholic , eocl Ctoiim ih such with Catholicism reconcile - 772.

1950s the - - . CEU eTD Collection ÁBTL example for See 1980s. of course the in West the from journalist contacting from Bulányi 28 27 other look often members Bokor the and groups, different of membership the among overlaps no were contrast, In 2014. 14, March Budapest Jobbágy, András by interviewed Tomka, the that thesis my for conducted figure known a Tomka, Ferenc controversial. somewhat 26 due college theological or 2014. May13, Sülysáp, András Jobbágy, by interviewed LászlóSzegedi, seminary the from fired were Szegedi, 1950 including County Pest in Policy [Ecclesiastical the during Guard National anti for prison in years spent who Bulányi, leadershi Beside theregime. the of toward priests attitude oppositionist several conscious of with combined case the in virtuosity religious that noting worth is Sülysáp, It Jobbágy, 2014. András 13, by May interviewed Szegedi, László position. their than virtuosity religious their from presti The movement. the over oversight limited quite had it thesis, my Szegedi László what 25 chance. the had he when journalists foreign to interviews giving and journals strugg his to voice give to opportunity every seized Bulányi exception. real a represent not does Bokor the on focus which discourse), public related overrepresentation thecommunitycontinuous with Bulányi organizingactivity 1960s. of priortothelate mean 1980s. the from reports surveillance the in and 1952 from files interrogation the in Bulányi around appear names same the cases few a in and prophet divisive activity. religious legal and base groups, th from separated be not period. examined the throughout

ÁBTL ÁBTL Although this group (“priest group no. group (“priest group this Although s number a As It seems that the relationships of the Bokor Bokor the of relationships the that seems It groups and communities groupsand

- les, views and activity and views les, ht rm hsoia pit f iw n sol rgr te Bokor the regard should one view of point historical a from that state activity, Endre Halász, Catholic priest and close friend of Bulányi, participated in the activity of activity the in participated Bulányi, of friend close and priest Catholic Halász, Endre activity, state This chronological issue sheds light on another phenomenon, namely the the namely phenomenon, another on light sheds issue chronological This –

3.1.5. 3.1.5. -

communities and networks proliferated within the gray zone between illegal illegal between zone gray the within proliferated networks and communities f tt Scrt rprs mle, h party the implies, reports Security State of –

O ic attitude indeed heavily influenced the evolution of the Bokor the of evolution the influenced heavily indeed attitude ic - –

Catholic priest, member of this group until 1983 until1983 group thisof member priest, Catholic

11959/1. f uáy bscly n l shlry nepeain (n as i the in also (and interpretations scholarly all in basically Bulányi of revolution of 1956. of revolution

László Szegedi, interviewed by András Jobbágy, Sülysáp, May 13, 2014. 2014. May13, Sülysáp, Jobbágy, András by interviewed LászlóSzegedi, e general tendency of the 1970s, when many similar Catholic Catholic similar many when 1970s, the of tendency general e 26

different groups and networks strongly cooperated with each oth each with cooperated strongly networks and groups different

– The experiences of Bulányi through his personal charisma and charisma personal his through Bulányi of experiences The

prior to 1989/1990 by writing thousands of pages in samizdat in pagesof thousands bywriting 1989/1990 to prior 25 1.” as it was called) was considered as a sort of leadership, in light of of light in leadership, of sort a as considered was called) was it as 1.”

Moreover, the quick development of the Bokor should Bokor the of development quick the Moreover, - 1989], 1989],

Lászl with ó Zábori, “Egyházpolitika Pest m Pest “Egyházpolitika Zábori, ó 18 ghzötni Szemle Egyháztörténti

other of the Catholic underground, argued in an intervi an in argued underground, Catholic the of - state organs were less and less able to prevent prevent to able less and less were organs state

27 Catholic Catholic - movement. In this respect my thesis thesis my respect this In movement.

But by no circumstance would these would circumstance no by But - ge of these older priests rather derived derived rather priests older these of ge

told me in an interview conducted for conducted interview anme in told groups

10, no. 2 (2004): (2004): 2 no. 10, to their oppositionist attitude. attitude. oppositionist their to

Szegedi mentioned tha mentioned Szegedi n base and egyében (1950 egyében - communities - 28 oeet as movement

- As a result, a As movement, 1. Others, 110. ed er. Ferenc Ferenc er. –

down on on down

2.7.1. 2.7.1. - 1989)” 1989)” t there t

p was p

were ew ew –

CEU eTD Collection 31 30 by Havasy. Gyula sourcebook aforementioned Andr by interviewed Szegedi, László Trinity. in believe not did he that admitted Bulányi conversation personal a during time one at that stated thesis my for conducted interview an in 1983, until leadership Bokor’s the of member characteristic 29 Hungarian grass other to compared Bokor ofthe overrepresentation NOIJ Bokor the regarding reports agent of amount ( Security State Hungarian Bokor the far As research. historical by investigated partially only methodologicalSources considerations and dissenter. cas Bokor the simplifying of trap the avoid to impossible, not although difficult, somewhat is it sources, such on analysis circle. inner his and Bulányi against measures operative direct taking party aside, Bulányi setting by solved be could than problem bigger Bokor the that asserted 1981 in Affairs Church of Office Despite agencies. state communist of material archival related the in overrepresented much very also is activity his and Bulányi that is research my of viewpoint the from important most the is What movement. the of narrative and ideology positive. legends and rumors proliferating for ground his fertile leaders, a became charismatic conduct many of case the in Like abroad. as well as Hungary in Bokor the became soon movement, the of leader founderand the being beyondBulányi,

I deal with this issue in detail in the third chapter. chapter. in the detail third within deal I issue this MOL To mention only one I encountered with during my research, László Szegedi, Catholic Catholic Szegedi, László research, my during with encountered I one only mention To - – state paid special attention to Bulány to attention special paid state

III/III. III/III. – In my analyses I base my arguments on a rather large source material, which was was which material, source large rather a on arguments my base I analyses my In

29 XIX XIX

- oeet el wt te vial sucs f h Hsoia Acie o the of Archives Historical the of sources available the with dealt movement i ves a I eal n h scn catr ide heav indeed chapter, second the in detail I as views, His – –

133 133 A –

– 21 ás Jobbágy, Sülysáp, May 13, 2014. For positive stories and rumors, see the the see rumors, and stories positive For 2014. 13, May Sülysáp, Jobbágy, ás 150/8.; ÁBTL ÁBTL 150/8.; –

d –

0033a 0033a hereafter: t te esnl odc o Blni s religious/political a as Bulányi of conduct personal the to e –

– 1/a 1/a

2.7.1. 2.7.1. –

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–

NOIJ NOIJ

i and attempted to deal with the movement by by movement the with deal to attempted and i 19 –

- II

oeet a be cmltl inrd by ignored completely been has movement I/I

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233

the fact that an analysis of the State the of analysis an that fact the - – roots in the international scholar literature. literature. scholar international in the roots as I know, no research focusing on on focusing research no know, I as

224/6. This partially explains the relative relative the explains partially This 224/6. - oeet ersne a much a represented movement 30

e te gnis f the of agencies the yet – 31

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ic I ae my base I Since

ret n a and priest face of the faceof

CEU eTD Collection first The Hungary. across organs police county and III/III Subdivision by submitted reports fi one within movement Bokor the on Report Information Operative Daily every collected and “Crows”, codename provided basesadditional decisions for and measures. Th Reports. Information Operative Daily as Interior of Ministry the of levels higher the to form short a in submitted with was which forces police supplemented regional from information III/III, Subdivision the of officers senior by significant was considered which reports, agent individual from derived information of body this 1979, From (NOIJ Report” Information Operative “Daily the Idifficulties, here usenumber. such inlimited reports only the Bearing these inmind “proposed measures”. and of“evaluation” frequentlyappearing labels under officers of remarks the and summaries the but important, are that themselves surv the necessary not is it files relevant the in that means this speaking, Methodologically superiors. their to delivered was this only and valuable be to considered no did Security, State of terminology the in “keepers” or officers, contact These criticism. certain a with reports these with dealt themselves officers Security State the and questioned easily behind motivations the individual files, available hardly often of dozens among scattered are information relevant the research: such of difficulties the considering all at surprising not is This research. historical t report everything that their contacts wrote or told them, but selected the information the selected but them, told or wrote contacts their that everything report t Another significant type of State Security document which I use in great number is number great in use I which document Security State of type significant Another n 99 te tt Scrt oee a e “ofdnil netgto” ne the under investigation” “confidential new a opened Security State the 1979, In le of the investigation. The file thus consists of six hundred pages of of pages hundred six of consists thus file The investigation. the of le

the reports are mainly unclear, the value of such sources are sources such of value the unclear, mainly are reports the 20

–

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eillance reports reports eillance s reports ese ). -

CEU eTD Collection Networks “State Security Vörös, officers least i disturbances caused rejuvenation The officers. younger by replaced and retired was the 1977 and 1973 between that fact the by explained be can schema Bokor the on plan action coherent a had Affairs 32 fram this in readings: sympathetic for room leave not did interests These interests. ideological) (and political by shaped genuinely were terms whose framework, conceptual a within disposal their at information the the understood under case any examined agencies state the which through filter political genuinely a of presence the reveal time to time from sources these Security, State the of reports or Affairs Church of Office State the of analyses it be sources, was what what know cannotone here, Ipresent sources the researchingsimply, by by left social material archival the from derives information and data following the advance: far overlooked by historical research. take also I instances other In interpretations. new Ionlyoffer respect saythis fromto is that scholars; byother published alreadysourceswere of viewpoint the Hungary of Archive National the from basis ofmyanalysis. 1989. of May from hithert is turn in last the 1979, of January in submitted was report

It is worth noting that the fi the that noting worth is It ist state agencies do not transmit unquestionable and solid historical facts. To put it it put To facts. historical solid and unquestionable transmit not do agencies state ist o unresearched body of collected and selected information in many cases forms the forms cases many in information selected and collected of body unresearched o n epistemological One material source relevant account into take also I sources, aforementioned the Beside reported

complaint about the problems derived from inexperience among the ranks of the State Sec State the of ranks the among inexperience from derived problems the about complaint

tt Scrt and Security State . Beside the fact that wishful thinking is frequent characte frequent is thinking wishful that fact the Beside .

le was opened relatively late considering the fact that the State Office of Church Church of Office State the that fact the considering late relatively opened was le ,”

141. 141. –

n i a es ethical sense a in and

the State Office of Church Affairs. Affairs. Church of Office State the

(hereafter: MOL) (hereafter: - movement since 1976 (see in chapter 4.). The lack of such such of lack The 4.). chapter in (see 1976 since movement 21 ework all information considered to be worth worth be to considered information all ework

into account new sources, which were so so were which sources, new account into –

. These sou These . concern has to be settled here in in here settled be to has concern half of the staff in the Subdivision III/III III/III Subdivision the in staff the of half ir scope. In other words, they they words, other In scope. ir rces reveal much about much reveal rces n the operative work; at work; operative the n happened Some ristic of these these of ristic , but only but ,

f these of 32

urity. urity. This CEU eTD Collection of my thesis. actors the of thoughts and deeds the on judgments making and conclusions ethical drawing the collecting and interpretation, of sort any to open not are sources these that convinced am I and limits, its has also translation such But government. contexts other relevance carry and particular framework, this conceptual of products are material archival the in researched and read be can what personal even where raw were fields, repulsions operative and attractions as seen were no they were contrary the relationships on human exceptions; of dynamics inner The weight. political bore reporting

body of information in question from the part of the state the of part the from question in information of body –

only in a setti a in only ng which was profoundly ruled by the political reading of the of reading political the by ruled profoundly was which ng - material 22 – fr elzn pltcl upss Therefore, purposes. political realizing for s

ihu poe ad careful and proper without –

osdrn te oe n proe of purposes and mode the considering –

particularly not to not particularly translation

into CEU eTD Collection 20 1998), Press, University Duke (Durham: 33 weakness “governmental from“liberalization”deriving certain a “flexibility”undergoes and understand Ramet this decay. system overall of terms the in comprehended be should and could relationships stage developmental last em is policy religious since that argued societies communist of stages developmental the on given analysis her in Ramet Sabrina interpretation. my in guideline a as serves which notion, one only emphasize to like would I no or hypotheses tested either on Since rely cannot I Hungary, in limits. obvious has it 1980s however and 1970s the of policy religious the on far so done been has research comprehensive period, examined the in policy religious my for background general a of as interpretation. evolution Hungary the in apply policy I religious institutions, communist/socialist religious and religion regarding government earl the of efforts political the account into taking without properly understood be not could 1980s and 1970s the in policy religious of developments the Since i namely policy, religious achievements. of and objectives major its layers implementation, of means its four structure, institutional on focus I so, doing In Church. Catholic the of case the on emphasis special with 1989, and 1974 between Hungary in government Chapter 1. Religious Policy Socialistin Hungary between 1974 and 198

Sabrina P. Ramet, P. Sabrina h itrrtto I rvd hr atmt t grasp to attempts here provide I interpretation The socialist the of policy religious the of overview an give to aim I chapter this In

Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East in Change Social and Politics, Religion, Obstat: Nihil ta rlgos oiy n h pae f ea sos h sgs of signs the shows decay of phase the in policy religious that s

–

the phase of decay of phase the

- 21; 45 21; bedded into the larger framework of politics, in their in politics, of framework larger the into bedded - 48. 23

–

religious policy and also the church the also and policy religious

any systematic overview. Therefore Therefore overview. systematic any h mi caatrsis of characteristics main the ier decades made by the the by made decades ier - Central Europe and Russia and Europe Central - 33 9. 9. state state

CEU eTD Collection the and Churches] 35 34 anyway party socialist the of context the in sense much make not did which differentiation as such statements, obvious un not makingwas Affairs Church of Office State the that ascertaining beyond However policy. religious of structure institutional the review to order in Cabinet the of part the on 1987 in made were efforts It policy. religious socialist of in cornerstones itself institutional manifested the closing directly system the of erosion the when 1989/1990 years the until same the remained structures institutional basic the however applied, were modifications Kádár structurein religiouspolicy HungarySocialist means1.1 Institutional of and 1989. t to loyal remained Church, the within from coming dissidents against support and concessions limited granted the for return in which quo, status this maintaining party the the of Church, case the in least at that, was Hungary communist in relationships state church of frameworks earlier the to compared unique and new quo status this made What princip in either change not did which quo, status this of preservation the achieved mid successfully the by quo status dominated argue church in unpredictability of degree “a in results which chaos”, and

Ramet, Szilvia Köbel, Köbel, Szilvia

oenet a bscly lsd y h ery 90. ae only Later 1960s. early the by closed basically was government ee o te poie osblt, aey ht fe cnoiaig nw state new a consolidating after that namely possibility, opposite the for here le or in practice in the course of the 1980s, until the political transition of 1989/1990.of transition political the until 1980s, the of course the in practice in or le h cytliain f h isiuinl rmwr o rlgos oiy ne the under policy religious of framework institutional the of crystallization The Nihil Obstat – , no significant change, nosignificant happened. “Oszd

(Budapest: Rejtjel, 2005), Rejtjel, (Budapest: , 46. 46. , -

tt scesul md te clsatcl irrh itrse in interested hierarchy ecclesiastical the made successfully state meg és uralkodj”. A Pártállam és az egyházak. egyházak. az és Pártállam A uralkodj”. és meg

91 - 90, h Kdrs rlgos oiy ie and aimed policy religious Kádárist the 1970s, - 92. 92. 35

[“Divide and Rule”. The Party The Rule”. and [“Divide der state but party control party but state der - state relationships”. state

s ot ntn that noting worth is e ytm vn in even system he

Catholic smaller - - state state State 34 –

a - - I CEU eTD Collection a reopened 39 Church 38 Affairs. ofForeign the Ministry and CulturalMinistry the ofpatronage, the rights which owed (NET), 37 36 Soviet the to similarly ÁEH, The boards. party making pr its policy, religious coordinating ( Propaganda and Agitation for Department organization party the of functions the over took partially it between thetwoinstitutions. tensions generated viewpoints and purposes different the tasks, of overlaps the However, ÁEH. the by represented viewpoints political the to subordinated be to had contradiction of ( operative the with deal to assigned was Security State ( Hivatal Egyházügyi (ÁEH Affairs Church of Office State the were of policy terms religious in implementing agencies their state important and most two Committees The out. Political them carry and to was Central competence the of directives the received agencies policy. religious of means and purposes the determined agencies two Bizottság ( Állambiztonság M

Zoltán Rajki, “Az állam és egyház kapcsolatának jellemző vonásai a Kádár a vonásai jellemző kapcsolatának és egyház “Azállam Rajki, Zoltán Köbel, The ÁEH was founded first in 1951, and then it was it then and 1951, in first founded was ÁEH The Other state agencies with competence in different aspects of religious policy were th were policy religious of aspects different in competence with agencies state Other SZMP - State R State Defining religious policy fell within the highest decision highest the within fell policy religious Defining The ÁEH, “Divide and Rule” and “Divide nd functioned until 1989. Ibid. Ibid. 1989. functionednduntil

ad h Pltcl omte ( Committee Political the and ) –

Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party), namely the Central Committee ( Committee Central the namely Party), Workers’ Socialist Hungarian elationships in theKádár in elationships gtcó é Poaad Osztály Propaganda és Agitációs ) under the supervision of the Ministry of Interior ( Interior of Ministry the of supervision the under ) 39

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33. 33.

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Egyháztörténti Szemle Egyháztörténti bjugated tothe Cabinet, frombjugated themid oiia Bizottság Politikai 25

closed down in 1956. Three years later, in 1959, it was it 1959, in later, years Three 1956. in down closed

), and became a dominant actor in in actor dominant a became and ), operatív

Vol. 3. No. 2. (2002), (2002), 74 No. 2. 3. Vol. Council for Religious Affairs Religious for Council . h dces sud y these by issued decrees The ). - - ) aspects, which aspects, ) korban” [ korban” making boards of the Party the of boards making Belügyminisztérium 36 Main Characteristics of Characteristics Main

e Presidential Council Council Presidential e h eeat s relevant The - 86. - 1960s, when1960s,

in the case the in – Központi

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CEU eTD Collection 43 42 1790 Magyarországon, Hungary,1790 vallásgyakorlás egyházak, Állam, 1971 of 41 Union Soviet the in Policy authority. political and administrative one into combined were institutions two (the Church Orthodox Russian the of Affairs the case the in evident is This example. soviet 40 so the with dealing of task the assigned was III/III, Subdivision of authority the under III/1, Office regime, forces. reactionary internal against struggling in polices county 1989. infunction until secretaries remained power administrative their on limitations smaller With products. media religious local and constructions, ecclesiastical authorizing as such issues, local in power administrative got Secretaries County the tasks, political beside 1970, From parishes. si of level the to down bishops of level the from dioceses the in implementation policy the supervised and coordinated secretaries These committees. party county to subjugated ( Affairs Church of Secretaries County Vatican. the of representatives the with meetings occasional the at government the representing and See Holy the with relations diplomatic carrie also work administrative and political internal the beside ÁEH The administrations. church and party the between channel consultation official an provided it other, the On properly. that sure made and Churches, functions. multifaceted

Ibid. 96 Ibid. Köbel, For instance, instance, For h isiuinl tutr o rlgos oiy n ugr bscly followed basically Hungary in policy religious of structure institutional The ,

udvso IIII a etbihd n 92 s h scesr f omr political former of successor the as 1962 in established was III/III Subdivision “Divide and Rule” and “Divide Hungary was represented by the actual head of the ÁEH. See: See: ÁEH. the of head actual the by represented was Hungary .

ot ilmtc ak; t high its tasks; diplomatic out d - 2005] on the negotiations with the Vatican prior to the Partial Agreement in 1964 and the Agreement Agreement the and 1964 in Agreement Partial the to prior Vatican the with negotiations the on , vol. II, 2 vols. (Budapest: História História II,vol. vols.(Budapest: , 2 - ald lrcl ecin ( reaction clerical called , ed. Sabrina Petra Ramet (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 57 1993), Press, University Cambridge York: Ramet (New ,Petra ed.Sabrina 40 , 86 ,

n h oe ad i osre ad otold h atvt of activity the controlled and observed it hand, one the On - 89. 89.

the directions of the state religious policy were carried out carried were policy religious state the of directions the Otto Luchterhandt, “The Council for Religious Affairs,” in in Affairs,” Religious for Council “The Luchterhandt, Otto of the ÁEH which was broadly in line with the soviet soviet the with line in broadly was which ÁEH the of , and and , oni fr eiiu Affairs Religious for Council Counsel for Affairs of Religious Cults Religious of Affairs for Counsel eyi ghzgi titkárok egyházügyi megyei - akd fies ee cie n raiig the organizing in active were officers ranked 26 lrkls reakció klerikális

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MTA TTI, 2005), 2005), TTI, MTA 41 42 - 2005 2005

On the local level, the ÁEH employed ÁEH the level, local the On

Sae Cuce, eiiu Patc in Practice Religious Churches, [State, 43

From 1966 until the fall of the of fall the until 1966 From agt aoh n Je and Balogh Margit . h Ofc III/III Office The ).

1027 n 196 in in 1978, the institution of institution the 1978, in - – 1029; 1029; 1119

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established in 1943/44 in established - 1121. 1121. nő Gergely, Gergely, nő Counsel for for Counsel Religious

- 1 was was 1 – - 64. state – ngle

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CEU eTD Collection 47 2014) Macmillan, Palgrave Post t of Subduing the and Regime Kádár “The Ungváry, informants recruited 46 Társulat István Szent Sziget (Budapest: László and Szabó, Csaba Soós, Tanulmánykötet. korszakban. Network 45 3 (2009), 44 future. the in connections” “social as them employed and appointed, were persons these after cooperation of form this ordinaries. as appointment their to prior Security State for worked hierarchy the of members that evidence archival by proved be it can cases religious denom within forces reactionary against Security State the for worked persons 611 when 1969, in higher somewhat was number This 1988. and 1979 between reaction clerical against people S the sources, available the lower coordinate could officers of supervision the under Colleagues Secret The theory. in least at commitment”, “ideological or “patriotic” of employee secret information, compromising ( Colleagues” “Secret ( “Agents” as classified were network netw informant its for structure threefold new a well. as Vatican the in networks informant kept and activity intelligence external to assigned was which III/I, Subdivision with cooperated it so, III/III the which from subsections, into divided

Vörös, “State Networks,” Security Vörös, Géza Vörös, “Hálózatok, hálózatépítés az egyházakon belül a Kádár a belül egyházakon az hálózatépítés “Hálózatok, Vörös, Géza Géza Vörös, “Állambiztonság és egyházak” [State Security and Churches] Churches] and Security [State egyházak” és “Állambiztonság Vörös, Géza Ibi - oils Cnrl n Suhatr Erp: hlegs ic 1989 Since Challenges Europe: Southeastern and Central Socialist d. 148. 148. d. - ih ead o h ifrat ewr wti te ahlc hrh ol i twelve in only Church, Catholic the within network informant the to regard With – Building within the the within Building 19 .

nvr atmt t poe h ascain f ahlc riais ih h Sae Security State the with ordinaries Catholic of association the prove to attempts Ungváry inations.

n twenty in , 92 , iks mukatárs titkos [Persecution and Persecutors of the Churches in the Kádár the in Churches ofthe Persecutors and [Persecution

- Churches Churches - 93. 93. six individual cases, but his arguments are not really convincing. convincing. really not are arguments his but cases, individual six tate Security employed a network of approximately five approximately of network a employed Security tate 47

147 aad nts ht n rcia trs h aforementioned the terms practical in that notes Tabajdi - 149. 149. n h Kádár the in ügynök

). Whilst agents were usually enlisted by using using by enlisted usually were agents Whilst ). he Roman Catholic Hierarchy,” in Hierarchy,” Catholic Roman he s and colleagues served State Security because because Security State served colleagues and s 27 ), “Secret Employees” ( Employees” “Secret ), - Era -

1 ork. From this time on the members of the the of members the on time this From ork. - , in ], - 46 a dealt with the Cath the with dealt a ranked network members. network ranked

44 In general, the State the general, In

The State Security introduced in 1973 in introduced Security State The ghzlöé é eyáüdzk Kádár a egyházüldözők és Egyházüldözés - – korszakban” [State Security Networks, Networks, Security [State korszakban”

Luther Kiadó, 2010), 140 2010), LutherKiadó, , ed. Sabrina P. Ramet (London: (London: Ramet P. Sabrina ed. , Egyháztörténti Szemle Egyháztörténti titkos megbízott titkos olic Church. In doing doing In Church. olic Religion and Politics inPolitics and Religion

- Era] Security broke up broke Security 45 , ed. Viktor Attila Attila Viktor ed. ,

According to According - 141. - hundred hundred

Krisztián Krisztián 10, no. 4 no. 10, ), and ),

as as - CEU eTD Collection 50 49 48 was it when members needed. church on pressure political putting also embraced which task Népfront par and state strict organizations”“social(yet alsounder but practice, into policies putting religious in involved political work ofthe ÁEH. operat the of findings the say to is that ÁEH, the to over handed also were reports its cases many in since policy, religious realizing in ÁEH the with cooperated closely Security State the respect, this From organizations. and institutions religious over control imposing in framework institutional the of cornerstone important an was Security State the that fact the stress to like only would I however, policy, religious implementing of well government. the pleased which measures and decisions governmental ecclesiastical by but activity, agent performing hierar the say to is That one. just be might Security State the which among government, the to channels many had ordinaries another. or form one in Security State for worked the by that argues therefore Tabajdi dubious. numbers and statistics available the makes transition democratic the during documents of shredding mass the with together which practice a connections, ecclesiastical its to reports Subdi the seems it since representative; really not is number

Köbel, Köbel, 223. Ibid. Tabajdi, Gábor - illustrate the am the illustrate It is worth noting that not only state and party agencies (in the narrower sense) were were sense) narrower the (in agencies party and state only not that noting worth is It 50 “Divide and Rule” and “Divide ). The task of the HNF was to “unite all for the sake of constructing socialism”, a a socialism”, constructing of sake the for all “unite to was HNF the of task The ).

The N The

A III/III. Krónikája III/III.Krónikája A ational Peace Council (OBT Council Peace ational y uevso) uh s h Ptitc oua Fot (HNF Front Popular Patriotic the as such supervision) ty biguity of the scholarly literature on the subject. From the perspective the From subject. the on literature scholarly the of biguity , 36 , 49

The two arguments partially contradict each other, and thereby and other, each contradict partially arguments two The 37.

[The Chronicle of Subdivision III/III.] Subdivision Chronicle of [The h dd o claoae any ih h party the with mainly collaborate not did chy 28

– early 1970s much of the Catholic hierarchy hierarchy Catholic the of much 1970s early

Országos Béketanács Országos 48

However, he also asserts that Catholic that asserts also he However,

(Budapest: Jaffa, 2013), Jaffa, (Budapest: vision III/III allowed oral oral allowed III/III vision ive work supported the supported work ive ), which provided the provided which ), –

- Hazafias

state by by state 220. 220.

CEU eTD Collection 1945 Church, Catholic 2010), L’Harmattan, the of History the Secur 53 2012), L’Harmattan, tartótiszteknek. 52 51 ins religious of life inner directives, the into intervention state for legal bases the providing besides of body This interpretation. for authorities the to room large provided consi society. in ideas religious of impact the minimizing of indoctrination, anti and religio the social, within through forces loyal of support pressure and channels unofficial and political official administrative, political, includes This political. the is means of type second o inner and reaction clerical half was speaking broadly police Security State of activity The necessary. considered was it measuresif categorical exclude not did government the 1980s disciplinary ecclesiastical reaction. clerical and against fighting in successful more as procedures) defamation, (subversion, measures “soft” considered administ of instead officers, Security State future for 1963 general a as which in written textbook a to According 1970s. early measures, the from rare increasingly became tendency administrative direct of group the is first The practice. ideological the beside movement, priest” “peace indoctrination, hadsimilar functions. or Pacis Opus the for framework Tabajdi, Gábor and Soós, Attila Viktor Kiss, Réka Köbel, Köbel, Géza Vörös, “Egyházak az állambiztonsági dokumentumokban” [Churches in the Documents of the State State the of Documents the in [Churches dokumentumokban” állambiztonsági az “Egyházak Vörös, Géza ity], in in ity], t o lgsaie en ad nlds get ubr f as n eit, which edicts, and laws of number great a includes and means legislative of sts o te mlmnain f eiiu plc bscly or types four basically policy religious of implementation the For “Divide and Rule” and “Divide - eiiu poaad. hs sre te ups, eie h ideological the beside purpose, the served These propaganda. religious s ntttos Te hr tp sgiis h ielgcl en, rmrl atheist primarily means, ideological the signifies type third The institutions. us Csapdában. Tanulmányok a Katolikus Egyház történetéből, 1945 történetéből, Egyház Katolikus a Tanulmányok Csapdában. Hw o esct Cuce? Txbo fr tt Scrt Officers.] Security State for Textbook A Churches? Persecute to [How

284. 284. 131 - 136. 136.

, 39. 39. ,

pposition of the Church did not cease until 1989 either. The either. 1989 until cease not did Church the of pposition

- way between administrative and political means political and administrative between way 51 - 1989]

e. áo Bnúi n Gög Gamt (Budapest: Gyarmati György and Bánkúti Gábor ed. , Hogyan üldözzünk egyházakat? Á egyházakat? üldözzünk Hogyan 29

ly the legitimacy of using administrative using of legitimacy the ly rative measures, the government government the measures, rative - 1989 52

However, even in the in even However, – llambiztonsági tankönyv tankönyv llambiztonsági

[Ensnared. Essays from from Essays [Ensnared. which as a political a as which

of means were in in were means of 53

h ls group last The

– (Budapest: (Budapest: titutions,

against CEU eTD Collection Balázs in 1950s,” Early and 1940s 56 Union 1 1998), Press, 55 54 church of paradigm new the into churches the force to order in Rákosi more the Whilst trends. and its instructions recent follow to and policy religious Soviet of achievements interwar the both adopt disappearing. was considered state tohelpandprocess. ofthe hurry thetask this which past the from remnant ideological an as a religion regard not did leadership as communist the that mean not does considered This option. serious not was means other any or political administrative, direct by religion means. other and infiltration surveillance, USSR. in policy religious the of periods certain with connection in mostly appears literature scholarly i religion,whichexterminateto is option firstThe societies. communist religion in with 1.2. Objectives Hungary achievementsSocialist in and religiouspolicy of to the party convertiblealso easily ambiguous, but religious policy the basis of thelegal made and edicts regulations classified of amount vast the and flexibility interpretive mentioned the USSR, lega losetheir religious didnot freedom Churches andthe of right the secured 1949 of Constitution the Although level. limited severely a to activity their as well as institutions religious of space living the restricting of purpose the served

Köbel, Köbel, Daniel Peris, Peris, Daniel Anca Maria Sincan, “Mechanism of State Control over Religious Denominations in Romania in the Late Late the in Romania in Denominations Religious over Control State of “Mechanism Sincan, Maria Anca , ed. Sabrina P. Ramet (New York: Ca Ramet York: P. ed.Sabrina (New , Apor, Péter Apor, and E. A. Rees (Washington, DC: New Acade New DC: and A. Apor, E. Rees (Washington, Péter Apor, The research on communist religious policy usually mentions two ways of dealing of ways two mentions usually policy religious communist on research The The first years of the Hungarian communists in power were spent with attempts to attempts with spent were power in communists Hungarian the of years first The “Divide and Rule”, Rule”, and “Divide 55 -

state’s political ob - 11. Philip Walters, “A Survey of Soviet Religious Policy,” in Policy,” Religious Soviet of Survey “A Walters, Philip 11. Godless Militant the of League Soviet The Heavens: the Storming h scn i t scr cnrl vr eiiu dnmntos y strict by denominations religious over control secure to is second The The Sovietization of Eastern Europe: New Perspectives Onthe Postwar Period Postwar Onthe Perspectives New Europe: Eastern of Sovietization The 157.

jectives. mbridge University Press, 1993), 20 1993), Press, University mbridge 54

56 30

It seems that in Hungary the the Hungary in that seems It

- government used every available measure measure available every used government l personality, as for exampleinthe as l personality, mia Publishing, 2008), 203 2008), miaPublishing,

- state relations, a purpose a relations, state Religious Policy in the Soviet the in Policy Religious - 23. 23.

(Ithaca: Cornell University University Cornell (Ithaca: n hs epc they respect this In

rdcto of eradication - 204.

n then , ed. , CEU eTD Collection 1948), Szikra, (Budapest: People!] the of country the 62 61 theKádár in 60 Democracy’], ‘Peoples’ 150 the in 1945] after Church Catholic 1945 Roku Po Madǎrsku v a Slovensku Na the of Szlovákiában és Magyarországon identitás egyházpolitika, Strategies The Resistance. Együttműködés 59 Years Khrushchev 58 57 Church. the of leadership the against clergy lower the setting of objective political the speeches public his in distinction this made Rákosi Mátyás Even antecedents. without not was turn pragmatist This reaction. clerical the and c positive seek to and reaction, clerical the of attempts counterrevolutionary the liquidate “to aims elaborated. be to had religion and Socialism way the on not was religion the of purposes the state.communist serve to forced and limits strict within operate to allowed still but in whichthesocial, former churchesdeprivedoftheir were framework a possible as quickly as establish to sought Hungary in government communist no was objective intentions. such or churches and religion eradicate to enough purpose this compromise acceptable of nature the state, the with treaty a signed Church of bishops remaining the when 1950 of August by achieved virtually it which

Ibid. 70 Ibid. the treatysee: For See Rákosi’s speech on 12th of June, 1948. In Mátyás Rákosi, Rákosi, Mátyás In 1948. June, of 12th on speech Rákosi’s See Tatiana Chumachenko, Chumachenko, Tatiana Margit Balogh, “Egyház és egyházpolitika a Kádár rendszerben” [Church and Ecclesiastical Policy Policy Ecclesiastical and [Church rendszerben” Kádár a egyházpolitika és “Egyház Balogh, Margit o dtis n h ery omns atceia maue i Hnay see: Hungary, in measures anticlerical communist early the on details For - 151. In 1958, however, the Decree of the Political Committee acknowledged the fact that that fact the acknowledged Committee Political the of Decree the however, 1958, In

- - Regime], Regime], 71. 71. , ed. Margit Balogh, Historia Hungaro Historia Balogh, Margit ed. , ooperation with the Churches”. the with ooperation 57

– Instead, similarly to the parallel Soviet example of that particular time, particular that of example Soviet parallel the to similarly Instead, Ellenállás. A Katolikus Egyház stratégiái a ‘népi demokráciában’” [Survival demokráciában’” ‘népi a stratégiái Egyház Katolikus A Ellenállás.

(New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2002), 15 2002), Sharpe, M.E. York: (New Eszmélet Balogh and Gergely, and Balogh

Chruch and State in Soviet Russia. Russian Russia. Soviet in State and Chruch , no. 3 (1997), 70. 70. (1997), 3 no. , –

implies that the government either did not consider itself strong itself consider not did either government the that implies to extinction, therefore the framework of coexistence between coexistence of framework the therefore extinction, to

State, Churches, Religious Practice in Hungary, in Practice Religious Churches, State, [Denominations, Church Politics, Identity in Hungary and Slovakia Slovakia and Hungary in Identity Politics, Church [Denominations,

61 - Slovaca, Slovaco Slovaca,

In other words, it differentiated between Church between differentiated it words, other In 60 31 -

141. 141. The Decree also declared that religious policyreligious that declared also DecreeThe

http://mek.niif.hu/04600/04670/04670.htm

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CEU eTD Collection 64 63 151 2008), Publishing, Academia New DC: (Washington, in Hungary,” Onth in Perspectives Rákosi New Mátyás Europe: of Case Eastern The Cult: Leader Communist the of Aspects 1954 of struggles inne the in defeat ultimate his After dictatorship. Stalinist classical a established he example, Soviet the MDP (1892 Rákosi Mátyás 2014. 11, April the support to aimed which activity, intelligence and diplomacy subversion, ideological Kádár the assigned and Vatican Pact the regarding tasks Warsaw intelligence special government the 1960s, early the From policies. implemented the of tone and character the in recognized be can shifts however policy; religious of terms ideologically. and politically both sphere public the and society over domination maintain and establish to party consideratio the of purposes external and internal for churches instrumentalize to was policy religious of effort third the stabilization, and control anti anti spectacular of avoidance the without achieved been not could church of normalization the meant policy religious of terms in party the organs 1989. until of practice and discourse the in function in remained forces reactionary and progressive or loyal between itself differentiation The persecution. systematic without contr strict sought which policy, religious the of foundation basic Kádár the of case the in However,

Vörös, “Churches in the Documents of the State Security”, State ofthe the“Churches Documents in Vörös, Köbel, - ) led the communist takeover in Hungary in 1946 in Hungary in takeover communist the led ) lrcl measures, clerical The government sought stabiliza sought government The h proe o te party the of purposes The “Divide and Rule” and “Divide n behind these orientationsthese behind n

64 - 1956 he lived in exile in the USSR. On the leader cult of Rákosi see: Rákosi of cult leader the On USSR. the in exile in lived he 1956

, 143 , hc ws yia o te ae 90 ad al 15s Aat from Apart 1950s. early and 1940s late the of typical was which

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stabilization, control and instumentatlization and stabilization,control 32 - 1949. Rákosi remained in power until 1953. Following 1953. until power in remained Rákosi 1949.

– 69.

, ed. Balázs Apor, Péter Apor, and E. A. Rees Rees A. E. and Apor, Péter Apor, Balázs ed. ,

284. 284.

he Hungarian communist party ( party communist Hungarian he - tt. n cn set ht h main the that assert can One state.

- Italy. The tasks included tasks The Italy. - tt rltosis This relationships. state religious campaigns and and campaigns religious ol over denominations denominations over ol h nx dcds in decades next the Balázs Apor, “Spatial “Spatial Apor, Balázs

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CEU eTD Collection the to belonged ofapproval ÁEH. the of authority underthe came right this final agreement in the the that suggested originally modification only The approval. state of higher and leading between differentiation particular this proposed bishops the basically 1969; in Interior of Ministry the by operatively acquired and Conference Bishops’ the by elaborated 66 Church,1945 1945 történetéből, Egyház Katolikus a Tanulmányok 65 untiloffice his from Mindszentyrelease to decidedVatican the agreement, the to According Mindszenty. Cardinal of issue the on focused turn in See Holy the with Agreement The university ecclesiasti teacher) dean, chancellor, canon, chapter president, (chapter higher and vice Conference) and president secretary, (bishop, leading of case the in decla and Church and State the of relations improving the to referred bishops the with treaty The September. in See Holy the and Hungary between agreement new a by followed was which 1971, May in b Conference treaty new a with began quo status new the of consolidation The compromise. positive a even and realist, a as Vatican innovation important most oug naturally quo status This exception. no well a consolidating by Church the of life the into recognizing state as theHungarian intervention state the for bases legal secured it return in but Hungary, in Church Catholic the of framework institutional the restore to possibility of part Hungarywas and Vatican 1964 between the Church. Catholic international the in bloc Soviet the of interests

Balogh and Gergely, Gergely, and Balogh Stefano Bottoni, “Egy különleges “Egy Bottoni, Stefano From the early 1970s on, however, the state religious policy increasingly aimed aimed increasingly policy religious state the however, on, 1970s early the From - 1989] , ed. Gábor Bánkúti and György Gyarmati (Budapest: L’Harmattan, 2010), 2010), L’Harmattan, (Budapest: Gyarmati György ed.Gábor , Bánkúti and cal positions would the preliminary approval of the state be mandatory. be state the of approval preliminary the would positions cal State, Churches, R Churches, State, - functioning status quo with the Churches the with quo status functioning Presidential Council. Council. Presidential

candidates of candidates

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accepted by the Hungarian Catholic Church and also by the by also and Church Catholic Hungarian the by accepted

kapcsolat története” [History of a Special Relationship], in Relationship], Special a of [History története” kapcsolat red that as a result of mutual agreement, in the future only only future the in agreement, mutual of result a as that red in the owner of the rightpatronage. ofthe owner the of

higher higher eligious Practice in Hungary, in Practice eligious

ten h party the etween the final agreement compared to the blueprint blueprint the to compared agreement final the (HU (HU positions ht to be dominated by the state, and state, the by dominated be to ht - 1989 1989 33 –

OSA

[Ensnared. Essays from the History of the Catholic Catholic the of History the from Essays [Ensnared. should be approved by the Ministry of Culture, but Culture, of Ministry the by approved be should – this policy. The Agreement provided the provided the Agreement policy. The this

357 - tt ad h Hnain Bishops’ Hungarian the and state –

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that the bishops bishops the that 261 –

Csapdában. Csapdában. - this is its its is this 289. 289.

at at 66

CEU eTD Collection 69 68 Mindszenty] 1939 Magyarország és non otherwise and 67 State to hierarchyties the had of much 1970s the by mentioned, alreadymeasures. As police party members. religious against campaigns propaganda including worldview”, religious against church developing public Church. international the in positions important acquiring in also supported and state, the by religious dissidents against supported be should hiera ecclesiastical the of members prominent that provisioned Decree The Churches. and state socialist the between cooperation political the of elaboration further the and leadership Church of engagement government the of ambitions new the articulated clearly1973 Decemberof in CommitteePolitical the of Decree The government. episcopacygovernment. and the of relationships the characterized cooperation political voluntary increasingly which in policy, religious in phase new the of beginning symbolic the mark spectacularly events these retrospection In 1976. in Esztergom of Archbishop new the as inaugurated LékaiLászló wa Archdioceseof Esztergom 1974, in vacantthe VI declared Paul after Pope prison). lifelong to sentenced earlier was (Mindszenty impunity with country March

Ibid. Köbel, Balogh and Gergely, Gergely, and Balogh

t, h Dce as srse ta icesn rlgos ciiy eutd rm the from resulted activity religious increasing that stressed also Decree the ity, 220. 220. This development was a result of careful political planning on the part of the Kádár the of part the on planning political careful of result a was development This f 92 i rtr fr ht h Hnain tt alwd idzny o ev the leave to Mindszenty allowed state Hungarian the that for return in 1972, of “Divide and Rule” and “Divide 69

(Budapest: Kairosz, 2004), 222 2004), Kairosz, (Budapest:

h poes f salsig h sau qo a haiy upre b secret by supported heavily was quo status the establishing of process The - accessible sources on the Mindszenty case see: case theMindszenty onsources accessible - state relationships required “improvement in the ideological struggle struggle ideological the in “improvement required relationships state State, Churches, Religious Practic Religious Churches, State, - 98 a Mindszenty a 1978: , 219 ,

rchy, “clerical allies” as it was put in a number of documents, documents, of number a in put was it as allies” “clerical rchy, - 220.

- 250. 250. -

ügy ügy when it emphasized the importance of the political the of importance the emphasized it when

Te spltk n Hnay 1939 Hungary and Ostpolitik [The 34

68 e in Hungary, in e

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1119 - 1123. For valuable information information valuable For 1123. A Vatikán keleti politikája politikája keleti Vatikán A - 98 Te ae of Case The 1978:

67 the Catholic Catholic the

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Besides supporting the increasingly loyal ecclesiastical hierarchy, ecclesiastical loyal increasingly the supporting Besides these events spectacularly marked the success spectacularly events “policysmall ste these marked ofthe the he first time after the war. In the same year János Kádár met with Pope Paul Pope with met Kádár János year same the In war. the after time first he , 159. , ,

eadership of the legally accepted Churches in general, and the the and general, in Churches accepted legally the of eadership 220. 220. to became policy religious the f

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OSA 357 OSA357 h Pltcl omte nt ny xrse is eie a fcs n h mentioned the in facts as desires its expressed only not Committee Political The “Divide and Rule” and “Divide w. This resulted in the dominance of a “non a of dominance the in resulted This w. The Chronicle of Subdivision III/III of Subdivision Chronicle The

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Bernd Schäfer, Bernd Miklós Tomka, “A vallásosság, mint az elitbe kerülés ellenpólusa a Kádár a ellenpólusa kerülés elitbe az mint vallásosság, “A Tomka, Miklós

in the late mid late the in The main challenge to - Era] , ed. György Majtény György ed. , The East German State and the Catholic Church, 1945 Church, Catholic the and State German East The pot n poeto fr h Cuc laesi, hc ws novd into involved was which leadership, Church the for protection and upport -

Kossuth Kiadó, 2008), 558 2008), Kiadó, Kossuth - 1960s the government and also the Catholic hierarchy considered the the considered hierarchy Catholic the also and government the 1960s - Vatican II movement as a serious threat. Whilst the leadership of the theleadershipof Whilst threat.serious a IIas movementVatican oks, 2010), 277 oks,2010),

this status quo came from the so came statusfrom quo the this i and Csaba Szabó, Távolódás és közelítések (Budapest: Állambiztonsági Állambiztonsági (Budapest: közelítések és Távolódás Szabó, Csaba and i - 78 - tt. hs ye f eiiu plc ws o without not was policy religious of type This state. 278.

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Ibid. 145. Ibid. Köbel, Hanna Diskin, Diskin, Hanna - 226. h mi ojcie f h gvrmn’ rlgos oiy oad te Catholic the towards policy religious government’s the of objective main The The ÁEH indeed was highly optimistic not only regarding the present, but also the also but present, the regarding only not optimistic highly was indeed ÁEH The

“Divide and Rule” and “Divide - à

- - vis the government, which at this point was very much interested in preserving in interested much very was point this at which government, the vis 81 balance balance

In other words, the bishops’ merits in protecting the established status quo by quo status established the protecting in merits bishops’ the words, other In The Seeds of Triumph: Church and State in Gomułka’s Poland inGomułka’s State and Church Triumph: of Seeds The –

an option which from a certain perspective would have been also also been have would perspective certain a from which option an – , 144. 144. ,

recognized that t that recognized

mid 80 - term.

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Köbel, Köbel, Csaba Fazekas, “Kultúrbéke, 1987” [Cultural Peace, 1987], 1987], Peace, [Cultural 1987” “Kultúrbéke, Fazekas, Csaba hurch leadership. hurch When the closing of the ÁEH was seriously raised by the Cabinet for the first time intime first the forby Cabinet the seriouslyraised was the ÁEH closingof the When This chapter has shown that by the mid the by that shown has chapter This “Divide and Rule” and “Divide –

- who had “unreal demands” and propagated an “unacceptable political line” political “unacceptable an propagated and demands” “unreal had who political framework of the late much of the hierarchy indeed considered the position of the Church positively Church the of position the considered indeed hierarchy the of much

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- called “soft” secret police measures. However, the willingness of of willingness the However, measures. police secret “soft” called - political framework as a serious and unified political threat against the party the against threat political unified and serious a as – – , but also made sure that the hierarchy felt it in its best its in it felt hierarchy the that sure made also but ,

ad o cran xet te fot o te Hungarian the of efforts the extent, certain a to (and compared to other communist countries in the Eastern the in countries communist other to compared 40

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nrs Máté András - - ntttoaie srcue oad ntttoaiain i i hr t sek bu any about speak to hard is it institutionalization, toward structure institutionalized political setting. I use the term “ideology” in order to make it clear that I do not int Inot do that clear it make orderto “ideology”in term the use Isetting. political In defining the ideology of the B the of ideology the defining In Bokor’s the of characteristics and points major the highlight to aim I chapter this In

f h mvmn bsd hs writings his beside movement the of ideology, b ideology, 2. 2. The ideology ofthe Bokor: political theology and ecclesiology - Tóth, Tóth, Concilium eas which in theory as well in practice can be considered as a certain a as considered be can practice in well as theory in which eas uáy ud i Bokor die und Bulányi

e it theological, political or any other kind, which can be grasped and grasped be can which kind, other any or political theological, it e

- aia I Ctoiim n Ctoi telg. Máté theology. Catholic and Catholicism II Vatican

36, no. 3 (2000): 33 3 no. (2000): 36, /kozelmult/bulanyi

Instead, what I would like to attempt is rather is attempt to like would I what Instead, the hs ntts 199 Institus, ches

ideology of the Bokor. Even Bulányi himself often often himself Bulányi Even Bokor. the of ideology - okor, one serious difficulty emerges. Considering emerges. difficulty serious one okor, eeug: ie atrlhooice Würdigung pastoraltheologische eine Bewegung : 41 - – provokativ 42.

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CEU eTD Collection Teológiai Erény 90 theat latest. withinfrom 1980 the Bokor circulated and 1970s late the Originally, 1989), Központ, M. Tanulmányok Pasztorációs engedelmesség? 89 1970s. Friday] Good on [Letter 88 1960s. late writtenwasin the Bulányi, to 1990) according volume, This Irotron, 87 86 Friday] Good 85 Virtue? God! the Bokor namely writings, such the on here outside arguments my and base I within Therefore texts samizdat as circulated transition democratic the before which writings, Bulányi’s in observable spectacularly most are points These period. politi the th outline to enough is life”. his in it over get never could he Bulányist, proper moveme the within from coming voices other in reflected profoundly indeed are ideas his that appears it because Firstly, do certainly I which the in was Bokor the of ideology the what themovement.voice among many within takin only by Bokor the condemn to procedure false rather a was it that implied which argument

Máté Letter “The György Bulányi, “Erény Bulányi, György György Bulányi, Bulányi, György György Bulányi, “Lelkipásztori Marketing” [Pastoral Marketing], Marketing], [Pastoral Marketing” “Lelkipásztori Bulányi, György yry uáy, Eyárn” Cuc Odr, in Order], [Church “Egyházrend” Bulányi, György - g account of his views, which which views, his of account g , e az engedelmesség? engedelmesség? az e 87

- Tóth, “The Provocative Heritage ofBulányi Heritage Provocative “The Tóth, Nevertheless, if one counts the attempt to reconstruct a more or less coherent view of view of coherent less reconstruct or amore theattempt to counts Nevertheless, one if

- 90 atrl Marketing Pastoral Pasztorációs Tanulmányok M. Központ, 1989). was Thetext 1989). Központ, M. Tanulmányok Pasztorációs cal sphere and were the focus of the discourse over the Bokor during the examined the during Bokor the over discourse the of focus the were and sphere cal

(Budapest: Irotron, 1995), 1995), Irotron, (Budapest: of Pater Bulányi to Cardinal Ratzinger” (1986), in (1986), Ratzinger” Cardinal to Bulányi Pater of Cuc Odr: s bdec a Virtue?] a Obidience Is Order : [Church Keressétek Az Isten Országát! Országát! Isten Az Keressétek

– (Bu , it would be impossible without taking Bulányi’s views into account. into views Bulányi’s taking without impossible be would it , ose - e az engedelmesség?” [Is Obedience a Vir a Obedience [Is engedelmesség?” az e dapest: Irotron, 1995). Originally, the text was written by Bulányi in the early early the in Bulányi by written was text the Originally, 1995). Irotron, dapest:

Cuc Odr: s bdec a Virtue?] a Obidience Is Order : [Church

major point major , 88

and the more polemic polemic more the and nt. As Máté As nt. 27. 27. –

s in the ideology of the Bokor, the of ideology the in s

at least in this interpretation this in least at 85

[Seek the King the [Seek .

”

- 90 ad 90 a a eiiae approach legitimate a as 1980s and 1970s Tóth put it, “if one became became one “if it, put Tóth

Eyáfrm öye 3 Könyvei Egyházfórum , György Bulányi, Bulányi, György Church Order Church György Bulányi, Bulányi, György

Church Order Church 86 dom of God!] of dom

Secondly, for my purposes here, it here, purposes my forSecondly, tue?], tue?],

in originally Eyáfrm öye 3 (Luzern: 3 Könyvei Egyházfórum , György Bulányi, Bulányi, György in

György Bulányi, György was written by Bulányi in the in Bulányi by written was

(Budapest: vols. IV. I., vol. , written in 1980 writtenin

Nagypénteki l Nagypénteki – which had relevance in in relevance had which ghzed: Erény Egyházrend : 89

ek h Kndm of Kingdom the Seek represented only one one only represented

and

– Lzr: Teológiai (Luzern:

Is Obedience a Obedience Is so to speak to so ayétk l Nagypénteki evél evél - Egyházrend : Egyházrend : 1981. [Letter on on [Letter

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CEU eTD Collection 19. c1990), 93 92 91 and political asp religious of intersections about precisely more or aspects, political profound about tospeakpossible Igenuinelyam is to thewas political thatit negative. convinced dimension Bokor significant most the as cultivated were which ideas, Bulányi’s opinion, my In perspective. different slightly a from issue the approach to like grass Catholic context. cultural post changed the to response political, a not and theological, of instead context, political the with investigating therelationbetween and inBulányi’s theory practice theology. ecclesiology this of relations the on emphasis practice. building community the of logic internal the of results are they that argues and concepts, these with deals essay his like. look would Church Catholic the of structure ecclesiastical ideal the how far. the expression its finds also which state. and church between relationship religion, and politics of sphere the between the with concerned words other in or “World”, the is and God” of “Kingdom the between relationship theological category first The ecclesiology. and theology political namely

Ibid. Máté Pedro Ramet, ed., ed., Ramet, Pedro analytical The second category in turn consists of a set of rather utopi rather of set a of consists turn in category second The

- - Tóth, “The Provocative Heritage ofBul Heritage Provocative “The Tóth, movement, indeed had very d very had indeed movement, Máté categor main two into ideology Bokor’s the of points relevant the classify I

- ects. Therefore, I argue that Bulányi’s views carried political meanings indeed indeed meanings political carried views Bulányi’s that argue I Therefore, ects. óh n i esy rus ht Bulányi that argues essay his in Tóth

- category of political theology in connection with the Bokor and Bulányi so Bulányi and Bokor the with connection in theology political of category roots in Hungary did not have “aut have not did Hungary in roots 92 Catholicism and Politics in Communist Societies Communist in Politics and Catholicism

er Rmt hae smlry o Máté to similarly phrases Ramet Pedro

He is cert is He eep roots in the political sphere, even if this “affinity” this if even sphere, political the in roots eep As far as I know, no scholarly interpretation applied applied interpretation scholarly no know, I as far As ányi.”

43 ainly right, but right, ainly

omatic political aspects”. political omatic –

if not normative not if lbrtd frt n foremost and first a elaborated

(Durham, N.C.: Duk N.C.: (Durham, - óh hn e rus ht the that argues he when Tóth here - an concepts and views on views and concepts an a pltcl sca and social political, war I would like to like would I –

views within the within views 93 e University Press, Press, University e

Here I would I Here Máté put more put - Tóth in Tóth n the in ies, CEU eTD Collection 320. 2006), Pub, MA: Blackwell (Malden, Religion to Companions Cavanaugh, Blackwell T. 95 Religi to Companions 94 concepts and ideas those comprehend and ideology; Bokor’s the of case the in theology political coherent, entirely not although specific, a about speak to possible is it sense, this In terms. political than rather theological in expressed is but sphere, political the to regard em theology political Therefore purposes. political for utilized are which arguments theological those covers also theology political that include not to reason any see not do I further, approach this elaborate pol and social incorporates it whenever political the on commentary a making always is “theology that emphasizes Tanner this, world”. the with ways God’s of interpretations differing of perspective the of criticism and analysis cultural (including arrangements political “the is theology political definition, Scott’s and Cavanaugh 2.1. Political Theology mentioned frameworkchurch of bishops the of authority the diminishing of risk the carried which views his say to is that Church, the of critique structure sharp his is second The 1980s. and 1970s the in was it as he church of framework socialist saythe of legitimacy the questioned implicitly to is that believers, and power political “worldly” between cooperation of form ref categorically he which theologyin political specific his is first The government. communist the of response political genuinely the triggered which levels, two on least at

Kathryn Tanner, “Trinity”, in in “Trinity”, Tanner, Kathryn Peter Scott and William T. Cavanaugh, eds., eds., Cavanaugh, T. William and Scott Peter Firstly, I would like to clarify what I understand by political theology. According to to According theology. political by understand I what clarify to like would I Firstly, on (Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub, 2006), 2. 2006), Pub, MA: Blackwell (Malden, on rcs vr agmn, da n cnet hc hs eeac with relevance has which concept and idea argument, every braces

–

who were in turn significant cornerstones and maintainers of the the of maintainers and cornerstones significant turn in were who The Blackwell Companion to Political Theology Political to Companion Blackwell The

- state relationships state The Blackwell Companion to Political Theology Political to Companion Blackwell The - psychologi tcl mgr fr hooia purposes.” theological for imagery itical 44

cal, social and economic aspects) from aspects) economic and social cal,

, ed. Peter Scott and William William and Scott Peter ed. ,

of the ecclesiastical ecclesiastical the of - state relationships state 94

In addition to addition In , Blackwell Blackwell , used any any used 95

CEU eTD Collection 98 97 96 other no which up”. stand dares power murderous against people, kill to potential great a such having by survives power every … counterparts their against war murderous and bloody in successful be to prove em power “every it, put Bulányi As violence. constant polemical rather the move around tension growing the of result the partially least at was development this that assume to faith of leap a not is It 1970s. late the by Bulányi’sthinking in dominant became spheres Gospels”. the with practice [ kingdom worldly the of “objectives other. God! of Kingdom of volume first the In spheres. two the between relationship the of description consistent a give not does Bulányi religion. and politics of sphere the between distinction the considering dichotomy, this from categories, Bulányi by drawn analytical conclusions than rather realities ontological indicate terms these Although God”. of “Kingdom the and kingdom” “worldly between differentiation the in meaning political explicit carry conceptual political theology. of framework or repercussions political have either which

Bu Order,” “Church Bulányi, Bulányi, lányi, “Is Obedience a Virtue?,” a Obedience “Is lányi, 96 h fudto o te oo’ politic Bokor’s the of foundation The h atgns o te w kndm drvs rm h fc ta, codn t the to according that, fact the from derives kingdoms two the of antagonism The

oee, n h wrs opld rud 90 t s rcret lmn ta the that element recurrent a is it 1980 around compiled works the in However, ment within and thement within outside Church. Seek the Seek

Kingdom of God! Kingdom s bdec a Virtue? a Obedience Is

e rus ht h tw the that argues he

40. 40.

, 152.

seems that the element of genuine conflict between the two the between conflict genuine of element the that seems 3 - 7. 7. 98

This prof This evilági ország evilági kndm ae o gniey poie o each to opposite genuinely not are kingdoms o te oll pwr y t ntr i bsd on based is nature its by power worldly the , 45

ound critique on the “worldly powers”, that is that powers”, “worldly the on critique ound

l dooy s ae o te radical the on based is ideology al ] are incompatible in theory as well as in as well as theory in incompatible are ]

n y iw i i at o pa about speak to apt is it view, my in erges in history as its representatives its as history in erges Seek the the Seek CEU eTD Collection 99 members church of involvement the dismissed also it hand, other the On ideology. Bokor’s party socialist the by approved were who hierarchy Catholic the to appointed be could those only which to according practice political contemporary of criticism hidden hardly a was notion this power”. state approving the for uncomfortable are which mission, evangelical the of momentums those firmly and strongly represent to means the have not do approval state with appointed [ Gospels the against “is approval state mandatory issue: this on clear opposition is Bulányi positions. ecclesiastical this for approval state of writings, question the in culminates examined the In Church. the community, their and believers affairs the in intervention state any against opposition ideological the including religion, and politics of sphere the between entanglement any of rejection the is first The Bokor. regimecommunist couldground provide a such fertile for notions. socio contemporary the to respond theolog political characterize often so otherwise which elements church, and state or “kingdoms” “two the either between cooperation ideal the on visions constructive for place no is there framework but otherwise act cannot political this to characteristic “negative” which entities such as them considers ait since ultimately, powers worldly Itrejects theology. attributes politics of sphere the on say to

Bulányi, “Church Order,” “Church Bulányi, From this ant this From State intervention in the sp the in intervention State 99

Although he brings examples from the interwar period period interwar the from examples brings he Although - state. state. ies. It can be argued that this rejection at the fundamental level is a critical a is level fundamental the at rejection this that argued be can It ies. i

- political stance two consequences arise in the political theology of the of theologypolitical the in arise consequences stancetwo political

- 41.

xrie oe b epoig ilne I ti conceptual this In violence. employing by power exercise

here of religion, thus, was fundamentally opposed by the the by opposed fundamentally was thus, religion, of here - political setting. Indeed, the experience of the repressive repressive the of experience the Indeed, setting. political 46

evangélium

to support his argument, his support to talan ] … persons … ]

of CEU eTD Collection 102 101 100 Marketing Pastoral Cat the of Jesus”. picked He luck. bad had Caiaphas privileges Caiapha of bad opinion a hold not “do it: put he As interests. evangelical real of denial the in result always delusions Such purposes. personal and political evangelical, of confusion the from derives see intersection such If purpose. political any with intersect cannot God of Kingdom the of interests the that emphasizes Bulányi that is Lékai, Cardinal by headed episcopacy Hungarian the of part the on steps” church of framework communist the classification. “society the faithful, the of community the considersBulányi extent, certain a affairs.To public over responsibility has but politics, in involved be not should faithful the words, the whether of] issue [the regarding behaviors passive not was he but … apolitical indeed was He … power exercising with comes which force using from himself distanced He … allies aut worldly with do to nothing had faithful the Bulányi, of eyes the In arrangements. political or politics in

Bu Casanova, Jose Bulányi, lányi, “Is Obedience a Virtue?,” a Obedience “Is lányi, What makes this general concept of apolitical attitude an implicit political critique of critique political implicit an attitude apolitical conceptof general this makes What - oriented” institution, instead of a state a of instead institution, oriented”

“Is Obedience a Virtue?,” a Obedience “Is holic Church as a result of its involvement and cooperation with the state. In his In state. the with cooperation and involvement its of result a as Church holic by which the worldly authorities control our lives disappear, or not”. or disappear, lives our control authorities worldly the which by –

and of course the related ‘great and sacred purposes’ purposes’ sacred and ‘great related the course of and 101 Public Religions in the Modern World Modern the in Religions Public

horities who base their power on violence: “Jesus did not look for political for look not did “Jesus violence: on power their base who horities

he concludes that “the Church, as a result of the historical development, historical the of result a as Church, “the that concludes he … h laus ih h pltcl oe i odr o rtc his protect to order in power political the with leagues who … s

112. 112. 150. mingly appears, it is no more than mere delusion which which delusion mere than more no is it appears, mingly

- state state 102

47 Elsewhere Bulányi diagnoses the bad conditionbad the diagnoses BulányiElsewhere eainhp, nldn te plc o small of “policy the including relationships,

- (Chicago: University of Chic of University (Chicago: oriented institution, to use Jose Casanova’s Jose use to institution, oriented – , always does the same. same. the does always , ago Press, 1994), 220. 1994), Press, ago Church as a asChurch 100

In other In

CEU eTD Collection 106 105 104 103 governing the to subject be soul every (“Let Paul St. of critique the on based are this with h with to accordance is in respond responsibility his powers, worldly of coercion the faces faithful the and intersect, spheres two the when Bulányi, to According choice. ethical an as disobedience is sphere interpretation ofthe Gospel. on based critique theological political a with operates which resistance, ideological of pattern certain a outlines also but himself, self prophetic mattered”. really what was Politics pretense. a only was theology … consideration religi the that knew He … it hide not did he and it, to loyal remained he conviction, his abandon in and Caiaphas of role the plays who clear undoubtedly became it taken which in setting, evangelical measures the in him against the and Bokor the over discourse the recontextualizes Bulányi this By when Bokor, the and conduct his over developed which situation the about writes Bulányi that impression the avoid to of itspure evangelical profile. life”, political the managing in incompetent is

Bulányi, “Pastoral Marketing,” “Pastoral Bulányi, Ibid. Ibid. a Obedience “Is Bulányi, 283. Ibid. Is Obedience a Virtue? a Obedience Is ous leaders would put Him on trial, and they would not take the rules of litigation into litigation of rules the take not would they and trial, on Him put would leaders ous 102 Perhaps it does not necessarily belong to the field of political theology, but it is hard is it but theology, political of field the to belong necessarily not does it Perhaps The second notion which derives fr derives which notion second The -

105. -

nesadn rvas uh bu te artv o te oo and Bokor the of narrative the about much reveals understanding who is Jesus. This polemical trope is much more elaborated elsewhere elaborated more much is trope polemical This Jesus. is who

Virtue?,”

: “There was only one problem with Jesus of Nazareth: He did not did He Nazareth: of Jesus with problem one only was “There :

314.

104 s ne commitment. inner is making references to Caiaphas and his ambiguous interests. interests. ambiguous his and Caiaphas to references making

111. 111.

–

om the antagonism of the political and religious and political the of antagonism the om r lae in cloaked or 48 103

therefore it has to remain in t in remain to has thereforeit 106

uáy’ agmns n connection in arguments Bulányi’s –

seii anti specific a - he frameworkhe establishment

Bulányi Bulányi 105

This CEU eTD Collection 109 108 107 rejection the that imply Several state. the of perspective the from issue the with deal reports service. military to attitude negative their to due organs state with conflict had others hundred a about sure, be To objection. conscientious to reference 1989 until 1979 From twen service. military compulsory resisting of issue the in observed [Therefore]II when am obedient cheek not alsomyleft turn toit.” ideolo it against am I obedience. not is it towards conduct my that doubt no leave [ force coercive the evil consider I 5.39). (Mt. evildoer’ an resist not usage not or revolt, and defend to capacity when we … [resistance] of me, case special The against … obedience violence physical applies power state the … “If – this”. anything taught never Jesus … stance Jesus’ to alien is Paul] by cultivated [conduct this … God of laws the against is which jurisprudence, and legislation such have authorities by Rom God” appointed are exist that authorities the and God, except authority no is there For authorities.

this is what Bulányi emphasizes. But this form of disobedience has to also be non be also to has disobedience of form this But emphasizes. Bulányi what is this

Bernát Benyhe, “Boko Benyhe, Bernát Ibid. Virtue?,” a Obedience “Is Bulányi, ty 107 -

of - 105. 105. Under the circumstance of coercive violence, disobedience is the only ethical choice ethical only the is disobedience violence, coercive of circumstance the Under The most spectacular practical manifestation of this non this of manifestation practical spectacular most The i Bkr ebr wr snecd o rsn o rfsn amd evc with service armed refusing for prison to sentenced were members Bokor six

- force [ force

ans 13:1). Bulányi Paulineans ethic 13:1). critically: commentsonthe very …the “since erőnemalkalmazás r - Állam

- Egyház” [Bokor Egyház”

151. 151. ] is in the spirit of Jesus’s direction: ‘But I say to you, do you, to say I ‘But direction: Jesus’s of spirit the in is ]

–

I do not intend to resist. This particular case of non of case particular This resist. to intend not do I - State 49 -

C hurch], Forthcomingpublication hurch], –

regardless of whether I have the the have I whether of regardless 109 - violent disobedience can be be can disobedience violent

A number of secret po secret of number A 108

a ant pa about speak cannot

kényszerítőt ,

42. 42.

- ], and I and ], violent. gically.

like like lice - CEU eTD Collection the of thesis. part second 114 113 112 111 110 her conscience. or his upon judge could faithful its of all and democratized, decentralized, is which vision the namely aspects, political implicit or explicit have which elements three has ecclesiology This movement. the on discourse the in issue central a became which 2.2. Ecclesiolo principlesI ofthatcall political whichtheology setofideas here the Bokor. ofthe self the t that is however, here, important state. the of eyes the in importance outstanding bear not did issue this 1980s conscription, effort made police secret the 1979 in Whilst argument. this supports also Security State Hungarian the of Archives Historical the in research My movement. the of aspects “dangerous” other among phenomena the classified they course significance primary attach not did agencies state the narratives, military compulsory against showed service. members its commitment the of because Bokor many and indeed, movement. the within encouraged highly was conscription of

Ibid. 46. 46. Ibid. “ Benyhe, ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL I deal with the considerations behind the state’s repressive policy regarding the Bokor in details in the the in details in Bokor the regarding policy repressive state’s the behind considerations the with deal I Beside political theology, ecclesiology was the main field of the Bokor’s ideology Bokor’s the of field main the was ecclesiology theology, political Beside - 111 identification of the Bokor. This identity, as I demonstrated, derived from the main the from derived demonstrated, I as identity, This Bokor. the of identification – –

2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1.

Bokor ent eye n i upbihd sa pit ot ht n otat o these to contrast in that out points essay unpublished his in Benyhe Bernát

113 gy – –

- later no documents testify to such attempts. It seems that in the course of theIt course of the thatin seems attempts. testifyto such nodocuments later

State NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ

–

including Bulányi himself Bulányi including -

Church” – –

III/II BRFK

– (Forthcoming), 46 (Forthcoming), –

234 234

160/2/1979.; ÁBTL ÁBTL 160/2/1979.; – he issue of armed service indeed played a crucial role in role crucial a played indeed service armed of issue he

255/10.

- 50 47. 47. –

–

believed that the sta the that believed 2.7.1. – s to prevent individuals from refusing refusing from individuals prevent to s

NOIJ NOIJ –

III/III. III/III. 110

It was a spectacular issue spectacular a was It to the issue, however of of however issue, the to – te aimed to repress the the repress to aimed te

57 –

78/6. of the Church the of

114

ht is What 112

CEU eTD Collection 119 118 117 116 115 theologicalauthorities. Bulányiin this unfold terms: m be not could superiors elected freely the that argues, Bulányi as is, advantage important most The advantages. serious with Church.come would model the democratic of top the to up on so and secon the of delegates elected freely the of consist would communities communities. of level second the constitute would delegates these and small The su hierarchical by appointed not and communities bytheir elected be concept,would community or superiors The democratic. also but decentralized, can be done only bottom in phrases he As well a secure would small autonomous and active of network the be would highly structure, established hierarchical the institutionalized to contrast in it, put Bulányi as Church this of “microstructure” efficient but simple radically a as basis, institutional its without Church the understood he that clear made he however project, this of framework the is Church the vision, Bulányi’s In building. community active by realized s or condition a as not God of Kingdom the considers which

Bulányi, “Church Order,” “Church Bulányi, Máté Máté Order,” “Church Bulányi, Bu lányi, “Is Obe “Is lányi, -

- - or base or This utopian ecclesiastical structure built on small communities would not only be be only not would communities small on built structure ecclesiastical utopian This concept theological the on based are ecclesiology Bokor’s the of principles The Tóth, “The Provocative Heritage ofBulányi Heritage Provocative “The Tóth, ofBulányi Heritage Provocative “The Tóth, - communities on the lowest level would elect delegates from among themselves, themselves, among from delegates elect would level lowest the on communities - communities. dience a Virtue?,” a dience Pastoral Marketing Pastoral - functioning framework for putting the Kingdom of God into practice. practice. into God of Kingdom the putting for framework functioning

64. 64. 42. -

up”.

116 117

According 296. 296.

, “the job of the Church cannot be done top done be cannot Church the of job “the , to Bulányi’s vision, only a decentralized Church decentralized a only vision, Bulányi’s to . . 119 ” ” 51 Mvmn Church”. “Movement

n uáy’ ve, hs eetaie and decentralized this view, Bulányi’s In

au, u a a rjc t be to project a as but tatus, - edr, codn t the to according leaders, 115 npltd y worldly by anipulated

d 118 h bsc nt the unit, basic The - level communities, level

The third level of level third The - down; it it down; periors. periors. CEU eTD Collection 122 121 120 community the considered Bulányi whether clear not is it reading, prove should turn in priests ordained The ordainedpriests. as rights and functions same the assignedbe should community successful be to proved still but priests ordained not are who those then Churc the if case this in experience, base of experience everyday the from drawn conclusion theology”. in educated being or man celibate crit the indeed, anyone to it give does He and God, by anyone to given be can communities] build [to ability the since … servants temple not builders community be to priests the wish we order church future the “in it: put he As privileg role, the relativizes Bulányi Basically ecclesiology. his in element controversial most the is this doctrine, Catholic of perspective the From priests. Satan’s attempt topreventthe Church community fromits accomplishing than less nothing is intervention state itself, Satan the is state The Hungary. communist th in embedded only not is vision ecclesiological this words, other In framework. conceptual this in “authorities” the with interchangeable is “Satan” term religious the that noting worth is It

Máté Ibid. Order,” “Church Bulányi, e political theology of Bulányi and the Bokor, but also to the socio the to also but Bokor, the and Bulányi of theology political e

- 41. Bulányi consequently speaks about elected community elected about speaks consequently Bulányi and the [worldly] authorities.” reconcile to seek martyr, becoming of risk the taking of instead who, not persons such leadership could ecclesiastical the to Satan appoint not thecould he … and Church the seize disappears, charisma and office between tension the then office, c a necessarily is office his say to is that Spirit, Holy the of gifts the by leader be to made was community the of leader the If pneumatology. of terms in put be can all “This Tóth, “The Provocative Heritage ofBulányi Heritage Provocative “The Tóth,

hi aiiy o omnt bidn pir o h ordination. the to prior building community to ability their

68. 68.

120

h was based on the basic unit of small of unit basic the on based was h

. ” 52

121 erion of priesthood cannot be either of being being of either be cannot priesthood of erion

Máté - Tóth considers this view a pragmatic a view this considers Tóth - communities. According to this this to According communities. - leaders, instead of ordained of instead leaders, es and criterions of clergy. of criterions and es - leaders as a second order order second a as leaders the interests of the church the of interests the - - political context of context political build - communities, communities, ing project. 122 harismatic - builders builders

n my In

CEU eTD Collection 124 123 gladly i terms theological less or more a provided it that fact the in lay conscience over issue the of significance in individuals if prevented only be could views, Bulányi’s in which positions, ecclesiastical higher for approval state Church. the of life the in intervention contra This Church. Hungarian contra the namely point, weak more one eliminate to aimed he beatitude, reach to order in guideline basic the as conscience setting. socio given the in Church the of conduct efficient the secure to order in structure” church “alternative an proposed He communism. of context the in duty its fulfill to Church l views his in which points”, “weak such out pointing by structure interpreted otherwise. o latter the support to her seems above cited or quote The leader. his community good proved a being of who capability anyone to priesthood of boundaries the expanding of thinking ecclesiastical order, an as clergy, the that convinced was he whether or priesthood, the beside

Bu Order,” “Church Bulányi, lányi, “Is Obed “Is lányi,

ption; however, other segments of his writings could be easily be could writings his of segments other however, ption; hud e elcd y aal community capable by replaced be should 123 ht uáy eiety i ws hleg te salse Ctoi ecclesiastical Catholic established the challenge was did evidently Bulányi What nstrumentalized theinner hierarchical ownends. ofthe structure for Church its

hn uáy srse te legitim the stressed Bulányi When ience a Virtue?,” iencea –

eiiae sae ot fo te fet o sae nevnin which intervention, state of effects the from route escape legitimate

27. 27.

itd n hi rgt t at pn hi inr ovcin The conviction. inner their upon act to rights their on sisted

165 - selection - 167. 167. 124 -

selection observable on the higher levels of the the of levels higher the on observable selection The impact and effects derived from the practice ofpractice the from derived effects and impact The

a se b hm s rsl o te state’s the of result a as him by seen was 53 c o dsbdec ad h sgiiac of significance the and disobedience of acy

- edr, r e ih ecuiey be exclusively might he or leaders, imited the capacity of the of capacity the imited –

and legitimately and - political political

–

in in –

CEU eTD Collection conceptual expressed inreligious was and framework, firstand foremost terms. was which dissent, political of form a specific considered be can ideology Bokor’s the therefore, view, my In arrangement. religious political socialist contemporary the of critique explicit less or more a represented both ecclesiology indeedsignificant incorporated politicalmeanings. this of elements conceptual examined the sense, this In context. political religious particular theologically ecclesiologi a the offered to works response his expressed in Bulányi affairs. ecclesiastical in intervening of mechanisms efficient elaborated and right the secured state the which in relationships, state and conceptsvisions shaped experience by were the his however structure; ecclesiastical traditional the of limits and boundaries the challenged rejectionestablished of religiou the fundamental the than less this nothing was From ideology this churches. of attitude the apolitical on the perspective, control state strict imposed facto de but state, and church theor in which secularization, of model communist the of critiquea ideologywas examined the sense, Ina spheres. religious and political the of church contemporary the of Bokor the 2.3. Conclusion The second point is connected with the ecclesiology of Bulányi. To be sure, it indeed it sure, be To Bulányi.ecclesiologyof connected the is with point secondThe regarding points ideologyI of In major would like conclusion,torecapitulatethe two The two examined fields of the Bokor’s ideology Bokor’s the of fields examined two The - movement. The first concerns its political theology, namely theology, political its concerns first The movement.

- state relationships which were based on the deep entanglement deep the on based were which relationships state s political framework. cal challenges and obstacles generated by this this by generated obstacles and challenges cal 54 rooted and elaborated in a particular religious particular a in elaborated and rooted

y propagated the ultimate separation of separation ultimate the propagated y of the communist frameworkchurch communist ofof the

have a significant commonality: significant a have

its implicit critique implicit its

- CEU eTD Collection party the of concern Bokoron the study, focuses precisely which entir an for look should one or Church Catholic the rule” and “divide to was Bokor the on policy implemented its with state the of purpose the whether question the raised have I thesis my of beginning the At examined sources. implementat their of practice the also but se, per decisions political the account into take only not do I interpretation, my elaborating In reasons. what for and years following the over changed plan action original this how with concerned is The practice. in functioned plan action this by outlined tactic the how shows and Bokor, the with deal to order in state the by elaborated plan action original the on focuses state the how on picture perceive overall an give to seeks first The sections. three into chapter Bokor the regarding source the analyzing party socialist the of viewpoint the on interpretation an give to aim IInstead, success. of degrees varying with that do to attempted already have scholars Bokor the party socialistthe of agencies of lens the thoughstate the andChurch Catholic the of relationships relationships Bokor The 3. Chapter - state. Therefore I togive notintend aof thehistory comprehensive of state. interpretation do Therefore n hs hpe I i t rcntut h rl of role the reconstruct to aim I chapter this In d the Bokor in terms of its motivation, strength and inner structure. The second second The structure. inner and strength motivation, its of terms in Bokor the d - oeet wih novs all involves which movement,

- movement into the framework of Kádárist religious policy, I divide the the divide I policy, religious Kádárist of framework the into movement -

state was to help the hierarchy in keeping the unity of the Church Church the of unity the keeping in hierarchy the help to was state aeil t y ipsl I itgaig h vepit f h State the of viewpoint the integrating In disposal. my at material ely different explanation. As far as I know, only one historical one only know, I as far As explanation. different ely - oeet n te salse church established the and movement

available sources in the field of inquiry. Other Other inquiry. of field the in sources available - 55 main thatthe movement, findings its concluded

- h Bokor the state regarding the Bokor by Bokor the regarding state ion as it is reflected in the the in reflected is it as ion - oeet n the in movement last in turn turn in last - state CEU eTD Collection II the Vatican of era the in 125 th of support the for the of instructions hierarchy. the followed which Church, obedient and united a meant therefore party the of government the pleased it as Hungary, Socialist in Church Catholic the of role subjugated the accept to willing were who priests high those of authority and prestige the attacked it bishops, the “base active but small on based been have would which structure ecclesiastical new a proposed or terms, moral in hierarchy Catholic the of members prominent criticized openly Bokor the When government. the and Church state established the questioned it that state, the of perspective the from was, Bokor the with problem main the Instead, role). a play did it (however practice religious of boundaries limited strictly the challenged it because the stateBokor consideredas non because a threatnot propagated the primary it grass catholic other from state the of eyes the in Bokor the distinguished Cat unity ofthe Church Catholic institutional the preserve to demonstrate, to aim I as was, goal this behind consideration politi The it. repress and isolate to sought therefore and threat, a as Bokor the classified Bokor the over debate the instrumentalize intact.

Bernát Benyhe, “Bokor “Bokor Benyhe, Bernát oi Cuc i Hnay Wa rsl dd h sae oe rm uh fot What effort? such from hope state the did result What Hungary? in Church holic 125 At this point other issues emerge. Why did the state aim to keep the unity of the the of unity the keep to aim state the did Why emerge. issues other point this At The hierarchyThe

hs hpe I ru ta Bnh i rgt n suig ht h sae i not did state the that assuming in right is Benyhe that argue I chapter this – , Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, December 19, 2013), 4. 4. 2013), 19, December Budapest, Catholic University, , PázmányPéter sae gnis n n dbt oe is uhrt, osldtd the consolidated authority, its over debate any in agencies state e –

in line with the government’s expectations and objectivesand government’sexpectations the with line in Állam

- tt. h u The state. –

–

even atecclesiasticaleven the cost of schism.

Egyház” [Bokor Egyház” iy f h Cuc fo te iwon o te state the of viewpoint the from Church the of nity - communities - oeet n re t dvd te hrh but Church, the divide to order in movement 56 - - State dominated relatio dominated

- Church] (presented at the at (presented Church] ” independent of the supervision of of supervision the of independent ” nships between the Catholic Catholic the between nships

Catholicism in Hungary Hungary in Catholicism - roots? In my view, view, myIn roots? - vi –

olence, or

in returnin cal CEU eTD Collection Mini Deputy as served Harangozó supervision. and underhis command operated Security State 1989, that meant which practically ofInterior, Ministry of April in retirement his until 1985 128 127 126 hierarchica catholic against needed, of independentlylife its lived which church, catacomb ancient the to return e the that argued Interior of Ministry of186highgivenpresentation infront Church”. hierarchical functioning insufficiently answer an be to “attempted Bokor the that asserted Affairs Church of Office State the of analysis an 1981, in Yet emergence. its behind stood which causes the understanding in than Bokor the with dealing in interested more was state Bokor the sh It structure. inner perceived and strength motivations, state of terms in movement the how on impression an give to important is it agencies, through Bokor thestate:3.1. The thelensmotivation, of strength and the state classifiedasBokor a threatarose the primary grounds. catholic which from church established or conditions” conditions”. political religious sound our with interfere and leadership church official the discredit congregations functioning atte sectarian “such following: the as this put 1981 in ÁEH the of analysis An relationships. church established the of frame the to accordingly activity and discourse ecclesiastical

MOL MOL Szilveszter Harangozó (1929 Harangozó Szilveszter ps te ciiy f h Bkr t ognz idpnety n uncontrolledly and independently organize to Bokor] the of activity [the mpts In order to reconstruct the overall picture of the Bokor as established by the state state the by established as Bokor the of picture overall the reconstruct to order In – –

XIX XIX XIX – –

A A – – –

the ecclesiastical and secular power … they reject the established ancient established the reject they … power secular and ecclesiastical the 21 21 srcue ad hy leal eovd nw rtel community brotherly new a evolved illegally they and structure, l – –

d d – –

0033a 0033a 0033a - 1989) was the head of the Subdivision III/III between 1971 and 1984. From From 1984. and 1971 between III/III Subdivision the of head the was 1989)

– –

1/1981 (119.b.) 1/1981 (119.b) 1/1981 - state relationships, as I argue, was the main reason that reason main the was argue, I as relationships, state 126 - snil ups o te Bulányi the of purpose ssential ranked officersSecurity of andinthe thepolice State

This interference into the “sound religious poli religious “sound the into interference This 57

127

n 92 Sivstr Harangozó Szilveszter 1982, In to –

n h ee o believers of eyes the in tr f tt Scrt i the in Security State of ster ould be noted that the that noted be ould - movement was “to “to was movement

inner structure –

or when it was it when or

128 -

– state state tical n a in

CEU eTD Collection 133 132 131 130 129 thes whether judge 2000 about at Bokor the of networks the to belonged who young. were the to according that Interior of estimation ofStateSec Ministry the in superiors regime. his the to to reported hostile Harangozó consciously as classified were who 250 including hi In intellectuals. and priests young for attractive were they that fact the in lay groups these of dangerousness years. He that the foregoingadded hadthe “schismaticsignificantlygroups” increased in the con same the in Harangozó 1982, of February persons. 2500 approximately about at groups these in number overall the estimated Harangozó Jehovah. of Witnesses the and Adventists Methodists, and Németh), Géza and Éliás pastors (József Calvinist two Marianum, Regnum the “Bulányists”, the namely Security, State anti the of scope the in were which groups” “target five mentioned basi significant no “the had that reaction” claimed clerical Security State the the to 1979, of According June in documents. Harangozó by following given presentation the by illustrated be can which movement, enumerate politicallyproblematic movement. the aspects ofthe Church”. the outside

Gábor Tabajdi, Tabajdi, Gábor MOL Bernát Benyhe, “Bokor Benyhe, Bernát 352. Ibid. 328 Ibid. What was more in the interests of the s the of interests the in more was What –

XIX XIX -

329. 132 –

B Benyhe cites an ÁEH report from 1987 which estimated the number of thoseof number the estimated which 1987 from report ÁEH an cites Benyhe A III/III. krónikája III/III.krónikája A –

1 e numbers or the change of these numbers had something to do with with do to something had numbers these of change the or numbers e s estimation, the Bokor consisted of approximately 2000 persons, persons, 2000 approximately of consisted Bokor the estimation, s –

x 129 - Állam urity, Bokor hadurity, Bokor 1000 –

10/38/4 10/38/4

o srrsnl te nlss i nt o epr bt tre to started but deeper, go not did analysis the surprisingly Not - Egyház” [Bokor Egyház”

– [The Chronicle of Subdivisi Chronicle of [The

1982. (38.b) 1982. nme o neo of number a - o poiet edr i Hnay Harangozó Hungary. in leaders prominent or s State

- 58 1500 members,one and the only 1500 text argued that the anti the that argued text tate was to measure the political threat of the the of threat political the measure to was tate -

Church], Forthcoming publication., Forthcomingpublication., Church], on III/III.] on - rtsat rus uh s the as such groups protestant - 50 persons. 2500

(Budapest: Jaffa, 2013), Jaffa, (Budapest: 130

- clerical efforts of the the of efforts clerical he yas ae in later years Three - hierarchy activity of of activity hierarchy 133 28. -

tenth of them 131 t s ad to hard is It

n 1984, In

288. 288.

CEU eTD Collection 137 136 24. February Accessed Társadalom 135 134 f management” service. military refused who Bokor the join could those only that notion the up brought Bulányi that claimed report The Committee”. sev into split would efficiency its enhancing of sake the important. for Bokor the be that 1980 in might asserted report convincing names mentioned the that noted he however, false; In organization. the serve would Director” “Spiritual as Szegedi László and “rector” as Halász Endre “bishops”, as Barcza Barna and Bulányi staff”:“general a elected Bulányists the 1982, of Septemberfrom of functioning and organization inner organizedinitiate measures. operative to enough than more as number this assessed Security State the leadership Nevertheless, movement. the to ties loose rather had whom of many members, thousand few a Security. State the of estimations the than bigger much is which number a members; 5000 about speaks Tóth it. test or prove to preference any give not does he but Security, State by provided numbers mentioned the with line in is and assumption plausible quiet a is which Bokor, presum Benyhe numbers. other) any (or particular these indicate would which document any find not or reality

Benyhe, “ Benyhe, ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL nrs Máté András es that after the official condemnation of Bulányi’s views in 1982 many left the the left many 1982 in views Bulányi’s of condemnation official the after that es By the early 1980s, the State Security also made efforts to get information on the the on information get to efforts made also Security State the 1980s, early the By – –

2.7.1. 2.7.1. http://www.egyhazestarsadalom.hu/kozelmult/bulanyi 3.1.2 2014, 2012, , Bokor – - –

óh “uáy pooaí ö provokatív “Bulányi Tóth, – I would argue that the officers themselves could not decide it, since I did not Idid since it, decide not could themselves officers the that argue Iwould

o ti tm o apas n ay eot, hc ipis ht h State the that implies which reports, many in appears on time this rom - M State NOIJ NOIJ 135 –

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Church” What may be a passable conclusion is that in the 1980s the Bokor had Bokor the 1980s the in that is conclusion passable a be may What –

III/III.

the evaluation the “keeper” officer dismissed the information as as information the dismissed officer “keeper” the evaluation the

(Forthcoming), 28. (Forthcoming), –

57 –

78/6.

h Bkr Acrig o n niiul gn report agent individual an to According Bokor. the r öksége” [The Provocative Heritage of Bulányi], Bulányi], of Heritage Provocative [The öksége”

59 137

h tr “eta cmite o “central or committee” “central term The - provokativ 136

- 134 ghz és Egyház oroksege/. oroksege/. more A

f the of Má té - CEU eTD Collection 139 they since herself 138 Church the against also but Hungary, and of Vatican relations State, good and established Church the against only not were Bulányists the that Bishops of C a the to emphasized be after should it Lékai, László that Cardinal with discussion personal suggested Bai this, achieve to order In means. administrative direct by not i the that proposedreport his in ÁEH, the Affairsof Catholic for Subdivision the leaderof the clericalreaction” of isolation defamationand moraland political “exposure, 1973, fromreligious policy action theBokor first planand 3.2. The on its religious could become target the main ofoperative measures. decision central a identify to aimed Security State that grasped be can tendency the this, with connection In Bokor. the within organized and decided were things T groups. how on picture religious clear a get to unofficial efforts made Security State or that imply also sources presented official of field the in threats primary the among added for thatBulányitolook hissuccessorandfew suggested a began names. rep The management. central the to elected be could they only and communities, small of head become could “grandparents” Only “grandchildren”. and “parents” “grandparents”, a Bokor the in information that claims It 1986. in next report a in appears The Bokor the of structure it. inner the regarding use to enough convincing information this decided Security ssue of the Bulányist movement had to be solved by church disciplinary procedures, and procedures, disciplinary church by solved be to had movement Bulányist the of ssue

Tabajdi, Tabajdi, ÁB TL TL Bokor the classified state the that established be can it sources these of light the In n 1976, In

– new organizational structure was put into practice: the members were classified as classified were members the practice: into put was structure organizational new

The Chronicle of Subdivision III/III of Subdivision Chronicle The 2.7.1. 2.7.1. –

NOIJ NOIJ –

n ie ih h Dce o te oiia Cmite f h MZP on MSZMP the of Committee Political the of Decree the with line in –

BRFK BRFK

which called for increased involvement of “clerical allies” in thein allies”“clerical of involvement increased calledforwhich –

22 –

37/4.

., ., 220. 60

- political contextpolitical - making board which which board making

139

138 –

LászlóBai, onference ort ort he he CEU eTD Collection 140 only political aspects ornot issue an such on statement normative or consideration ecclesiological or theological doctrinal, a indeed be to meant was originally turn in What issue. theological or ecclesiological an in cloaked been have may Church the of structure grass the of level the reached it when instruction, oriented politically a be to meant was originally What this. of advantage took deliberately agencies politi among difference the schema this In Church. the of frame institutional and conceptual the within reactedand them understood but paradigm this capacityovercome the haveto not Bokordid t through Bokor the reached the subvert and Bokor isolate to order in Church the of procedures and dynamics inner the in the and Security State The state. the of perspective the from positive enormously was which situation, asymmetric an in resulted agencies state the of tactic The Bokor. the and Church State, of relations the in prevailed such procedures, the agencies necessary would thestate have support. provided initiate to willing were bishops the case In procedures. disciplinary by case the manage to wit could that bishops the Church deal provided tothe measures was opportunity the hand, other administrative the On leaders”. their and organizations “illegal of the against possibility legal the with threatened be should bishops the collaborat “unprincipled bishops their considered

MOL

as a politically fuelled fuelled politically a as - oeet Te mat f hs maue, hrfr, n h mjrt o te cases the of majority the in therefore, measures, these of impact The movement. n h floig er, o wtot contrad without not years, following the In –

XIX XIX cal, theological or ecclesiological issues or disagreements blurred, and the state the and blurred, disagreements or issues ecclesiological or theological cal, –

A –

21 –

d – –

mayBokor case ofthe and been, have inthe usually was, perceived

0033a 0033a he inner hierarchical channels of the Church, and it seems the seems it and Church, the of channels hierarchical inner he –

– n teeoe oal corrupted morally therefore and

3/1976. b) (90. 3/1976.

ÁEH applied every means at their disposal to intervene intervene to disposal their at means every applied ÁEH 61

ionist h the issue alone if they would be able able theyalonewould be if h theissue cin ad eiain ti schema this hesitation, and ictions ”. Basically the r the Basically ”. –

regardle - ot truh h hi the through roots –

ss of the fact that it had it that fact the of ss attack coming from the the from coming attack eport suggested that that suggested eport 140

erarchical CEU eTD Collection 142 Church” rank and laymen meant only not Bokor the of 141 ecclesiastica service. armed compulsory the against and Merza of imprisonment the against protesting in them support to him convince to order in Lékai to protest spectacular any allow not could simply regime authoritarian the such, as service military to objection his of issue to sentenced was accordingly and objection for conscripted was conscientious to reference with enlistment Bokor, his refused Merza service. reserve the days nineteen of figure known a Merza, József 1979, of September ecclesiolo theological, political, among boundaries andcontroversies. personal Bokor the of sympathizers among gossip defamatory spread network agent its using by which Security, State of fieldwork the on insight an us gives 1979 from report summary a instance, For movement. importan most the of one was Church Catholic the of rest the and Bokor the between conflict the on viewpoints bifurcating the from derived tensions the Intensifying state. the of hands the in narrativ the to according believers the of eyes the in itself about state the on not critique moral party the of agencies

ÁBTL ÁBTL Tabajdi, Tabajdi, : although no archival material suggests that Merza was enlisted deliberately because deliberately enlisted was Merza that suggests material archival no although :

A specific example of the paradigm in which the state took advantage of blurring blurring of advantage took state the which in paradigm the of example specific A (2013), 7. (2013), – t means of the state agencies in order to achieve the isolation and subversion of the of subversion and isolation the achieve to order in agencies state the of means t

2.7.1. NOIJ NOIJ 2.7.1. The Chronicle of Subdivision III/III Subdivision of Chronicle The l , and in a way even a even way a in and ,

– -

state. The answer that t that answer The state. BRFK BRFK

against its army. The Bokor as a response sent three of its members its of three sent response a as Bokor The army. its against e of the Bokor, was not bothered about becoming an obedient tool tool obedient an becoming about bothered not was Bokor, the of e

- 141 movement, and made efforts to enhance theological, conceptual theological, enhance to efforts made and movement, –

160/2/1979

–

which at this point did not generate any moral expectations moral any generate not did point this at which theological issue theological -

and ., 289 ., - – file priests, but also several bishops. Benyhe, “ Benyhe, bishops. several also but priests, file

u o te ihr ees f h Cuc which, Church the of levels higher the on but - 62 he Bokor could give in the given context was a was context given the in give could Bokor he 290. It is worth noting that at this time the sympathize the time this at that noting worth is It 290. prison. So far this was a was this far So prison.

gical and moral dimensions was when in when was dimensions moral and gical

142 since the Bokor based its anti its based Bokor the since

t hs on te ae eae an became case the point this At legal

and a and Bokor - political military - State

the rs - CEU eTD Collection 145 Bokor. ofthe success the wouldbeen have that help, to accepted Lékai case was Inthe right. Bokor which collaborator, a was he that again proved have would it them, refused Lékai if answer: exact the of regardless movement the for positive be would outcome the that hoped they and issue, 144 143 that confirmed be cannot it therefore “demand” the base detail not does document the However, Bulányists the surveying “after that we /in1976/ communities demanded from states which Affairs, Church of Office State the of material archival the from 1981 to dated document a cites Benyhe evidence. base of issue the with deals that presumably fifty account every of in appears basically event list The punished. be a to had who over priests “Bulányist” handed Lékai Bishops Hungarian of Conference the of 1976, when aftertheofth shortly submission the Bokor theChurch within moral an into case the transformed Bokor. the done have not would matter, the in something do could he if even who Lékai, see to decided they still movement; the disrupt to order in Merza of enlistment the instrumentalize to intendeddeliberately state the reasonthat with Bokorpresumed the of church of framework given report, a to according that, is the point interesting The relations. in allow not could anyway state Cardinal the the with that clash something direct a meant have would which request, the refused unsurprisingly collaboration, unprincipled of him accused constantly others that and aware Bulányi definitely was who Lékai, Gospel. the of interpretation certain a on notions

ÁBTL ÁBTL MOL It seems plausible to me that the membe the that me to plausible seems It

(from the perspective of the Bokor) issue, and made made and issue, Bokor) the of perspective the (from The confrontation between the Bokorthe between confrontation The – –

XIX XIX

2.7.1. NOIJ NOIJ 2.7.1. 144 –

A h rsl o te etn, h mta dsponmn ad accusations and disappointment mutual the meeting, the of result The –

21 – –

BRFK BRFK

d –

0033a 0033a –

– 153 153

ecclesiological

a situation that had considerablea thathad situation –

– 1/1981. (119.b.) 1/1981. -

communit 235/3. rs of the Bokor tried to force Lékai to make a clear stand on the the on stand clear a make to Lékai force to tried Bokor the of rs

the Catholic bishops to stand up against them”. stand to up bishops the Catholic ies; however it lacks proper published archival published proper lacks it however ies; - 63

movement and the bishops began in December in began bishops the and movement (from the perspective of the hierarchy) and a and hierarchy) the of perspective the (from

e aforementionede byat action ÁEH, plan the even more contested the role of of role the contested more even 143

political value political Bulányi and the inner c inner the and Bulányi anything at the urging of urging the at anything would have meant that the the that meant have would

for thestate.

- state state ircle 145 – -

CEU eTD Collection 150 149 148 147 146 th neutralize immediately beganreport, Bulányi’s afterthe of operatively monitoring home. to order “in intervene to proposed report The Lékai. from emanating libels the about pope the notify to planned companions him. t by way this in described and Lékai instead. atheism supported with and do to Christianity nothing had Church the within from Bokor the attack who those that stated he claims, report the least at addition, In conscience. his with correspond would instructions that he obey was to undercir oftheonly willing the Church instructions Ruiz, Angel Order, Piarist the of General the to declared mediators, through Bulányi,III/III, Subdivision the of Report Information Operative Daily a to According antagonism. this wit deal 1979 of January from “Crows” investigation the of file the in reports Two Lékai. Cardinal of treason the proved viewpoints their in which Bokor, the of members to point Lékaiwith on t accounts, “Bulányist” to Similarly communities. small in work pastoral performed actively who priests were but Bokor, the added and information this a other with accordance confirmed also thesis my for conducted interview priests. these suspend to bishops the wanted Lékai and existed cler among that is reports Security State to according sure be to seems What list. aforementioned the meant it this by

Benyhe, “ Benyhe, ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL – – – -

3.1.2 3.1.2 2.7.1 2.7.1 2.7.1 2.7.1. Bokor - – –

his. What is important, however, eventreference is this constant his. What provided that a – M

- NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ State NOIJ NOIJ -

42259 /279. 42259 - – – Church” (2013), 4. (2013), Church” –

III/III. III/III. III/III.

III/III. ccounts

ics a rumor quickly started to spread according to which such a list a such which to according spread to started quickly rumor a ics – – –

148

I.10 I.10 I.5

– Another report five days later asserted that Bulányi and his and Bulányi that asserted later days five report Another – –

that the mentioned fifty priests were not all members of of members all not were priests fifty mentioned the that 4/5

147 8/6

ok sae ta te ihp rfsd o cooperate to refused bishops the that stated Tomka 64

i actions”. eir e aoiy f ihp were bishops of majority he 146 149

eec ok i an in Tomka Ferenc h Sae Security, State The cumstance that these cumstance thatthese 150

–

in h CEU eTD Collection 155 154 153 152 151 disin “strong in resulted which groups, dissident the against” forces loyal activatethe to easy was “it that addedIt leaders”. Church the to proved anti “the that claimed base other on (and Bokor the on work operative the evaluated 1979 of July in Security State optimistic always The insufficient. as episcopacy the by taken steps the considered ÁEH the however Bokor; o issue the with relation in policy their reshape to reason any see not did agencies state “misapprehensions”. its for writing the condemned Bishops “supervision” operatively”. “supervised be to had this with relation in bishops the by taken steps any that urged report The 1970s. early the in Bulányi by composed been had Marketing”, was content” inappropriate “politically had which ‘Marketing’” entitled writing “the the that reported Security State of informers the February In views. Bulányi’s of condemnation ecclesiastical the achieve Bulányi’s about Kisberk inform intention. operatively to decided Security the deepen State to order controversy, In Vatican. the to accusation Kisberk’s report to planned Bulányi Bulány called publicly Kisberk Imre side political its of instead controversy the of aspects theological andecclesiological the stress to bishops the ÁEH

ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL Tabajdi, Tabajdi, “ Benyhe, ÁBTL –

Two additional cases from these formative years illustrate how the action plan of the of plan action the how yearsillustrate formative these from cases additional Two enhancing the antagonism between the Bokor and t and Bokor the between antagonism the enhancing – – – 151

The Chronicle of Subdivision III/III of Subdivision Chronicle The 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. Bokor

t a i te ae er whe year, same the in was It was not fruitless: in August the Theological Committee of the Conference of of Conference the of Committee Theological the August in fruitless: not was – – – -

State – NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ

was realized in practice. In February of 1979 it was reported that Bishop that reported was it 1979 of February In practice. in realized was - Church” (2013), Church” – – – - ecclesiastical and disruptive nature of these groups was successfully was groups these of nature disruptive and ecclesiastical

III III/III. Győr

/III. - communities) as plainly successful. The relevant s relevant The successful. plainly as communities)

- Sopron Sopron et o h ihp.Ti tx, hs xc ttews “Pastoral was title exact whose text, This bishops. the to sent – –

166 166 36 – –

– 38/5

6. 6. 178/5. 178/5. 11

i and his movement heretical. As a countermove, countermove, a As heretical. movement his and i – ., ., 289

29/11.

te tt Scrt frt nevnd n re to order in intervened first Security State the n - 290. 65

erto” mn ter ranks. their among tegration” 153 he hierarchy, and encouraging and hierarchy, he

It seems that at this time the time this at that seems It ummary report report ummary 152

f the f The 155 154

CEU eTD Collection 156 ecclesiastical opinion”. the convinces vastpublic of majority the fi increasingly act Bulányi schismatic the against struggle the “in Affairs, Church of Office State the of report situation a in appears it As Church. the of opinion” controversy the with connection theaction in plan:unity3.3. Shift keeping enforcing by schism present writings. Bulányi’s in hierarc the of part the from statements normative making with combined procedures disciplinary ecclesiastical with dealt been have should time this at conflict which Bokor, the with conflict into hierarchy the pushed operatively hierarchy, the and Bokor the between relationship the supervised closely agencies state The theChurch. frame of institutional and conceptual the Bokorin hierarchy the which to religious policy of case inevery single and aspect. implementation the on viewpoint unified an have not did state the that fact certa a sense can one Bokor) anti the by the represented about convinced were bishops (the Security State the and sufficiently) act not did episcopacy (the ÁEH the of part the from claims two the Between

MOL Until 1980/1981 the state agencies did not change the original action plan, accord plan, action original the change not did agencies state the 1980/1981 Until In the light of the sources, the main concern of the State Office of Church Affairs in Affairs Church of Office State the of concern main the sources, the of light the In –

XIX XIX –

A –

rmly and uniformly … Cardinal László Lékai guardedly and successfully and guardedly Lékai László Cardinal … uniformly and rmly 21 –

d – –

with the support of the state agencies state the of support the with 0033a 0033a

–

4/1982 (124.b) (124.b) 4/1982 on the Bokor was the unity of the bishops and the “public the and bishops the of unity the was Bokor the on

in contradiction, which sheds light on the on light sheds which contradiction, in hy on several ecclesiological problems problems ecclesiological several on hy - movement, the Hungarian bishops bishops Hungarian the movement, – 156

ought to solve the issue of issue the solve to ought

and politically as well as well as politically and Inanother document the - ecclesiastical threat threat ecclesiastical ing ing CEU eTD Collection 158 157 the from Harangozó frame. another in it understood Bokor the that acknowledged agency anti the good its of state”. the because with relationships hierarchy the condemns time same the at but attitude, unpolitical is This a an government. by put directly the of goal ultimate an indeed was form given the in sustainment church established the attacked it hierarchy, church ruling the of the state the eyesof the in that show also Bokor the on terms applied the Church, unified the of notion the with together hand, other the On hierarchy. the of opposition inner as it isolating over schism cho of option the with count to began seriously state framework,not institutional since lightthe point in atthis asseems oftheterminology it that but Conceptual Church. the of framework conceptual the within issue the keeping thereby politi than rather ecclesiology of register the in Bokor the of views and ( dissenter the on policy implemented the of concerns main the about profound something reveal notions Both hierarchy. official the of authority the under Church unified a of objective the and objec declared regardlesswhether the regular basisof on a activity own its praise to ÁEHSecurity, tend the policy prov our that asserted be can “It issue: the on successful as policy its confirmed ÁEH

MOL MOL

oo: h tr shsai ( schismatic term the Bokor: ed leaving tobecorrectbishops”. in the to the solution What I would like to highlight here highlight to like would I What – – - hie

XIX XIX XIX szakadár acy oeia dsore f h Bkr s pltcl hleg, vn f the if even challenge, political a as Bokor the of discourse polemical rarchy – –

tives were really achieved or not or achieved really were tives A A – –

21 21 ), on the one hand signifies the effort of the state to interpret the activity the interpret to state the of effort the signifies hand one the on ), nalysis of the ÁEH, in which it is stated that “[The Bokor] propagates Bokor] “[The that stated is it which in ÁEH, the of nalysis political – –

d d – –

0 0033a 033a 033a

158 threat o threat

– –

The way of composition implies that the ÁEH considered ÁEH the that implies composition of way The 1/1981 (119.b) (119.b) 1/1981 4/b skizmatikus - 1982 (124.b) (124.b) 1982 f the Bokor was that by challenging the moral authoritymoral challengingthe by that was Bokor the f – 67

besides noting the fact that similarly to State State to similarly that fact the noting besides , r n te css etra ( sectarian cases other in or ),

–

is the notion of the “schismatic” Bokor “schismatic” the of notion the is sn t ps te oo twr a toward Bokor the push to osing 157

- state relationships relationships state a dset and dissent, cal szektás –

whose and ) CEU eTD Collection structu hierarchical the of denial the 63. (Forthcoming), is Bokor ma the the that argued he which by discipline”, of issue an foremost and first is … “Bulányism 0033a MOL controversy. the in Lékai with sided clearly supervision, hierarchical under Bokor 163 162 ÁBTL ÁBTL former. the hears it if attacks immediately state the because they but communities, 161 160 159 Church. Hungarian the of framework the in movement the place for Bokor a by securing the with confrontation toavoidopen Hungarian bishops of the end. the at offer the refused he that implies events of course the but answer, direct a give not did Bulányi not. report, or relevant the authority to According his accept to willing was he whether Bulányi asked directly Cserháti Bokor. the over hierarchy the of convince supervision the to accept to Bulányi attempted Bishops, of Conference the of secretary the also was who Pécs, under back them bring to preferred it them”), with deal to state the for easier make also would it ways many in and sect, a as function to continued Bokor the if eased be would hierarchy conside 1981 in ÁEH of the Church; schismatic Bokor the making stat the Bokor: the towards policy state in connection withthe churches’ life”. the of right any deny and state, and Church official the between cooperation political the reject Bokor] [the “they that argued when aspect same the emphasized Security State of part

In 1982, the State Office of Church Affairs asserted that Cserháti, after his unsuccessful attempt to place the the place to attempt unsuccessful his after Cserháti, that Affairsasserted Church theof Office State In1982, ÁBTL MOL MOL In his personal meetings with Bulányi, Cserháti suggested that he truly supported the activity of the base the of activity the supported truly he that suggested Cserháti Bulányi, with meetings personal his In

– – the control of the hierarchy. the of control the

n ih o te ore ad vns f 9218, sit n ou ocre i the in occurred focus in shift a 1982/1983, of events and sources the of light In 4 2.7.1. – – – /b /b

XIX XIX XIX

2.7.1. 2.7.1. –

1982 (124.b) According to a report of the ÁEH, Cserháti in 1983 claimed that the case of the the of case the that claimed 1983 in Cserháti ÁEH, the of report a to According (124.b) 1982 – – –

NOIJ NOIJ

however this decision was not made before 1981. Although an the analysis of Although decision was before made not 1981. this however A B –

NOIJ NOIJ – –

1 21

– hud hne hi nms rm “base from names their change should –

Baranya

– x – red the possible positive outcomes of this option (“The burden on the the on burden (“The option this of outcomes positive possible the red

– Baranya

– 10/38/4 10/38/4

0033a 0033a –

98 over suppressing the movement in the institutional framework institutional the in movement the suppressing over

– – –

13 –

1/a 1/a 1982 (38.b) 1982

282/7. e chose the option of option the chose e 160 –

– 38/12. 38/12.

1981 (119.b) (119.b) 1981 Accordingly, in 1980 in Accordingly,

159 68

“ Benyhe, Church. the of re

162

- This was the last attem last the was This community” to “religious small community” community” small “religious to community” keeping the unity of the Church by Church the of unity the keeping –

2.7.1. 163 - 1981 Bishop József Cserháti of Cserháti József Bishop 1981

After Cserháti’s unsuccessful Cserháti’s After –

NOIJ NOIJ 161

– In February of 1981 of February In

Baranya – Bokor

XIX XIX pt from the partthe from pt jor - –

State – problem with with problem

81 – -

Church” – 21

209/2; –

d – -

CEU eTD Collection 164 facilitate to need “we 1982, in it put Harangozó As See. Holy the and Conference Bishops’ from place took heretic a as Bulányi of stigmatization official the of case the in Church of authority the under back come would movement the of majority the that believers of wo group large a that probability the picture not did they sure, be To fact. this of aware was government the that convinced am I and schism; of direction the in events of the way the of out Bokor remove to order in implemented and decided state the what However, government. the by made consciously was schism a enforcing of decision the that confirms explicitly officialgain thatthestatepolitically could Church, from themore the situation. the and Bokor the between clash spectacular more a that considered Security State words, who charge in officer the operativelyt “enforce to proposed of remark the is interesting really is What movement”. the of fall the to led it if even undertaken, be to has confrontation “open that added also He See. ei obey not would he that asserted Bulányi 1984 of February in report, Security State a to According direction. new this underlies report which one here cite to like would I hierarchy. the and Bokor t the between confrontation pushing politically and operatively by practice and unity in realized was the schism a enforcing of decision restore The hierarchy. the of authority unquestioned to order in schism the enforce to decided indeed state the made: l in that seems It plan. action its rethought state the move,

ÁBTL ÁBTL uld leave the Church; at least no archival evidence suggests that. Instead,theyanticipated that. archivalevidencesuggests no least Church; at leavethe uld I would like to stress to like Iwould –

2.7.1. 2.7.1. –

NOIJ NOIJ

– of “sound religious political conditions” fundamentally led the course the led fundamentally conditions” political religious “sound of

III/III.

the fact that during my research I did not find any source whichany source find Inot did research duringmyfactthat the –

32 – he views which drive to radical confrontation”. radical to drive which views he

34/8,9

ther the Hungarian hierarchy or the Holy the or hierarchy Hungarian the ther e ore f vns oad open toward events of course he t 18 a e dcso was decision new a 1981 ate the part of the the of part the

164

Inother CEU eTD Collection 167 166 165 anti the “support to this urged from respect Security State The procedure. the by frightened were organizations” “illegal “Lékai pointless: not was pressure expressed hisagreement and readiness his toso The Conference”. Bishops’ the of responsibility the emphasized and … Bulányists the of activity dangerous the to attention drew Office our Ch of relationships the about Conference Bishops’ the of members few a and Lékai Cardinal with “consulted testifies, report ÁEH an as Office”, the of leadership “the 1981 of June In pressure. political direct of result the was partially least duty. ecclesiastical and priestly every from suspended be would Bulányi case either in that anticipated report The questions. the answer to refuse would or hea 1981 of October late in submitted report a to According and investigated be would views three Bulányi’s a that by condemned settled was it 1981, of fall in than lat Not Church. Catholic the from away tearing Bokor’s the to led have would which path the in step first the represents 1982 in Conference Bishops’ Hungarian the of part the from influence Churches’progressive ofthe line”. neo other among Bokor, [the forces polarized the of return the

MOL ÁBTL MOL ring was held held was ring In the li the In After the first hearing on fifth of December, a report asserted that the leaders of the the of leaders the that asserted report a December, of fifth on hearing first the After – – –

XIX XIX XIX

2.7.1. 2.7.1. – –

A B – views Bulányi’s of condemnation the plan, action changing state’s the of ght

NOIJ NOIJ – – –

1 21 , Lékai expected that Bulányi would not appear in front of the committee the of front in appear not would Bulányi that expected Lékai , –

– x –

– III/III. -

– ebrd omte fo te ugra Bsos Conference. Bishops’ Hungarian the from committee membered 10/38/4 10/38/4

0033a 0033a –

171 171 – –

1982. (38.b.) 1982. 4/b 4/b –

231/12. 231/12. – -

poiin ( opposition 1982 1982 (124.b)

165 70

lve theissue”. lve

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- w mnh bfr te first the before months two protestant groups] under the under groups] protestant

es 166

eceisia measures ecclesiastical )

The decisio The n of Lékai at Lékai of n er CEU eTD Collection withfalseworked information. ofcases number shedcase The theBokor. heleft meantime the in probablybecause retirement to sent were Bisztray and Bánk, of environment NOIJ Bokor the in participation Szegedi, 171 170 hearings. during the notary as served ofEsztergom the current Archbishop Erdő, well 169 168 Bulányi the against actions their pursuing consistently in support Bishops of Conference the and Lékai Cardinal “provide to ÁEH the instructed MSZMP the of Committee Political the month, consensus no in resulted himself, Lékai and state of part the from expectations realized in1983. sendi of procedures. these “efficiency”of the help to proposed information the with dealing report The priests. “Bulányist” four against immediatelyafter Vác Bánkof József Bishop instance, For situation. the of advantage take to efforts made also Security State the Bulányi, of procedure the of result final the before act to chose bishop a when th reduce thereby and issues theological moral up bring to committee the of members the influence to counter decided Security State move, a As issues. dogmatic in compromise and dialogue for openness their show to n did they which from well, as issues theological moral raise would committee the that concerned were friends his and Bulányi that reported operatively”.

ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL - known Hungarian theologians and biblical scholars: László Vanyó, Ferenc Gál and H and Gál Ferenc Vanyó, László scholars: biblical and theologians Hungarian known –

The next hearing of Bulányi in late February of 1982, accordingly to the the to accordingly 1982, of February late in Bulányi of hearing next The BRFK BRFK Barna Barcza and László Bisztray were sent to retirement by Bishop Bánk as a punishment a as Bánk Bishop by retirement to sent were Bisztray László and Barcza Barna ng these particular priests in question to retirement, but the punishment was only only was punishment the but retirement, to question in priests particular these ng – – – –

2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1.

2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. - movement … and to ask the Vatican to clearly take sides take clearly to Vatican the ask to and … movement 168 –

– –

68 – The Subdivision III/III had a good opportunity to do so when an informant an when so do to opportunity good a had III/III Subdivision The

– 171 NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ

NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ –

0//92 i i eiet th evident is it 108/9/1982) . However, this did not happen. In the light of the original report (ÁBTL (ÁBTL report original the of light the In happen. not did this However, . – –

even the even – III/III III/III. –

III/III.

BRFK only – –

198 198

197 197 – inform

the first hearing of Bulányi initiated a disciplinary procedure procedure disciplinary a initiated Bulányi of hearing first the

– one year later, in the May of 1983, while Szegedi was Szegedi while 1983, of May the in later, year one 199 199

68/3/1982. The report stated that four priests, Endre Halász, László László Halász, Endre priests, four that stated report The 68/3/1982. – –

266/6. 265/5. 265/5. – ant was unsure about reliability of the rumor the of reliability about unsure was ant 170

267/74. It is worth noting that the committee consisted of three three of consisted committee the that noting worth is It 267/74.

As a result, next yearseriouslythoughtBánk Bishop next result, a As

poaiiy f n rapprochement. any of probability e t h ifrain a otie second obtained was information the at 71

ot want to withdraw. Instead, they planned planned theyInstead, withdraw. to want ot s

light on the fact that the State Security in a in Security State thatthe fact the on light

with the Hungarian the with . In fact, Halász and and Halász fact, In . uba Rózsa. Péter Péter Rózsa. uba - . In the same same the In . not hand from the the from hand 169

punished n cases In –

for their their for 2.7.1. 2.7.1.

– – - - -

CEU eTD Collection meeting. the visited time theat first when Lékai 1980, Church in the of part from the recognition fig prominent all grass the of priest prominent a Balás, Béla from came initiation original participants young thousand few their with 175 174 173 the and Churches] 172 and impatient more becoming were they that “proved Bulányists the of provocation” harsh “the that MSZMP of Committee Central the to reported ÁEH, the of head the Miklós, Imre 30 About church. the leave Lékaiagreenotto with did who those Bulányiof followercalledon loudlya mass, the (nor Kovács László priest, “Bulányist” another and Bulányi with concelebrate to refused Lékai event the At decision. unified their toward bishops the pushed 1982 of May in Meeting” “Nagymaros diocese. his in sacramental and sacraments deliver to and preach to publically, masses celebrating from Bulányi prohibited each bishop Inaddition, Faith. the Doctrineof Congregation the for investi its closed Bishops of Conference Bulányi the and himself [Lékai] Cardinal the between place taken had only conflict the previously whereas this considered ÁEH The a episcopacy points. “the success: these serious development on withdrawal his for called and false were views Bulányi’s which in points six found procedure the that March in declared Bishops of measures. administrative apply would state the state, the by provided means political of help the with issue the solve to failed they case in that bishops the threatened Committee Political the document same the In episcopacy”.

Benyhe, “ Benyhe, MOL Szilvia Köbel, Köbel, Szilvia The “Nagymaros Meetings” from 1970/1971 represented the most important important most the represented 1970/1971 from Meetings” “Nagymaros The eie t on po own its Beside – 174

XIX XIX

Bokor

–

ures of the catholic catholic the of ures A

“Oszd meg és uralkodj”. A Pártállam és az egyházak egyházak az és Pártállam A uralkodj”. és meg “Oszd (Budapest: Rejtjel, 2005), Rejtjel, (Budapest: - - State movement”. –

21 mally all of the present priests concelebrated the mass together). During During together). mass the concelebrated priests present the of all mally - – Church” -

40 persons left, and continued the celebration outside with Bulányi. with outside celebration the continued and left, persons 40 d –

0033a 0033a iia efrs te E ipid ht h sadl t h annual the at scandal the that implied ÁEH the efforts, litical

(Forthcoming), 43. 43. (Forthcoming), 173

–

underground

When Bulányi’s withdrawal did not happen until June, the June, until happen not did withdrawal Bulányi’s When 1/1982 (124.b) 1/1982 –

141. semi

- illegal event in the life of active catholic communities. The The communities. catholic active of life the in event illegal

had ties with these meetings. The events gained official official gained events The meetings. these with ties had ain n sbitd h cs t te Sacred the to case the submitted and gation 172 72

Under t Under

cted uniformly against the … dissenters, dissenters, … the against uniformly cted his political pressure the Conference the pressure political his - root “Regnum” (see later). Basically later). (see “Regnum” root [“Divide and Ru and [“Divide –

n h m the and le”. The Party The le”. ost spectacular spectacular ost

- State State 175

CEU eTD Collection 177 176 See was needed. however complete, schism the make To Conference. Bishops’ Hungarian the by views Bulányi’s of condemnation ecclesiastical the in resulted 1982 in which confrontations, spectacular and bitter toward Bokor the also and bishops it put report schism enforce to order in Church Hungarian the churchin quo status st the maintaining of sake the the of for structure authority hierarchical the its over supporting hierarchy by Church the of unity the keeping Church: Catholic the regarding policy religious the of objective overall the affect not did however which shift 3.4. Conclusion the unified actionepiscopacy”. of the facilitated Nagymaros at happenings “the that stating by report his closed Miklós opinion”. of majority “the by rejected” “firmly were violations which values” moral important violated they “but mass, the left attendees” the of portion insignificant an just because only “not unsuccessful “made as evaluated be could they provocation Their mistakes”. but hierarchy”, ecclesiastical the against struggle their in nervous

MOL MOL To conclude the chapter, in late 1981 the state changed its action plan on the Bokora the on plan changedaction state the its 1981 late in chapter, concludethe To – –

XIX XIX XIX 177 – –

A A –

– –

between the Bokor and the rest of the Chur the of rest the and Bokor the between

21 21 - state relationships. Indeed, the state intervened in the innerof dynamicsthe Indeed,intervenedin staterelationships. the state – –

d d – –

0033a 0033a 0033a

– –

1/a 1/a (124.b) 4/1982 –

176 1981 (119.b) (119.b) 1981

–

or “let” the schism happen as an ÁEH ÁEH an as happen schism the “let” or te pstv” eiin f h Holy the of decision “positive” the , ch. The intervention pushed the pushed intervention The ch. the catholic public public catholic the ate - dominated serious serious

CEU eTD Collection the democratic transition. on light some sheds turn in third decision the influence to order in applied mechanisms political the on insights profound offers section first the general: in go Bokor, the theparticularsensealso case beyond of they atte a in however, chapter, previous the in analyzed SecurityI efforts political the of aspects integral are State how reveals topics three The ends. own and its for movement the of ideology apolitical the instrumentalize 1980s, the of opposition political the and Bokor the of relationship the with concerned turn in is section third The Bokor. the of isolation the enhance to order in “underground” Catholic Hungarian the in of dynamics intervened state the means what by account into take I Secondly, government. Hungarian the by perceived was it as least at controversy, the in Vatican the of role the on active contributio and official the without however, goal, This Church. Catholic the of rest the and Bokor the between schism open an toward controversy the push to efforts made agencies pl action new a 1982 policy religious socialist the of measures repressive standard the by solved be could issue the that convinced Bokor the regarding state the of repression Bokor The 4. Chapter In the previous chapter I argued that after 1981 a shift can be observed in the policy the in observed be can shift a 1981 after that argued I chapter previous the In n of the Holy See could not be realized. Therefore, in this chapter firstly I focus I firstly chapter this in Therefore, realized. be not could See Holy the of n

–

uvrin dfmto, n eceisia dsilnr procedures disciplinary ecclesiastical and defamation, subversion, an began to be put into practice. According to this schema, the state the schema, this to According practice. into put be to began an

- - making processes of an international actor, the Vatican; the Vatican; the actor, international an of processes making oeet n te ehnss f political of mechanisms the and movement - the concerns and fieldwork of State Security on the eve of of eve the on Security State of fieldwork and concerns the movem ent. Whilst prior to 1981 the state agencies were were agencies state the 1981 to prior Whilst ent. 74

and the domestic religious policy thedomestic and pe to mpted to the the to – in , CEU eTD Collection that ÁBTL realized. was measure suggests theoperative evidence no however Bokor; the against it use to order in letter General’s the seize to proposed After Ruiz: and Bulányi between 19 in hearing correspondence first Bulányi’s the of advantage take or control either not State could that Security assumed also be can It something. misinterpreted or information false collected Security State that again, letter Ruiz’s this mentions nothing reports following thein moreover realized, notwas measure ÁBTL operatively. publicized be to had General the of re the addition, In Rome. for Hungary leave to Bulányi ordered 179 178 not. or Rome whether about order the of channels hierarchical the through Bulányi asked time first the for Ruiz 1979, of December In Vatican. convince the to to go to trying Bulányi by Church Hungarian the within clash the avoid to attempted Ruiz, o General the especially and See, Holy the that seems it Instead, years. following the of course the in all at it change not did See Holy the seems it and ecclesiastical standpoint, “official the to itself frames. parochial the subjugatein work pastoral its perform to to and expectations” had Bokor the that said See, Holy the of representative the Poggi, Cardinal Hungary. of representatives the from came idea T raised. was Bokor the of issue the Hungary and Vatican the of representatives the between meeting the ex the from information received Provi the that mentions report A 1979. of February in was See Holy the with relation in appears issue the time first The grass Hungarian the about specific governmentthe theHungarian perspective of the Vatican from theBokor and of issue Seethe Holy pressure: 4.1. The political under

ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL h aalbe ore sget that suggest sources available The – –

2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. he report does not specify who raised the issue, but it seems plausible that the that plausible seems it but issue, the raised who specify not does report he 179 – –

NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ n coe o 18, uz gi sgetd ht uáy sol lae the leave should Bulányi that suggested again Ruiz 1983, of October In – –

III/III. 82, the General admonished Bulányi in writing to be obedient. The relating report report relating The obedient. be to writing in Bulányi admonished General the 82, III/III.

– –

ncial Superior of the Piarist Order in Hungary, István Albert, István Hungary, in Order Piarist the of Superior ncial

48 255 255 – - general of the order, Vince Tomek, according to which at at which to according Tomek, Vince order, the of general

– - 50/15. roots in general and the Bokor in particular before 1979. before particular in Bokor the and general in roots

– 281/5. In the same month another report claimed that General Ruiz Ruiz General that claimed report another month same the In 281/5.

2.7.1. 2.7.1.

–

NOIJ NOIJ 75 h Hl Se i nt ely nw anything know really not did See Holy the

–

– 2.7.1. 2.7.1.

III/ port proposed that the “condemnatory opinion” opinion” “condemnatory the that proposed port III. –

– NOIJ NOIJ

14 –

– 8/10 8/10

III/III. III/III. e a wlig o oe to move to willing was he

–

269 f the Piarists, Angel Piarists, the f 178

– This was a clear a was This

299/5. Since this Since 299/5.

it seems seems it CEU eTD Collection regime.” the of wish strong the (Luzern: Teológiai despite … me order not Erény Egyházrend : did He … duty apostolic my as I Then instead. archive the manage 182 181 180 with concerned were reports Security State of number large considerably a that fact the of light In General. Piarist the of goodwill personal and official the on count still could he yet him, instrumentalize might state party the that probability the reduced he which by superiors, Hungarian his of instructions feel the bound by didnot although andprotection: certain thathe freedom seems it of degree ambiva Bulányi’s P.”). (“Sch. signature Piarist the with writings his signed and superiors, his order the of leaders the called he monk: Piarist offer. this of nature the on 1979. in order the reenter to offer to change whenAngel wasreport, situation it refused this According possible. Ruiz’s toahe wantnot did he seems it order,and the of activemember an not washe myinquiry, of scope the by covered is which period time the thein orders, religious on permitted in monks restrictions of number legal the to due Officially, Order. Piarist the in Bulányi of situation leade the between on Congregation Sacred the of quasi onlythe Order was Piarist the of structure hierarchical the Bulányi’sviews, investigation the Before Vatican. the to connections Bulányi refused theoffer. significantly. deteriorated had reputation his where Vatican the for country

ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL “István Albert instructed me to move into the friary, give up my work concerning small concerning work my up give friary, the into move to me instructed Albert “István the relationships between Bulányi and the Generals up to the mid the to up Generals the and betweenBulányi relationships the n h lgt f h sou the of light the In – –

2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. – – - Pasztorációs Tanulmányok M. Központ, 1989), 1989), Központ, M. Tanulmányok Pasztorációs - NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ e az engedelmesség? engedelmesség? az e rship of the movement and the Holy See. It is worth noting the ambivalent ambivalent the noting worth is It HolySee. the and movement the of rship – –

III/III. BRFK

the domestic hierarchical chain of command of the order against order the of command of chain hierarchical domestic the 182 – –

I.5. I.5. rces, it can be ascertained that the Bokor had very limited limited very had Bokor the that ascertained be can it rces, 146 146 ht a b asre i ta Blni osdrd isl a himself considered Bulányi that is asserted be can What ked him that he had ordered me in the name of Jesus Christ to give up up give to Christ Jesus of name the in me ordered had he that him ked 181 – –

4/5.

[Church Order : Is Obedience a Virtue?] a Obedience Is Order : [Church 208/11. 208/11.

To be sure, Bulányi gave a very d very a gave Bulányi sure, be To

lent relation to the order provided him a him provided order the to relation lent 170. 170.

, Egyházfórum Könyvei 3 3 Könyvei Egyházfórum , - ifferent interpretation ifferent 1980 s, the advantage the s, - 180 communities, and and communities, György Bulányi, Bulányi, György

In all cases, all In - direct link link direct - CEU eTD Collection Archbishop with ÁEH the of meeting Bishop], the with Communion In Church, Local 185 184 183 bishops base any that declared II Paul John where the to refer problems”. emerging of solution the obstructs and results achieved mutually the threatens activity “schismatic the that recognized gradually only Vatican the that adds document The statement”. “clear a with bishops Hungarian the helped so the in Vatican the involving in successful were Office the of efforts the were clearlythe Bokor. toinfluence theVaticanto sideagainst proposed inorder take State Church. the efreport relevant the of evaluationthe in concerns, since similar had Securityhave may of unity the keep to desired only See Holy the understanding, his In Vatica the Bulányi affirmedthat 1982 in because partially so did They episcopacy. Hungarian the of side the on case the influence and achievement its maintain to was agencies state the of concern main the meantime, the In 1984. in only inquiry its started however, Congregation, Sacred The See. Holy the of authority the under years.state’s interests inthe following party the to obstacle unexpected an be to proved status unsettled Bulányi’s from resulted

MOL ÁBTL Agostino Casaroli, “Szilárd egységben a helyi egyházzal, közösségben a püspökkel” [In Unity with the the with Unity [In püspökkel” a közösségben egyházzal, helyi a egységben “Szilárd Casaroli, Agostino On the part of the State Office of Church Affairs, a document in 1982 claimed that claimed 1982 in document a Affairs, Church of Office State the of part the On i procedure ecclesiastical Afterthe – – –

XIX XIX

2.7.1. 2.7.1. n to disband the Bokor or the Sacred Congregation did not want to get involved. involved. get to want not did Congregation Sacred the or Bokor the disband to n at least Casaroli later interpreted the words of the of words the interpreted later Casaroli least at ad limina limina ad –

A –

NOIJ NOIJ –

21 – – –

III/III. ii o te ugra bsos o h Vtcn n coe o 1982, of October in Vatican the to bishops Hungarian the of visit with reason –

0033a 0033a the representatives of the Holy See to take a “positive” stand in stand “positive” a take to See Holy the of representatives the –

193 193 –

4 /1982 (124.b) /1982 (124.b) József Bánk. The ÁEH raised questions about the ad limina visit, visit, limina ad the about questions raised ÁEH The Bánk. József –

229/7. –

either the bishops did notget did encouragement the fromeither any bishops

Új Ember Új n Hungary on the views of Bulányi, the case camecase the Bulányi, of views the on Hungaryn 77 - omnt ms b i cmuin ih the with communion in be must community

, May 22, 1983. Csaba Szabó cites a report on the on report a cites Szabó Csaba 1983. 22, May , 184

pope in such a way. a such in pope

h “ The la saeet could statement” clear uin which lution, 185

It could It 183 forts

- CEU eTD Collection ÁEH] the of representative the érsek with 186 József Bánk Bánk http://www (1982). József szellemében Helsinki Archbishop “Egyházpolitika Szabó, ÁE az ‘beszélgetése’ Csaba fact. strange serioustensions generated Bokor years, these in Bánk by led was which Vác, of diocese the in that base Considering Rome. the of issue the that word single a with mention not did Bánk however that: wi line in See, Holy the of affairs foreign the of head the Casaroli, Cardinal 1983, In significance. primary bore Hungary with relations diplomatic good maintaining and unity ecclesiastical fo responsible circles the in seems the of favor in much so t more was it that aware well were they Hungarian that the been have may case of their in concern The bishops. “encouragement” the with side a politicaltake to government the needed really Vatican the whether figure. radicalsuspicious manyways in and unknown an by led believers of group a than important party the between as well as See, Holy go the that accepted Vatican the that government its support would See Holy the decision”. and Bokor], [the movement dissenter the regarding th 1981 in confirmed indeed Casaroli report, ÁEH an to According 1983. in later year a bishops Hungarian the to letter Casaroli’s in attested as HolySee the of part the on resolution a such anticipated ÁEH the that mean also

MOL

– th his earlier promise sent a letter to the Hungarian episcopacy, in which he claimed claimed he which in episcopacy, Hungarian the to letter a sent promise earlier his th

ihu acs t te ore o th of sources the to access Without –

in contrast to the Sacred Congregation which acted upon the writings of Bulányi of writings the upon acted which Congregation Sacred the to contrast in XIX XIX .archivnet.hu/pp_hir_nyomtat.php?hir_id=338 186

– oehls, ht s rca hr i te niain rm h pr o the of part the from indication the is here crucial is what Nonetheless,

A – H képviselőjével” [Ecclesiastical Policy in the Spirit of Helsinki. The ‘conversation’ of ‘conversation’ The Helsinki. of Spirit the in Policy [Ecclesiastical képviselőjével” H

21 –

d –

0033a 0033a ecclesiastical , and the ÁEH was certainly interested in this aspect of the visit, this is a quite quite isthis a visit, the of aspect this in interested certainly was ÁEH the and , r the foreign policy of the Vatican, the objective of keeping the keeping of objective the Vatican, the of policy foreign the r –

4/b 4/b –

1982 1982 (124.b)

han suspicious that the Hungarian government was was government Hungarian the that suspicious han odmain f uáy’ ves Nntees it Nonetheless, views. Bulányi’s of condemnation - Hl Se n h mte, t s ad o decide to hard is it matter, the on See Holy e state and the Hungarian Church, were more more were Church, Hungarian the and state 78 t te ihp’ ofrne a competent was Conference Bishops’ “the at

. Accessed May 8, 2014. Accessed . May8,

od relationship between Hungary and the the and Hungary between relationship od ArchivNet. - communities was brought up in up brought was communities

e controversy over the the over controversy e

, o 5 (2003), 5 no. 3, - püspök –

CEU eTD Collection 190 189 188 187 on Casaroli meet also would he that added Lékai liked. he as Bulányi by interpreted easily h since personally, Ruiz convince to attempt would he that asserted Lékai 1983, of September in Conference Bishops’ the of meeting the At Ruiz. and Bulányi between contact uncensored put immediately smuggled Jesuit foreign was Jesuit the of name The Ruiz. a to them delivered and border the through letters Bulányi’s that Security State for clear become it did October in Only chann a had Bulányi that him. for support his provided General the control the which in Ruiz from letter anda received had Bulányi that reported Security State the 1983, monitor to attempted R which and Bulányi between correspondence Security State by supported were around them. None increasing was opinion public negative that mentioned also They Hungary. and Vatican the of relationships the in obstacle an was Bokor the of existence the that acknowledged be sold Vatican the that highlighted They Bokor. the of leadership the in bitterness caused letter the that reported was it later journal Catholic official the in Lékai by publicized was letter The

Casaroli, Casaroli, ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL e was concerned that Ruiz may send letters to Bulányi on his own, which could be could which own, his on Bulányi to letters send may Ruiz that concerned was e The political pressure on General Ruiz also increased in 1983, and the related efforts related the and 1983, in increased also Ruiz General on pressure political The ‘base these on decided Conference] Hungarianthe Church”. Bishops’ preserv to Hungarianconcern the by driven primary is See Holy [the authority the since communities’, its You by approves and that confirms episcopacy, everything Hungarian the of concerns the with S Holy The … bishops legitimate the of authority the from themselves elude base [the communities these … issues doctrinal the from “aside – – –

2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2 2.7.1. “ .7.1. .7.1. In Unity with the Local Church, In Communion with the Bishop with the Church,InCommunion Local with the Unity In – – –

NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ onto the prohibitory list. prohibitory the onto theless, theyBokor theholdon. should affirmedtheless, that – – –

III/III. III/III. III/III.

l o uzwihte dd o ko fadcud o supervise. not could and of know not did they which Ruiz to el – – –

17 53 97

– – – them out to the episcopacy and the state, and that it had to had it that and state, the and episcopacy the to out them

19/13. 63/12. 111/9. 189

uiz with varying degrees of success. In March of of March In success. of degrees varying with uiz It seems that the officers were puzzled by the fact the by puzzled were officers the that seems It 190 79

The hierarchy had similar concerns about the about concerns similar had hierarchy The

.”

- Új Ember Új communities of the Bokor] the of communities 188

. 187 ee, in sharing in ee, e the unity of unity the e

A few days few A - CEU eTD Collection 1944 Catholics Sufferingsthe Hungarian of [The letter. Ruiz’s as Havasy by cited text particular journal the in statements material available The case. the mention to important 194 193 192 191 the on Bulányi to solutions possible three writing in outlined General the 1984, of March optimisti really not was heretic. a him declare not do Congregation Sacred the as long as Bulányi defend to was duty his General Piarist as that insisting kept he however, which, in 1984 of January in interpretation” “false his withdraw to had Ruiz himself, Casaroli and bishops Hungarian the of protest the to Due communities. his and Bulányi of condemnation the at aim not did it but down, government the of statement th served only letter Casaroli’s that the claimed Ruiz bishops, to According Casaroli. of letter aforementioned the on interview an in interpretation false a giving of Conference Bishops’ the by accused was Ruiz Vatican. fromgovernment theliftedin part followingyears Hungarian of was the not either. Ruiz”. General and Poggi Cardinal Casaroli, Bulányi the of dangerousness the up brought “we See Holy the with negotiations” official our “on that affirmed 1981 from the ÁEH the of of report representatives A Vatican. other among Ruiz, on pressure political direct put also order. agencies the for “harmful” is activity his because Bulányi supporting stop to Ruiz asked letter a in the Varga, László Hungary, month, in Order Piarist same the of Supervisor Provincial the In Bulányi. for support his rethink him make to order in pressure matter. the

MOL ÁBTL ÁBTL Here I use the work work the use I Here s rsl o tee fot, h ise on eeae a inner an generated soon issue the efforts, these of result a As – – –

XIX XIX

2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.3. 191 –

hs a nt h ol uscesu atmt o lc Gnrl uz under Ruiz General place to attempt unsuccessful only the not was This A – –

NOIJ NOIJ Szakelosztó –

21 of Havasy, since there is no other source on the Ruiz’s letter to Casaroli, yet it is is it yet Casaroli, to letter Ruiz’s the on source other no is there since Havasy, of – Új Ember Ember Új –

III/III. – i cneto wt te osbe ucms f uáy’ cs. In case. Bulányi’s of outcomes possible the with connection in c

0033a 0033a –

6 –

– 151 151 (on January 1, 1984 and Marc and 1984 1, January (on

– 7/641/83. 7/641/83.

1/1981 (119.d) (119.d) 1/1981 –

174/8. 174/8. Gyula Havasy, Havasy, Gyula

- 1989]

193 a letter sent to Casaroli, Lékai and Bulányi, in Bulányi, and Lékai Casaroli, to sent letter a 80 –

(Buda announcements of the Bishops’ Conference on Ruiz’s Ruiz’s on Conference Bishops’ the of announcements

It can be assumed that the political pressure political the that assumed be can It pest: Private Publishing,1990), Private pest: A magyar katolikusok s katolikusok magyar A h 25, 1984) 1984) 25, h e cause of calming the Hungarian Hungarian the calming of cause e 194

It seems that Ruiz himself Ruiz that seems It – -

movement movement supports the validity of the the of validity the supports zenvedései, 1944 zenvedései,

eae ihn the within debate

261 192 o Cardinal to -

263. 263. T e state he

1989. CEU eTD Collection 198 197 196 195 mani the leak to proposed Security State the Nevertheless, views. his on standpoint the Sacredasked back tohold theinterviewer its until publicized theinterview Congregation however, secrecy, Bul strict for Bulányi asked Zakar meeting the After intervene. to III/III Subdivision the for opportunity an provided This personally. Bulányi with meet to order wh 1985, Hungary. into back him let not would government possibilitythe that the Bulányiaboutfears of the of already informed Ruiz’s for asked They study. to Rome to Bulányi inviting of option the considered Congregation Sacred journal theological the from theses his collected he Congregation Sacred the of opinion the inquiry, its of state current the in that Bulányi informed case, the in act last his a val Congregation. the to deliver could he that works his from material a compile to him asked in and support, stay would he that reasserted again Hungary. Bulányi however, response, his In options. two latter the from choose to Bulányi advised General The there. settled and investigated woul Bulányi or Rome, in hearing a Budapest, in hearing a Congregation: Sacred the of inquiry ongoing

ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ni ae n neve tre as ae t te West the to later days three interview an gave ányi uable and, onlyuable infact, ally inthe Vatican. his The concerns of General Ruiz were soon validated. In November of 1984, Ruiz, as Ruiz, 1984, of November In validated. soon were Ruiz General of concerns The – – – – 195

n oiáp aa, n eaf f h Sce Cnrgto, ae o ugr in Hungary to came Congregation, Sacred the of behalf on Zakar, Polikárp en 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1.

In d go to study in Rome for a year, and in the meantime his case would be be would case his meantime the in and year, a for Rome in study to go d 196

– – – – ue Ri taee proal t Hnay n asrd uáy aot his about Bulányi assured and Hungary to personally traveled Ruiz June,

NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ However, a month later, in July, Ruiz’s mandate expired, and Bulányi lost Bulányi and expired, mandate Ruiz’s July, in later, month a However,

ep n ovnig uáy, u te ex the but Bulányi, convincing in help – – – –

III/III. III/III. III/III. III/III.

was that the theology of Bulányi lacked any scholarly basis, and basis, scholarly any lacked Bulányi of theology the that was 197 – – – –

120 120 223 223 108 43

h ofca pae f h Cnrgto’ iqiy ea in began inquiry Congregation’s the of phase official The – – – –

45/8. 145/9. 145/9. 231/15. 112/10.

Consilium - emn V hne ADR. channel TV German - General refused since he was was he since refused General Teeoe ti tm the time this Therefore, . pulated 198

He CEU eTD Collection in Bulányi, Bulányi”.Pater (1986), to Ratzinger Cardinal Letterof “The doctrine.” of perspective the fromwork your examine to exclusively [but] … youwith debate theological 204 Frid Good on 203 202 201 200 199 constitution apostolic the in established conscience individual of authority the to referring doctrine. Catholic of light the in Bulányi of views the analyze to dimensions. moral and theological ecclesiological, political, blurring of context the in case whole the interpret to say to is that leadership, Church Hungarian the of deeds unprincipled and collaborative Congregation the of front in views his justify to attempted religious mentioned already thewith line in relevance: has which here aspect one onlyhighlight to like Iwould detail. in and Ratzinger betweencorrespondence the of content the with deal not Ido arrived, about the decisionSacred of the Congregation. th since significance, much bear not did request This Ratzinger. Cardinal of approval the without it publicize not but document, the read to t of views. Bulányi’s assessment official the carried he 1986, of February surveillance. operative under was General the visit, his During ÁEH. the of representatives the with also and Lékai Bulányi, with meet authoriti the for notification preliminary without Hungary to came See. Holy the to Zakar of request direct obeythe not did Bulányiwhich to according information

ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL “The Sacred Congregation would like to remind you … that it is not among its duties to get involved in a a in involved get to duties its among not is it that … you remind to like would Congregation Sacred “The in (1986), Ratzinger” Cardinal to Bulányi Pater of Letter “The 199

Since the reports of State Security only mention that this or that letter was sent or sent was letter that or this that mention only Security State of reports the Since Two months later, in September, the new General of the Piarist Order, José Balcells José Order, Piarist the of General new the September, in later, months Two – – – –

2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7 2.7.1. ay] .1.

(Budapest: Irotron, 1995), 1995), Irotron, (Budapest: – – – –

NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ 201 203

As Lékai was informed by the Holy See prior to the visit, he was asked was he visit, the to prior See Holy the by informed was Lékai As

– – – – The Sacred Congrega Sacred The

III/III. III/III. III/III. III/III.

- – – – – political context imposed by the socialist party socialist the by imposed context political

23 25 159 133 – – – –

25/12. 25/12. 28/13.

185/16. 185/16. 150/8. 25 - 118. 118.

tion was not interested in that. Its only aim was aim only Its that. in interested not was tion 200 82

hn acls et ae o ugr in Hungary to came next Balcells When

e General immediately informed ÁEH ÁEH informed immediately General e Letter on Good Friday Good on Letter György Bulányi, Bulányi, György by constantly referring to the the to referring constantly by e ard ogeain on Congregation Sacred he 204 es. Balcells intended to to intended Balcells es.

Bulányi, by constantly by Bulányi, Nagypénteki l Nagypénteki ,

123. 123. - state, Bulányi state,

evél evél Bulányi [Letter [Letter 202

CEU eTD Collection sent was included. conscience finally Congregation the when 1997, in solved Bulányi Pater 206 205 operativepressurepoliticalandof the that seems it However,operate freely.relativelycould structure hierarchical full its with Church Hungarian the which in conditions political the significant. decisively Hungary with relationship good the maintaining of objective the found Casaroli by headed See Holy the of diplomacy the because part small no in successful were efforts These hierarchy. Hungarian the for po provided agencies state the so, do to order in that ascertained be can it sources the of light the In controversy. the regarding bishops the of favor the in party the for urgent became it Conference stigmatized. remained Bokor the lifted, not were bishops accusations Hungarian the of part the from the Bulányi against While either. damage any make not did but schism, and condemnation authority. open an wasgoal whose state, Hungarian the of interests its best the in not was correspondence on assault direct a as Congregation the procedur narratives the instead well as correspondence, points other on the bifurcate to of continued course the in parties the by overcome commit the relativize to attempt an just than more nothing was conscience to reference the case this in Congregation, Sacred the of viewpoint the From episcopacy. controlled politically Humanae Dignitatis

“The Letter of Cardinal Ratzinger to Pater Bulányi Pater to Ratzinger Cardinal Letterof“The “The Letter of Pater Bulányi to Cardi to Bulányi Pater of Letter “The n ocuin atr h cnento o Blnis iw b te Bis the by views Bulányi’s of condemnation the after conclusion, In et f uáy t te aitru o te Church. the of Magisterium the to Bulányi of ment e undertaken by the Sacred which considered Congregation, was bye undertaken ,”

(1986), in Bulányi, in (1986), , i ,

ntended to legitimize its objections against the morally corrupted and corrupted morally the against objections its legitimize to ntended

Letter on Good Friday Good on Letter nal Ratzinger,” ( Ratzinger,” nal - state to enforce the Holy See to make statements make to See Holy the enforce to state , 83 ” Bulányi Bulányi

(1986), in Bulányi, (1986),

1986), 115 1986), – ,

119 o isac we Blni rtczd the criticized Bulányi when instance for n hi ee tee eainhp secured relationships these eyes their In frua o sign to formula a - 126 - 117.; .

206 It is worth noting that the case was only was case the that noting worth is It

“The Letter of Cardinal Ratzinger to Ratzinger Cardinal of Letter “The h pro The Letter on Good Friday Good on Letter 205 litical and operative support support operative and litical

hs ihtm ws not was dichotomy This ,

n hc te r the which in - ogd nur and inquiry longed –

with reason ,

eference to to eference 19.

hops’ –

by CEU eTD Collection 2014. May13, (2007), 2 no. 12, Kádár against measures repressive the on information more For 1971. in and 1965 1961, in trials three in regime communist the by retaliated was which illegally, activity simi 1951, movement. In scout popular the in role important had Regnum Hungary, interwar the In Rome. in congregation 207 the Bokorand theRegnum concerne mainly was grass other to relation Bokor’s the regarding Security State of focus the that seems it sources the of light In intervention. of mode successful appears, it as and, logical rather a repulsions and anomalies rivalries, disagreements, personal on built heavily measures operative the so, doing In underground. Catholic illegal and unofficial the in hinterland, own its in Bokor to steps made also III/III Subdivision the hierarchy, Catholic the4.2. Operative into Catholic interventions underground keep the to efficient enough just was methods, operative and political other with combined views, Bulányi’s investigated the Congregation fact thesimple that the other, thatstressing itseems the push to aimed systemically clear without years for lasted which Bulányi, with correspondence long initiated which Congregation, government Hungarian the

The Regnum Marianum officially was founded in 1902, when the organization was registered as a Mary a as registered was organization the when 1902, in founded was officially Marianum Regnum The - r endszerben Parallel to the state’s efforts to enhance the controversy between the Bokor and the the and Bokor the between controversy the enhance to efforts state’s the to Parallel

Bokor themargins isolated on oftheChurch. – larly to other Catholic organizations, the Regnum was banned. The organization continued its its continued organization The banned. was Regnum the organizations, Catholic other to larly

in such an environment in wh in environment an such in - http://beszelo.c3.hu/cikkek/koncepcios cut result. On the one hand, for the Hungarian government, which which government, Hungarian the for hand, one the On result. cut : A Hagemann A : d with the initially positive and relatively close relationship between relationship close relatively and positive initially the with d

- movement. - a nt tog nuh o atn h poeue f h Sacred the of procedure the hasten to enough strong not was ü

gy.” [Show Trial under the Kádár the under Trial [Show gy.”

events toward an open schism, this was a relative failure. On failure.relative a was this schism, open an toward events 207

ich basically everybody knew each other this was was this other each knew everybody basically ich

84 the Regnum see: Regnum the -

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- rendszerben - r Krisztián Un Krisztián egime: The Hagemann Case], Case], Hagemann The egime:

facilitate the isolation of the of isolation the facilitate - a - hagemann gváry, “Koncepciós per a per “Koncepciós gváry, - uegy . Accessed Accessed . Beszélő - roots roots -

CEU eTD Collection 213 212 211 of bishopric – (ÁBTL Esztergom. to meetings” “Nagymaros the displace to agree not did Balás since him with angry mentionedan infor to he that interesting it is events following Inlight the of Bajót. 210 209 already the 208 Harangozó, Szilveszter Regnum. the of activity the on view optimistic I work. its for Regnum newspaper Austrian Church. the of frame Regnum the of priests prominent the report, relevant the to According controversy. serious a in embroiled groups two the of leadership the that reported was it 1980 of November In eliminated. basically was Regnum controversies. personal and conceptual theological, enhance to efforts made Security State network, agent its through that claimed was it which in Security State of report situation aforementioned grass other and Bokor of relation two organizations. the of fusion the prevent to order in operatively enhanced be to had disagreements Regnum Balás, Béla with fight a had Bulányi 1979, of July other. each to close dangerously were Regnum the and Bokor the that diagnosed later publically. activity their promoting in active more

NOIJ NOIJ

ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL Tabajdi, Gábor ÁBTL Béla Balás was ordinated in 1965. In 1977 he was appointed as the parochial pastor of the small village small the of pastor parochial the as appointed was he 1977 In 1965. in ordinated was Balás Béla – y ae 91 h poaiiy f an of probability the 1981 late By Regnum the of priests the encouraged Bulányi 1979, of May In

Komárom - – – – – movement.

2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. Kaposvár. Kaposvár. 212 211 – – – – A III/III. krónikája III/III.krónikája A

NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ – Similar proposed measures appear basically in all reports focusing on the on focusing reports all in basically appear measures proposed Similar

69). In 1992 Balás was inaugurated as bishop, and one year later he was appointed to the to wasappointed he later year one and bishop, as was inaugurated Balás In1992 69).

Die Furche, Die s maue te eeat eot ugse tha suggested report relevant the measure, a As 213 – – – –

III/III. III/III. III/III. III/III

i itrsig o oe ht tt Scrt dd o sae Lékai’s share not did Security State that note to interesting is t In the following year, Cardinal Lékai, in an interview given to an to given interview an in Lékai, Cardinal year, following the In

. – – – –

191. 161 119 100 [The Chronicle of Subdivision III/III.] Subdivision Chronicle of [The

condemned the Bokor, and at the same time he praised the praised he time same the at and Bokor, the condemned – – – accused Bulányi and his followers of not adhering to the to adhering not of followers his and Bulányi accused 126/7 105/9. 172/3. - ot, n te ae very are they and roots,

coe coeain ewe te oo and Bokor the between cooperation closer y 85

208

Not surprisingly, Not 210

n o te ao fgrs f the of figures major the of one

(Budapest: Jaffa, 2013) Jaffa, (Budapest: uh n ie ih the with line in much mant in 1981 that Lékai was that Lékai mant1981 in a report a few days few a report a te ofit and conflicts the t - movement to be be to movement , , 289 – 209

2.7.1. 2.7.1. - 290.

CEU eTD Collection 218 217 216 215 214 in participate to wanted longer no he that declared and Bulányi with out fell activity, state ei spent who monk piarist a himself Lénárd, Ödön worse. even situation this made 1982, of May in Meeting” “Nagymaros annual the at scandal The 1982. in Conference Bishops’ the by views Bulányi’s of condemnation deteriorated further “underground” Catholic the supposed thatconcernedwith ecclesiological hewas ortheological issues. but recognized, he errors of kind what specify views. Bulányi’s in errors and defects the identified he and time over changed opinion buthis andfor convincing him, Bulányiwas ofpleasing teachings sight the other. each with again fight a had Balás and Bulányi that 1981 of October in reported was it that statement. Lékai’s of news the heard they when disappointed strongly of leadership the Security, State to reported was As Church. the within groups unofficial other from Bokor the isolating of purpose the well served it Yet idea. own t onstate the of viewpoint the fairly describe not Bokordid problematic the of opposite the as dangerousness. of level same the on them considering reaction” consequentl 1982 high mentioned he two organizations, thus it can be argued that this differentiation may have been Lékai’s been have may differentiation this that argued be can it thus organizations, two he

ÁBTL ÁBTL Tabajdi, ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL 216 The relationship of the Bokor to other Catholic grass Catholic other to Bokor the of relationship The

– – – – In the same year, Balás mentioned to an agent of th of agent an to mentioned Balás year, same the In

The Chronicle of Subdivision II of Subdivision Chronicle The NOIJ NOIJ 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. – – – – -

Komarom ranked officer of Subdivision III/III, in his situation reports in 1979 and and 1979 in reports situation his in III/III, Subdivision of officer ranked NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ y counted the Regnum together with the Bokor in the category of “clerical of category the in Bokor the with together Regnum the counted y – – –

III/III. 11 Komarom

– –

35. 35. 15/4. 15/4. –

165 165

–

69. 69. –

225/16. I/III

., 288; ., 329. 288;

in the light of the ongoing debate, it can be can it debate, ongoing the of light the in

ghteen years in prison for alleged anti alleged for prison in years ghteen n h cus o te ecclesiastical the of course the in - roots and prominent figures of of figures prominent and roots tt euiyta a first at that Security State e 214

Fashioning the Regnum the Fashioning 215

It is not surprising not is It 217

the Bokor was was Bokor the

aá dd not did Balás 218

In June, In - CEU eTD Collection 222 an independent to refers “Focolar Hungarian small the to refers Tomka” of 221 220 219 maintain and generate to unnecessary was it Bulányi of views the on Congregation Sacred Church the investigati prolonged within the of isolation circumstance the under Bokor’s and sufficient, the conveniently of degree the evaluated Security State that grass other and Bokor the relations the with deal not do “Crows” investigation confidential the of file the in reports Security. State for success great meant other each against movement the for Min presentation a in 1984, In intervention. operative own its of result the as events grass State the responsible was Security extent what to the judge to isolating hard in is it Security Obviously, Church. State the within of “Bulányists” procedure important an be to seems controversies grass other and Bokor Tomka theBokor. with tookonestepfurther whenrelationships cut off they sectarian certain a characterize extremism that found they and limits, acceptable beyond far went teaching its with Bokor the that argued Regnum the of priests the themselves, Among so. do to refused expres to Regnum the of priests common activitywith Bulányi.

ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL Tabajdi, Tabajdi, ÁBTL ÁBTL sr o Itro, aagz acrand ht etn te oo ad h Regnum the and Bokor the setting that ascertained Harangozó Interior, of istry - roots. What is evident in the sources is that the State Security counted the course of of course the counted Security State the that is sources the in evident is What roots. In the light of the cited sources, the purpose of deepening the breaches between the between breaches the deepening of purpose the sources, cited the of light the In – – –

The Chronicle of Subdivision III/III of Subdivision Chronicle The 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. – – –

NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ

group organized by him.by organized group – – –

d the inner circle of Bulányi. of circle inner the d III/III. III/III. III/III. III/III.

- for the quickly deteriorating relationships of the Bokor with other with Bokor the of relationships deteriorating quickly the for r - oots by enhancing personal, ecclesiological and theological theological and ecclesiological personal, enhancing by oots roots anymore in detail. The assumption seems plausible to me to plausible seems assumption The detail. in anymore roots – – –

98 109 219 118 118 s their solidarity with the condemned movement, but they but movement, condemned the with solidarity their s –

In the Bokor therepresentativesasked ofthe of1983, July –

113/8; ÁBTL ÁBTL 113/8; –

130/3

133/8. It is not absolutely clear from the report whether the “group “group the whether report the from clear absolutely not is It 133/8. ., ., 354.

e” community, in which Tomka was also active, or or active, also was Tomka which in community, e” 87

–

2.7.1. 220 –

NOIJ NOIJ

The less significant group of Ferenc of group significant less The –

III/III. III/III. –

114 114 –

222 130/9,10. 221

fe ti, the this, After

n f the of on simply

of - CEU eTD Collection well them of both o Konrád, György and Haraszti Miklós were individuals two reveals the Interior that of Ministry the in 1982 in given presentation Harangozó’s however “Friend”), and (“Miller” 224 223 noting worth is seize to intend not power, political did Bokor the that arguing by aside suggestion the turned Bulányi “civic the of figures two when the state”. and group schismatic the between confrontation direct a becoming from movement c the that prevent] [and … society our of peace the disturbing any from Church the of prevent interests real the and to laws our violated which movement aimed beginning the from policy ecclesiastical of terms in efforts “our find might currents religious regime.As ofthe connections political opposition the with these that probability the limiting of purpose the served ( “schismatic” a as Bokor, the of case the in ( opposition” “inner as Church Catholic the of framework conceptual the grass of thepolitical th and 4.3. Bokor opposition State Security. of intervention operative constant the without present already were artificially: they tensions pposition circles in the 1980s. MOL 1980s. inthe circles pposition

Köbel, Köbel, ÁBTL ÁBTL - roots, and especially the Bokor, aimed to keep the activity of these organizations in organizations these of activity the keep to aimed Bokor, the especially and roots, 223 As already demonstrated, the policy of the party the of policy the demonstrated, already As The issue for the first time appears in the file of the investigation “Crows” in 1981, in “Crows” investigation the of file the in appears time first the for issue The “Divide and rule” and “Divide –

2.7.1. 2.7.1.

224 – that the Bokor considered itself as a profoundly non profoundly a as itself considered Bokor the that

NOIJ NOIJ

State Security did not take additional measures in connection with this. It this. with connection in measures additional take not did Security State – , 145. 145. ,

III/III

–

opposition” approached Bulányi to offer cooperation. Since Since cooperation. offer to Bulányi approached opposition” 3

XIX XIX –

4/6. The report only report The 4/6. –

B –

1 – 88 x e 1980s skizmatikus –

onflict between the hierarchy and opposition opposition and hierarchy the between onflict

10/38/4 10/38/4

mentions the two persons by their codename codename their by persons two the mentions –

1982. - ) movement. This effort partially partially effort This movement. ) state in connection with Catholic Catholic with connection in state an ÁEH document put it in 1987, in1987, it put document ÁEH an

- political organization, political - be known figures of the the of figures known lső ellenzék lső ) or, or, ) CEU eTD Collection 227 (SZDSZ). Democrats Free Allianceof party political opp political the of groups different 226 225 Nagy Imre of memory the in organized demonstration the at attendance suggest not did “Bulányi report, relevant the to According heard. he what with pleased not was Bulányi however Bulányi line”. apolitical the Security of representatives the State of influence the measure,“strengthen to planned proposed a As now. for it sign not would Bokor, the of leader Merza signe among others József issue. the on unified not was movement the of leadership the that report the from Initiations. Free of Network the of appeal the discussed Bokor the of leadership ideas the maybe then and consensus, party the of outside from coming government toopinions power, its listen argued wantsitmust stabilize “if to the that do In it. put report the as situation” the of analysis “political agave Bulányi time, first the for 1988, of InApril plausible. is option either view, my In topics. such to sensitive more became Security State the regime, the of decay the i or before, issues political such with deal not did really Bokor the whether decide to hard is It movement. the on Security State of reports the in appear not did issues church understood by inreligiousrather terms. followers genuinely its political than andmoral established the of critique political deeply its even and

ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL The Network of Free Initiations was founded on May 1, 1988 in order to coordinate the cooperation of cooperation the coordinate to order in 1988 1, May on founded was Initiations Free of Network The for the members of the Bokor, because of the extremist mood experienced by him at him by experienced mood extremist the of because Bokor, the of members the for Until 1988, when the decay of the communist regime became evident, direct political became regime direct decayevident, 1988,whencommunist Until of the the – – n Mra oehr tedd h meig f h Ntok f re Initiations; Free of Network the of meeting the attended together Merza and

2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. – –

NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ – –

III/III. III/III

d the document as private persons. Bulányi asserted that he, asassertedBulányi the thathe, persons. asd thedocument private - aristocracy … this regime … has to be replaced with a new new a with replaced be to has … regime this … aristocracy – –

osition. The organization half a year later was transformed into the liberal liberal the into transformed was later year a half organization The osition. 79 103 103 - 82/9. –

106/4. 106/4.

of the Bokor can be realized”. be can Bokor the of

ing so, according to the report, Bulányi report, the to according so, ing - tt rltosis was relationships state 225

A month later, the later, month A n the course of of course the n 226 227

It seems It

Finally

CEU eTD Collection Imre. of Nagy execution ofthe theon thirtyanniversary 228 Hungarian the in church quo status Hungarian of the preservation the with to contributed officially thereby sides and episcopacy took Vatican The controversy. the into Vatican go Hungarian the pressure, political under See Holy the putting By Church. Catholic the outside and within Bokor the isolating undoubtedly in successful were mechanisms repressive these Firstly, emerge. conclusions main two ar movement the against applied mechanisms repressive the where history, Bokor’s the of fields interrelated three on light shed to attempted I chapter 4.4. Conclusion an into movement the transforming organization withdirect politicalpurp from Bokor the prevented religiously premises These ideological same. the meant basically Bokor the of ideology the in which prin the on based partiallywas movement the of identity whole the since encouragement, much need not did general, in Bokor the and Bulányi, sure, be To movement. the within attitude apolitical the enforce to Bokor the of political active SecurityattemptedState the so, do In increasingly to opposition. order the of networks the from Bokor the isolating in interested opposition. poli the to Bokor the of relationship the with connection in report last the was This non the of because and meeting, the

ÁBTL ÁBTL - In the light of these sources it can be ascertained that the party the that ascertained be can it sources these of light the In y aig no con te vial sucs f oils sae gnis i this in agencies, state socialist of sources available the account into taking By state relationships. In addition, at least part least at addition, In relationships. state –

2.7.1. 2.7.1.

–

NOIJ NOIJ –

III/III.

–

118 –

- 122/17. The mentioned demonstratio mentioned The 122/17. violent and apolitical standpoint of the movement”. the of standpoint apolitical and violent oses. ciples of non of ciples

ially due to the operative intervention of of intervention operative the to due ially - violence and non and violence enet civd o nov the involve to achieved vernment to intervene in the inner dynamicsinner the intervenein to e clearly graspable. As a result a As graspable. clearly e n was held on June 16, 1988, 1988, 16, June on held was n - state was very much much very was state - politics, the two oftwo the politics, - based based tical 228

CEU eTD Collection 224/6. 230 229 “success church established the threatened longer no movement the process, this of result a as that fact the is importanthere,however, is What role.playa did also policy,factors state the other to due developmen this sure, be To marginalization. to path the on pushed already suspicious a as stigmatized go the of viewpoint the From Church. Catholic the and Bokor the between place took schism no and heretic, a as Bulányi condemn not did but doctrine, Catholic the to commitment the of Doctrine the for Congregation Sacred the of inquiry the to related interests political own technique: a it different slightly a chose Security State the opposition, political growing the with cooperate context. e the these however media; Western in narrative its publicizing by isolation its ease to attempted movement The Bokor. grass movement the of isolation the episcopacy, vacuum. ecclesiastical Máté as on, 1980s early the from state, the

vernment this was a failure, but only a relative one. By this time Bulányi was successfully Bulányi was successfully By one. time this a relative failure, butonly a was vernment this Máté See for instance: ÁBTL ÁBTL instance: for See

at. h Sce Cnrgto ide cle o Blni o ulcy xrs his express publicly to Bulányi on called indeed Congregation Sacred The Faith. -

roots which shared a number of common interests, concerns and experiences with the the with experiences and concerns interests, common of number a shared which roots - - Secondly, the Hungarian government could not achieve its objective of asserting its its asserting of objective its achieve not could government Hungarian the Secondly, Tóth, “The provocative heritage of Bulányi heritageof provocative “The Tóth, tt rltosis Fo ti rset the respect, this From relationships. state 230 - story” late ofthe Kádárist religious policy.

hn t ae o h rs ta te oeet ih fn a omn rud to ground common a find might movement the that risk the to came it When ttempted tomanipulateapolitical the Bokor’sideology itsownends. for 229 –

2.7.1. 2.7.1. aall o h oe cnrnain ewe te oo ad the and Bokor the between confrontation open the to Parallel –

if not ultimately heretic ultimately not if –

fforts did not result in significant benefits in the Hungarian the in benefits significant in result not did fforts NOIJ NOIJ –

III/III. III/III. . significantly increased even among those illegal those among even increased significantly ” 91

–

133 133 óh u i, h Bkr on isl i an in itself found Bokor the it, put Tóth – oiia rpeso o te oo ws a was Bokor the of repression political

150/8.; ÁBTL ÁBTL 150/8.;

–

troublemaker, and the Bokor was was Bokor the and troublemaker, –

2.7.1. 2.7.1. –

NOIJ NOIJ t was not only not was t –

III/I –

233 233 –

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tiated, and even less about the about less even and tiated, - state, as well as illustrating as well as state, of this of CEU eTD Collection confidential “Crows”. investigation Hungarian the Operative Daily of Hungary. Budapest, Archives Security), State (Historical Levéltára Történeti Szolgálatok Állambiztonsági Interior.from the Ministry of Hunga of Archive (National Levéltár Országos Magyar documents from the State Office Affairs. ofChurch Declassified Hungary. Budapest,Hungary), of Archive (National Levéltár MagyarOrszágos A. Archives I. SOURCES Bibliography ÁBT ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL MOL MOL MOL MOL MOL MOL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBT ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL L L

– – – – – –

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

XIX XIX XIX XIX XIX XIX XIX

2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1. 2.7.1 2.7.1. 2.7.1. – – – – – – .

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266/6. 267/74. 265/5. 231/12. 178/5. 255/10.

208/11. 235/3. 11 209/2. 282/7. 38/12.

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ry), Budapest, Hungary. Documents Documents Hungary. Budapest, ry),

CEU eTD Collection Interior.OpenBudapest, from Society theMinistry Archives, Records Hungary. of “Lombardisták”. Hungarian the of Hunga Archives Budapest, Security), State (Historical Levéltára Történeti Szolgálatok Állambiztonsági Agent“Dani “Kuti”Agent and József”. Hungarian the of r agent Individual ArchivesHungary. Budapest, Security), State (Historical Levéltára Történeti Szolgálatok Állambiztonsági ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL ÁBTL – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

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– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ M NOIJ Szakelosztó NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ NOIJ O M – – –

11959/1. 42086. /279. 42259 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

III/III. III/III. III/III. III/III. III/III. BRFK III/III. III/III. III/III. Komarom Komárom III/III. III/III. III/III. III/III. III/III. III/III. III/III. III/III. III/III. III/III. III/III. III/III. II III/III. III/III. III/III. III/III. III/III. III/III. III/III. III/III. ry. Interrogation records from the dossier of investigation of dossier the from records Interrogation ry. I/III.

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35. 69. 97 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

63/12. 50/15. 45/8. 19/13. 8/10. 25/12, 13. 34/8,9. 113/8. 111/9.

126/7. 105/9.

4/5. 299/5. 281/5. 231/15. 229/7. 225/16. 172/3. 185/16. 174/8. 150/8. 133/8. 122/17. 130/3. 112/10. 106/4. 130/9,10. 145/9.

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Te spltk n Hnay 1939 Hungary and Ostpolitik [The 2005. est: Szikra, 1948. est: Szikra,

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CEU eTD Collection Lucian. Leuștean, In Hungary.” in Church Catholic “The Leslie. László, Szilvia. Köbel, Tabajdi. Gábor and Soós, Attila Viktor Réka, Kiss, Máté Gárdonyi, 1987] Peace, [Culture 1987” “Kultúrbéke, Csaba. Fazekas, Hanna. Diskin, Tatiana. Chumachenko, Jose. Casanova, “Eg Stefano. Bottoni, Benyhe,Bernát. “Bokor “Bokor Bernát. Benyhe, B alogh, Margit. “Egyház és egyházpolitika a Kádár a egyházpolitika és “Egyház Margit. alogh, Catholic Church in the ‘Peoples Democracy.’] In Democracy.’] ‘Peoples the in Church Catholic [Survival demokráciában’” ‘népi http://www.archivnet.hu/politika/kulturbeke_1987..html CEU Press, War Years II tothe Khrushchev Pr and GyörgyL’Harmattan, Gyarmati.Budapest: 2010. 1945 Church, Catholic the of History the from Essays In 2013. 19, December Budapest, University, Catholic Péter Pázmány II], Vatican the of era the Magyarországon Katolicizmus Policy 1947 c1990. Societies Communist The Party State Security Officers.] tankönyvÁllambiztonsági tartótiszteknek. Slovaco 1945] after Slovakia and Hungary 1945 Roku Po Madǎrsku v a Slovensku Szlová és Magyarországon ess, 1994. spáa. aumno a aoiu Eyá t Egyház Katolikus a Tanulmányok Csapdában. -

under - . New Palgrave York: 2009. Macmillan, Hungarica 2. BudapestHungarica 2. - State and the Churches]State and the “Oszd meg és uralkodj”. A pártállam és az egyházak. az és pártállam A uralkodj”. és meg “Oszd The Seeds of Triumph: Church and State in Gomułka’s Poland Gomułka’s in State and Church Triumph: of Seeds The “Túlélés . 2001.

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