The Effect of Megaherbivore Guild Intactness on the Distribution Of
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Intra-Guild Predation and Cannibalism of Harmonia Axyridis and Adalia Bipunctata in Choice Conditions
Bulletin of Insectology 56 (2): 207-210, 2003 ISSN 1721-8861 Intra-guild predation and cannibalism of Harmonia axyridis and Adalia bipunctata in choice conditions Fabrizio SANTI, Giovanni BURGIO, Stefano MAINI Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agroambientali - Entomologia, Università di Bologna, Italy Abstract A laboratory experiment was carried out to examine intra-guild predation and cannibalism of exotic Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) and the native species Adalia bipunctata L. (Coleoptera Coccinellidae) in choice condition. Experiments were carried out in glass petri dishes at 25°C, 70% RH, using a 5x4 grid with 10 eggs of exotic and 10 of natives arranged alternatively. One larva or adult of coccinellid was put in the arena and was observed for one hour. Each experiment was replicated 15 times. H. axyridis larvae and adults, and A. bipunctata adults, showed a preference to prey and eat their own eggs rather than interspecific eggs; these dif- ferences were detected for both naive and experienced females and larvae. For A. bipunctata larvae no differences were observed between IGP and CANN in choice conditions. The results indicate a tendency for both species to attack and eat their own eggs rather than interspecific eggs. The risk of introduction of exotic generalist predators is discussed, with particular attention to coc- cinellids. Laboratory experiments on intra-guild predation could give a preliminary indication of the potential for competition between an exotic ladybird and a native one. Key words: Adalia bipunctata, cannibalism, choice test, Harmonia axyridis, intra-guild predation, biological control. Introduction cinellidae) were examined in laboratory experiments in no choice condition on eggs and on larvae (Burgio et The Asiatic polyphagous ladybird Harmonia axyridis al., 2002; Burgio et al., submitted for publication). -
Uma Perspectiva Macroecológica Sobre O Risco De Extinção Em Mamíferos
Universidade Federal de Goiás Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução Uma Perspectiva Macroecológica sobre o Risco de Extinção em Mamíferos VINÍCIUS SILVA REIS Goiânia 2019 VINÍCIUS SILVA REIS Uma Perspectiva Macroecológica sobre o Risco de Extinção em Mamíferos Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução do Departamento de Ecologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ecologia e Evolução. Orientador: Profº Drº Matheus de Souza Lima- Ribeiro Co-orientadora: Profª Drª Levi Carina Terribile Goiânia 2019 DEDI CATÓRIA Ao meu pai Wilson e à minha mãe Iris por sempre acreditarem em mim. “Esper o que próxima vez que eu te veja, você s eja um novo homem com uma vasta gama de novas experiências e aventuras. Não he site, nem se permita dar desculpas. Apenas vá e faça. Vá e faça. Você ficará muito, muito feliz por ter feito”. Trecho da carta escrita por Christopher McCandless a Ron Franz contida em Into the Wild de Jon Krakauer (Livre tradução) . AGRADECIMENTOS Eis que a aventura do doutoramento esteve bem longe de ser um caminho solitário. Não poderia ter sido um caminho tão feliz se eu não tivesse encontrado pessoas que me ensinaram desde método científico até como se bebe cerveja de verdade. São aos que estiveram comigo desde sempre, aos que permaneceram comigo e às novas amizades que eu construí quando me mudei pra Goiás que quero agradecer por terem me apoiado no nascimento desta tese: À minha família, em especial meu pai Wilson, minha mãe Iris e minha irmã Flora, por me apoiarem e me incentivarem em cada conquista diária. -
Effects of Human Disturbance on Terrestrial Apex Predators
diversity Review Effects of Human Disturbance on Terrestrial Apex Predators Andrés Ordiz 1,2,* , Malin Aronsson 1,3, Jens Persson 1 , Ole-Gunnar Støen 4, Jon E. Swenson 2 and Jonas Kindberg 4,5 1 Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden; [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (J.P.) 2 Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postbox 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; [email protected] 3 Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden 4 Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway; [email protected] (O.-G.S.); [email protected] (J.K.) 5 Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The effects of human disturbance spread over virtually all ecosystems and ecological communities on Earth. In this review, we focus on the effects of human disturbance on terrestrial apex predators. We summarize their ecological role in nature and how they respond to different sources of human disturbance. Apex predators control their prey and smaller predators numerically and via behavioral changes to avoid predation risk, which in turn can affect lower trophic levels. Crucially, reducing population numbers and triggering behavioral responses are also the effects that human disturbance causes to apex predators, which may in turn influence their ecological role. Some populations continue to be at the brink of extinction, but others are partially recovering former ranges, via natural recolonization and through reintroductions. -
Rewilding Watersheds: Using Nature's Algorithms to Fix Our Broken Rivers
Marine and Freshwater Research © CSIRO 2021 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF20335_AC Supplementary material Rewilding watersheds: using nature’s algorithms to fix our broken rivers Natalie K. RideoutA,G,1, Bernhard WegscheiderB,1, Matilda KattilakoskiA, Katie M. McGeeC,D, Wendy A. MonkE, and Donald J. BairdF ACanadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, 10 Bailey Drive, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada. BCanadian Rivers Institute, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, 2 Bailey Drive, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada. CEnvironment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada. DCentre for Biodiversity Genomics and Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. EEnvironment and Climate Change Canada @ Canadian Rivers Institute, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, 2 Bailey Drive, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada. FEnvironment and Climate Change Canada @ Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, 10 Bailey Drive, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada. GCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] 1These authors contributed equally to the work. Page 1 of 49 Table S1. References linking ecosystem functions with rewilding goals, providing supporting evidence for Fig. 1 Restore natural flow Mitigate climate Restore riparian Re-introduce Improve water quality Reduce habitat and sediment regime warming vegetation extirpated species fragmentation 1 Metabolism Aristi et al. 2014 Song et al. 2008 Wassenaar et al. 2010 Huang et al. 2018 Jankowski and Schindler 2019 2 Decomposition Delong 2010 Perry et al. 2011 Delong 2010 Wenisch et al. -
Structure of Tropical River Food Webs Revealed by Stable Isotope Ratios
OIKOS 96: 46–55, 2002 Structure of tropical river food webs revealed by stable isotope ratios David B. Jepsen and Kirk O. Winemiller Jepsen, D. B. and Winemiller, K. O. 2002. Structure of tropical river food webs revealed by stable isotope ratios. – Oikos 96: 46–55. Fish assemblages in tropical river food webs are characterized by high taxonomic diversity, diverse foraging modes, omnivory, and an abundance of detritivores. Feeding links are complex and modified by hydrologic seasonality and system productivity. These properties make it difficult to generalize about feeding relation- ships and to identify dominant linkages of energy flow. We analyzed the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of 276 fishes and other food web components living in four Venezuelan rivers that differed in basal food resources to determine 1) whether fish trophic guilds integrated food resources in a predictable fashion, thereby providing similar trophic resolution as individual species, 2) whether food chain length differed with system productivity, and 3) how omnivory and detritivory influenced trophic structure within these food webs. Fishes were grouped into four trophic guilds (herbivores, detritivores/algivores, omnivores, piscivores) based on literature reports and external morphological characteristics. Results of discriminant function analyses showed that isotope data were effective at reclassifying individual fish into their pre-identified trophic category. Nutrient-poor, black-water rivers showed greater compartmentalization in isotope values than more productive rivers, leading to greater reclassification success. In three out of four food webs, omnivores were more often misclassified than other trophic groups, reflecting the diverse food sources they assimilated. When fish d15N values were used to estimate species position in the trophic hierarchy, top piscivores in nutrient-poor rivers had higher trophic positions than those in more productive rivers. -
The Giant Sea Mammal That Went Extinct in Less Than Three Decades
The Giant Sea Mammal That Went Extinct in Less Than Three Decades The quick disappearance of the 30-foot animal helped to usher in the modern science of human-caused extinctions. JACOB MIKANOWSKI, THE ATLANTIC 4/19/17 HTTPS://WWW.THEATLANTIC.COM/SCIENCE/ARCHIVE/2017/04/PLEIST OSEACOW/522831/ The Pleistocene, the geologic era immediately preceding our own, was an age of giants. North America was home to mastodons and saber-tooth cats; mammoths and wooly rhinos roamed Eurasia; giant lizards and bear-sized wombats strode across the Australian outback. Most of these giants died at the by the end of the last Ice Age, some 14,000 years ago. Whether this wave of extinctions was caused by climate change, overhunting by humans, or some combination of both remains a subject of intense debate among scientists. Complicating the picture, though, is the fact that a few Pleistocene giants survived the Quaternary extinction event and nearly made it intact to the present. Most of these survivor species found refuge on islands. Giant sloths were still living on Cuba 6,000 years ago, long after their relatives on the mainland had died out. The last wooly mammoths died out just 4,000 years ago. They lived in a small herd on Wrangel Island north of the Bering Strait between the Chukchi and East Siberian Seas. Two-thousand years ago, gorilla-sized lemurs were still living on Madagascar. A thousand years ago, 12-foot-tall moa birds were still foraging in the forests of New Zealand. Unlike the other long-lived megafauna, Steller’s sea cows, one of the last of the Pleistocene survivors to die out, found their refuge in a remote scrape of the ocean instead of on land. -
Species Trophic Guild – Nutritional Mode Reference(S) Annelida Polychaeta Siboglinidae Ridgeia Piscesae Symbiotic Jones (1985)*; Southward Et Al
Species Trophic guild – nutritional mode Reference(s) Annelida Polychaeta Siboglinidae Ridgeia piscesae Symbiotic Jones (1985)*; Southward et al. (1995); Bergquist et al. (2007); this study Maldanidae Nicomache venticola Bacterivore – surface deposit feeder or grazer Blake and Hilbig (1990)*; Bergquist et al. (2007); this study Dorvilleidae Ophryotrocha globopalpata Predator Blake and Hilbig (1990)*; Bergquist et al. (2007); this study Orbiniidae Berkeleyia sp. nov. Scavenger/detritivore – suspension feeder Jumars et al. (2015); this study Hesionidae Hesiospina sp. nov.a Predator Bonifácio et al. (2018)*; this study Phyllodocidae Protomystides verenae Predator Blake and Hilbig (1990)*; Bergquist et al. (2007); this study Polynoidae Branchinotogluma tunnicliffeae Predator Pettibone (1988)*; Bergquist et al. (2007); this study Branchinotogluma sp. Predator – Lepidonotopodium piscesae Predator Pettibone (1988)*; Levesque et al. (2006); Bergquist et al. (2007); this study Levensteiniella kincaidi Predator Pettibone (1985)*; Bergquist et al. (2007); this study Sigalionidae Pholoe courtneyae Predator Blake (1995)*; Sweetman et al. (2013) Syllidae Sphaerosyllis ridgensis Predator Blake and Hilbig (1990)*; Bergquist et al. (2007); this study Alvinellidae Paralvinella dela Bacterivore – surface deposit feeder or grazer; suspension feeder Detinova (1988)*; this study Paralvinella palmiformis Bacterivore – surface deposit feeder or grazer; suspension feeder Desbruyères and Laubier (1986*, 1991); Levesque et al. (2003); this study Paralvinella pandorae Bacterivore – surface deposit feeder or grazer; suspension feeder Desbruyères and Laubier (1986*, 1991); Levesque et al. (2003); this study Paralvinella sulfincola Bacterivore – surface deposit feeder or grazer; suspension feeder Tunnicliffe et al. (1993)*; Levesque et al. (2003); this study Ampharetidae Amphisamytha carldarei Scavenger/detritivore – surface deposit feeder or grazer Stiller et al. (2013)*; McHugh and Tunnicliffe (1994); Bergquist et al. -
Late Quaternary Extinction of Ungulates in Sub-Saharan Africa: a Reductionist's Approach
Late Quaternary Extinction of Ungulates in Sub-Saharan Africa: a Reductionist's Approach Joris Peters Ins/itu/ für Palaeoanatomie, Domestikationsforschung und Geschichte der Tiermedizin, Universität München. Feldmochinger Strasse 7, D-80992 München, Germany AchilIes Gautier Laboratorium VDor Pa/eonlo/agie, Seclie Kwartairpaleo1ltologie en Archeozoölogie, Universiteit Gent, Krijgs/aon 2811S8, B-9000 Gent, Belgium James S. Brink National Museum, P. 0. Box 266. Bloemfontein 9300. Republic of South Africa Wim Haenen Instituut voor Gezandheidsecologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Capucijnenvoer 35, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium (Received 24 January 1992, revised manuscrip/ accepted 6 November 1992) Comparative osteomorphology and sta ti st ical analysis cf postcranial limb bone measurements cf modern African wildebeest (Collnochaetes), eland (Taura/ragus) and Africa n buffala (Sy" cer"s) have heen applied to reassess the systematic affiliations between these bovids and related extinct Pleistocene forms. The fossil sam pies come from the sites of Elandsfontein (Cape Province) .nd Flarisb.d (Orange Free State) in South Afrie • . On the basis of differenees in skull morphology and size of the appendicular skeleton between fossil and modern blaek wildebeest (ConlJochaeus gnou). the subspecies name anliquus, proposed earlier to designate the Pleistoeene form, ean be retained. The same taxonomie level is accepted for the large Pleistocene e1and, whieh could be named Taurolragus oryx antiquus. The long horned or giant buffa1o, Pelorovis antiquus, can be inc1uded in the polymorphous Syncerus caffer stock and could therefore be called Syncerus caffer antiquus. The ecology of Pleistocene and modern Connochaetes, Taurolragus and Syncerus is discussed. A relationship between herbivore body size and c1imate, as Bergmann's Rule predicts, could not be demonstrated. -
Straight-Tusked Elephant (Palaeoloxodon Antiquus) and Other Megafauna in Europe
The World of Elephants - International Congress, Rome 2001 The Late Quaternary extinction of woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) and other megafauna in Europe A.J. Stuart, A.M. Lister Department of Biology, University College, London, UK [email protected] We are engaged in a research project (funded at present, it is apparent that these range changes by the Natural Environment Research Council - were not the same for each species; for example NERC) on megafaunal extinctions throughout the “last stands” of Mammuthus primigenius, Europe within the period ca. 50,000 to 9000 14C Megaloceros giganteus and Palaeoloxodon years BP. The work involves a survey of strati- antiquus appear to have been made in very dif- graphic information and available 14C dates, and ferent regions of Europe. Tracking these changes also sampling crucial material for a major involves firstly gathering data from the literature programme of AMS 14C dating. Both of the and from colleagues in each region. By these elephant species present in the European Late means we are building up an approximate pic- Pleistocene: Mammuthus primigenius and ture and specifying the likely latest material of Palaeoloxodon antiquus are included in the our target species for each region. In order to project. obtain a much more accurate database, we are Our target species include most of those that sampling the putatively latest material and sub- became extinct, or regionally extinct, after mitting it for 14C dating. ca. 15,000 BP: woolly mammoth Mammuthus Late Quaternary extinctions have been vari- primigenius, woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta ously attributed to overkill by human hunters antiquitatis; giant deer Megaloceros giganteus; (Martin 1984; Martin & Steadman 1999), to lion Panthera leo; and spotted hyaena Crocuta environmental changes (Graham & Lundelius crocuta. -
Life-History Strategies Predict Fish Invasions and Extirpations in the Colorado River Basin
Ecological Monographs, 76(1), 2006, pp. 25±40 q 2006 by the Ecological Society of America LIFE-HISTORY STRATEGIES PREDICT FISH INVASIONS AND EXTIRPATIONS IN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN JULIAN D. OLDEN,1,3 N. LEROY POFF,1 AND KEVIN R. BESTGEN2 1Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA 2Larval Fish Laboratory, Department of Fishery and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA Abstract. Understanding the mechanisms by which nonnative species successfully in- vade new regions and the consequences for native fauna is a pressing ecological issue, and one for which niche theory can play an important role. In this paper, we quantify a com- prehensive suite of morphological, behavioral, physiological, trophic, and life-history traits for the entire ®sh species pool in the Colorado River Basin to explore a number of hypotheses regarding linkages between human-induced environmental change, the creation and mod- i®cation of ecological niche opportunities, and subsequent invasion and extirpation of species over the past 150 years. Speci®cally, we use the ®sh life-history model of K. O. Winemiller and K. A. Rose to quantitatively evaluate how the rates of nonnative species spread and native species range contraction re¯ect the interplay between overlapping life- history strategies and an anthropogenically altered adaptive landscape. Our results reveal a number of intriguing ®ndings. First, nonnative species are located throughout the adaptive surface de®ned by the life-history attributes, and they surround the ecological niche volume represented by the native ®sh species pool. Second, native species that show the greatest distributional declines are separated into those exhibiting strong life-history overlap with nonnative species (evidence for biotic interactions) and those having a periodic strategy that is not well adapted to present-day modi®ed environmental conditions. -
Environmental Limits Page 1
POST Report 370 January 2011 Living with Environmental Limits Page 1 Summary Human well-being is dependent upon assessment approaches. However, where renewable natural resources. Agricultural there is a risk of thresholds being systems, for example, depend upon plant breached and potentially irreversible productivity, soil, the water cycle, the impacts occurring, additional policy nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus nutrient safeguards to maintain natural resource cycles and a stable climate. Renewable systems within environmental limits are natural resources can be subject to required. biological and physical thresholds beyond which irreversible changes in benefit Managing ecosystems to maximise one provision may occur. These are difficult to particular benefit, such as food provision, define and many are likely to be identified can result in declines in other benefits. only once crossed. An environmental limit The evidence base is not yet sufficient to is usually interpreted as the point or range determine the most effective ways to of conditions beyond which there is a maintain benefit provision within significant risk of thresholds being environmental limits, but a range of policy exceeded and unacceptable changes responses are seeking to optimise multiple occurring.1 benefit provision, including: Biodiversity loss, climate change and a agri-environment schemes range of other pressures are affecting generic measures to enhance renewable natural resources. If biodiversity, which may increase governments do not effectively monitor the the capacity of natural resource use and degradation of natural resource systems to adapt to environmental systems in national account frameworks, change the probability of costs arising from the use of ecological processes to exploiting natural resources beyond increase overall natural system environmental limits is not taken into resilience to address problems account. -
Overkill, Glacial History, and the Extinction of North America's Ice Age Megafauna
PERSPECTIVE Overkill, glacial history, and the extinction of North America’s Ice Age megafauna PERSPECTIVE David J. Meltzera,1 Edited by Richard G. Klein, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, and approved September 23, 2020 (received for review July 21, 2020) The end of the Pleistocene in North America saw the extinction of 38 genera of mostly large mammals. As their disappearance seemingly coincided with the arrival of people in the Americas, their extinction is often attributed to human overkill, notwithstanding a dearth of archaeological evidence of human predation. Moreover, this period saw the extinction of other species, along with significant changes in many surviving taxa, suggesting a broader cause, notably, the ecological upheaval that occurred as Earth shifted from a glacial to an interglacial climate. But, overkill advocates ask, if extinctions were due to climate changes, why did these large mammals survive previous glacial−interglacial transitions, only to vanish at the one when human hunters were present? This question rests on two assumptions: that pre- vious glacial−interglacial transitions were similar to the end of the Pleistocene, and that the large mammal genera survived unchanged over multiple such cycles. Neither is demonstrably correct. Resolving the cause of large mammal extinctions requires greater knowledge of individual species’ histories and their adaptive tolerances, a fuller understanding of how past climatic and ecological changes impacted those animals and their biotic communities, and what changes occurred at the Pleistocene−Holocene boundary that might have led to those genera going extinct at that time. Then we will be able to ascertain whether the sole ecologically significant difference between previous glacial−interglacial transitions and the very last one was a human presence.