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Guar Ne Ria Ni Quaderni guar Pestiferus ne ria uaderni guarneriani uaderni Q ni Comune di San Daniele del Friuli 6 nuova serie 6 nuova serie 2 0 1 5 Quaderni Pestiferus guar a cura di Carlo Venuti La vita al tempo della peste ne Carlo Venuti La peste? Ringraziatene l’ebreo! Scenari (anche) friulani di un secolare percorso ria Valerio Marchi I ratti invisibili Considerazioni sulla storia della peste in Europa ni nel medioevo e nella prima età moderna Fabio Cavalli La peste nella società sandanielese fra Trecento e Seicento Giulia Patui Il cibo al tempo della peste Marialuisa Cecere Erbe, medicamenti e rimedi contro la peste Sonia Comin Per modo di dire: peste e linguaggio Maria Grazia Lacovig Pestiferas aperit fauces La peste nell’immaginario collettivo fra Tarda Antichità ed Evo Moderno Angelo Floramo 1 Un sentito ringraziamento al prof. Giuseppe Bergamini per le preziose indicazioni storico artistiche; al Fotostudio Gallino di San Daniele; al Circolo Fotografico “E. Battigelli”; allo storico sandanielese don Remigio Tosoratti per la ricca disponibilità di informazioni sulla città ed il comprensorio; alla Litostil di Fagagna, in particolare al tecnico Marco per la stampa del “Quaderno”; alla dott.ssa Flavia Rizzatto da cui è nata l’idea di questo studio. ABBREVIAZIONI: ASCSD Archivio Storico Comunale San Daniele ASU Archivio di Stato di Venezia BCU Biblioteca Comunale di Udine BG Biblioteca Guarneriana BNMVE Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana di Venezia 2 DELLA PESTE E DINTORNI Duplice l’interesse di questo nuovo “Quaderno Guarneriano”: riprende la serie delle pubblicazioni dell’antica Biblioteca, che ne costituiscono l’essen- ziale strumento informativo e la risultanza di studi e ricerche, valorizzando il suo ricco e prestigioso patrimonio documentario; propone un’articolata riflessione sul complesso tema delle grandi pandemie, in particolare di pe- ste, che hanno lasciato un’impronta profonda nella psiche e nelle pieghe dell’immaginario collettivo dell’uomo occidentale, con un retaggio di paura del male e del suo potere distruttivo, di diffidenza verso gli estranei, di dubbio nei confronti della medicina, della scienza e della politica, ogni- qualvolta si diffondono nuove “infezioni emergenti”. Pestiferus si inserisce nel contesto dei non pochi studi sull’argomento (anche recenti), come ulteriore indagine sul lungo protrarsi di una malattia contagiosa e ciclica, causa di sofferenze e decimazioni di intere comunità in ogni angolo del pianeta: finito il suo corso, si ripresentò sulla scena della storia in forme nuove e con altri nomi. Il contributo di Carlo Venuti “La vita ai tempi della peste”) svolge una disamina storica sulle comparse più importanti delle pandemie pestifere e non solo, evidenziando i riscontri sul piano della psicologia sociale e le reazioni culturali, religiose, organizzative e di politica sanitaria delle tante comunità colpite. L’accurata analisi sulle accuse e le persecuzioni contro gli Ebrei, individuati come responsabili (assieme a “streghe”, lebbrosi, mussulmani e “altri” in genere) del flagello e considerati “genti di satana”, è il tema di Valerio Marchi compendiato nel titolo accattivante, ma significativo della più singolare azione omici- da in Europa contro la popolazione israelita sino alla Shoah: “La peste? Ringraziatene l’ebreo - Scenari (anche) friulani di un secolare percorso”. Anche la nostra terra si distinse fino ai secoli vicini a noi, nell’ignobile “crociata” per circoscrivere la peste “ebraico-massonica”. Il saggio puntuale e a tratti suggestivo di Fabio Cavalli (“I ratti invisibili”) affronta le cause della peste in Europa, richiamando le situazioni di estremo degrado delle città nel medioevo e nella prima età moderna, ricettacolo di ratti e pulci che le scoperte scientifiche di fine Ottocento li indicarono come portatori del bacillo del morbo. Insistendo sul paradigma peste/ratti, l’autore rico- nosce che non c’è peste senza ratti (veri ambasciatori della peste) e senza pulci (del ratto). Cavalli afferma però che anche l’uomo ha le sue...pulci e le proprie responsabilità, specie nell’ultima grande diffusione. Da qui la conclusione: homo homini rattus. L’analisi di Giulia Patui – “La peste nella società sandanielese fra Trecento e Seicento” – si basa essenzialmente sul puntuale esame dei documenti conservati nell’Archivio Storico Comunale e 3 nel fondo della confraternita di S. Antonio Abate di Vienne. Ne risulta una notevole complessità di interventi istituzionali durante le fasi del contagio, quando si attivava una vera e propria rete collaborativa tra popolazione, realtà sociali, politiche e religiose e strutture sanitarie del territorio. Maria- luisa Cecere propone “Il cibo al tempo della peste”: la dieta come parte integrante del sistema preventivo e curativo – intuizione già presente nel pensiero ippocratico e galenico – elemento essenziale nel mantenimento e ripristino della buona salute. Seguono i Consilia e i regiminia contro il morbo secondo gli antichi medici, alcune indicazioni sul regime di vita in uno “stato di natura”, delle interessanti ricette con cui la studiosa conclude il suo intervento. Originale ed accurato il lungo lavoro di Sonia Comin (“Erbe, medicamenti e rimedi contro la peste”): secondo la teoria degli humori, le malattie provenivano dagli atomi velenosi della materia in putrefazione o da individui infetti, cause del turbamento nell’equilibrio dei quattro umori (caldo, freddo, secco, umido). A purganti, emetici, vomitivi, espettoranti, diuretici, essudativi spettava il ruolo prioritario di eliminare i liquidi cor- rotti e in eccesso. Le piante officinali erano l’ingrediente fondamentale nella maggior parte dei preparati di prevenzione e cura. Il contributo della Comin, comprendente grafici, elenchi di medicamenti, tabelle, indicazioni di specie vegetali, poi suggerimenti medici e raccomandazioni sugli stili di vita... è un autentico trattato in sintesi. L’intervento di Maria Grazia Lacovig, “Per modo di dire: peste e linguaggio” parte da proverbi e detti popolari in cui si cita San Rocco protettore contro il morbo, e dall’uso del termine “peste” in molte espressioni comuni, come interiezione o imprecazione; passa quindi al senso figurato della parola e al suo significato ed uso in locuzioni e modi di dire di diversi contesti linguistici europei. Angelo Floramo (“Pestiferas aperit fauces - La peste nell’immaginario collettivo fra Tarda Antichità ed Evo Moderno”) presenta il morbo come simbolo e ma- nifestazione di forze oscure e potentissime e quale ipostatizzazione stessa della morte. Richiama Ovidio e Lucrezio, i segni di Giobbe e le processioni danzanti verso la Chiesa, in onore di Ermacora di Aquileia per il recupero della salubrità messa a rischio dal contagio, con la speranza che il Cristo Taumaturgo chiuda per sempre le fauci della peste. Un libro ricco di storia e di proposte, che qualifica la Guarneriana ed il suo impegno di diffusione culturale. Lo proponiamo ai Sandanielesi, agli studiosi e a tutti gli ospiti della nostra bella città, luogo raffinato di incontro e di ricerca, di suggestioni artistiche ed ambientali, di impegno, di lavoro e di produzioni d’eccellenza. L’Amministrazione Comunale ringrazia quanti hanno collaborato alla rea- lizzazione di questo sesto “Quaderno Guarneriano”. avv. Consuelo ZANINI Assessore comunale alla Cultura 4 LA VITA AL TEMPO DELLA PESTE Carlo Venuti “Una completa ricostruzione storica della peste travalica la semplice sto- ria della medicina”, afferma lo storico William Hardy McNeill1. Le grandi pestilenze hanno accompagnato le vicende dell’umanità con un andamento ciclico fino ai nostri giorni, come testimoniano le recenti nuove “infezioni emergenti“ – l’AIDS o l’epidemia da virus Ebola, fra le ultime – ampiamente diffuse, difficili da curare e causa di situazioni sanitarie e sociali allarmanti nei territori colpiti e di patemi generalizzati a livello mondiale. Il morbo del 541 – forse peste bubbonica arrivata nell’area del Mediter- raneo da focolai dell’India meridionale o dell’Africa centrale – fu la prima grande pandemia documentata e colpì sia l’impero romano-bizantino che la Persia ed altre regioni orientali. Costantinopoli perse il 40% dei suoi abitanti (all’epoca ne contava circa 200 mila). Giustiniano fu probabilmente impedito di restaurare l’unità imperiale nel Mediterraneo, soprattutto per le devastanti malattie ed infezioni che indebolivano i suoi eserciti. Le ondate di pestilenza del VI e VII secolo determinarono un crollo della popolazione tra il 50 ed il 70% nell’arco di due generazioni. Seguirono l’abbandono di villaggi, aziende produttive e rotte commerciali attraverso tutto l’impero, la trasformazione di molte terre da agricole in pascoli o in maggesi, se non in veri deserti, con enormi danni all’economia. Le desolazioni delle ripetute pandemie agevolarono le invasioni di questi territori da parte dei popoli nomadi provenienti dalla Penisola arabica, da poco convertiti all’Islam. A ricorrenze periodiche, le pestilenze devastarono il bacino del Mediterraneo e l’Europa continentale almeno fino al 7602. Scrittori e medici cristiani e mussulmani studiarono l’infezione, le sue cause ed i modi per prevenirla, attingendo scienza e professionalità sia dai testi sacri, come dagli autori classici: Tucidide, Galeno, Ippocrate, Aristotele, Platone, Rufo di Efeso ed i cronisti dell’età giustinianea. Al-Razi (850-923) medico di Bagdad, diede la prima chiara descrizione clinica di queste affezioni; già nel 910 trattò la sintomatologia del vaiolo, nella sua forma più lieve. Fiorirono le traduzioni in arabo e i commentari ai
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