DOCSLIB.ORG

How the Giant Squid, Architeuthis Dux, Maneuver Long Tentacles for Hunting

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
How the Giant Squid, Architeuthis Dux, Maneuver Long Tentacles for Hunting Central Annals of Marine Biology and Research Bringing Excellence in Open Access Research Article *Corresponding author Tsunemi Kubodera, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-005, How the Giant Squid, Japan; Tel: 81-29-853-8344 Fax: 81-29-853-8998; Email: [email protected] Architeuthis Dux, Maneuver Submitted: 07 January 2021 Accepted: 09 March 2021 Published: 31 March 2021 Long Tentacles for Hunting Copyright © 2021 Kubodera T, et al. Tsunemi Kubodera1*, Yasuhiro Koyama2 and Wen-Sung Chung3 1Curator Emeritus, National Museum of Nature and Science, Japan ISSN: 2573-105X 2Executive Producer, NHK ENTERPRISES (NEP), Department of Nature & Science OPEN ACCESS Program, Japan 3Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Australia Keywords • Mesopelagic habitat Abstract • Twilight zone • Giant squid Having a large body, long tentacles, sharp beak and sucker ring teeth to battle against • Hunting behaviour a sperm whale in deep water makes the giant squid, Architeuthis dux, capture imaginations • Tentacles and constantly fire debate and interest. The hunting strategy of the giant squid in the twilight realm, particularly how to manipulate the soft and long tentacles (e.g.>5m length of a sub- adult), to catch prey, remains largely unknown. Here we present the first in situ behavioural observation of the tentacular strike of the giant squid which attempted to capture the artificial bioluminescent lure in its natural habitat (800 m depth), off Australian waters. Firstly, this footage confirmed that two long tentacles can be firmly held together by extensive paired locking apparatus (smooth-ringed suckers and knobs), along the tentacular stalks. The elastic locked tentacles bearing nimble tentacular clubs allow a ballistic strike onto a small light lure in distance. Also, the remarkably rapid changes of arrangement of tentacular clubs from the noose shape to the claw-like structure to grasp objects indicate that the giant squid likely relies on good vision (enormous eyes), chemotactile (suckers), or both for prey hunting. INTRODUCTION The tremendous size of the giant squid, Architeuthis dux, with capturestill camera initial with attack the bystrobe-light tentacles butsystem showed developed a large byball Professor of rolled its football-sized eyeballs and the imprints of suckers on the skin Naito, Japan Polar Research Institute. The first still image did not of sperm whales makes it capture the imaginations, resulting the retraction of these tentacles once a prey has been captured up long tentacles at the base of spread arms. It appeared that A. duxdebate is a and single interest species in public and widely and scientific distributes sectors in temperate [1-6]. To date, and (Supplemental Figure 1). scientific records of the giant squid, dead or alive, show that Furthermore, using a combination of approaches which insubarctic the mesopelagic regions of twilight all oceans zone [3,6-18].(200 - 900 Fishery m depth) survey where and seaincluded camera two system, manned a follow-up submersibles project with successfully the ultra-sensitive captured theHD thefilming downwelling activities daylightrevealed isthat continuously the giant diminishedsquids often and dwell the cameras, a whale-borne camera and the unmanned Medusa deep- attemptsfirst footage are of deployment the live giant in squidthe right in its areas natural of habitatthe ocean around and spectral range is tuned to constant blue spectra over increasing Ogasawara waters in 2012 [21,22]. Two keys to success in these depths [6,19-24]. With occasional encounters of the live giant squid during scientific or fishery activities [6,20-22], the hunting minimisation of disturbance during observation. In particular, behaviour of the giant squid remains largely unknown due to the unmanned and silent camera system, Medusa, equipped difficulties to observe this mysterious creature in the depths. with the animal invisible far-red illumination (8 dives down to 770m depth and 1 dive to 1100m, total 246 hours of observation) Rapid development of advanced underwater and camera provided the firsthand evidence that the giant squid still relied on technology (e.g., baited camera systems, manned submersible) visual contact for searching potential food in distance where the have led the recent success in filming the living giant squid and bait contained only artificial blue bioluminescence in the twilight revealing fundamental insights of the life of this mysterious realmThese [21-23,25]. images showed that these giant squids approached Ogasawaradeep-sea creature water where [6,20-22]. hundreds In 2005,of time-lapse Kubodera images and of Mori this [20], reported that the first live giant squid at 900 m depth in toward the baited-camera (ca. 600-750 m depth) using arms to individual (1 frame per 30 second), were recorded by a digital touch the food-bait or the light lure (electronic jellyfish equipped Cite this article: Kubodera T, Koyama Y, Chung WS (2021) How the Giant Squid, Architeuthis Dux, Maneuver Long Tentacles for Hunting. Ann Mar Biol Res 7(1): 1031. Kubodera T, et al. (2021) Central Bringing Excellence in Open Access inferences of the mysterious life of the giant squid, rendering two renowned documentaries in 2013 [21,22]. Given occasional encounters of the living giant squid bait capture behaviours, knowledge of its hunting strategies (e.g., arm versus tentacular attacks, vision versus other senses in foraging) remains largely unknown [5,20]. A long-standing question of the ofgiant a sub-adult) squid hunting for a rapidis how and to useaccurate its extra-long strike is atentacles particularly to catch bio- prey. Casting the extraordinary long tentacles (e.g., over 5 m long mechanic challenge, even just keeping both in a straight trajectory ringedtoward suckers one targeted and knobs) object. along Since with Roeleveld the tentacular [27] proposed stalks of that the giantthe extensive squid could locking hold apparatus tentacles (a together cluster ofto thecatch paired the targetedsmooth- prey, no direct behavioural observation of the tentacular strike using the locked tentacles has been recorded before this study. During the latest NHK nature documentary project on extra- large marine animals off Bremer Bay, south-west Australia in howearly 2020,the giant an unexpected squid stretched large giant the squidlocked was tentacular filmed at depthstalks of 800 m. Here we present the firsthand evidence to demonstrate combined with the nimble activities of tentacular clubs to catch the light lure. This observation also showed how the giant squid coordinatedMATERIALS its tentacles AND METHODS and arms to handle objects. The video filming operation for large deep-sea animals was conducted by NHK nature documentary TV program team led by Producer Y. Koyama, and Captain P. Cross and crew members of a whale watching vessel, Dhu Force (17.3m length). A unique predatory behaviour of the giant squid was recorded using a custom-made 4K Deepsea Camera thand LED illumination system from approximately 800m depth (34.46S, 119.35E) in the Bremer Bay,4K Deepsea south-western Camera Australia and onillumination 19 March 2020 system (Figure 1). Vision of pelagic and deep-sea cephalopods tends to possess blue-shifted sensitivities toward the spectral peak (λmax) Figure 1 480nm (blue), thus these creatures are unlikely to detect dark- or infra-red illumination (>750nm) [25]. Using animal invisible Deployment location of the camera system. illumination therefore minimises behavioural disturbance during filming in their natural habitats, leading to a new custom- with a circular blue LED array (λmax 485nm), also known as made deep-sea camera platform which was developed by the e-jelly) [20-23,26]. Given the information of the living depth of the cooperation of NHK ENTERPRISE.INC (NEP), and Institute of giant squid (600 and 900 m) obtained from these two successful Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo, (weighed 10kg in projects [20-22], this guided the follow-up dives using the two air and operated at a maximum depth of 1500m). This camera manned submersibles, Triton (3 passengers) and Deep Rover (2 platform consisted of a camera blimp (a cylinder housing (15cm passengers), to explore within this narrow water column (600- diameter), equipped with the 4K SONY Action Cam, FDR-X3000, 800 m). Finally, the Triton equipped with an ultra-high sensitive frame rate: 30fps), mounted at the centre of the aluminium bar HD video camera (developed by NHK technical department, (1 m). Two light blimps (a cylinder housing (10cm diameter) Tokyo) managed to film extraordinary footage of the giant squid equipped with 5 infra-red LEDs), were mounted on both ends which it captured a large baited squid (1 m long) tethered on the of the bar to provide a broad coverage of illumination at the Triton at the depth of 630 m. The filming activities were lasted main camera scene (Figure 2). Apart from the main 4K camera, another compact 4K video camera (Gopro HERO6, frame rate: for over in situ 23 minutes to observe this individual in a close range (<5 m), until descending to the depth of 900 m. All these first 60fps) placed in the underwater housing with a build-in white ever video images (e.g. body form, skin colour, close-up of LED (Seatool product; 1000m depth pressure resistance) was large eyes and activities of arms) revolutionised some previous attached on polyethylene rope approximately 1m above the main Ann Mar Biol Res 7(1): 1031 (2021) 2/8 Kubodera T, et al. (2021) Central Bringing Excellence in Open Access Figure 2 Custom-made deep-sea camera system (a) Illustration of the Deepsea Camera system (b) The system during the deployment viewed by the upper surveillance camera. the locked-tentacular stalks which were tightly “held” together camera system to provide an overview of videographic scene. (Figure 3b-c). The first attempt to catch the e-jelly using the A newly developed electronic light lure, a flat e-jelly, was locked tentacles, the tentacular clubs rapidly formed into another noose was unsuccessful.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Defensive Behaviors of Deep-Sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy
    Defensive Behaviors of Deep-sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy by Stephanie Lynn Bush A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Professor Roy L. Caldwell, Chair Professor David R. Lindberg Professor George K. Roderick Dr. Bruce H. Robison Fall, 2009 Defensive Behaviors of Deep-sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy © 2009 by Stephanie Lynn Bush ABSTRACT Defensive Behaviors of Deep-sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy by Stephanie Lynn Bush Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley Professor Roy L. Caldwell, Chair The deep sea is the largest habitat on Earth and holds the majority of its’ animal biomass. Due to the limitations of observing, capturing and studying these diverse and numerous organisms, little is known about them. The majority of deep-sea species are known only from net-caught specimens, therefore behavioral ecology and functional morphology were assumed. The advent of human operated vehicles (HOVs) and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) have allowed scientists to make one-of-a-kind observations and test hypotheses about deep-sea organismal biology. Cephalopods are large, soft-bodied molluscs whose defenses center on crypsis. Individuals can rapidly change coloration (for background matching, mimicry, and disruptive coloration), skin texture, body postures, locomotion, and release ink to avoid recognition as prey or escape when camouflage fails. Squids, octopuses, and cuttlefishes rely on these visual defenses in shallow-water environments, but deep-sea cephalopods were thought to perform only a limited number of these behaviors because of their extremely low light surroundings.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of the Squid Stock Complex in the Gulf of Alaska
    21. Assessment of the squid stock complex in the Gulf of Alaska Olav A. Ormseth NMFS Alaska Fisheries Science Center Executive Summary Squids in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) are managed as a single stock complex comprising approximately 15 species. Historically squids were managed as part of the GOA “Other Species” complex, which included squids, octopuses, sharks, and sculpins. In 2011, the “Other Species” group was broken up into individual stock complexes and the squid complex received its own harvest specifications. Harvest recommendations are based on an historical catch approach setting OFL equal to maximum historical catch during 1997 – 2007. In June 2017 the North Pacific Fishery Management Council moved to reclassify squid as an “Ecosystem Component” complex, meaning that once the Fishery Management Plan has been amended to reflect this decision there will no longer be annual catch limits for squids (see https://www.npfmc.org/squid-reclassification/ for more information). Summary of Changes in Assessment Inputs 1) Trawl survey data from 2017 have been added. 2) Catch data have been updated through October 11, 2017. Summary of Results 1) The 2017 trawl survey biomass estimate was 2,296 t, the lowest it has been since 1999. 2) The 2017 catch data are incomplete (29 t as of October 11), but it is likely that the 2017 catch will be low compared to 2015 (411 t) and 2016 (239 t). 3) Harvest recommendations are unchanged from the status quo. Harvest Recommendations last year this year Quantity/Status 2016 2017 2017 2018 Specified/recommended
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Sea of Okhotsk Pollock Fishery for the Russian Pollock Catchers Association (PCA)
    Acoura Marine Public Comment Draft Report Russia Sea of Okhotsk Pollock MSC SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES CERTIFICATION Russia Sea of Okhotsk Pollock Public Comment Draft Report May 2018 Prepared For: Russian Pollock Catchers Association Prepared By: Acoura Marine Ltd Authors: Andrew I.L. Payne, Robert O’Boyle, David W. Japp Acoura Version V2.1 04/01/17 Acoura Marine Public Comment Draft Report Russia Sea of Okhotsk Pollock Fishery name Russia Sea of Okhotsk Pollock Fishery Species and Stock Walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) Date of Site Visit Week beginning 2 October 2017 Assessment team Lead assessor: Andrew I.L. Payne (TL & P3) Assessor(s): Robert O’Boyle (P1) David W. Japp (P2) CAB name Acoura Marine CAB contact details Address 6 Redheughs Rigg Edinburgh EH12 9DQ United Kingdom Phone/Fax +44 (0)131 335 6662 Email [email protected] Contact name(s) Polly Burns Client contact details Address Russian Pollock Catchers Association (PCA) 517B, 51-a, Svetlanskaya Street Vladivostok 690990 Russia Phone/Fax +7 (423) 222 43 13 Email [email protected] Contact name(s) Alexey Buglak Page 2 of 230 Acoura Marine Full Assessment Template per MSC V2.0 02/12/2015 Acoura Marine Public Comment Draft Report Russia Sea of Okhotsk Pollock Contents Contents ............................................................................................................................... 3 Glossary................................................................................................................................ 6 1 Executive Summary ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • SYSTEMATICS of the CEPHALOPOD FAMILY GONATIDAE from the SOUTHEASTERN BERING SEA RECOMMENDED: APPROVED: F — > Program Head V
    Systematics of the Cephalopod family Gonatidae from the southeastern Bering Sea Item Type Thesis Authors Bublitz, Christopher G. Download date 06/10/2021 03:42:26 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/5209 SYSTEMATICS OF THE CEPHALOPOD FAMILY GONATIDAE FROM THE SOUTHEASTERN BERING SEA RECOMMENDED: f — > Programin i Head. APPROVED: Vice Chancellor ror Research and Advanced Study Date (J SYSTEMATICS OF THE CEPHALOPOD FAMILY GONATIDAE FROM THE SOUTHEASTERN BERING SEA A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE By Qu Christopher G. Bublitz 4- o Fairbanks, Alaska '3 < o May 1981 H ABSTRACT The systematic relationships within the cephalopod family Gonatidae were examined utilizing specimens collected from the southeastern Bering Sea. Ten species; Gonatus onyx, Gonatus madokai, Gonatus tinvo3 Gonatus bewyi, Gonatus pyvos3 Gonatus sp., Gonatus type A, BevvyteuthLs magistev3 Berryteuthis anonychus3 and Gonatopsis bovealis; were identified. Included in these are the identification of a probable new species, Gonatus sp., the verification of a questionable species, Gonatus tinro, and the classification of previously described but unclassified developmental stages. Morphometric characters were used for a retrogression analysis of each species' development. The developmental stages for those species found in the study area are described and illustrated in detail. The taxonomic and morphometric characters of the species are compared. Two closely allied species, Gonatus bevvyi and Gonatus sp. are compared and contrasted. A brief an§J.ysis of the growth and development of the genus Gonatus is also given. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S I gratefully acknowledge the assistance and encouragement given me by a large number of people, both in the United States and Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Size Selectivity Between Marine Mammals and Commercial Fisheries with Recommendations for Restructuring Management Policies
    NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-159 Comparison of Size Selectivity Between Marine Mammals and Commercial Fisheries with Recommendations for Restructuring Management Policies by M. A. Etnier and C. W. Fowler U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Alaska Fisheries Science Center October 2005 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS The National Marine Fisheries Service's Alaska Fisheries Science Center uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum series to issue informal scientific and technical publications when complete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or feasible. Documents within this series reflect sound professional work and may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. The NMFS-AFSC Technical Memorandum series of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center continues the NMFS-F/NWC series established in 1970 by the Northwest Fisheries Center. The NMFS-NWFSC series is currently used by the Northwest Fisheries Science Center. This document should be cited as follows: Etnier, M. A., and C. W. Fowler. 2005. Comparison of size selectivity between marine mammals and commercial fisheries with recommendations for restructuring management policies. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-159, 274 p. Reference in this document to trade names does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-159 Comparison of Size Selectivity Between Marine Mammals and Commercial Fisheries with Recommendations for Restructuring Management Policies by M. A. Etnier and C. W. Fowler Alaska Fisheries Science Center 7600 Sand Point Way N.E. Seattle, WA 98115 www.afsc.noaa.gov U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Carlos M.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution and Abundance of the Early Life Stages of Squid, Primarily Gonatidae (Cephalopoda, Oegopsida)
    Distribution and Abundance of the Early Life Stages of Squid, Primarily Gonatidae (Cephalopoda, Oegopsida). in the Northern North Pacific (Part 1) By Tsunemi Kt:BODERA Department of Zoology, National Science Museum, Tokyo and :Katharine JEFFERTS College of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis Reprinted from the BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL SCIENCE MUSEUM Series A (Zoology) Vol. 10, No. 3, September 22, 1984 Tokyo, Japan Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, Ser. A, 10 (3), September 22, 1984 Distribution and Abundance of the Early Life Stages of Squid, Primarily Gonatidae (Cephalopoda, Oegopsida), in the Northern North Pacific (Part I) By Tsunemi KUBODERA Department of Zoology, National Science Museum, Tokyo and Katharine JEFFERTS College of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis Abstract Cephalopods collected with micronekton nets in the Subarctic North Pacific are shown to be primarily young stages of the family Gonatidae. Regional and seasonal changes of abundance of cephalopods in the northern North Pacific are discussed. A pattern of low winter abundance with a rapid early summer increase and gradual autumn decrease is evident. Distribution patterns of species in the family Gonatidae show good correlation with large scale oceanographic features. The distribution types include pan-Subarctic forms of two kinds, including and excluding the Sea of Okhotsk; northeastern Pacific endemics; California Current endemics; western Sub­ arctic endemics; and species localized within the Sea of Okhotsk. The Sea of Okhotsk and California Current showed distinctive fauna! and gonatid species composition. Species of the family Gonatidae are classified into four groups according to the geo­ graphical pattern of relative abundance of the early life stages.
    [Show full text]
  • Fatty Acid Variation in Beluga (Delphinapterus Leucas) Blubber: Implications for Estimating Diet Using Fatty Acids
    Fatty acid variation in beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) blubber: implications for estimating diet using fatty acids Heather R. Smith A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2009 Program Authorized to Offer Degree: School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington Graduate School This is to certify that I have examined this copy of a doctoral dissertation by Heather R. Smith and have found that it is complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the final examining committee have been made. Chair of the Supervisory Committee: ___________________________________________ Glenn R. VanBlaricom Reading Committee: ___________________________________________ Glenn R. VanBlaricom ___________________________________________ Brian S. Fadely ___________________________________________ Sara J. Iverson August 2009 In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the doctoral degree at the University of Washington, I agree that the Library shall make its copies freely available for inspection. I further agree that extensive copying of the dissertation is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for copying or reproduction of this dissertation may be referred to ProQuest Information and Learning, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346, 1-800-521-0600, to whom the author has granted “the right to reproduce and sell (a) copies of the manuscript in microform and/or (b) printed copies of the manuscript made from microform.” Signature________________________ Date________________________ University of Washington Abstract Fatty acid variation in beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) blubber: implications for estimating diet using fatty acids Heather R.
    [Show full text]
  • Stomach Contents of Seven Short-Tailed Albatross Phoebastria Albatrus in the Eastern North Pacific and Bering Sea
    Walker et al.: Diet of Short-tailed Albatross 169 STOMACH CONTENTS OF SEVEN SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS PHOEBASTRIA ALBATRUS IN THE EASTERN NORTH PACIFIC AND BERING SEA WILLIAM A. WALKER1, SHANNON M. FITZGERALD2 & PAUL W. COLLINS3 1National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Seattle, WA 98115, USA ([email protected]) 2Resource Ecology and Fisheries Management Division, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Seattle, WA 98115, USA 3Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta Del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA Received 20 February 2015, accepted 21 April 2015 Information about the relationship between any marine bird and Service (NMFS) North Pacific Observer Program, which monitors its food web is critical to assessing or monitoring population Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus and Sablefish Anoplopona fimbria status. Changes in the food web structure over time can be a long-line fisheries operating in the eastern Bering Sea shelf region major determining factor in population growth. In addition, a and the Aleutian islands. The federal biological opinions for the species’ position in the food web is largely determined by whether endangered Short-tailed Albatross have required NMFS to retain it is a predator or scavenger. While the foraging habitat use and birds that were incidentally taken in the groundfish fisheries (USFWS movements of the endangered Short-tailed Albatross Phoebastria 2003). The other albatross was a fresh-dead beach-cast specimen albatrus has been well documented, there is a lack of definitive found on the central California coast (Table 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Cephalopod Remains from Stomachs of Sperm Whales
    CEPHALOPOD REMAINS FROM STOMACHS OF SPERM WHALES THAT MASS-STRANDED ON THE OREGON COAST A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Califomia State University, Stanislaus through Moss Landing Marine Laboratories In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Mmine Science By Theresa Friend January 2004 DEDICATION To my partner and source of strength and love, without whose constant support and patience this project would not have happened. Thank you for believing in me. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In an undertaking such as this there are so many people to thank. First, I sincerely thank my committee members, Dr. James Harvey, Dr. Pamela Roe, Dr. Gregor Cailliet and Dr. Stacy Kim for their guidance, support, helpfi.1l comments and encouragement. Jim, thank you for the second chance when my first project fell through. I especially thank Dr. Roe for her countless trips to the graduate office to ensure that all of the proper paperwork was in place and for the many phone calls of encouragement when I was sure that this project would not happen. A very special thanks goes to Bill Walker for his immense generosity in helping to identify and verify cephalopod beaks and in training me to identify beaks. It was a tremendous experience. My deepest appreciation goes out to my mom, dad and brother for their constant support and love. Much love and thanks also go out to my extended family (Autumn, Jane, Tam, Kat, and Tom) without whose encouragement and many, many hours of beak measurements, data entry and library searches this project would not have happened.
    [Show full text]
  • PSG2010 Abstracts.Pdf
    asterisk = speaker underline = eligible for student award CORRELATING SEABIRD MOVEMENTS WITH OCEAN WINDS: LINKING SATELLITE TELEMETRY WITH OCEAN SCATTEROMETRY Josh Adams*,1,2, and Stephanie Flora3. 1U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA, 95039 USA, [email protected]; 2Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; 3Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA Satellite telemetry studies of seabirds are now common and have revealed impressive flight capabilities and extensive distributions at sea. Linking seabird movements with environmental conditions over vast expanses of the world’s open ocean, however, remains difficult. Seabirds of the Order Procellariiformes (e.g., petrels, albatrosses, and shearwaters) depend largely on wind and wave energy for efficient flight. We present a new method for quantifying the movements of far-ranging seabirds in relation to ocean winds measured by the SeaWinds scatterometer onboard the QuikSCAT satellite. We apply vector correlation to evaluate how the trajectories (ground speed and direction) for five procellariiform seabirds outfitted with satellite transmitters are related to ocean winds. Individual seabirds (Sooty Shearwater, Pink-footed Shearwater, Hawaiian Petrel, Grey-faced Petrel, and Black-footed Albatross) all traveled predominantly with oblique, isotropic crossing to quartering tail-winds (i.e., 105° to 165° in relation to birds’ trajectory). Entire track line trajectories were significantly correlated with co-located winds. Greatest correlations along 8-day path segments were related to wind patterns during birds’ directed, long-range migration (Sooty Shearwater) and movements associated with mega-scale meteorological phenomena, including Pacific Basin anticyclones (Hawaiian Petrel, Grey-faced Petrel) and eastward- propagating north Pacific cyclones (Black-footed Albatross).
    [Show full text]
  • Davidson Seamount Taxonomic Guide
    Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series ONMS-08-08 Davidson Seamount Taxonomic Guide U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management Office of National Marine Sanctuaries December 2008 About the Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (ONMS) administers the National Marine Sanctuary Program. Its mission is to identify, designate, protect and manage the ecological, recreational, research, educational, historical, and aesthetic resources and qualities of nationally significant coastal and marine areas. The existing marine sanctuaries differ widely in their natural and historical resources and include nearshore and open ocean areas ranging in size from less than one to over 5,000 square miles. Protected habitats include rocky coasts, kelp forests, coral reefs, sea grass beds, estuarine habitats, hard and soft bottom habitats, segments of whale migration routes, and shipwrecks. Because of considerable differences in settings, resources, and threats, each marine sanctuary has a tailored management plan. Conservation, education, research, monitoring and enforcement programs vary accordingly. The integration of these programs is fundamental to marine protected area management. The Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series reflects and supports this integration by providing a forum for publication and discussion of the complex issues currently facing the National Marine Sanctuary Program. Topics of published reports vary substantially and may include descriptions of educational programs, discussions on resource management issues, and results of scientific research and monitoring projects. The series facilitates integration of natural sciences, socioeconomic and cultural sciences, education, and policy development to accomplish the diverse needs of NOAA’s resource protection mandate.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue of Cephalopods at the National Marine Mammal Laboratory
    NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-16 Catalogue of Cephalopods at the National Marine Mammal Laboratory by Clifford H. Fiscus U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Alaska Fisheries Science Center June 1993 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS The National Marine Fisheries Service's Alaska Fisheries Science Center uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum series to issue informal scientific and technical publications when complete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or feasible. Documents within this series reflect sound professional work and may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. The NMFS-AFSC Technical Memorandum series of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center continues the NMFS-F/NWC series established in 1970 by the Northwest Fisheries Center. The new NMFS-NWFSC series will be used by the Northwest Fisheries Science Center. This document should be cited as follows: Fiscus, C. H. 1993. Catalogue of cephalopods at the National Marine Mammal Laboratory. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS- AFSC-16, 183 p. Reference in this document to trade names does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-16 Catalogue of Cephalopods at the National Marine Mammal Laboratory by Clifford H. Fiscus Alaska Fisheries Science Center 7600 Sand Point Way N.E. Seattle, WA 98115-0070 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Ronald H. Brown, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Diana Josephson, Deputy Under Secretary June 1993 This document is available to the public through: National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Notice to Users of this Document This document is being made available in .PDF format for the convenience of users; however, the accuracy and correctness of the document can only be certified as was presented in the original hard copy format.
    [Show full text]