Assessing the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions of Adb Developing Members
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Climate Action Plan Executive Summary
Climate Action Plan Executive Summary Commission on Climate Change August 2008 Executive Summary climate action plan • 3 Report Overview n April 20, 2007, Governor Martin O’Malley signed Executive Order 01.01.2007.07 (the Order) establishing the Maryland Commission on Climate Change (the Commission). Sixteen State agency heads and six members of the General Assembly comprise the Commission. The principal Ocharge of the Commission is to develop a Plan of Action (the Climate Action Plan) to address the drivers of climate change, to prepare for its likely impacts in Maryland, and to establish goals and timetables for implementation. The Order emphasized Maryland’s particular vulnerability to climate change impacts of sea level rise, increased storm intensity, extreme droughts and heat waves, and increased wind and rainfall events. It recognized that human activities such as coastal development, burning of fossil fuels, and increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are contributing to the causes and consequences of climate change. While noting Maryland’s recent climate initiatives, the Order emphasized that continued leadership by example by Maryland State and local governments is imperative. The Commission is supported by three Working Groups whose members were appointed by the Commission Chair, Shari T. Wilson, Secretary, Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE): Scientific and Technical Working Group (STWG), chaired by Donald Boesch, President, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and co-chaired by Frank W. Dawson, Assistant Secretary of Maryland’s Department of Natural Resources (DNR); Greenhouse Gas and Carbon Mitigation Working Group (MWG), chaired by George (Tad) Aburn, Director of MDE’s Air and Radiation Management Administration, and co-chaired by Malcolm Woolf, Director, Maryland Energy Administration (MEA); and Adaptation and Response Working Group (ARWG), chaired by John R. -
Clean Development Mechanism and Joint Implementation
Clean Development Mechanism and Joint Implementation New Instruments for Financing Renewable Energy Technologies Thematic Background Paper January 2004 Authors: Axel Michaelowa; Matthias Krey; Sonja Butzengeiger Perspectives Climate Change and Hamburg Institute of International Economics Editing: Secretariat of the International Conference for Renewable Energies, Bonn 2004 Disclaimer This is one of 12 Thematic Background Papers (TBP) that have been prepared as thematic background for the International Conference for Renewable Energies, Bonn 2004 (renewables 2004). A list of all papers can be found at the end of this document. Internationally recognised experts have prepared all TBPs. Many people have commented on earlier versions of this document. However, the responsibility for the content remains with the authors. Each TBP focusses on a different aspect of renewable energy and presents policy implications and recommendations. The purpose of the TBP is twofold, first to provide a substantive basis for discussions on the Conference Issue Paper (CIP) and, second, to provide some empirical facts and background information for the interested public. In building on the existing wealth of political debate and academic discourse, they point to different options and open questions on how to solve the most important problems in the field of renewable energies. All TBP are published in the conference documents as inputs to the preparation process. They can also be found on the conference website at www.renewables2004.de. Executive Summary The project-based Kyoto Mechanisms CDM and JI can improve financing of renewable energy projects but will not provide a panacea for large-scale renewables promotion as long as the market price for greenhouse gas reduction credits will remain at its current level of 3 €/t CO2. -
Has Joint Implementation Reduced GHG Emissions? Lessons Learned for the Design of Carbon Market Mechanisms
Stockholm Environment Institute, Working Paper 2015-07 Has Joint Implementation reduced GHG emissions? Lessons learned for the design of carbon market mechanisms Anja Kollmuss, Lambert Schneider and Vladyslav Zhezherin Stockholm Environment Institute Linnégatan 87D 104 51 Stockholm Sweden Tel: +46 8 674 7070 Fax: +46 8 674 7020 Web: www.sei-international.org Author contact: Anja Kollmuss, [email protected] Director of Communications: Robert Watt Editors: Elaine Beebe and Marion Davis Cover photo: A steel plant in Ukraine with a coal waste heap in the background. Photo © Mykola Ivashchenko. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educa- tional or non-profit purposes, without special permission from the copyright holder(s) provided acknowledgement of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purpose, without the written permission of the copyright holder(s). About SEI Working Papers: The SEI working paper series aims to expand and accelerate the availability of our research, stimulate discussion, and elicit feedback. SEI working papers are work in progress and typically contain preliminary research, analysis, findings, and recom- mendations. Many SEI working papers are drafts that will be subsequently revised for a refereed journal or book. Other papers share timely and innovative knowledge that we consider valuable and policy-relevant, but which may not be intended for later publication. Copyright © August 2015 by Stockholm Environment Institute STOCKHOLM ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE WORKING PAPER NO. 2015-07 Has Joint Implementation reduced GHG emissions? Lessons learned for the design of carbon market mechanisms Anja Kollmuss, Lambert Schneider Stockholm Environment Institute – U.S. -
Second Progress Report on the German Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change (DAS)
Second Progress Report on the German Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change (DAS) CONTENTS A. The German Adaptation Strategy (DAS): objectives, principles and processes ............................... 4 A.1. The DAS: principles and objectives ................................................................................................................. 4 A.2. The DAS reporting cycle ................................................................................................................................. 5 A.3. The DAS, APA and Progress Report in review ................................................................................................. 8 A.4. European Union and international integration ............................................................................................ 11 B. Current findings and results ........................................................................................................ 13 B.1. Monitoring: climatic changes, impacts and adaptation responses ............................................................. 13 B.2. Vulnerability assessment ............................................................................................................................. 18 B.3. APA II implementation and APA III preparation process .............................................................................. 33 B.4. Adaptation measures by other actors .......................................................................................................... 35 B.5. Evaluation of -
The Supplementarity Challenge: CDM, JI & EU Emissions Trading
Policy Paper Nr. 1/2004 Erstellt im März 2004 The Supplementarity Challenge: CDM, JI & EU Emissions Trading This policy paper is a contribution to the ongoing discussion on the Commission’s proposal for a directive ‘amending the Directive 2003/…/EC establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community, in respect of the Kyoto Protocol’s project mechanisms’ (henceforward called Proposed Directive and ET Directive respectively). It is largely based on a policy brief that has been produced within the framework of the IEEP/Ecologic contract ‘External expertise on emerging regulatory and policy issues within the responsibility of the EP Environment Committee’ (project EP/IV/A/2003/09/01). This policy brief can be downloaded from the European Parliaments website at http://www.europarl.eu.int/comparl/envi/externalexpertise/default_en.htm. The focus of this paper is on the question of supplementarity in the context of linking the project-based mechanisms CDM and JI to the EU Emission Allowance Trading. The EU 15 as a whole as well as many of its member states will find it very difficult to achieve compliance with the Kyoto Protocol. It might therefore become necessary to make use of the flexibility provided by the Kyoto Protocol. However, the EU’s credibility crucially depends on meeting the supplementarity requirement, i.e. achieving at least 50% of its emission reductions through domestic action. The relevant provision contained in the Proposed Directive is not comprehensive enough to guarantee this outcome, the authors therefore recommend that a more wide-ranging approach is taken. Introduction: The Situation in the EU with Respect to Compliance with the Kyoto Protocol Most of the EU 15 member states will have to make significant additional efforts to achieve compliance with the Kyoto Protocol. -
Aggregate Emission Intensity Targets: Applications to the Paris Agreement
ADBI Working Paper Series AGGREGATE EMISSION INTENSITY TARGETS: APPLICATIONS TO THE PARIS AGREEMENT Jinhua Zhao No. 813 March 2018 Asian Development Bank Institute Jinhua Zhao is a professor and director at the Department of Economics, Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics, and the Environmental Science and Policy Program, Michigan State University. The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of ADBI, ADB, its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms. Working papers are subject to formal revision and correction before they are finalized and considered published. The Working Paper series is a continuation of the formerly named Discussion Paper series; the numbering of the papers continued without interruption or change. ADBI’s working papers reflect initial ideas on a topic and are posted online for discussion. Some working papers may develop into other forms of publication. Suggested citation: J. Zhao. 2018. Aggregate Emission Intensity Targets: Applications to the Paris Agreement. ADBI Working Paper 813. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. Available: https://www.adb.org/publications/aggregate-emission-intensity-targets-applications-paris- agreement Please contact the authors for information about this paper. Email: [email protected] Asian Development Bank Institute Kasumigaseki Building, 8th Floor 3-2-5 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 100-6008, Japan Tel: +81-3-3593-5500 Fax: +81-3-3593-5571 URL: www.adbi.org E-mail: [email protected] © 2018 Asian Development Bank Institute Aggregate Emission Intensity Targets: Applications to the Paris Agreement Jinhua Zhao1 February 18, 2018 1Department of Economics, Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics, and the Envi- ronmental Science and Policy Program, Michigan State University. -
Integrating Insurance Into Climate Risk Management
INTEGRATING INSURANCE INTO CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT Conceptual Framework, Tools and Guiding Questions: Examples from the Agricultural Sector HOSTED BY Authors Gaby Ramm (Munich Climate Insurance Initiative − MCII advisory group member) Kehinde Balogun (Munich Climate Insurance Initiative − MCII) Matthias Range (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH − GIZ) Co-authors Maxime Souvignet (MCII) We thank our contributors for their • Olu Ajayi (Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation − CTA) strong partnership and dedication • Florent Baarsch ( International Fund for Agricultural Development – IFAD) to provide in-depth feedback as • Daniela Bohl (GIZ) Peer Reviewers to this document: • Toon Bullens (Microinsurance Association Netherlands − MIAN) • Emily Coleman (IFAD) • Massimo Giovanola (IFAD) • Michael Hamp (IFAD) • Rachael Hansen (MCII) • Jon Hellin (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center − CIMMYT) • Peter Hoeppe (MCII Chairman) • Vilma Hossini (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk − THW) • Rhea Katsanakis (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction − UNISDR) • Nina Koeksalan (Food and Agriculture Organization – FAO) • Soenke Kreft (MCII) • Thomas Loster (Munich Re Foundation) • Jennifer Phillips (MCII) • Sandra Schuster (GIZ) • Mia Thom (Centre for Financial Regulation and Inclusion − CENFRI) • Branko Wehnert (GIZ) • Sebastian Wiegele (GIZ) • Michael Zissener (MCII) • Sabrina Zwick (MCII) 2 Abstract Today, emerging new risks from climate change and increasing GmbH (GIZ) have -
Science-Based Target Setting Manual Version 4.1 | April 2020
Science-Based Target Setting Manual Version 4.1 | April 2020 Table of contents Table of contents 2 Executive summary 3 Key findings 3 Context 3 About this report 4 Key issues in setting SBTs 5 Conclusions and recommendations 5 1. Introduction 7 2. Understand the business case for science-based targets 12 3. Science-based target setting methods 18 3.1 Available methods and their applicability to different sectors 18 3.2 Recommendations on choosing an SBT method 25 3.3 Pros and cons of different types of targets 25 4. Set a science-based target: key considerations for all emissions scopes 29 4.1 Cross-cutting considerations 29 5. Set a science-based target: scope 1 and 2 sources 33 5.1 General considerations 33 6. Set a science-based target: scope 3 sources 36 6.1 Conduct a scope 3 Inventory 37 6.2 Identify which scope 3 categories should be included in the target boundary 40 6.3 Determine whether to set a single target or multiple targets 42 6.4 Identify an appropriate type of target 44 7. Building internal support for science-based targets 47 7.1 Get all levels of the company on board 47 7.2 Address challenges and push-back 49 8. Communicating and tracking progress 51 8.1 Publicly communicating SBTs and performance progress 51 8.2 Recalculating targets 56 Key terms 57 List of abbreviations 59 References 60 Acknowledgments 63 About the partner organizations in the Science Based Targets initiative 64 Science-Based Target Setting Manual Version 4.1 -2- Executive summary Key findings ● Companies can play their part in combating climate change by setting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets that are aligned with reduction pathways for limiting global temperature rise to 1.5°C or well-below 2°C compared to pre-industrial temperatures. -
CDP Climate Change Questionnaire 2018
CDP Climate Change Questionnaire 2018 Page 1 CDP Climate Change Questionnaire 2018 C0 Introduction Introduction (C0.1) Give a general description and introduction to your organization. Response options This is an open text question. MetLife, Inc. (NYSE: MET), through its subsidiaries and affiliates (“MetLife”), is one of the world’s leading financial services companies, providing insurance, annuities, employee benefits and asset management to help its individual and institutional customers navigate their changing world. Founded in 1868, MetLife has operations in more than 40 countries and holds leading market positions in the United States, Japan, Latin America, Asia, Europe and the Middle East. MetLife is providing the answers to this Questionnaire at the request of CDP. The statements contained herein do not constitute warranties, guarantees, obligations or commitments. Any forward-looking statements contained herein are based on present knowledge and circumstances, may turn out to be incorrect and are not guarantees of future performance. MetLife is not obligated to correct, revise or update information given in this Questionnaire. (C0.2) State the start and end date of the year for which you are reporting data. Response options Please complete the following table. You are able to add rows by using the “Add Row” button at the bottom of the table. 2017-01-01 - 2017-12-31 (C0.3) Select the countries for which you will be supplying data. Response options Please complete the following table: Page 2 Country Hong Kong Greece Select all that apply: India Hungary [Country drop-down list] Japan Ireland Brazil Malaysia Italy Chile Nepal Poland Argentina South Korea Portugal Australia Vietnam Romania Bangladesh Bulgaria Russia Colombia Cyprus Slovakia Ecuador Czech Republic Spain Mexico France Turkey United States of America China Oman Uruguay Ukraine Qatar Egypt United Kingdom Saudi Arabia Jordan Bahrain United Arab Emirates Kuwait Lebanon (C0.4) Select the currency used for all financial information disclosed throughout your response. -
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Pig and Chicken Supply Chains – a Global Life Cycle Assessment
Greenhouse gas emissions from pig and chicken supply chains A global life cycle assessment Greenhouse gas emissions from pig and chicken supply chains A global life cycle assessment A report prepared by: FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Animal Production and Health Division Recommended Citation MacLeod, M., Gerber, P., Mottet, A., Tempio, G., Falcucci, A., Opio, C., Vellinga, T., Henderson, B. & Steinfeld, H. 2013. Greenhouse gas emissions from pig and chicken supply chains – A global life cycle assessment. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specic companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reect the views or policies of FAO. E-ISBN 978-92-5-107944-7 (PDF) © FAO 2013 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. -
California Climate Risk: Insurance-Based Approaches to Mitigation and Resilience
California Climate Risk: Insurance-Based Approaches to Mitigation and Resilience July 23, 2019 UCLA School of Law Welcome California Climate Risk: Insurance-Based Approaches to Mitigation and Resilience July 23, 2019 | UCLA School of Law Keynote Address: California Insurance Commissioner Ricardo Lara California Climate Risk: Insurance-Based Approaches to Mitigation and Resilience July 23, 2019 | UCLA School of Law Panel 1: Physical Risk Assessment, Impact Mitigation, and Insurance • Alex Hall, UCLA Center for Climate Science • Alice Hill, Hoover Institution • Kristen Torres Pawling, County of Los Angeles • LeRoy Westerling, UC Merced School of Engineering Moderator: Sean Hecht, UCLA School of Law California Climate Risk: Insurance-Based Approaches to Mitigation and Resilience July 23, 2019 | UCLA School of Law Break California Climate Risk: Insurance-Based Approaches to Mitigation and Resilience July 23, 2019 | UCLA School of Law Panel 2: Nature-based Solutions • Secretary of Ecology and Environment Alfredo Arellano, State of Quintana Roo, Mexico • David BurtonPerry, Swiss Re • Deborah Halberstadt, UC Davis Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute • Raghuveer Vinukollu, Munich Re Moderator: Louis Blumberg, Blumberg West Consulting California Climate Risk: Insurance-Based Approaches to Mitigation and Resilience July 23, 2019 | UCLA School of Law Parametric Insurance Policy to Cover Beaches Recovery and Coral Reefs Quintana Roo, México California Climate Risk: Insurance-Based Approaches to Mitigation and Resilience Panel 2: Nature-based Solutions July, 23, 2019 Alfredo Arellano Guillermo Ministry of Environment State Government of Quintana Roo, México [email protected] Beach Erosion 2010 Playa del Carmen 2017 Hotel Porto Real Coastline 2010 Coastline 2017 Coral Reefs on Risk Coral Reefs are affected by: • Diseases • Water Pollution • Bleaching • Recreational activities • Hurricanes: Experts consider that hurricanes category 4 and 5 passing less than 65 km from the reefs are very likely to damage it (Alvarez-Filipp, et.al. -
T H E Kyoto Mechanisms & Global C L I M a T E C H a N
T h e Kyoto Mechanisms & Global c l i m a t e c h a n g e Coordination Issues and Domestic Po l i c i e s Prepared for the Pew Center on Global Climate Change by Er ik Ha i t es M ARGAR E E C O N SU L TA N TS I N C . Mal ik Amin Asl am E NVOR K R E S E AR C H A N D D EV E L O P M E N T O RGA N I S AT I O N Sept emb er 2000 Contents Foreword ii E xecutive Summary iii I. Introduction 1 A. The Benefits of Emissions Trading 1 B. The Kyoto Mechanisms 2 C. Implementation Issues 4 D. The Kyoto Mechanisms and Domestic Policies 5 E. Equity, Environmental Integrity, and Economic Efficiency 6 II. Proposed Rules for the Kyoto Mechanisms 9 A. Participation by Legal Entities 9 B. Substitution Among Mechanisms (Fungibility) 10 C. Supplementarity 12 D. Penalties, Enforcement, and Liability 13 E. International Review of Projects 15 F. The Need To Demonstrate Additionality 17 G. Approval by Annex B Parties 19 H. Date When Projects Can Begin To Generate Allowances 20 + I. Eligibility of Sink Enhancement Projects 21 J. Levies on Transactions 21 K. Contribution to Sustainable Development 23 III. Coordination of the Kyoto Mechanisms with Domestic Policies 24 A. Potential Purchase and Use of Kyoto Mechanism Allowances by Legal Entities 25 B. Potential Sales of Kyoto Mechanism Allowances by Legal Entities 29 C. Coordination of Domestic Policies with the Rules of the Kyoto Mechanisms 31 + I V.