T H E Kyoto Mechanisms & Global C L I M a T E C H a N
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Clean Development Mechanism and Joint Implementation
Clean Development Mechanism and Joint Implementation New Instruments for Financing Renewable Energy Technologies Thematic Background Paper January 2004 Authors: Axel Michaelowa; Matthias Krey; Sonja Butzengeiger Perspectives Climate Change and Hamburg Institute of International Economics Editing: Secretariat of the International Conference for Renewable Energies, Bonn 2004 Disclaimer This is one of 12 Thematic Background Papers (TBP) that have been prepared as thematic background for the International Conference for Renewable Energies, Bonn 2004 (renewables 2004). A list of all papers can be found at the end of this document. Internationally recognised experts have prepared all TBPs. Many people have commented on earlier versions of this document. However, the responsibility for the content remains with the authors. Each TBP focusses on a different aspect of renewable energy and presents policy implications and recommendations. The purpose of the TBP is twofold, first to provide a substantive basis for discussions on the Conference Issue Paper (CIP) and, second, to provide some empirical facts and background information for the interested public. In building on the existing wealth of political debate and academic discourse, they point to different options and open questions on how to solve the most important problems in the field of renewable energies. All TBP are published in the conference documents as inputs to the preparation process. They can also be found on the conference website at www.renewables2004.de. Executive Summary The project-based Kyoto Mechanisms CDM and JI can improve financing of renewable energy projects but will not provide a panacea for large-scale renewables promotion as long as the market price for greenhouse gas reduction credits will remain at its current level of 3 €/t CO2. -
Determining a Fair Price for Carbon
CD4CDM PERSPECTIVES SERIES PERSPECTIVES SERIES 20 07 he annual CD4CDM Perspectives Series will feature a topic of Equal Exchange: pivotal importance to the global carbon market. The series seeks to communicate the diverse insights and visions of leading actors in the carbon market to better inform the decisions of professionals and 20 07 policymakers in developing countries. The fi rst theme of the series focuses Equal Exchange: on determining an ‘equal exchange’ between carbon buyers and sellers in Determining a CDM transactions. Each of the contributors presents their perspective on the emerging market for emission reductions—its structure, dynamics, Fair Price for Carbon T Price a Fair Determining and likely evolution—as well as how these and other factors, such as risks and fi nancing, infl uence the negotiation power of CDM project sponsors. These insights can help CDM stakeholders to better understand each others’ needs and to maximize the benefi ts accruing to for Carbon all parties through more equitable transactions. P e r s P e c t i v e s s e r i e s 20 07 Equal Exchange: Determining a FairGlenn Hodes and Pricesami Kamel, for Carbon editors Contributors • • Francisco Ascui and Pedro Moura Costa, EcoSecurities • Veronique Bishop, World Bank Group • Jørund Buen, Elisabeth Lokshall, and Marte Nordseth, Point Carbon • Martha Castillo, Andean Development Corporation, Latin American Carbon Program • Martijn Wilder and Monique Willis. Baker & McKenzie • Gao Guangsheng and Li Liyan, Chinese DNA for CDM • Karen Degouve, NATIXIS/European -
Has Joint Implementation Reduced GHG Emissions? Lessons Learned for the Design of Carbon Market Mechanisms
Stockholm Environment Institute, Working Paper 2015-07 Has Joint Implementation reduced GHG emissions? Lessons learned for the design of carbon market mechanisms Anja Kollmuss, Lambert Schneider and Vladyslav Zhezherin Stockholm Environment Institute Linnégatan 87D 104 51 Stockholm Sweden Tel: +46 8 674 7070 Fax: +46 8 674 7020 Web: www.sei-international.org Author contact: Anja Kollmuss, [email protected] Director of Communications: Robert Watt Editors: Elaine Beebe and Marion Davis Cover photo: A steel plant in Ukraine with a coal waste heap in the background. Photo © Mykola Ivashchenko. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educa- tional or non-profit purposes, without special permission from the copyright holder(s) provided acknowledgement of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purpose, without the written permission of the copyright holder(s). About SEI Working Papers: The SEI working paper series aims to expand and accelerate the availability of our research, stimulate discussion, and elicit feedback. SEI working papers are work in progress and typically contain preliminary research, analysis, findings, and recom- mendations. Many SEI working papers are drafts that will be subsequently revised for a refereed journal or book. Other papers share timely and innovative knowledge that we consider valuable and policy-relevant, but which may not be intended for later publication. Copyright © August 2015 by Stockholm Environment Institute STOCKHOLM ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE WORKING PAPER NO. 2015-07 Has Joint Implementation reduced GHG emissions? Lessons learned for the design of carbon market mechanisms Anja Kollmuss, Lambert Schneider Stockholm Environment Institute – U.S. -
The Supplementarity Challenge: CDM, JI & EU Emissions Trading
Policy Paper Nr. 1/2004 Erstellt im März 2004 The Supplementarity Challenge: CDM, JI & EU Emissions Trading This policy paper is a contribution to the ongoing discussion on the Commission’s proposal for a directive ‘amending the Directive 2003/…/EC establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community, in respect of the Kyoto Protocol’s project mechanisms’ (henceforward called Proposed Directive and ET Directive respectively). It is largely based on a policy brief that has been produced within the framework of the IEEP/Ecologic contract ‘External expertise on emerging regulatory and policy issues within the responsibility of the EP Environment Committee’ (project EP/IV/A/2003/09/01). This policy brief can be downloaded from the European Parliaments website at http://www.europarl.eu.int/comparl/envi/externalexpertise/default_en.htm. The focus of this paper is on the question of supplementarity in the context of linking the project-based mechanisms CDM and JI to the EU Emission Allowance Trading. The EU 15 as a whole as well as many of its member states will find it very difficult to achieve compliance with the Kyoto Protocol. It might therefore become necessary to make use of the flexibility provided by the Kyoto Protocol. However, the EU’s credibility crucially depends on meeting the supplementarity requirement, i.e. achieving at least 50% of its emission reductions through domestic action. The relevant provision contained in the Proposed Directive is not comprehensive enough to guarantee this outcome, the authors therefore recommend that a more wide-ranging approach is taken. Introduction: The Situation in the EU with Respect to Compliance with the Kyoto Protocol Most of the EU 15 member states will have to make significant additional efforts to achieve compliance with the Kyoto Protocol. -
The World Bank
37579 The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized STATE AND TRENDS OF THE CARBON MARKET 2006 Public Disclosure Authorized Washington DC, May 2006 Public Disclosure Authorized With data and analysis provided by Evolution Markets and Natsource STATE AND TRENDS OF THE CARBON MARKET 2006 Karan Capoor, Carbon Finance Unit, World Bank* Philippe Ambrosi, Development Economics Research Group, World Bank* Based on data and insights provided by Evolution Markets LLC and Natsource LLC *The findings and opinions expressed in this paper are the sole responsibility of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Emissions Trading Association (IETA) or of IETA member companies, who cannot be held responsible for the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of the content of this study or non-infringement of third parties’ intellectual property rights. The findings and opinions expressed in this paper also do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, its executive directors, or the countries they represent; nor do they necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank Carbon Finance Unit Team, or of any of the Participants in the Carbon Funds managed by the World Bank. Finally, findings and opinions expressed in this paper do not necessarily represent the views and opinions of Evolution Markets LLC or of Natsource LLC. The CF-Assist program of the World Bank Carbon Finance Unit funded this research. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to many of our colleagues and friends for their cooperation and assistance in preparing this report. Special thanks are due to Mahua Acharya for her active contribution to this study. -
Decoding Article 6 of the Paris Agreement-Version II
Decoding Article 6 of the Paris Agreement—Version II Article 6 of the Paris Agreement enables countries to utilize market and nonmarket approaches to achieve their nationally determined contributions. Yet, international negotiations on Article 6 are complex and ongoing. The Parties of the Paris Agreement have made progress on many issues, but contentious matters on political and technical aspects remain unresolved. This publication presents the latest developments in negotiations, discusses the key outcomes, and highlights the remaining unresolved issues leading up to the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties in Glasgow. About the Asian Development Bank ADB is committed to achieving a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific, while sustaining its efforts to eradicate extreme poverty. Established in 1966, it is owned by 68 members —49 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. DECODING ARticle 6 OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT VERSION II DECEMBER 2020 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK www.adb.org DECODING ARticle 6 OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT VERSION II DECEMBER 2020 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2020 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2020. ISBN 978-92-9262-619-8 (print); 978-92-9262-620-4 (electronic); 978-92-9262-621-1 (ebook) Publication Stock No. -
Sectoral Approaches and the Carbon Market
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY SECTORAL APPROACHES AND THE CARBON MARKET www.oecd.org/env/cc/AIXG Richard Baron, Barbara Buchner (IEA) and Jane Ellis (OECD) Graphic design: Betrand Sadin www.iea.org June 2009 For Official Use COM/ENV/EPOC/IEA/SLT(2009)3 Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 29-May-2009 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________ English - Or. English ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORATE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY Use Official For COM/ENV/EPOC/IEA/SLT(2009)3 Cancels & replaces the same document of 26 May 2009 SECTORAL APPROACHES AND THE CARBON MARKET Richard Baron, Barbara Buchner (IEA) and Jane Ellis (OECD) The ideas expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, or the endorsement of any approach described herein. English - Or. English JT03265722 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format COM/ENV/EPOC/IEA/SLT(2009)3 Copyright OECD/IEA, 2009 Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this material should be addressed to: Head of Publications Service, OECD/IEA 2 rue André Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France or 9 rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France. 2 COM/ENV/EPOC/IEA/SLT(2009)3 FOREWORD This document was prepared by the OECD and IEA Secretariats in Spring 2009 in response to the Annex I Expert Group on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). -
EU ETS Handbook ©Istock
EU ETS Handbook ©iStock Climate Action Contents Using the guide 3 What is the EU ETS? 4 Benefits of cap-and-trade 5 History of the EU ETS 7 EU legislative structure and the EU ETS 9 How does the EU ETS contribute to meeting the EU’s climate policy goals? 12 How does the EU ETS contribute to a competitive economy? 14 How does the EU ETS work? 16 Main EU ETS features over the years 18 Design structure 20 What GHG emissions does the EU ETS cover? 20 What is the cap on GHG emissions? 22 How are allowances allocated? 24 How allocation has evolved 26 Auctioning in the EU ETS 28 Auctioning bodies and venues 29 Distribution of auctioning rights 31 Auctioning in practice 32 Use of auction revenues 35 Transitional free allocation for modernisation of the power sector (Article 10c) 36 NER300 fund for demonstration projects 38 Free allocation in the EU ETS 40 Timing of determining free allocation 41 Free allocation shifts compliance costs 42 From national allocation to EU-wide allocation; NAPs to NIMs 43 Calculating free allocation using benchmarks 44 Limit on total free allocation: Correction factors 46 What is a benchmark? 47 The process of developing the benchmarks 48 Product benchmark curves and values 49 Product benchmark for free allocation 51 Fall-back approaches for free allocation 53 Historical Activity Level 55 Cross-boundary energy - Who should receive free allocation? 56 Capacity changes/Changes in emissions 58 When is an installation a new entrant? 59 Addressing the risk of carbon leakage 60 Addressing the risk of carbon leakage: Compensation -
Additional Arrangements for Drought Under the UNCCD Prospective Assessment
Additional arrangements for drought under the UNCCD Prospective assessment April 2019 This prospective assessment concerning additional arrangements for drought under the UNCCD looks at a variety of legal instruments of international cooperation, ranging from protocols to gentleman’s agreements, and assesses their suitability for addressing drought under the UNCCD. The assessment uses information of experiences in using these tools under other international processes, and takes into account the specific priorities and working modalities of the Convention in addressing drought. On this basis, the assessment presents conclusions on the likelihood of success of each legal instrument in addressing drought under the UNCCD. This assessment was authored by the UNCCD Evaluation Office with the support of Dr. Sylvestre- José-Tidiane Manga and Ms. Aurore Vernhes in June 2018 – April 2019. 2 Additional arrangements for drought under the UNCCD: a prospective assessment List of content Page 1. Introduction 5 2. Drought in the context of international cooperation 6 2.1 About drought 6 2.2 Addressing drought through international cooperation 7 2.3 Addressing drought in the context of the UNCCD 9 3. Potential legal instruments for addressing drought under the UNCCD 10 3.1 An overview of legal instruments for international environmental 10 cooperation 3.2 Legal instruments 12 a) Protocols 12 b) Annexes and amendments 19 c) Principles 22 d) Declarations 26 e) Decisions 29 f) Standards 31 g) Gentlemen’s Agreements 34 4. Conclusions 36 Annex: Potential legal -
Titelfolie Logo Dachmarke
Carbon Markets – General Introduction Urs Brodmann First Climate IATA / IETA Workshop Singapore, 22 March 2017 Your partner for climate protection and sustainability – since 1999 First Climate is a globally leading carbon market service provider. We Our products and develop emission reduction projects, originate and trade carbon credits services at a glance and manage portfolios of carbon assets. We act as a consultant to corporate and public sector clients. CO2-Compliance Services Climate Neutral Services Carbon/Water Project Development Green Energy Services Public Climate Action Carbon Asset Management Water Management Services Pellets2go 2 Facts & Figures Facilitated over VERs retired on More than 500 200,000,000 EUR in behalf of our clients: corporate clients project finance 24.000.000 Generated Renewable energy 32.000.000 We support more than certificates sourced on CERs 200 carbon offset projects behalf of more than 150 clients 3 Outline 1. Introduction to Carbon Markets 2. Key Concepts for Baseline & Credit Mechanisms 3. Credit Types and Standards 4. Carbon Markets to Date; Supply/Demand Considerations 4 Compliance vs. Voluntary Markets • Carbon markets exist both under compliance schemes and as voluntary programs • Compliance markets are created and regulated by mandatory regional , national, and international carbon reduction regimes, such as the Kyoto Protocol an the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) • Voluntary markets function outside of the compliance markets and enable companies, governments and individuals to purchase -
Carbon Markets 101 the ULTIMATE GUIDE to GLOBAL OFFSETTING MECHANISMS
Carbon markets 101 THE ULTIMATE GUIDE TO GLOBAL OFFSETTING MECHANISMS Version 2.0 July 2020 co2 co2 co2 co2 co2 1 Introduction Contents This briefing gives an overview of the current discussions under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement which establishes the foundation for market-based climate measures after 2020. It lays out key lessons from the Kyoto Protocol markets, highlights essential issues within the Article 6 negotiations, and provides recommendations on how to solve them. It concludes with an overview of non-Article 6 carbon Introduction 3 markets, which have ties to the Article 6 discussions, such as the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), a carbon market specifically designed for airlines. Trading greenhouse gas emissions 3 Distinguishing between two forms of carbon markets 3 Trading greenhouse gas emissions UN carbon markets 4 Carbon markets are one of the tools to tackle the climate change problem, i.e. the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Since we only have one atmosphere, it does not matter where the emissions are released, because they will soon spread around the Lessons from the Kyoto Protocol for the Article 6 markets 4 earth, creating a greenhouse effect. Following this logic, if a group of people, countries or companies agrees to limit their emissions to a certain amount (aka adopt a “carbon budget”), it does not matter how much each person emits, or where they do so, as long as the The Clean Development Mechanism 4 whole group does not emit more than what they committed to. Since it doesn’t matter where we reduce emissions, the argument behind carbon trading is that the best way to take climate action is to reduce emissions where it is easiest (i.e. -
Joint Implementation: Current Issues and Emerging Challenges
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY JOINT IMPLEMENTATION: CURRENT ISSUES AND EMERGING CHALLENGES www.oecd.org/env/cc Katia Karousakis, OECD www.iea.org October 2006 Unclassified COM/ENV/EPOC/IEA/SLT(2006)7 Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 25-Oct-2006 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English text only ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORATE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY Unclassified COM/ENV/EPOC/IEA/SLT(2006)7 JOINT IMPLEMENTATION: CURRENT ISSUES AND EMERGING CHALLENGES Katia Karousakis, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development The ideas expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily represent views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, or the endorsement of any approach described herein. English text only JT03216583 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format COM/ENV/EPOC/IEA/SLT(2006)7 Copyright OECD/IEA, 2006 Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this material should be addressed to: Head of Publications Service, OECD/IEA 2 rue André Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France or 9 rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France. 2 COM/ENV/EPOC/IEA/SLT(2006)7 FOREWORD This document was prepared by the OECD and IEA Secretariats in September-October 2006 in response to the Annex I Expert Group on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Annex I Expert Group oversees development of analytical papers for the purpose of providing useful and timely input to the climate change negotiations.