Topic - UTTARAKHAND GLACIER DISASTER 1

GEOGRAPHY NEWSLETTER 01 A Fortnightly Iniave! By Himanshu Sir Topic - UTTARAKHAND GLACIER DISASTER 1. What : A glacial breakage at the Ron peak triggered flash floods in Chamoli district on February 7, in which two dams, 12 km apart, were destroyed within 20 minutes. [Owing to SNOWBALL EFFECT]. A Trail of Destrucon! “Turn of EVENTS” A Point to Note: Chamoli recorded no extreme rainfall before the flash floods. According to IMD, Chamoli received 26 per cent less rainfall than normal between January 1 and February 7. No major seismic acvity was recorded during the period.

A Reminder! Kedarnath ﬂash ﬂoods, 2013: in which around 6,000 people died and 200,000 pilgrims were trapped. That me, too, roads and bridges got washed away in the neighbouring Rudraprayag district aer the moraine (a mass of rocks and sediment carried by glaciers) holding the waters of Chorabari glacial lake exploded following 72 hours of rain and a cloud burst.

2. What was done to ascertain the CAUSE: Agencies conducted field and aerial surveys, analysed satellite imagery and submied a preliminary report to the government, saying the disaster has been caused by rock avalanche. 3. What caused the glacial break that triggered the Chamoli flash floods: A Rock Avalanche That Fell In The Rishiganga Caused The Flash Flood. The Rock Avalanche Was Caused Due To Breaking Of A Glacier. But There Is No Consensus On What Caused The Glacier To Break 01 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com 4. View-Points put forward for the GLACIER BREAK-OFF? Few hypotheses were postulated: View-Point #1: The hanging glacier was lying over a highly weathered mica (a highly foliated medium-grade metamorphic rock). Due to temperature fluctuaons, such rock masses somemes go through thawing and refreezing and develop small cracks. Rainwater might have percolated into these cracks and freezed up, increasing in volume and exerng pressure from within. This glacier rock mass might have gone through such thawing and refreezing in geological me, eventually becoming so weak that it fell due to gravity. View-Point #2: The hanging glacier might have reached a crical stage over a period of me where any small factor toppled it over. It could have been wind or even snowfall. Before the event, on February 3-4, there was some snowfall in the region. It might have accumulated and added weight to the glacier which was already placed on a highly-weathered rock mass. View-Point #3: Points at rising temperatures. Just before the event, temperatures in the region were unusually high. Snow might have melted and percolated through the mica's fractured path, making the overlaying rock mass slippery. Such rising temperatures could have played a significant role in the rock avalanche. The glacial ice could have melted to form liquid water and then destabilise the rock, and even lubricate the bedrock, thereby contribung to its failure.

Some Stascs to Jusfy! Climate change has driven errac weather paerns like increased snowfall and rainfall, warmer winters have led to the melng of a lot of snow. .. The thermal profile of ice has been increasing. Earlier, the temperature of ice ranged from -6°C to -20°C and now it is -2°C, making it more suscepble to melng. .. The average temperature in the northwestern Himalaya has risen by 0.66°C since 1991 (an increase much higher than the global average). .. The higher Himalaya became even warmer on average in the same period. Several other studies also indicate that glacial melng are becoming frequent in a warming world. Climate change has an indirect effect on landslides occurring at high altudes by degrading permafrost and melng glaciers, which may increase magnitude and frequency of landslides”. For example: The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment Report (2019): had pointed out that one-third of the Hindu Kush Himalaya's glaciers would melt by 2100. It may happen even if all the countries in the region fulfilled their commitments under the Paris Agreement.

02 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com Other View-Points: Ø Experts also opine that massive deforestaon is a possible reason for the disaster. For example, in 2014, the Chopra commiee established that the haphazard construcon of dams can cause irreversible damage to the region. Ø There are also possibilies that the use of explosives in the construcon of dams and other infrastructure would have weakened the rock strata.

Are Dams a feasible opon in Fragile Himalayan Ecological System? The Himalayan ecosystem is in a constant state of ﬂux and are naturally primed for calamies. According to a study, Uarakhand has faced 27 major landslide events between 1880 and 2015, one-third of which have occurred in just 15 years—between 2001 and 2015. This can be seen in the valleys in the Garhwal Himalayas that are drained by the Alaknanda and the Bhagirathi river systems. The snow-clad Chaukhamba range, from where these rivers emerge, consists of enormous glaciers.

PECULIAR CHARACTERISTICS OF HIMALAYAS

Youngest Highly mountain prone to range erosion

In higher reaches of catchment areas Due to connuous upliment the ground is made of unconsolidated of the mountain the region PECULIAR moraine which greatly helps in the falls in a very high seismic CHARACTERISTICS formaon of landslides. As they move zone (seismic zone V) and its downstream, they hit the corners of the rivers cut the rocks deeply valley and cause a lot more damage to surrounding areas. If the river has a high gradient, the boulders rack up more strength and cause more damage”.

Bank erosion is also extensive wherever the Higher rivers take a Himalayas sinuous course Rainstorms and cloud also do not bursts are have vegetaon very common

03 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com Thus, Hydropower projects must be weighed against their benefits and challenges: Ø Re-Thinking HydroPower Opon: IPCC report has assessed that the climate crisis has altered the frequency and magnitude of the natural hazards in high mountain regions of the world. In this respect, adherence to the Chopra Commiee recommendaons, which studied the impact of receding glaciers on hydroelectric power projects (HEPs) and objected to the construcon of HEPs in paraglacial regions (between 2,200 to 2,500 meters above the sea level) is of utmost importance. Ø Miscalculaon of life of dams: There is also some evidence that the life of dams is oen exaggerated, and siltaon, which reduces it, is grossly underesmated: in the Bhakra dam in Himachal Pradesh, for instance, siltaon was higher by 140% than calculated. According to the South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People, a think tank, under construcon HEPs threaten about 50% of the Dhauliganga's length. The need is to rigorously study the impact of policy on the Himalayas and confine Hydroprojects to those with the least impact, while relying more on low impact run- of-the-river power projects that need no destrucve large dams and reservoirs. Ø Apart from this, other alternaves like solar energy, wind energy should be pursued as the green growth model of development. Ø Red flags have been raised repeatedly, parcularly aer the moderate quake in 1991 in the region where the Tehri dam was built and the 2013 floods that devastated Kedarnath, poinng to the threat from dam-induced microseismicity.

Ambious Char Dham Project: Widening the roads can prove detrimental!

The Chamoli flash floods hove once again fumed the spotlight on the Union government's ambious Char Dham Naonal Highway project. Stretching 899-km, the project is to connect the Hindu pilgrimage sites of Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and Yomunotri in the Garhwal Himalayas of Uarakhand. .. The project will convert the highways into two lanes with 12 bypass roads, 15 big flyovers, 101 small bridges, 3,596 culverts and two tunnels, it will widen the roads by at least 10 m and make them all-weather. All this acvity will destabilise hill slopes. Felling of trees and the reverberaons from the construcon will cause disturbance of glaciers like the one involved in Chamoli flash floods. .. Issues in EIA: The exact ecological impact of the Char Dham project is difficult to assess as there has been no Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) of the project as a whole. Ghatak says the government got around the EIA process by claiming that the project is actually a combinaon of 53 smaller projects, each less than 100 km long as such projects do not require EIA.

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5 25 109 SHEKHAR ANAND SAI KIRAN D N CSE 2017 PRATHAM KAUSHIK SAAD MIYA KHAN DHRUV MISHRA AIR - 387 AIR - 411 Office Address:3-B, Fourth Floor, Croma Building, Pusa Road, 9718793363 Metro Pillar No. 108, Karol Bagh Metro St., New Delhi - 05. www.guidanceias.com 9540226688 DOWNLOAD OUR APP: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=xyz.penpencil.guidanceias Why UTTARAKHAND is ambious to be a HYDEL POWERHOUSE? Ever since it became a separate state in 2000, Uarakhand wanted to be “Urja Pradesh” (Electricity State), says the Uarakhand Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited website. With the neighbouring Himachal Pradesh—the highest generator of hydro-power in the country—having 9,809 MW installed capacity, Uarakhand too wanted hydro-electricity to power its economic progress as well as provide employment. So, the state planned a massive network of around 450 dams. Till 2013, the state had commissioned 22 projects with a combined capacity of 2,616 MW, while 23 projects with a combined capacity of 4,404 MW were sll under construcon. Of the 45, as many as 30 dams of above 25 MW were in either the Alaknanda or the Bhagirathi valley. .. “According to Ministry of Environment & Forests: 80,826.91 ha of forests have been diverted to non-forest use in Uarakhand since 1980. The diversion for hydropower producon is 5312.11 ha: of about 7,500 football fieldsl. Most of the diversion for roads and hydropower has been in Uarkashi, Rudraprayag, Chamoli and Pithoragarh districts, the ones most affected by the June 2013 disaster. .. Of the 26 hydroprojects that have been stopped by the Supreme Court in 2014 or by the Group of Ministers in 2010, the Centre is planning to go ahead with four of them. .. In 2009, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, in its report on Uarakhand highlighted: the distribuon, the construcon companies, and the pre-feasibility studies of the projects had many flaws. “Physical verificaon of four of the five operaonal projects showed riverbeds downstream had almost completely dried up, the water flow was down to a trickle, and extremely inadequate for the sustenance of ecology and nearby groundwater aquifers.” .. A Task Force set up by the erstwhile Planning Commission: found lapses in the Environment Impact Assessment processes of hydropower projects and recommended strategic environment assessments for all such projects in Himalayan states. .. According to a study: Of the 39 projects proposed between 2000 and 2010, 24 would cause severe and irreversible damage to the biodiversity of the area and wipe out crical corridors for the movement of wildlife. It recommended that these 24 projects be scrapped. All of them were within 10 km of Protected Areas like the Valley of Flower Naonal Park, the Nandadevi Naonal Park, the Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary or were within the Gangotri Eco-Sensive Zone. Also there are a large number of projects which have very small distances between them leaving lile space for river to regenerate and revive. .. The 2014 Supreme Court-appointed commiee report, for instance, says while hydropower projects emit less greenhouse gases than fossil fuels, they have a huge environmental impact. Construcon acvies like making approach roads, tunnelling and quarrying lead to deforestaon, muck dumping and slope destabilisaon. “Blasng with the use of explosives is a common feature in all these acvies. Unscienfic blasng creates environmental problems in the form of ground vibraons, air overpressure and flyrock,” it notes. It is conceivable that such incorrect blasng can loosen masses of earth leading to a rock or debris slide, create fissures or enlarge exisng ones, increase slope instabilies, change underground water courses, dry up springs and lead to cracks in houses and other structures.” 05 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com The Supreme Court, in April 2014, stayed the construcon of the 24 projects that wii recommended to be scrapped. It also menoned how the tunnelling for the Tapovan-Vishnugad project in 2010 ruptured an aquifer, which caused a discharge of 60-70 million litres of water daily, enough to sustain 2-3 million people. However, over the past couple of years, the government has started gravitang towards hydropower projects again. Thus, the tragedy is a failure to draw a balance between fragile ecosystems & topography and development imperaves, compounded by climate-change effects. The increased pace of development in the region has also heightened fears about fallout from deforestaon and other environmental troubles. Can Van panchayat play an effecve role!

Van panchayat or the village forest council is an autonomous local instuon unique to Uarakhand and is responsible for managing and protecng community forests. The 13 MW run-of-the-river Rishiganga project is situated within the territory of Raini Van Panchayat, which spans 24 hectares. “But in 2000, when the government gave forest clearance to the project, no permission was sought from the van panchayat. In 2019, when construcon was in full swing, the project proponents started felling trees in the van panchayat territory. There were complaints made to the district administraon. But no one did anything. That year, some of the residents of Raini also ﬁled a public interest peon in the Uarakhand High Court against the power plant. They alleged that blasng and illegal mining and transportaon of riverbed materials at the dam site is causing “substanal damage” to the area's environment. The court in its order in June 2019 stayed the use of explosive in any form “in and around Raini village, the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve and the Valley of Flowers” and directed the district magistrate to check any form of illegal mining being carried on in the area. “But the work connued business as usual.

5. What can be Done? With the increasing frequency of flash floods in the Himalayan region, a broad framework for robust early warning systems, infrastructure development, construcon, and excavaon in vulnerable zones must be evolved. 1. Create a separate department for the Himalayas under the Ministry of Home Affairs to understand and resolve unique challenges of the region. 2. Undertake a mul- instuonal study of the changing nature of glaciers. 3. Set up an eco-development board as menoned in the 1982 M S Swaminathan task force set up to study the Himalayas. The aim of the board will be to balance the challenges posed by climate change and social and economic development of the region. 4. Create an early warning system involving all the Himalayan countries, to enable cooperaon in preparaon. 06 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com Case-Study: Satellite imagery, pressure gauges can help monitor glaciers for mely alerts.

There are more than 10,000 glaciers in The Indian Himalayan region. Ø Research on Glacial Lakes: Detailed Project Analysis should be conducted to understand which of the 12,000-odd glacial lakes in Uarakhand are prone to flooding. Potenally dangerous lakes can be idenfied based on field observaons, records of past events, geomorphologic and geotechnical characteriscs of the lake/dam and surroundings, and other physical condions. So, dependence on satellite data or remote-sensing for observaons is of utmost importance as so many things are happening in the Himalayan region, right from tectonic acvity to tunnelling, it is not easy to idenfy causes of any glacier fall or its breakage without ground data. Ø Proper monitoring can be done by creang vulnerability map of glaciers, along the line of seismic zones, with the help of high-resoluon satellite data, validated by ground informaon. Adopon of early warning technologies is the need of the hour. The size of glaciers varies from peak summer to winter. Worldwide, such changes in the size of glaciers have caused earthquakes. Ø Taiwan have idenfied landslide-prone areas and placed pressure gauges to receive an early warning in case of on impending landslide. ln India, we have idenfied regions that are prone to landslides, but nowhere will you be able to see pressure gauges. Also, the government needs centres that exclusively study glaciers, which is now being done only by a few sciensts and vising experts from different instuons.

Losing Environmentalism of State: Once the crucible of Do You Know: environmentalism, epitomised by Sunderlal Bahuguna, Gaura THE GENESIS OF THE CHIPKO Devi and the Chipko movement, the State's deep gorges and MOVEMENT LIES IN A SEVERE FLASH canyons have aracted many hydroelectric projects and dams, FLOOD AND LANDSLIDE IN 1970, with lile concern for earthquake risk. Thus, it is high me for WHICH WASHED AWAY THE ENTIRE BELAKUCHI VILLAGE OF THE CHIPKO 2.0. ALAKNANDA VALLEY. 6. What should be done? 1. Coherent research: There are a lot more glaciologists and others who are working in the area and generang data. Mulple scienﬁc groups and instuons are involved. But there is no coherent output. Lots of data are being generated but not being put to good use. 2. Monitoring: Glacial lakes and every glacier more acvely and regularly. Glaciers in one basin do not have remarkably diﬀerent properes. It will increase our ability to zoom in on any of them and track the changes happening year by year. 3. Planning: Construcon-related acvies in the state might not have a direct link to Chamoli incident, but these are not enrely benign. The enre catchment areas should be made part of the Environment Impact Assessment. 4. Migaon: Several structural and geotechnical measures can be applied for the gradual and regulated discharge of water from these lakes, which will reduce the pressure on them, and minimise the chances of a breach.

07 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com Adhering to NDMA Guidelines!

1. The NDMA guidelines say that the construcon of any habitaon should be prohibited in the high hazard zone. 2. NDMA has recommended use of Synthec-Aperture Radar imagery to automacally detect changes in water bodies, including new lake formaons, during the monsoon months. It has said methods and protocols could also be developed to allow remote monitoring of lake bodies from space. 3. To manage lakes structurally, the NDMA recommends reducing the volume of water with methods such as controlled breaching, pumping or siphoning out water, and making a tunnel through the moraine barrier or under an ice dam. 4. The NDMA guidelines say that risk reducon has to begin with idenfying and mapping such lakes, taking structural measures to prevent their sudden breach, and establishing mechanism to save lives and property in mes of a breach.

Other Measures to put in Place: 1. Government should Invest in long-term crisis response mechanisms and resilience soluons such as: Ø Flood prevenon and rapid response. Ø Road stabilizaon technologies for fragile road networks, bridges, culverts, and tunnels. Ø Strengthening embankments using scienﬁc knowledge. Ø Invesng in training and capacity building of local communies to prevent and manage risks eﬀecvely. 2. Hydropower and other public infrastructure projects need reassessment based on the sensivity of local ecology. 3. Implemenng pragmac policies and regulatory guidelines such as responsible eco and religious tourism policies. This will restrict detrimental human acvies. 4. Applying innovave and inclusive soluons that support nature and marginalized communies, to restore and rebuild a resilient future for Uarakhand.

08 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com Academic Cornor: Ready to Boost your Geography Knowledge! 1. Types of Floods #1

09 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com #3

10 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com 2. Glacial Lake outburst flooding: 1. Glacial Lake outburst flooding: A glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a release of meltwater from a moraine or ice-dam glacial lake due to dam failure. GLOFs oen result in catastrophic flooding downstream, with major geomorphic and socioeconomic impacts. GLOFs have three main features: Ø They involve sudden (and somemes cyclic) releases of water. Ø They tend to be rapid events, lasng hours to days. Ø They result in large downstream river discharges (which oen increase by an order of magnitude).

11 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com 12 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com Calving of ice blocks at the glacier terminus is a common cause for lake water displacement, seiche wave development, and overtopping of moraine dams.

Mains Queson Desk!

1. Formulate a suitable and a proacve Flood policy for a topographically diverse country like India? [15 Marks] 2. Applying regional approach, examine the vulnerability of various parts of the country towards ﬂoods? [15 Marks] Are these quesons diﬃcult. No worries, sir will provide a blueprint to aempt these quesons in the classes.

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#2 Topic: COVID-19 Pandemic & Geography

Geography is unique in bridging the social sciences and the natural sciences. There are two main branches of geography: human geography and physical geography. Human geography is concerned with the spaal aspects of human existence. Physical geographers study paerns of climates, landforms, vegetaon, soils, and water. In this context, the issue of COVID-19 Pandemic lies at the intersecon between these Physical and Human Aspects of Geography giving birth to Man-Environment Relaonship and concerns related to it. 1. What is Zoonoses? Ø Zoonoc diseases (also known as zoonoses) are caused by germs that spread between animals and people. Ø Animals can somemes carry harmful germs that can spread to people and cause illness – these are known as zoonoc diseases or zoonoses. Ø Zoonoc diseases are caused by harmful germs like viruses, bacterial, parasites, and fungi.

14 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com Factors Influencing Prevalence of Zoonoses: . Ecological changes in man's environment Exploitaon of new territories and natural resources like harnessing the power of rivers, construcng roads and pipelines through thinly populated areas, clearing, irrigang and culvang new land, deforestaon lead to entering of humans in the unaccustomed ecosystem in which potenal pathogens form part of the bioc community (natural focus). . Large scale expansion of agricultural and engineering resources, construcon of dams, arficial lakes, irrigaon schemes, clearing of forests -all these lead to changing of the bing habits of the blood sucking vectors and alteraon in the populaon of reservoir animals which has led to the spread of such diseases. . Handling animal by-products and wastes (occupaonal hazards) For eg-anthrax in carpet weavers, live stock raisers and workers with animal hair in the texle industry, leptospirosis in rice field workers, listeriosis in agricultural workers etc. . Increased movements of man Land development, engineering project work, pilgrimages, tourism, etc. expose the people to contaminated food and water. . Increased trade in animal products Wool, bone meal, meat, etc. from an area where some of the zoonoses are endemic, are likely to introduce the disease into new territories. . Transportaon of virus infected mosquitoes Eg- Aircra, ship, train, motor and other vehicles bring the viruses in to a new area, e.g. yellow fever Chikungunya fever, dengue fever etc. . Cultural anthropological norms For eg- in Kenya, people allow the dogs and hyenas to eat human dead bodies infected with hydadosis. This helps to perpetuate the transmission cycle of the disease. CASE STUDIES: Kyasanur Forest Disease/Monkey Fever Ø Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) is caused by Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV), a member of the virus family Flaviviridae. Ø KFDV was idenfied in 1957 when it was isolated from a sick monkey from the Kyasanur Forest in Karnataka (formerly Mysore) State. Since then, between 400-500 humans cases per year have been reported.

15 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com Ø Hard cks are the reservoir of the KFD virus and once infected, remain so for life. Ø Rodents, shrews, and monkeys are common hosts for KFDV aer being bien by an infected CASE STUDIES: ck.? COVID 19 Ø Another example of a zoonoc disease is COVID-19, which broke out in China's Wuhan district in December 2019. Ø It was declared a pandemic by WHO in March 2020 with total cases reaching nearly 8 lakh. Ø COVID-19 is caused by the virus SARS-CoV2 which is believed to have started in Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan. SARS CoV Ø Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) emerged in 2002-2003 in southern China. Ø SARS-CoV is thought to be an animal virus from an as-yet-uncertain animal reservoir, perhaps bats, that spread to other animals (civet cats) and first infected humans in the Guangdong province of southern China in 2002. Ø An epidemic of SARS affected 26 countries and resulted in more than 8000 cases in 2003. MERS CoV Ø Middle-East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, or MERS-CoV) that was first idenfied in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Ø Current scienfic evidence suggests that dromedary camels are a major reservoir host for MERS-CoV and an animal source of MERS infecon in humans. Nipah Ø The classic example of emergence of zoonoc disease is the outbreak of Nipah in Kerala. Ø The virus can be transmied to humans from animals (bats and pigs), and can also be transmied directly from human-to-human. Ø Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are the natural host of Nipah virus.

Zoonoc Diseases and India Ø India is among the top geographical hotspots where zoonocs diseases are a major public health issue causing high burden of morbidity and mortality. Ø High priority zoonoc diseases like Brucellosis have emerged from Haryana to Goa, incidence and prevalence of occupaonal zoonoc disease like Anthrax have aﬀected human health throughout. Ø Similarly, Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic disease of cale that impacts producvity and represents a major public health threat and is considered endemic in India.

16 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com Ø Further, being among the highest bacterial disease burden in the world, anbiocs, therefore, have a crical role in liming morbidity and morality and consequently Anmicrobial Resistance (AMR) has huge implicaons for India. Ø Major public health zoonoc diseases in India include Rabies, Brucellosis, Toxoplasmosis, Cyscercosis, Echinococcosis, Japanese Encephalis (JE), Plague, Leptospirosis, Scrub typus, Nipah, Trypanosomiasis, Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF). Ø According to the Naonal Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), about 75% of emerging and re- emerging infecons are zoonoc, and new pathogens (viruses) connue to emerge and spread across countries. Challenges to Controlling Zoonoc Diseases in India Ø Large human populaon and its frequent interacons with animals. Ø Poverty: Leads to increased dependence on animal rearing as a means of livelihood. The inmate human-animal contact puts them at risk for this category of diseases. Ø Poverty-struck communies are primarily dependent on rearing animals as a means of livelihood and, therefore, the inmate human-animal contact puts them at risk for this category of diseases. Ø Unawareness: Large part of populaon remains unaware of the basic hygiene roune to be followed. Ø Lack of proper vaccinaon programmes, poor sero-surveillance and lack of diagnosc facilies make the prevenve and precauonary approach more difficult. Measures Taken To Control Zoonoc Diseases Ø Following Programmes have been launched under Naonal Centre for Disease Control: Ø Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) Ø Naonal Programme for Containment of An-Microbial Resistance . Ø Naonal Viral Hepas Surveillance Programme. Ø Strengthening Inter-sectoral coordinaon for prevenon and control of Zoonoc Diseases of Public Health Importance Ø Naonal Rabies control programme Ø Programme for prevenon and control of Leptospirosis Conclusion Ø Zoonoses comprise a large percentage of all newly idenfied infecous diseases as well as exisng infecous diseases. Ø Cross-sectoral collaboraon is key to understanding and managing public health risks at the human-animal-environment interface and improving global health security. 17 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com Ø Coordinaon between physicians, veterinarians, and epidemiologists should be strengthened. Ø Technology should be used effecvely. Each district and state in the country needs to be linked through satellite to the designated naonal headquarters for collecng real-me data on the acvity of pathogens and diseases. Ø Internaonal Organisaons such as the WHO, Food and Agriculture Organizaon of the United .. Naons (FAO) and the World Organisaon for Animal Health (OIE) should work in close collaboraon to carry out expansive research in the field to prevent and manage the threats of such pandemics. Ø The internaonal community should also push for more transparency in the working of organisaons such as WHO. .. ..

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18 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com GUIDANCE IAS MORE THAN A COACHING GEOGRAPHY (OPT.) CLASSROOM PROGRAMME Stage: 1 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 21 at 4:00 Geography (Opt.) Tool & Techniques: Mar Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr Apr PM Stage: 2 Preparatory Course (NCERTs) : 26 APRIL 2021 (Available in Our YouTube Channel) Most Comprehensive Coverage from Stage: 3 MAINS Course : 05 JULY 2021 NCERT's to Mains Syllabus GEOGRAPHY(OPT .) 500+ Programme: JULY 2021 (ONLINE/OFFLINE) Access Videos upto Mains 2021 Geography (opt.) Correspondence/Distance Programme Introductory video of each Topic will be provided ADMISSIONS OPEN Test and Discussion video will be provided Round The Year INTERVIEW GUIDANCE PROGRAMME UPSC (CSE) - 18 APRIL 2021 45+ SUCCESSFUL STUDENTS OF CSE - 2019 G.S. Marathon Program - 2021-22 AJAY JAIN GUNJAN SINGH SHUBHAM BANSAL F Mains Marathon - I : July to Aug. 2021 F Mains Marathon - II : Oct. to Feb. 2022 RANK RANK RANK F P.T. Marathon : Mar. to May 2022 12 16 43 40+ SUCCESSFUL STUDENTS OF CSE 2018

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19 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com In what ways can geography help in dealing with Covid-19 ?

Ø Global spaal distribuon paern of the Covid-19 reveals that the populaon density (urban areas) and human behavioral paern have become major determining factor for the spread of Coronavirus. Ø Geography is unique subject which bridging the social sciences and the natural sciences. The locaon analysis is core aspect of geographical studies. The spaal distribuon and spread of disease is part of medical geography. The applicaon of Geospaal Technology i.e. GIS, GPS and Remote Sensing is helpful for crical analysis. Ø Geography as the study of locaon and spaal paerns of phenomena is well posioned to help in the invesgaon of the physical, social and economic characteriscs of places where COVID-19 first broke out, why and how it spread naonally and internaonally, and the extent and rate at which it moved from place to place. Researchers who specialise in this aspect of geography are referred to as medical geographers or spaal epidemiologists. They oen form part of interdisciplinary research teams that include virologists, physicians, ICT and GIS specialists. Ø For instance, Geographic Informaon Systems (GIS) could be used to track contagion. Mapping of COVID-19 cases will help to reduce the spread of the disease. Healthmap can be developed to collect outbreak data from sources like news media. Having a healthmap's interacve map for COVID-19 offer near-real-me updates from diverse sources to combat its spread. Ø We can earmark hotspots of Covid-19 and hotspot analysis can help us in marking Geo-fence of the coronavirus disease. Ø In China, gated community proves to be advantageous for quaranne purpose. Ø Specific locaon is the basic concept of geography, so many locaons having less temperature and moist condions may increase vulnerability of COVID 19, other hand the locaons having dry and hot condions may against for spreading. Ø To analyse and monitor the migratory paerns in space. This will help in efficient policy making to handle forced migraon crisis. Ø To understand the aspect of Populaon - Resource balance of a region. Ø To track the rise and re- emergence of Infecous and parasic diseases (IPD's) vis- a-vis the climate change. This has led to the phenomenon of mortality reversals. Thus, the t o o l o f d e m o g r a p h i c transion model will come handy in efficient policy making on case to case basis. Ø To analyse the mortality rates of a region vis-a-vis the demographic characteriscs. Eg: Higher mortality rate is found in populaons with higher co- morbidies as shown: Ø Similarly, the country's with high old age populaon has seen higher casuales as compared to relavely younger populaon countries. 20 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com Other THEMES which can be linked to the Geography:

1. Globalizaon and pandemic: An alternave, more grounded, and integrated debate is required that acknowledges both the benefits and risks associated with deepening globalizaon. 2. Changes with respect to workforce employed. 3. Impact on other industries: especially Tourism, pharma industries, automobile insurance industries. 4. Changing trade paerns: Since, the post pandemic world would see new leaders in the market: e.g. geo-polical aspects, possible de-industrialusaon of China etc. 5. Pandemic vis a vis: Geographical theories, models and laws changes. 6. Hunger, poverty post covid. Eg. Role of FCI in such situaons. Importance of De-centralisaon economy. 7. Pandemic vs climate change. 8. Pandemic vs Migraon trends; both domesc and internaonal. 9. The uneven distribuon of the virus across and within countries raises inherently geographic quesons regarding the polical, economic, financial, socio-cultural and demographic dimensions of the pandemic. 10. The noon of 'Bio-geo-polics' to study asylum-related migraon can be examined. 11. To shed light on the relaonship between islands, disease and geopolics. 12. To study the exisng housing crisis that has intensified and that more acon is needed to provide an alternave to overpriced, commodified and financialized housing. 13. To “explore how humans have understood, used, and changed the surface of Earth.” Topics might include migraon paerns, populaon, polical ecology, environmental jusce, urbanizaon, and more. 14. In recent mes, the One Health concept gains importance as: Ø “The concept of One Health can be effecvely implemented for reducing incidence of emerging zoonoc threats like COVID-19. One Health is the collaborave efforts of mulple disciplines working locally, naonally, and globally, to aain opmal health for people, animals and our environment, as defined by the One Health Iniave Task Force”

21 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com Let's Write an Answer! Q.1. How does Demographic Changes Make us more Vulnerable to pandemics like the COVID-19? [10 Marks] Ans.

22 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com 23 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com Corona-virus and Geography: Some relevant Quesons: (can be asked in the Interview!) 1. What are some common precauons that India as a society will need to excercise to ensure that the next lockdown dose not arise? 2. Deﬁne the concept of herd immunity and immunity passport? 3. Comment on the role played by WHO during global pandemic 2020. 4. What would really a good economic smulus package be in Covid 19 mes? 5. Explain the reason behind companies unable to move to India in general? Does the possible de-industrialisaon of China in near future is a mirage? 6. Labour law reforms in india is a crying need but to relax labour laws during a pandemic may be counter producve. Discuss. 7. Explain the various dimensions of the global dynamic debate of 'Lives vs Livelihood'. 8. How can we claim that climate change and covid-19 are the result of humans encroachment to mother Nature. 9. “Concepts of over-under and opmum populaon are relave rather than absolute.” Comment. How does emergencies like COVID 19 aﬀect relaonship between populaon and resources? 10. COVID 19 has provided boost to the idea that Malthus was indeed right about the concept of 'posive checks'.” Crically evaluate. 11. Illustrate the relaonship between pandemics and migraon with special reference to COVID 19. What are the consequences of such forced migraon. 12. “There seems to be emergence of demographic fague in some parts of the world.” Analyse with special focus on emergencies like COVID 19. 13. Examine the role of social capital in dealing with emergencies like COVID 19.

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24 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com GUIDANCE IAS MORE THAN A COACHING GEOGRAPHY (OPT.) CLASSROOM PROGRAMME Stage: 1 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 21 at 4:00 Geography (Opt.) Tool & Techniques: Mar Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr Apr PM Stage: 2 Preparatory Course (NCERTs) : 26 APRIL 2021 (Available in Our YouTube Channel) Most Comprehensive Coverage from Stage: 3 MAINS Course : 05 JULY 2021 NCERT's to Mains Syllabus GEOGRAPHY(OPT .) 500+ Programme: JULY 2021 (ONLINE/OFFLINE) Access Videos upto Mains 2021 Geography (opt.) Correspondence/Distance Programme Introductory video of each Topic will be provided ADMISSIONS OPEN Test and Discussion video will be provided Round The Year INTERVIEW GUIDANCE PROGRAMME UPSC (CSE) - 18 APRIL 2021 45+ SUCCESSFUL STUDENTS OF CSE - 2019 G.S. Marathon Program - 2021-22 AJAY JAIN GUNJAN SINGH SHUBHAM BANSAL F Mains Marathon - I : July to Aug. 2021 F Mains Marathon - II : Oct. to Feb. 2022 RANK RANK RANK F P.T. Marathon : Mar. to May 2022 12 16 43 40+ SUCCESSFUL STUDENTS OF CSE 2018

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PRELIMS CORNER: 2021

1. SEABED 2030 PROJECT: Why in News? Recently, it was announced that mapping of nearly one-fih of the world's ocean floor had been finished under the Seabed 2030 Project. About Sea bed 2030 Project: Ø A collaborave project between the Nippon Foundaon of Japan and the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO). Ø Launched at the United Naons Ocean Conference in June 2017 and is aligned with the UN's Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14 to conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources. AIM: 1. To bring together all available bathymetric data to produce the definive map of the world ocean floor by 2030 and make it available to all. 2. To obtain higher quality informaon that has a minimum resoluon of 100 metres at all spots, using equipment such as deep water hull-mounted sonar systems, and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs). Do You Know: measurement of the Bathymetry is the the ocean floor. General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans: shape and depth of Ø GEBCO is the only intergovernmental organisaon with a mandate to map the enre ocean floor. Ø It traces its origins to the GEBCO chart series iniated in 1903 by Prince Albert I of Monaco. Ø It aims to provide the most authoritave publicly-available bathymetry of the world's oceans. Ø It operates under the joint auspices of the Internaonal Hydrographic Organizaon (IHO) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) (of UNESCO). Internaonal Hydrographic Organizaon (IHO): Ø The IHO is an intergovernmental organizaon that works to ensure all the world's seas, oceans and navigable waters are surveyed and charted. It was established in 1921. Ø India is its member. Ø The IHO Secretariat is hosted by the Principality of Monaco.

25 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com . 2. EARTH'S SEISMIC NOISE: Why in News? Sciensts at the Brish Geological Survey (BGS) have reported a change in the Earth's seismic noise and vibraons amid the coronavirus lockdown. It observed a 30-50 per cent fall in levels of ambient seismic noise since schools and businesses were closed in mid-March. What is seismic noise? Ø In geology, seismic noise refers to the relavely persistent vibraon of the ground due to a multude of causes. Ø It is the unwanted component of signals recorded by a seismometer– the scienfic instrument that records ground moons, such as those caused by earthquakes, volcanic erupons, and explosions. Ø CAUSES: Due to human acvity, such as transport and manufacturing and makes it difficult for sciensts to study seismic data that is more valuable. Ø Apart from geology, seismic noise is also studied in other fields such as oil exploraon, hydrology, and earthquake engineering. Significance of reduced noise levels: Ø The seismic noise vibraon caused by human acvity are of high frequency (between 1-100 Hz), and travel through the Earth's surface layers. Ø Usually, to measure seismic acvity accurately and reduce the effect of seismic noise, geologists place their detectors 100 meters below the Earth's surface. Ø Due to lower noise levels, sciensts are now hoping that they would be able to detect smaller earthquakes and tremors that had slipped past their instruments so far.

3. HEATWAVE: st 1 Why in News? ou Know: Do Y e recordedcca India Meteorological Department (IMD) had issued a Red sts hav Antar Scien East her n Warning for Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh and in sout you Know: e event 20, Rajasthan. Do t wav 9-20 ver hea e 201 e g t h . du rin hemisphere summer About Heat wave: Ø It is a period of abnormally high temperatures more than the normal maximum temperature that occurs during the summer season in the North-Western and South-Central parts of India. Ø They typically occur between March and June and in some rare cases even extend ll July. Ø The extreme temperatures and resultant atmospheric condions aﬀects people living in these regions as they cause dehydraon, heat cramps, heat exhauson and/or heat stroke.

26 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com Criteria for Heat Waves by IMD: 1. Heat Wave need not be considered ll the maximum temperature of a staon reaches at least 40°C for Plains and at least 30°C for Hilly regions.

2. When the actual maximum temperature remains 45°C or more irrespecve of normal maximum temperature, heat waves should be declared.

4. RED SNOW IN ANTARCTICA: Why in News? Photographs of “Red Snow” oﬀ the coast of Antarcca's northernmost peninsula were seen recently. What: · “Red snow” or “watermelon snow” is due to the presence of Chlamydomonas nivalis, which exists in snow in the polar and glacial regions, and carries a red pigment to keep itself warm. · It is the algae that give the snow its red nge, it causes the surrounding ice to melt faster. · The more the algae packed together, the redder the snow and the darker the nge, the more the heat absorbed by the snow. Subsequently, the ice melts faster. · While the melt is good for the microbes that need the liquid water to survive and thrive, it's bad for glaciers that are already melng from a myriad of other causes. · These algae change the snow's albedo. Changes in albedo lead to more melng. · It is a phenomenon that has been known since ancient mes, now it raises concerns about climate change. Do you know: Aristotle is believed to be one of the ﬁrst to give a wrien account of red snow, over 2,000 years ago.

Concept: Albedo is the measure of amount of Reﬂecvity of any surface.

27 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com 5. ZOMBIE FIRES Why in News? 'Zombie fires' becoming more frequent in Arcc in addion to fires occurring in the once-frozen tundra. What: Zombie Fires burn underground and get their name because they connue to burn even aer surface fires are put out.

Peat Fire Forest Fire Burns for months/years Burns for weeks/months Burns underground peat Burns surface Surface smouldering vegetaon Visible ﬂames Releases more carbon.

About: · It is a fire from a previous growing season that can smoulder under the ground which is made up of carbon-rich peat. · When the weather warms, the fire can reignite. These are also known as holdover fires. · Concern: The fires in the Arcc spreading to areas which were formerly fire-resistant primarily an outcome of increased Global warming and Climate Change. Such a phenomena works in a Feedback loop. [ A vicious Cycle.] · The tundra — north of the Arcc Circle — is drying up and vegetaon there like moss, grass, dwarf shrubs, etc are starng to catch fire. · The fires and record temperatures have the potenal of turning the carbon sink into a carbon source and increasing global warming.

28 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com GUIDANCE IAS MORE THAN A COACHING GEOGRAPHY (OPT.) CLASSROOM PROGRAMME Stage: 1 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 21 at 4:00 Geography (Opt.) Tool & Techniques: Mar Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr Apr PM Stage: 2 Preparatory Course (NCERTs) : 26 APRIL 2021 (Available in Our YouTube Channel) Most Comprehensive Coverage from Stage: 3 MAINS Course : 05 JULY 2021 NCERT's to Mains Syllabus GEOGRAPHY(OPT .) 500+ Programme: JULY 2021 (ONLINE/OFFLINE) Access Videos upto Mains 2021 Geography (opt.) Correspondence/Distance Programme Introductory video of each Topic will be provided ADMISSIONS OPEN Test and Discussion video will be provided Round The Year INTERVIEW GUIDANCE PROGRAMME UPSC (CSE) - 18 APRIL 2021 45+ SUCCESSFUL STUDENTS OF CSE - 2019 G.S. Marathon Program - 2021-22 AJAY JAIN GUNJAN SINGH SHUBHAM BANSAL F Mains Marathon - I : July to Aug. 2021 F Mains Marathon - II : Oct. to Feb. 2022 RANK RANK RANK F P.T. Marathon : Mar. to May 2022 12 16 43 40+ SUCCESSFUL STUDENTS OF CSE 2018

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1. What are Tropical Cyclones: are Intense low pressure centers formed over tropical seas, which forms a closed air circulaon (whirling moon) as a result of rapid upward movement of hot air which is subjected to Coriolis force. Tropical cyclones are one of the mechanisms by which surface heat energy is redistributed from the equator to the poles.

Do You Know: Tropical cyclones are knownas 'typhoons' in the northwest pa ciﬁc o cean, hurricanes in the No rth At lan ti c Oc ean, Wil ly- will ies in northwestern Australia and Tropical Cyclones in the Indian OceanRegion.

Direcons: · Storms that form towards the north of the equator rotate counter-clockwise. · On the other hand, those that form south of the equator spin clockwise because of the rotaon of the Earth on its axis. These are measured by the Saﬃr-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale.

29 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com 2. Precondions: Ø Large sea surface with temperature higher than 27° C. Ø Presence of the Coriolis force. Ø Small variaons in the vercal wind speed. Ø A pre-exisng weak low- pressure area or low-level-cyclonic circulaon. Ø Upper divergence above the sea level system. 3. How it is Formed?

4. Distribuon: Cyclones developed in the regions between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, are called tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclones usually develop in summer season in the vicinity of Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) over warm ocean surface.

30 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com 5. How are Cyclones named? (A) What are the bodies responsible for coming with a list of names?

(B) Now coming to our WMO/ESCAP PANEL ON TROPICAL CYCLONES: · Inter-governmental regional body jointly established by the World Meteorological Organisaon (WMO) and the United Naons Economic and Social Commission for Asia-Paciﬁc (ESCAP) in 1972. · It is associated with the Tropical Cyclone Programme of WMO that aims at assisng Members in monitoring and forecasng tropical cyclones. To promote measures to improve tropical cyclone warning systems and disseminaon of technical informaon on tropical cyclone research and forecasng operaons. In addion, the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres (RSMC) are responsible for the distribuon of informaon, advisories, warnings, monitoring and predicon of tropical cyclones over their respecve regions. They are also responsible to name the cyclones.In general, tropical cyclones are named according to the rules at a regional level.

(C ) What about names of Cyclones in India & the neighbourhood? The Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC ) of Tropical Cyclones in New Delhi is assigned the responsibility of issuing weather outlooks and tropical cyclone advisories for the countries in the WMO/ESCAP Panel region bordering the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. This is also the agency responsible for naming the cyclones in this region. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) on 28 April 2020, releasad a new list with the names of 169 tropical cyclones including 13 names each from 13 WMO/ESCAP member countries that are likely to emerge over the north Indian Ocean, including the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean. The RSMC (New Delhi) gives each tropical cyclone an idenﬁcaon name from the below name list. The idenﬁcaon system covers both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.

31 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com The following have to be noted while understanding the naming in this region. · The Panel member's name is listed alphabecally country wise, starng with Bangladesh followed by India, Maldives and so on. · The names for the cyclones will be used sequenally column-wise. (List 1 followed by List 2 and so on) · The first name will start from the first row of column one and connue sequenally to the last row in column eight. Example, this will be as Nisarga, Ga, Nivar, Burevi, Tauktae…………. Samhah. The lists for the Indian region are used sequenally and are not rotated every few years like the Atlanc and Eastern Pacific lists. Once the lists are exhausted, the panel meets again, to decide on a list of names. If there is a severe storm that causes a lot of damage/destrucon & causes many deaths, then its name is considered for rerement and is not used repeatedly. This is to ensure that the history and record of that cyclone is idenfied with a unique name. CYCLONES IN NEWS: 1. CYCLONE AMPHAN Why in News? F Amphan formed over the Bay of Bengal as a tropical cyclone and later intensified into a 'Very Severe Cyclonic Storm' (VSCS) to 'Extreme Severe Cyclonic Storm (ESCS)'. F It is made landfall between Digha (West Bengal) and Hathiya islands (Bangladesh) on May 20. F The regions of East Midnapore, North and South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly, and West Midnapore were affected by the heavy rainfall. F North Odisha Coast faced the maximum impact aer Amphan makes landfall with the wind speed of 110-120 mph. F The range of wind speed of Amphan reached up to 230-265 mph before it weakens in intensity. F Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) at Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) was used to track the cyclone Amphan. F Aer the Phailin cyclone that had hit the Bengal-Odisha coast in 2013, Amphan is said to be the strongest tropical cyclone to hit the coast. 32 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com The trajectory of Amphan was towards West Bengal and Bangladesh and it made landfall as a severe storm at: F West Bengal – Sagar Island, Bangladesh – Haya Island F Thailand has given the name of the cyclone – Amphan, which is pronounced as 'UM-PUN'. 2. Cyclone NISARGA Why in News? On the western coast of India, Cyclone Nisarga headed towards the coastline of north Maharashtra and south Gujarat.

About: F In strength and intensity, Cyclone Nisarga would be much weaker than Cyclone Amphan that struck on May 20 and passed through West Bengal on its way to Bangladesh. F Cyclones formed in the Bay of Bengal side of the north Indian Ocean are more frequent and stronger than those on the Arabian Sea side. F The relavely cold waters of the Arabian Sea discourage the kind of very strong cyclones that are formed on the Bay of Bengal side; Odisha and Andhra Pradesh face the brunt of these cyclones every year. F Five cyclones originated in the area in 2019 — Vayu, Hikka, Kyarr, Maha and Pavan F The year 2019 was slightly unusual as the Arabian Sea saw the most frequent and intense cyclonic acvity in more than 100 years. F The name 'Nisarga' has been suggested by Bangladesh. 3. CYCLONE NIVAR Why in News? The Bay of Bengal will see its second Severe Cyclone of the year, aer Super Cyclone Amphan formed earlier this year. It has made landfall along the Tamil Nadu-Puducherry coast. About: F The IMD has forecasted the development of a cyclone in the Southwest region of the Bay of Bengal, oﬀ Tamil Nadu coast.

33 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com F It has said that it will strengthen into a cyclone. Once intensified, it would acquire its name 'Nivar', proposed by Iran. F Aer cyclone Gaja in 2018, this will be the second cyclone to cross Tamil Nadu in the last two years. 4. CYCLONE BUREVI F Weak tropical cyclone which made landfall in Sri Lanka, becoming the first to do so since a depression in 2014, and brought minimal impact to Southern India in December 2020. This comes day aer Cyclone Nivar hit the Puducherry coast. F Named by the Maldives. 5. TYPHOON MOLAVE: VIETNAM Recently, Typhoon Molave has slammed into central Vietnam and has set off a series of landslides that buried villages and towns.

OTHER RELATED TERMS: 1. FUJIWHARA EFFECT Why in News? Recently, Two tropical storms named Marco and Laura forming in the western Atlanc Ocean at nearly the same me are likely to impact the Gulf of Mexico sparking concerns of the rare Fujiwhara effect. About: The effect occurs when two hurricanes spinning in the same direcon pass close enough to each other, and begin an intense dance around their common center. If one hurricane is a lot stronger than the other, the smaller one will orbit it and eventually come crashing into its vortex to be absorbed. What happens in the Fujiwhara Effect? According to the US Naonal Oceanic and Atmospheric Administraon(NOAA), one of three things happen when the storms come near each other. 1. If one hurricane is a lot stronger than the other, the smaller one will orbit it and eventually come crashing into its vortex to be absorbed. 2. If the two storms are close to the same size, they can gravitate toward each other unl they reach a common point where they either merge or they spin each other around for a while before they spin off in different direcons. 3. The third possibility is that the two systems come together to form a large storm instead of two smaller ones.

34 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com 2. Recurving Cyclones: · On its way to diminish cyclone gets a sort of second wind by deflected right or eastwards is known as re-curving cyclones. · This is due to air currents in the local atmosphere that push cold air from the poles towards the equator and interfere with cyclone formaon. E.g. Cyclone—Ockhi. 3. Bomb Cyclones: · Bomb cyclone is actually used by meteorologists to indicate a mid-latude cyclone that intensifies rapidly. It is a massive winter storm hammering the coast, bringing strong winds, flooding, ice and snow. It is a combinaon of rapidly declining pressure and extreme cold. 4. The Cyclone Genesis Potenal (GPI) to esmate the number of cyclones that may be born in a season is defined based on the variables that occur during the birth of cyclones. GPI also help project how cyclones will respond to global warming.

Mains Queson Desk!

1. Though Nisarga cyclone aﬀected parts of Maharashtra, tropical cyclones usually don't occur along western coast of India. Why? What was then exceponal about Cyclone Nisarga? [ 10 Marks ] 2. Explain how are Tropical cyclones formed? Discuss why is the Eastern Coast of India is more prone to Tropical cyclones than the western coast of India? [15 Marks]

References: 1. Down to Earth. 2. Yojana. 3. Kurukshetra. 4. The Hindu and Indian Express. 5. Research Gate. 6. Internet.

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35 011-45586829, 9718793363 website: www.guidanceias.com GUIDANCE IAS MORE THAN A COACHING GEOGRAPHY (OPT.) CLASSROOM PROGRAMME Stage: 1 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 21 at 4:00 Geography (Opt.) Tool & Techniques: Mar Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr Apr PM Stage: 2 Preparatory Course (NCERTs) : 26 APRIL 2021 (Available in Our YouTube Channel) Most Comprehensive Coverage from Stage: 3 MAINS Course : 05 JULY 2021 NCERT's to Mains Syllabus GEOGRAPHY(OPT .) 500+ Programme: JULY 2021 (ONLINE/OFFLINE) Access Videos upto Mains 2021 Geography (opt.) Correspondence/Distance Programme Introductory video of each Topic will be provided ADMISSIONS OPEN Test and Discussion video will be provided Round The Year INTERVIEW GUIDANCE PROGRAMME UPSC (CSE) - 18 APRIL 2021 45+ SUCCESSFUL STUDENTS OF CSE - 2019 G.S. Marathon Program - 2021-22 AJAY JAIN GUNJAN SINGH SHUBHAM BANSAL F Mains Marathon - I : July to Aug. 2021 F Mains Marathon - II : Oct. to Feb. 2022 RANK RANK RANK F P.T. Marathon : Mar. to May 2022 12 16 43 40+ SUCCESSFUL STUDENTS OF CSE 2018

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