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Foraminifera And. Origin of the Gardiners Clay (Pleistocene), Eastern Long Island, New York

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Foraminifera And. Origin of the Gardiners Clay (Pleistocene), Eastern Long Island, New York Foraminifera and. Origin of the Gardiners Clay (Pleistocene), Eastern Long Island, New York By LAWRENCE WEISS A SHORTER CONTRIBUTION TO GENERAL GEOLOGY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 254-G This report concerns work done on behalf of the U.S. AtomicEnergy (]ommission and is published with the permission of the Commission , UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1954 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Douglas McKay, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office ~ashington 25, D. C.- Price 50 cents (paper cover) I I I CONTENTS Page Page Abstract __________________________________________ _ 143 Well data-Continued Introduction ______________________________________ _ 143 Cable-tool test wells ________________________ _: ___ _ 148 Acknowledgments ______________________________ _ 145 Privately drilled wells ________________ .:. _________ _ 149 Methods and techniques ________________________ _ 145 Conditions of deposition ____________________________ _ 154 Stratigraphy ______________________________________ _ 145 Evidence from well samples _____________________ _ 154 General stratigraphy of Long Island ______________ _ 145 Evidence from dredged samples __________________ _ 156 Pleistocene stratigraphy of the Brookhaven National Conclusions _______________________________________ _ 157 Laboratoryarea----------------------------~- 146 Systematic descriptions _____________________________ _ 157 VVelldata _________________________________________ _ 148 Literature cited ____________________________________ _ 162 Rotary-drill test wells __________________________ _ 148 Index ____________________________________________ _ 163 ILLUSTRATIONS Page PLATE 32. N onionidae_ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ Following index 33. Rotaliidae, Globigerinidae, Buliminidae, Miliolidae, and Polymorphinidae_ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ Following index FIGURE 14. Map of eastern Long Island showing location of wells iri Brookhaven area__________________________________ 144 15. Generalized columnar section in Brookhaven area _____________________________ ·__________________________ 146 16. Cross sections, A-A' and B-B' ____________________________________________ ------- __ _____ __ __ __ ___ _ ___ 147 17. Relative abundance of microfossils in well S6409------------------------------------------------------~ 155 m A SHORTER CONTRIBUTION TO GENERAL GEOLOGY FORAMINIFERA AND ORIGIN OF THE GARDINERS CLAY (PLEISTOCENE) EASTERN LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK By LAWRENCE WEISS ABSTRACT There were two reasons for studying the microfauna The Gardiners clay, an interglacial marine Pleistocene dE;lposit, of this clay stratum. First, the clay bed is believed was examined for microfossils in connection with a ground-water to form a seal between the water-table aquifer in the investigation at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Suffolk County, Long Island, N. Y. Twenty species of Foraminifera glacial sand and gravel above it and the Cretaceous were identified, including one new species of the genus Elphidium artesian aquifers below it. Thus the thickness and and one new subspecies of the genus Nonion. The environ­ continuity of the clay bed are of 1nuch importance. To mental conditions during deposition, as determined from a study determine whether the clay was deposited in fairly deep of the microfauna, suggest that the Gardiners clay probably water and therefore presumably is extensive and uni­ does not provide a tight hydraulic seal between the shallow water-table beds and the underlying Cretaceous aquifers. form, or whether it was deposited in shallow water as discontinuous lenses, required an interpretation of the INTRODUCTION conditions of environment during deposition. The second purpose of this paper is to describe the micro­ The United States Geological Survey has been mak­ fauna in the clay. ing detailed ground-water studies for the Atomic Energy Virtually all the knowledge of the subsurface geology Commission at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, of Long Island is based on information obtained from Long Island, N. Y., since 1948. During these investi­ wells. Except along the north shore, outcrops of pre­ gations a number of test wells were drilled in the Wisconsin material are extremely rare on Long Island, Brookhaven area (fig. 14) under the immediate super­ and the microfossils in the Pleistocene Gardiners clay, vision of the Geological Survey. Only 7 of these wells which include foraminifers, diatoms, small forms of passed through the unfossiliferous glaciofluvial sand and mollusks, some ostracodes, and a few plant remains, are gravel, 150 to 200 feet thick, and penetrated the under­ valuable in well-sample correlations. With the help lying material. In 5 of the deeper wells a greenish-gray of these microfossils it is hoped that the Gardiners fossiliferous clay bed, 10 to 20 feet thick, was found clay can be more clearly defined so that it may be beneath the glacial outwash and immediately above the differentiated from the clays in the upper part of the gray clayey sands of the Magothy(?) formation of Late Magothy(?) formation with which it has often been Cretaceous age. The fossil content and stratigraphic confused. position of this clay indicate that it is the Gardiners The Gardiners clay in eastern Long Island is variable clay, a Pleistoeene interglacial deposit. (For a de­ in its thickness, lithology, and fossil content. The scription of the geology of Long Island, see Fuller, 1914, foraminiferal assemblage in· the clay is indicative of and deLaguna and Perlmutter, 1949.) shallow-water, probably brackish-water, deposition In 1nost of the test wells, the samples for microfossil and suggests a depositional environment similar to the study were taken from cores, and in these wells the bays that fringe the southern shore of Long Island limits of the fossiliferous clay zone could be determined today. The most abundant Foraminifera in the within a few feet. In addition some samples of cuttings Gardiners clay-those which might possibly be used as from privately drilled wells in the vicinity of Brook­ guide fossils -are Elphidium clavatum and E. jloren­ haven were examined, and the results are included in tinae. These species are still living in shallow water the report. Because samples from the unconsolidated off the coast of New England, in the numerous bays well cuttings may contain mixtures of materials from on Long Island, and in Long Island Sound. They are various depths, the boundaries of the zone cannot be therefore not restricted to the Pleistocene, and their established as accurately as with cores. use as guide fossils might be questioned. However, 143 144 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY LONG ISLAND SOUND Baiting Hollow 5 MILES I OCEAN 50 MILES ' FIGURE 14.-Map of eastern Long Island showing location of wells in Brookhaven area. FORAMINIFERA AND ORIGIN OF GARDINERS CLAY, LONG ISLAND, N. Y: 145 there is no evidence of any other fossiliferous inter­ mollusks, but, where present, they were large enough to glacial clay on Long Island; thus any fossiliferous be seen easily in the residue. material of Pleistocene age overlain by glacial deposits The flotation method of concentrating the micro­ may be called Gardiners. fossils proved very successful. It saved considerable Another factor that might prove useful in differen­ time in examining core samples and was a necessity in tiating the Gardiners clay from more recent deposits working with other kinds of well samples. Bailer is the complete absence of arenaceous Foraminifera in samples that were only washed and sieved seemed to be the Gardiners in this area. Arenaceous species are barren of microfossils, but samples concentrated with numerous in the present-day shallow w:aters of New carbon tetrachloride yielded many specimens. England and Long Island. The significance of this fact has not yet been determined, but it is not peculiar STRATIGRAPHY to this region. Voorthuysen (1949, p. 64) found that arenaceous species of Foraminifera are absent from the GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY OF LONG ISLAND marine Pleistocene of the Netherlands but occur there today. Because so few of the geologic formations on Long In many places the Gardiners clay of the Brookhaven Island are fossiliferous their identification a:pd correla­ National Laboratory area contains microfossils only, tion are largely tentative. The Magothy(?) formation and it is suggested that future correlation work on the on Long Island, the oldest formation here considered, is Gardiners clay be based on microscopic examination. known to be of Late Cretaceous age, although direct correlation with the type Magothy in New Jersey has ACKNOWLEDGMENTS not been made. The author is indebted to Dr. Brooks F. Ellis and The Mannetto gravel, the oldest ·post-Cretaceous Nliss Angela R. Messina and staff of the Department deposit on Long Island, is presumably Pleistocene of Micropaleo1;1tology, American Museum of Natural glacial outwash, although some geologists have sug-. History, for invaluable criticisms and constructive gested that it is of late Tertiary age. The Mannetto suggestions. The type and figured specimens of the gravel seems to be restricted to the Mannetto and Foraminifera are deposited in the U. S. National Wheatley Hills areas and has not been ooserved in the Museum. eastern part of the island. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES The J ameco
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