Foraminifera and. Origin of the Gardiners Clay (Pleistocene), Eastern Long Island, New York
By LAWRENCE WEISS
A SHORTER CONTRIBUTION TO GENERAL GEOLOGY
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 254-G
This report concerns work done on behalf of the U.S. AtomicEnergy (]ommission and is published with the permission of the Commission
,
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1954 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Douglas McKay, Secretary
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office ~ashington 25, D. C.- Price 50 cents (paper cover)
I I I CONTENTS
Page Page Abstract ______143 Well data-Continued Introduction ______143 Cable-tool test wells ______: ___ _ 148 Acknowledgments ______145 Privately drilled wells ______.:. ______149 Methods and techniques ______145 Conditions of deposition ______154 Stratigraphy ______145 Evidence from well samples ______154 General stratigraphy of Long Island ______145 Evidence from dredged samples ______156 Pleistocene stratigraphy of the Brookhaven National Conclusions ______157 Laboratoryarea------~- 146 Systematic descriptions ______157 VVelldata ______148 Literature cited ______162 Rotary-drill test wells ______148 Index ______163
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page PLATE 32. N onionidae______Following index 33. Rotaliidae, Globigerinidae, Buliminidae, Miliolidae, and Polymorphinidae______Following index FIGURE 14. Map of eastern Long Island showing location of wells iri Brookhaven area______144 15. Generalized columnar section in Brookhaven area ______·______146 16. Cross sections, A-A' and B-B' ______------______147 17. Relative abundance of microfossils in well S6409------~ 155
m
A SHORTER CONTRIBUTION TO GENERAL GEOLOGY
FORAMINIFERA AND ORIGIN OF THE GARDINERS CLAY (PLEISTOCENE) EASTERN LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK
By LAWRENCE WEISS
ABSTRACT There were two reasons for studying the microfauna The Gardiners clay, an interglacial marine Pleistocene dE;lposit, of this clay stratum. First, the clay bed is believed was examined for microfossils in connection with a ground-water to form a seal between the water-table aquifer in the investigation at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Suffolk County, Long Island, N. Y. Twenty species of Foraminifera glacial sand and gravel above it and the Cretaceous were identified, including one new species of the genus Elphidium artesian aquifers below it. Thus the thickness and and one new subspecies of the genus Nonion. The environ continuity of the clay bed are of 1nuch importance. To mental conditions during deposition, as determined from a study determine whether the clay was deposited in fairly deep of the microfauna, suggest that the Gardiners clay probably water and therefore presumably is extensive and uni does not provide a tight hydraulic seal between the shallow water-table beds and the underlying Cretaceous aquifers. form, or whether it was deposited in shallow water as discontinuous lenses, required an interpretation of the INTRODUCTION conditions of environment during deposition. The second purpose of this paper is to describe the micro The United States Geological Survey has been mak fauna in the clay. ing detailed ground-water studies for the Atomic Energy Virtually all the knowledge of the subsurface geology Commission at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, of Long Island is based on information obtained from Long Island, N. Y., since 1948. During these investi wells. Except along the north shore, outcrops of pre gations a number of test wells were drilled in the Wisconsin material are extremely rare on Long Island, Brookhaven area (fig. 14) under the immediate super and the microfossils in the Pleistocene Gardiners clay, vision of the Geological Survey. Only 7 of these wells which include foraminifers, diatoms, small forms of passed through the unfossiliferous glaciofluvial sand and mollusks, some ostracodes, and a few plant remains, are gravel, 150 to 200 feet thick, and penetrated the under valuable in well-sample correlations. With the help lying material. In 5 of the deeper wells a greenish-gray of these microfossils it is hoped that the Gardiners fossiliferous clay bed, 10 to 20 feet thick, was found clay can be more clearly defined so that it may be beneath the glacial outwash and immediately above the differentiated from the clays in the upper part of the gray clayey sands of the Magothy(?) formation of Late Magothy(?) formation with which it has often been Cretaceous age. The fossil content and stratigraphic confused. position of this clay indicate that it is the Gardiners The Gardiners clay in eastern Long Island is variable clay, a Pleistoeene interglacial deposit. (For a de in its thickness, lithology, and fossil content. The scription of the geology of Long Island, see Fuller, 1914, foraminiferal assemblage in· the clay is indicative of and deLaguna and Perlmutter, 1949.) shallow-water, probably brackish-water, deposition In 1nost of the test wells, the samples for microfossil and suggests a depositional environment similar to the study were taken from cores, and in these wells the bays that fringe the southern shore of Long Island limits of the fossiliferous clay zone could be determined today. The most abundant Foraminifera in the within a few feet. . In addition some samples of cuttings Gardiners clay-those which might possibly be used as from privately drilled wells in the vicinity of Brook guide fossils -are Elphidium clavatum and E. jloren haven were examined, and the results are included in tinae. These species are still living in shallow water the report. Because samples from the unconsolidated off the coast of New England, in the numerous bays well cuttings may contain mixtures of materials from on Long Island, and in Long Island Sound. They are various depths, the boundaries of the zone cannot be therefore not restricted to the Pleistocene, and their established as accurately as with cores. use as guide fossils might be questioned. However, 143 144 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY
LONG ISLAND SOUND
Baiting Hollow
5 MILES I
OCEAN
50 MILES ' FIGURE 14.-Map of eastern Long Island showing location of wells in Brookhaven area. FORAMINIFERA AND ORIGIN OF GARDINERS CLAY, LONG ISLAND, N. Y: 145
there is no evidence of any other fossiliferous inter mollusks, but, where present, they were large enough to glacial clay on Long Island; thus any fossiliferous be seen easily in the residue. material of Pleistocene age overlain by glacial deposits The flotation method of concentrating the micro may be called Gardiners. fossils proved very successful. It saved considerable Another factor that might prove useful in differen time in examining core samples and was a necessity in tiating the Gardiners clay from more recent deposits working with other kinds of well samples. Bailer is the complete absence of arenaceous Foraminifera in samples that were only washed and sieved seemed to be the Gardiners in this area. Arenaceous species are barren of microfossils, but samples concentrated with numerous in the present-day shallow w:aters of New carbon tetrachloride yielded many specimens. England and Long Island. The significance of this fact has not yet been determined, but it is not peculiar STRATIGRAPHY to this region. Voorthuysen (1949, p. 64) found that arenaceous species of Foraminifera are absent from the GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY OF LONG ISLAND marine Pleistocene of the Netherlands but occur there today. Because so few of the geologic formations on Long In many places the Gardiners clay of the Brookhaven Island are fossiliferous their identification a:pd correla National Laboratory area contains microfossils only, tion are largely tentative. The Magothy(?) formation and it is suggested that future correlation work on the on Long Island, the oldest formation here considered, is Gardiners clay be based on microscopic examination. known to be of Late Cretaceous age, although direct correlation with the type Magothy in New Jersey has ACKNOWLEDGMENTS not been made. . The author is indebted to Dr. Brooks F. Ellis and The Mannetto gravel, the oldest ·post-Cretaceous Nliss Angela R. Messina and staff of the Department deposit on Long Island, is presumably Pleistocene of Micropaleo1;1tology, American Museum of Natural glacial outwash, although some geologists have sug-. History, for invaluable criticisms and constructive gested that it is of late Tertiary age. The Mannetto suggestions. The type and figured specimens of the gravel seems to be restricted to the Mannetto and Foraminifera are deposited in the U. S. National Wheatley Hills areas and has not been ooserved in the Museum. eastern part of the island. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES The J ameco gravel is considered to be younger than the Mannetto gravel on the basis of the degree of Each core sample was prepared by scraping the weathering. In western Long Island the Jameco gravel outermost layer to remove possibly contaminated is about 100 feet thick and is easily recognized in well material, and a section 3 inches long and ~ inch in samples because of its characteristically high content diameter was cut out for examination. This section of diabase fragments and its position beneath the was allowed to dry naturally or was heated to drive off Gardiners clay. Although some geologists have moisture, and the sample was boiled in about 500 thought that they could recognize the Jameco gravel milliliters of water that contained 3 or 4 pellets of throughout the island on the basis of lithology and sodium hydroxide to aid in breaking up the clay. Next stratigraphic position, its presence in the eastern part the clay was washed through a 200-mesh United States is doubtful. The exposures of possible Jameco age are standard sieve, and a n1oderate stream of water was obscure and strongly folded and in general present used to agitate the clay; only that part of the sample insufficient evidence for correlation. Well records also which remained in the sieve was saved. The samples fail to indicate the presence of the Jameco gravel in . bailed from cable-tool wells or washed from rotary-drill eastern Long Island. There is no mention of a dark wells were treated in the same way. colored or diabase-rich gravel in any of the well logs of The washed and sieved sample was dried and placed this area. Some well records, however, show a thin in a large evaporating dish. When carbon tetrachloride sand or gravel beneath the Gardiners clay, and this was poured over the sample, most of the foraminifers, zone, on stratigraphic position alone, has been corre diatoms, and plant material floated to the top so that lat.ed by some workers with the Jameco. The wells they could be quickly poured off and caught on filter drilled in the Brookhaven area have shown that there paper. (Whatman no. 12 paper, 24 centimeters in are sand and gravel lenses in the Gardiners clay, and diameter, proved very satisfactory.) The floated in many places gravel embedded in the clay itself. It material was dried and placed on a search plate for is more reasonable to assume, therefore, that the thin examination. The carbon tetrachloride was recovered sand or gravel bed beneath the Gardiners clay in some for re-use. This method did not float the small parts of. eastern Long Island belongs to the Gardiners 146. SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY
and that the Jameco gravel does not extend into this Surface ~ ll3' area. 0 0 ° • Q 0 The Gardiners clay is an interglacial deposit that • D •.• overlies the Jameco gravel in western Long Island. In 0 0 ..0 the eastern part the Gardiners lies directly above the Upper Cretaceous deposits. The Gardiners has been 0 . (] ·.. described as a bluish clay in the central part of Long Island, and as red and green clay near the eastern end • 0 0 . of the island. At the type locality on Gardiners '· ... a·. ~ 0 .. 0 0 • 0 Island, Fuller (1914, p. 100) reported a succession of : (J. 0 0 black, green, and red clays, 28 feet thick in all,
.. '\) 0 • : ~: merging upward into the Jacob sand. Only the green "'0 c: . ' . . . clay, composing about 10 feet of this clay zone, was 0 fossiliferous. 0 0 0 • r7. The Jacob sand is supposedly the transitional zone between the interglacial Gardiners clay and the glacial "'0 c: ·o: ·.. o· . Manhasset formation. The type locality for the Jacob 0 en .. sand is near Jacobs Hill on the north shore of Long '
Glacial sand and grovel ~ ~ 50'H 1- z> l;:j 0 1- ~ ~ 0 150' - - - . 128'- . z - 0 159'-i••. l'!lj 0 sw NE. ~ B B' z~ S5140T t:z:j 30' r-- ~ U2 5l5l a 1:::1 +-.---.-10' I- ~ _t-<1
~ 0 50' -1- I- z 0
. 77'- - ~ ------?------.]2'188'- = U2 100' 1017 ~=~~w~------ ~l;:j 150' ~4·L------~"~ ~- ---?------14 z !-<
I 0 2 MILES
FWURE 16.-Cross sections, A-A! and B-B'.
t-L ~ -.:( 148 SHORTER CONTRIBU'l'IONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY fossiliferous sand and gravel. The microfauna! as until more is known about the geology of eastern Long semblage of the clay is almost identical with that of Island far too much guesswork would be involved :in the 2 zones of sand. The surface of this predominantly an attempt to correlate this zone. coarse-grained fossiliferous zone in Riverhead is 70 The uppermost Pleistocene deposit in the Brookhaven feet below sea level. It is overlain by about 45 feet area, which probably includes both the Manhasset of unfossiliferous gray and brown clay, which is over formation and later drift, consists of about 150 feet of lain by about 50 feet of typical glacial sand. glacial outwash. This zone is predominantly coarse Fuller (1914, p. 98) has reported outcrops of the sand and gravel, typically poorly sorted, brown to tan, Gardiners clay beneath the Jacob sand on the north with some boulders and numerous smaller fragments of shore. of Long Island at Roanoke Point and Jacobs granite, gneiss, and schist. If there are any morainal Hill, 3 miles north of Riverhead. The writer examined deposits in this area, they were net revealed by the the clay in these outcrops and found it to be unfossilifer drilling. Although many of the wells were cored, ous. Because more recently obtained evidence indi nothing resembling a clayey till was found in the cates that Gardiners clay is 70 feet below sea level 3 Brookhaven area. miles south of Roanoke Point and Jacobs Hill, and WELL DATA because the Gardiners clay seems to thin toward the north and to grade into a shoreline sand and gravel Samples were obtained from three sources: rotary facies, the writer believes that the clays described by drill and cable-tool test wells drilled for the Brookhaven Fuller are not part of the Gardiners clay but are equiva National Laboratory and privately drilled wells in lent to the 45-foot section of unfossiliferous clay that the Brookhaven area. overlies the Gardiners in the Riverhead area. The most recent work on Gardiners Island has shown ROTARY-DRILL TEST WELLS that the beds called the interglacial Gardiners clay actually consist of two clays of entirely different Two test holes, 10 and 12 inches in diameter, were origin. The upper part (probably the red clay referred drilled to a depth of 1,600 feet to bedrock to obtain to by Fuller) is a reddish-brown varved glacial clay, core samples of it and of the Cretaceous formations. and the lower part is a predominantly green fossiliferous These wells were drilled with a 64-foot rotary rig by interglacial clay. the Layne-New York Co., Inc. ContinU:ous coring was The reddish-brown varved clay on Gardiners Island attempted; and flume samples were collected at 10-foot and the gray-brown clays at Roanoke Point and Jacobs intervals. The core recovery in the sands and elays Hill both grade upward into the Jacob sand; so perhaps of the Cretaceous formations was satisfactory, but these clays are correlative, as Fuller has suggested. all attempts to core the coarse glacial sand and However, they are not part of the interglacial Gardiners gravel with the rotary wire-line coring apparatus were clay but a younger glacial deposit. unsuccessful. The Manhasset formation is now generally assumed In one of these rotary-drill wells, 86409, the first core to be of Wisconsin age, and the Gardiners clay appar obtained was 7 feet of fossiliferous clay below the ently represents deposition during the most recent glacial outwash material. Because core samples of the interglacial stage, the Sangamon. The Gardiners seems glacial outwash were desired and because the relation to be the only marine fossiliferous clay in the Pleistocene of the clay to the u)lderlying formations is also of deposits of Long Island and is, therefore, a key bed in importance, the following partially cored cable-tool stratigraphic work, especially as many geologic corre wells were drilled in the Brookhaven area. lations on the island are based on the examination of well samples. CABLE-TOOL TEST WELLS The middle unit of the Pleistocene deposits in the Brookhaven area overlies the Gardiners clay; it consists Five wells 4 inches in diameter were driven by C. W. of about 50 feet of a fine- to medium-grained greenish Lauman & Co., Inc .. Bailer san1ples were taken at each clayey sand, whose color is due to a clay mineral, formational change, and cores 2 feet long were cut at nontronite. This bed in the well logs is referred to as intervals of 10 feet or less. These cores provided an unidentified unit. Its stratigraphic position sug excellent samples of the glacial outwash material, of gests that this sand may correlate with the Jacob sand; the fossiliferous clay bed where it is present beneath but the glacial clay found on Gardiners Island and at the glacial outwash, and of the clayey sands of the
Roanoke Point and Jacobs Hill is missing here, and1 Magothy(?) formation below the fossiliferous clay. FORAMINIFERA AND ORIGIN OF GARDINERS CLAY, LONG ISLAND, N. Y. 149
PRIVATELY DRILLED WELLS Survey. These are bailer samples from cable-tool wells, It was possible to obtain samples from several private taken at each formational change. wells in the Brookhaven area, although they were not The samples and cores from all wells are described drilled under the supervision of the U. S. Geological below.
Description of samples from wells in the vicinhy of Brookhaven National Labomtory
I Thick- ness Altitude Formation Method of recovery Description of material Fossils of zone (top of Remarks (feet) zone)
Well 86409
Glacial outwash_ Rotary wash Sand, fine to coarse, None ______166 + 113 Poor core recovery. sample. brown, some gravel. Boulders in upper part of section, hard green- gray clay chips in wash sample from -43 to -53 ft. Sand with graveL ______do ______24 -53 Increase in fine to me dium gravel content. Gardiners clay__ Core and ro Clay, silty and fine sandy, Diatoms, small mollusks, 15 -77 The microfossils were tary wash green when WE't, dries to some plant mega found in a 7-foot sample. blue gray. Few inches spores, a few ostra core from - 85 to of :rJacked brown peaty codes, and numerous -92ft. . vegetation at bottom foraminifers, includ of clay. ing: Abundant: Elphidium jlorentinae. Common: Elphidium clavatum. E. incertum. E. ellisi. Nonion pauciloculum albiumbilicatum. Rotalia beccarii tepida. Quinqueloculina semi nulum. Rare: Bulimina exUis. BuT.iminella elegantis sima. Globigerina bulloides. N onion cf. N. labra doricum. Fissurina laevigata. Quinqueloculina semi nulum JUgosa. Magothy(?) Rotary wash Sand, fine to medium, None------~- 10 -92 This represents th~ top formation. sample. gray, and fine gravel. few feet of th:e Magothy(?) forma tion, which is known to be approximately 900 ft thick in this area.
Well 86434
Glacial outwash_ Rotary wa8h Sand and gravel, fine to I None_ .. _ _ _ . ______. ___ _ 138 +85 sample. coarse, brown. Boul ders in upper part of section. I Unidentified Small cores and Sand, fine to medium, _____ do ______49 -53 Cores were greenish unit. rotary wash gray, clayey (green-gray owing to a small sample. clay). amount of green clay. 150 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY
Description of samples f1·om wells in the vicinity of Brookhaven National Laboratory-Continued
Thick· ness Altitude Formation M~thod of recovery Description of material Fossils of zone (top of Remarks (feet) zone)
Well S6434-Continued
Gardiners clay __ Clay lumps in Clay, green-gray and black, Diatoms ______19 -102 Only diatoms similar to rotary wash micaceous. Some gravel the diatom assem- sample. at -115ft and below. blage of S6409 were found in these clay lumps. Other mi- crofossils may have been present, but no core was obtained; and only a sma.ll fraction of the clay stratum was ex- a mined. Magothy(?) for- Small core and Sand, medium, cla.yey, ~one ______8 -121 Top few feet of the mation. rotary wash gray. Magothy(?) forma- ~ample. tion.
WeUS6456
Glacial outwash_ Drive cores and Sand and gravel, fine to ~one ______145 +91 bailer sam coatse, white to tan; ples. some boulders in first 10 ft. Thin brown clay streaks at +60, +42, and +8ft. Unidentified _____ do ______Sand, fine to medium, _____ do ______47 -54 Characterized by green unit. gray, clayey (green-gray color due to clay clay). content. Gardiners clay ______do ______Clay, silty, dark greenish _____ do ______4 -101 gray. Gravel, medium to coarse, and clay lumps in bailer sample. Sand, white, medium to _____ do ______4 -105 coarse; some gravel. Clay, dark-gray, brown at Diatoms ______10 -109 Diatoms, similar to bottom. Brown peaty those of S6409, were material at bottom. the only microfossils found in a 2%-foot core. Magothy (?) _____ do ______Sand, medium to coarse, ~one ______7 -119 Top few feet of the formation. dark-gray, micaceous, Magothy (?) forma and traces of fine gravel. tion.
Well S6457
Glacial outwash_ Drive cores and Sand, medium to coarse, ~one ______95 +53 bailer sam light-brown, and fine to ples. coarse gravel; boulders from +53 to + 30 ft. Sand, fine to medium, _____ do ______30 -42 light-brown. Thin dark- gray clay streak between -69 and -71ft. Sand, coarse, and fine _____ do ______10 -72 gravel, light yellow- brown. Some boulders at bottom of this zone. UnidenUfied _____ do ______Sand, fine to medium, _____ do ______48 -82 Characterized by green unit. g~ay to buff, clayey; color due to clay slightly coarser zones content. at -111 and from -122 to-130ft. Gardiners clay _____ do ______, __ _ Sand, medium to coarse, _____ do ______11 -130 Probably coarse ·lens light-brown, and gravel, in Gardiners clay. fine to medium. Clay, solid, gray-brown. _____ do ______1 -141 Contains glacial erratic material. FORAMINIFERA AND ORIGIN OF GARDINERS CLAY, LONG ISLAND, N. Y. 151
Description of samples from wells in the vicin1:ty of Brookhaven National Laboratory-Continued -- Thick- Altitude Formation Method of recovery Description of material I Fossils ness (top of Remarks of zone zone) I (feet) Well 86457-Continued
Gardiners clay __ Drive cores and I Sand, clayey and loose, ~one ______2 -142 bailer sam- gray; very poorly sort- pies. ed. 1 Clay, solid, blue-gray ______do ______5 -144 Although samples of this clay co ntained no microfossils, its stratigraphic posi tion shows i t to be Gardiners cl ay. Magothy(?)for- _____ do ______Sand, fine to medium, _ ____ do ______9 -149 Characteristic of the mation. slightly clayey, gray. top few feet of the Some lignite. Magothy(?) forma tion in this area. :
Well S6458
Glacial outwash_\ Drive cores and : Sand, fine to medium, tan Kone ______45 +62 bailf'r sam- I brown; some muscovite. ples. I Boulders at + 20 ft. Sand, medium to coarse, _____ do ______10 +17 tan. Some medium to I coarse gravel at +12ft. Sand, fine to coarse, tan _____ do ______50 +7 brown. Fine to medi I um gravel at -12ft. Sand, fine, brown, becom _____ do ______19 -43 ing coarser with some gravel near bottom of zone. Sand, medium to coarse, _____ do ______66 -62
1 yellow-brown, and some fine gravel. I Sand, predominately fine, _____ do ______~------12 -128 These sands may rep 1 brown, well-sorted mi resent a reworked caceous. zone. They have Sand, medium to coarse, _____ do ______18 -140 manv of the charac gray. teristics of a typical sand of the Mago thy(?) formation, but, in addition, con~ tain some erratic ma terial which, on Long Island, is commonly confined to the gla cial deposits. Magothy(?) Drive core ____ _ Clay, silty, tough, light Plant megaspores ______1 -158 Plant spores indicate formation. gray. Cretaceous age. Probable reworked zone, plus absence of greenish sand and Gardiners clay, strongly suggest post-Garctiners ero sion, possibly by gla cial streams. Drive cores and Sand, fine to medium None ______36 -159 This sand and thin bviler sam gray. Thin clay and clay at -158 ft ples. lignite streaks at -190 represent the top of and -195 ft. the Magothy(?) for mation. 152 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY
Description of samples from wellg in the vicinity oj B1'ookhaven National Laboratory-Continued
Thick- Altitude Formation Method of recovery ness Description of material Fossils of zone (top of Remarks (feet) zone)
WellS6459
Glacial outwash_ Drive cores and Sand, medium to coarse, None ______55 +44 bailer sam light-brown; medium to ples. coarse gravel through- out. Sand, predominantly med- _____ do __ · ______15 -11 ium, tan. Sand, medium to coarse, _____ do ______10 -26 light-brown; with fine to medium gravel. Sand, chiefly coarse, yel- _____ do ______25 -36 low-brown. Unidentified _____ do ______Sand, fine to medium _____ do ______31 -61 unit. (coarser zone with some gravel at -66 to -69 ft), gray with green tint when wet. Gardiners clay ______.do ______Clay, silty and sandy, green Diatoms ______9 -92 A few specimens of when wet, dries to blue- only one very small gray. Medium to coarse diatom species were well-rounded gravel in found here. lower part of clay. . Mag o thy ( ? ) _____ do ______Sand, fine to medium, None ______15 -101 Represents the top of formation. clayey, gray. the Magothy(?) formation.
WeliS6460
Glacial outwash_ Drivecoresand Sand, fine to coarse, tan, None ______45 +55 bailer sam poorly sorted; some fine ples. to medium rounded gravel. Sand, predominantly me _____ do ______15 +10 dium tan; with a few well-rounded pebbles. Sand, medium to coarse, _____ do ______55 -5 tan; fine to coarse gravel scattered throughout. Sand, fine to medium, mi _____ do_ -· __ - ______25 -60 caceous, tan. Unidentified _____ do ______Sand, predominantly me _ ____ do ______39 -85 unit. dium, finer near base, well-sorted; distinct yel low-tan color. Gardiners clay ______do ______Clay, silty and fine sand. Foraminifera: Green when wet, dries Abundant______5 -124 Clay zone contained to blue gray. Elphidium clavatum. Foraminifera only, E. florentinae. with a varied Elphi Eponides frigid us cali- dium assemblage pre dus. dominating as in Common: S6409. Eponides fri Elphidium incertum. gid us calidus, abun E. ellisi. dant here, was not Rare: Bulimina exilis. seen in 86409. Clay, green-gray, with None ______11 -129 much sand; fine gravel; and some coarse gravel. Magothy(?) for- _____ do ______Sand, fine to medium, _____ do ______5 -140 Top few feet of the mation. clayey, gray. Magothy(?). forma tion. FORAMINIFERA AND ORIGIN OF GARDINERS CLAY, LONG ISLAND, N. Y. 153
Description of samples from wells in the vicinity of Brookhauen National Laboratory-Continued
Thick- ness Altitude Formation Method of recovery Description of material Fossils of zone (top of Remarks (feet) zone) Well 8151 • [Description from samples furnished by driller and examined by F. G. Wells]
Glacial outwa.."'h_ Bailer samples_ Sand and gravel, yellow___ None ______29 +10 Sand, fine, yellow ______do------15 -19 Gravel, coarse ______do ______7 -34 Sand, straw-colored ______do ______30 -41 Gravel, coarse, rounded; _____ do ______14 -71 quartz pebbles as much a,-, 2 em, angular frag- ments of schist and dia- base. Sand, gray, with much _____ do ______10 -85 mica. Gravel, dirty-gray ______do ______11 -95 Gardiners clay ______do ______Clay, very fine, blue, Sample at -112 f11: One 21 -106 Only small samples ex sandy; fine brown sand. Elphidium incertum. amined from the Some shell fragments. Sample at -127 ft: sand lenses in this Abundant: Elphidiuin clay, but the incom incertum. plete fossil record Rare: reveals a foraminif Eponides frigid us cal£ eral assemblage char dus. acteristic of the Nonion pauciloculum Gardiners clay. albiumbilicatum. Globulina glaciali. Well S5140T Glacial outwash_ Bailer samples_ Sand, fine to coarse, brown_ None ______48 +30 Clay, solid, brown ______do ______5 -18 There are numerous Clay, solid, light-gray ______do ______38 -23 reports of clay·in the Gravel, fine to coarse, with _____ do ______4 -61 glacial outwash of sand and light yellow- the Riverhead area, brown clay mixed. but the origin of the Sand, medium, clayey, gray ______do ______5 -65 clay is as yet un known. Gardiners clay ______do ______Sand, medium to coarse, Foraminifera ______7 -70 The fossiliferous sand green-gray, clayey; some Abundant: zones in this well, coarse gravel and shell Elphidium clavatum. with coarse gravel fragments. E. jlorentinae. and thick shell frag Common: Quinquelocu ments, are indica lina seminulum. tive of shoreline Rare: deposition. This Elphidium incertum. suggests that the E. ellisi. Gardiners clay in the Eponides frigid us cali Brookhaven area dus. · was a deposit whose 154 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY Description of sarp,ples }rom wells in the vicinhy of Brookhaven National Laboratory-Continued Thick- Altitude Formation ness Method of recovery Description of material Fossils of zone (top of Remarks (feet) zone) • Well S5140T-Continued Gardiners clay__ Bailer samples_ Clay, silty, green-gray ___ _ One diatom specimen and 11 -77 shoreline sand facies numerous foraminifers was somewhat north including: of the laboratory Abundant: gro u n as, although Elphidium clavatum. more information E. jlorentinae. would be necessary Common: to determine the Nonion pauciloculum northernmost extent alMurnbilicatum. of the clay. Fissurina laevigata. Rare: Elphidium incertum. E. ellisi. Eponides frigt:dus cali dus. Discorbis globularis. Entosolenia marginata. Clay, sand, and coarse Diatoms numerous and 2 -88 gravel mixed; shell frag numerous foraminifers, ments. including: Abundant: Elphidium clavatum. E. ftorentinae. Rare: Elphidiurn incertum. E. ellisi. Discorbis globularis. Pseudopolymorphina novangliae. Nonionella sp. Chiefly coarse gravel and Pelecypod shell fragments 6 -90 Sample bottle contained very thick shell frag as much as 7~ in. thick. only coarse gravel ments. and thick shell frag- ments. Sand, gravel, and clay, Some small mollusks, two 7 -96 mixed; shell fragments. diatom specimens, and numerous foraminifers, including: Abundant: Elphidium clavaturn. E. jlorentinae. Common: Rotalia beccarii tepida. Rare: Elphidiurn incerturn. E. ellisi. Eponides jrigidus cali dus. Ouinqueloculina semi nulum. Entosolenia laevigata. N onion pauciloculum I albiumb£licatum. Patellina corrugata. Sand, medium, light yel None ______lowish-brown. 21-103 Magothy(?) for- _____ do ______Clay, light-gray, silty, and ____ do ______21 1 -105 Top of Magothy(?) for mation. fine sand. mation. I CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION Sections of the core were examined at 6-inch inter EVIDENCE FROM WELL SAMPLES vals, and a total of 15 samples were obtained. The method of washing and concentrating was similar to A core 7 feet long, taken with a rotary wire-line core that described above, except that 2 additional sieves barrel in well 86409, was studied in detail. This core were used, 80- and 325-mesh. This resulted in better represents the lower 7 feet of a clay zone about 15 sorting and henee a more accurate systematic search. feet thick, extending from 77 to 92 feet below sea level. Eaeh sieve sample was examined separately on a search FORAMINIFERA AND ORIGIN OF GARDINERS CLAY, LONG ISLAND, N. Y. 155 plate with numbered squares, and the abundance of two other wells in the area, 86434 and 86436, similar each species was noted. diatom species were the only microfossils found in the The core is a blue-gray sandy silty clay that is green clay. In well 86459 only a few very small specimens when wet. It contains much finely divided muscovite of one diaton1 species were found. The clay in another and silt-sized quartz grains, a great deal of woody and well, 86460, contains only foraminifers, and in still fibrous plant material, and some small frag1nents of another, 85140T, only 2 feet of a 30-foot fossiliferous hard black lignitized plant material. At the base of zone.eontains diatoms. the core is a few inches of hard, tightly packed brown It would see1n, therefore, that the foraminifers and pea.tlike plant matter. diatoms were not always favored by the same environ There are various microfossils in this clay core. ment. The question is, What type of environment, Figure 17 shows how the comparative abundance of what set of conditions, suited one group and not the the more common forn1s varies with d,~pth in the clay. other? Environmental changes of some sort are indicated near Under conditions of very shallow water deposition a the top of the core and between 4 and 6 feet. Inas change in depth of water would not in itself affect the much as Foraminifera throughout the core suggest faunal assemblage, but the possible environmental depositiun in very shallow water (Parker, 1948, p. 221), changes due to a slight fluctuation of sea level probably one might expect that some changes occurred in the would have great influence on the paleontology and environment during deposition, with perhaps an ac lithology of the sediment. Such a small absolute companying change in the microfauna. change of sea level in the littoral zone would result in The uppermost part of the core contains numerous a large relative change, possibly affecting currents, diatoms but no other microfossils. The same diatom salinity, and temperature, which would change that species are found associated with the foraminifers and area of deposition exposed between high and low tides. other microfossils throughout the rest of the core. In A ehange in currents and in the position of the tidal Top of core Diatoms ool y .. ~ ( \ 2 I I 3 \ I \ I 4 ~ SCALE Number of specimens 5 I I More than 100, very ·abundant c:=J ' 50-100, abundant D 6 25- 50, oomerous 0 5-25, common - I ( Less than 5, rare 7 \ I Elphidium Nonian Rotalia QuiTIIJueloculirut PELECYPODS GASTROPODS floreminae pauciloculum beccarii seminula albiumbiliccuum tepida FIGURE 17.-Relative abundance of microfossils in well 86409. 156 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY zone would result in variable deposition. Such deposi the streams emptying into this Pleistocene bay, possibly tion is suggested by the lithologic changes in the clay during flood stages, or perhaps a more vigorous advance underlying the Brookhaven area. For example, there of the ocean through a break in the bar, might very are unfossiliferous lenses of sand in wells S6456 and well lead to deposition of a gravel-clay mixture in the 86457; coarse sand and gravel mixed with unfossilif quiet waters of the bay. erous clay in wells S6434, S6456, S6459, and S6460; With the numerous small streams now flowing into and much peaty material in wells S6456 and 86409. Great South Bay and with its· ocean inlets, one might Vegetal matter was rare in the other wells. expect bottom conditions similar to those of Gardiners However, the fossiliferous clay sections of the time. Previous studies have shown that the salinity Brookhaven wells are quite similar lithologically, all of Great South Bay is not uniform. The chloride consisting of sandy and silty clay, but, as stated content ranges from 6,000 ppm in the eastern end of above, some have different microfossil assemblages. the Bay to 17,000 ppm in the western end near the This might suggest that the microfossils are found only Fire Island Inlet (Whipple, 1912, p. 474-490). in the finer textured zones of the clay, but in well S5140T there are both sand and clay zones that contain EVIDENCE FROM DREDGED SAMPLES a fossil fauna similar to that of well S6409. Although Samples were dredged from several locations in the bottom conditions changed during deposition of the Patchogue Bay area of Great South Bay. The chloride clay, some uniform clay beds contain different micro content of the water in this area is about 11,600 ppm, fossil assemblages, and, on the other hand, some sand whereas in the open ocean it is 19,000. to 20,000 ppm. beds and some clay beds contain similar microfossil A bottom sample taken 1 mile off the Patchogue assemblages-a point which indicates that the occur shore, in 9 feet of brackish water, consisted of a soft rence of the various microfossils was not governed dark-gray mud containing a microfauna strikingly primarily by differences in the type of sediment. similar to that of the Gardiners clay. The Forami Another factor to be considered as a cause of changing nifera predominant in both are Elphidium clavatum, biofacies is that of variation in salinity. The foram E. jlorentinae, Rotalia beccarii tepida, Nonion pau iniferal assembl~ge, with Elphidium, Rotalia, and ciloculum albiumbilicatum, and Eponidesjrigidus calidus. Nonion the most abundant genera, suggests a brackish The main difference between the Recent and Pleistocene water environment (Glaessner, 1947, p. 190-191). foraminiferal faunas is the presence of arenaceous Other Foraminifera in the fossiliferous sediments of Foraminifera in the Recent material. It has long been the Brookhaven area that have been found occasionally thought that arenaceous Foraminifera prefer a cold in water of low salinity are Eponides jrigidus, Quin water environment. However, to assume on this basis queloculina, Fissurina, and Discorbis. Another indi that the climate during Gardiners time was warmer cation of low salinity is the presence of some specimens than that of the present is highly speculative. of Pinnularia major, a fresh-water diatom. However, The Gardiners clay and the Recent mud of Great there are also some specimens of a typical marine South Bay contain many similar diatom species also. pelagic foraminifer, Globigerina bulloides, in the clay. Although a complete study was not made of the d~a These fossils would seem to indicate a brackish lagoonal toms, such genera as Campylodiscus, Triceratium, or bay area, influenced both by fresh-water streams Coscinodiscus, and Auliscus were recognized in both · and by some access to ·the open ocean. deposits. One verynoticeable difference in the diatom The Brookhaven area during Gardiners time was faunas is the abundance of Pleurosigma in the Recent principally one of clay deposition. However, the sand material and its absence from the Pleistocene clay. and gravel in some zones of the clay indicate that Some bottom samples were taken from Patchogue coarser material, presumably derived locally, was Creek, a small estuary modified by dredging, which occasionally swept into the quiet waters. This type has a chloride content of 9,800 ppm, and from several of sedimentation in shallow, probably brackish, water locations in Long Island Sound where the chloride also suggests a bay or lagoonal deposit perhaps some content is 18,500 ppm. what similar to those in the bays protected by the Foraminifera are very scarce in Patchogue Creek. offshore bar on the present south shore of Long Island. Only five specimens of Elphidium clavatum, two of The formation of an offshore bar during Gardiners Nonion, one of Eponides jrigidus calidus, and two of time is compatible with the theory that an interglacial arenaceous Foraminifera were found in this sample. sea rose along a gently shelving coast, conditions that AU these specimens are small and have indistinct are very favorable to the formation of bars and related characters. Diatoms, however, are numerous in this depositional features. dredge sample. Because the creek is highly polluted, An occasional increase in the transporting power of it is difficult to determine whether the paucity of FORAMINIFERA AND ORIGIN OF GARDINERS CLAY, LONG ISLAND, N. Y. 157 Foraminifera is due to the pollution or to their being and the same currents probably scour some of the less tolerant than diatoms of water of this salinity. previously deposited mud from the bottom and locally Among the common diatoms in this sample are Oam replace it with sand. Waves sweep across the barrier pylodiscus, Ooscinodiscus, Triceratium, and Pinnularia beach and form new inlets during heavy storms. At major, a fresh-water diatom species rarely present in such times it is reasonable to expect major local changes the Gardiners clay fauna. in the nature of the bottom of the bay. A thoroughly systematic dredging program was not If the Gardiners clay in eastern Long Island was attempted in Long Island Sound. Two small areas were deposited under conditions similar to those existing in sampled, one extending from Herod Point half a mile Great South Bay, similar variations in the deposits, offshore and the other from Baiting Hollow to a point particularly in the lenses of sand, are to be expected a mile offshore. Between Herod Point and Baiting in the Gardiners clay. Hollow, in an area that extends from a few feet to half a mile offshore, there is a sand bottom at depths CONCLUSIONS from 10 to 25 feet. The most abundant foraminifer in 1. The Gardiners clay in the Brookhaven area, this zone is a species of Elphidium that is not found in a Pleistocene interglacial clay, is variable in its thick the Gardiners clay. Other microfossils in this zone are ness, lithology, and fossil content-indicating some present in the Gardiners clay: Eponides frigid us calidus, environmental changes during deposition. Quinqueloculina seminula, Globulina glacialis, a few 2. The clay, therefore, probably does not constitute immature Elphidium jlorentinae, and a few diatom spe complete hydraulic seal between the water-table cies. Arenaceous Foraminifera were found in all the a aquifer and the underlying Cretaceous aquifers except samples dredged from the sound. in localized areas. One sample was dredged 1 mile off Baiting Hollow, 3. The foraminiferal assemblage in the Gardiners where the depth to the mud bottom is 60 feet. Elphi clay is very similar to that of the mud at the bottom dium jlorentinae and Eponides frigidus calidus are of Great South Bay at present and is therefore in abundant, and Elphidium clavatum is fairly common. dicative of shallow-water, probably brackish-water, Ooscinodiscus, Trice1atium, and Auliscus are among the deposition. diatom genera found in this sample. 4. The fauna, gravel-clay mixtures found in some The abundance of Elphidium jlorentinae and Eponides wells, and the probable type of Pleistocene seacoast frigidus calidus in both the fairly deep water of Long during Gardiners time all indicate deposition in a bay Island Sound and the shallow water of Great South or lagoonal area protected by an offshore bar. Bay is some indication of the degree of tolerance these 5. The Recent foraminiferal fauna of Great South forms have for variations of depth and salinity. · Both Bay differs from that of the Gardiners clay mainly in locations have mud bottoms, but neither of the Foram the presence of arenaceous Foraminifera. This may inifera is restricted to a mud-bottom environment. indicate that the climate during Gardiners time was Eponides frigidus calidus is found in samples dredged warmer than that of the present, but more investi from a sandy bottom in the sound, and Elphidium gation is necessary before definite conclusions can jlorentinae is present in some sandy zones of the Gardi be drawn. ners clay. To summarize the results of the dredging in waters .SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS near the Brookhaven area, the sample that contained a FORAMINIFERA microfossil assemblage most similar to that of the Gardiners clay was dredged from the shallow brackish Family NONIONIDAE water of Great South Bay. This similarity of fossil Genus NONION Montfort, 1808 assemblages is the most convincing evidence for the theory that the Gardiners clay was deposited in an Nonion pauciloculum albiumbilicatum Weiss, n. subsp. environment not unlike that of the present Great Plate 32, fj.gures 1, 2 South Bay. The bay lies between the mainland of Long Island Test small, bilaterally symmetrical, compressed, and a barrier beach on the south. The barrier beach is periphery rounded, margin entire or very slightly continually changing in shape and extent. There is lobulate, biumbilicate, umbilical regions very finely slow migration of the inlets as sand is deposited on papillate with minute granules of shell material ex one side of an inlet and eroded on the other. Tidal tending along sutures and on apertural face, and currents carry sand an apprecittble distance through covering first chamber of last whorl. Papillose areas these inlets and deposit it on the bottom of the bay, whiter than rest of wall material, giving test a dis- 158 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY tinctive appearance. Chambers few, 7 to 9 in last inates in the foraminiferal assemblage and shows a formed whorl, slightly inflated, distinct; sutures dis tremendous amount of variation in certain species. tinct, slightly curved, depressed, limbate, wide in Cushman (1944) further states: umbilical region, gradually tapering towards periphery. For the most part the different forms are usually found in the Wall calcareous hyaline, smooth, transparent, coarsely colder waters l\IOrth of Cape Cod or in the warmer waters to the perforate. Aperture not -visible in last chamber, but south, thus seeming to show that they are probably not simply short slightly curved slit may be seen at base of pen variants. An attempt has been made to assign specific names ultimate septal face with minute ridges fanning out to some of the more common and best characterized forms. from aperture. Altogether, four species of Elphidium are represented Diameter as much as 0.35 mm, thickness as much as in the Gardiners clay in the Brookhaven region. These 0.15 mm. are Elphidium incertum, E. jlorentinae, $. clavatum, and E. ellisi, n. sp. The writer is of the opinion, however, Nonion cf. N, labradoricum (Dawson) that most of the specimens of Elphidium in the Gar Plate 32, figure 3 diners clay, and perhaps those of the New England waters, are variants of one species, E. clm,atum. The Nonion labradoricum (Dawson). Cushman, 1939, U. S. Geol. variations are probably due to slight changes in environ Survey Prof. Paper 191, p. 23. Cushman, 1944, Special Pub. 12, Cushman Lab. Foram. ment. Cushman (1944) stated that his Elpkidium Research, p. 24, pl. 3, fig. 23. incertum (Williamson) var. clavatum was more common Cushman, 1948, Special Pub. 23, Cushman Lab. Foram. in theN ew England waters than the typical E. incertum. Research, p. 52, pl. 6, fig. 2. This condition also prevails in the Gardiners clay as Test small, completely involute, umbilical regions semblage where E. clavatum shows a great range of depressed, margin entire except last 2 to 3 chambers characters. Examination of the literature has re slightly lobulate, periphery rounded; chambers as vealed that other authors have also found extreme varia numerous as 10 in last whorl, indistinct in early stages, tion in this form (Voorthuysen, 1949, p. 63; Brady, slightly inflated, in apertural view widening rapidly 1884, p. 734; and Sidebotton1, 1909, p. 14). toward axis of coiling; early sutures indistinct, later Elphidium clavatum differs from E. incertum in having ones slightly depressed ·and curved·; wall calcareous a number of larg·e distinct bosses in the umbilical region. hyaline, perforate: aperture a thin arched slit at base It is the size and distribution of these bosses on the of last septal face. test and the degree of opacity of the test (both results Diameter as much as 0.36 mm. of superficial deposition) that are the major variables Common in some sections of the Gardiners clay, rare within the group of E. clavatum in the Gardiners clay. or absent in others. On this basis, it seems that the group comprises two 'forn1s: Genus NONIONELLA Cushman, 1926 One form contains individuals with white opaque tests, indistinct sutures, and numerous irregularly ar- N onionella sp. ranged bosses confined mainly to the umbilical region. Plate 32, figure 4 This is the form in which n10st of the variation occurs. The opacity appears to be due to deposition of shell Typical Nonionella, involute on one side, slightly material that obscures the characters of the test and evolute on other, with chambers rapidly iucreasing in variously ornaments the shell. height. As only one specimen was found and the last The second form includes specimens with yellowish chamber (and perhaps even more) of this specimen brown commonly translucent tests, also with irregu was missing, no attempt at specific identification was larly arranged bosses in the umbilical region, but, in made. the fully matured form, with a definite row of bosses Genus ELPHIDIUM Montfort, 1808 filling in the pores along the sutures. Shupack's species Elphidium florentinae falls in this group (Shu Cushman (1944, p. 25) states that Elphidium is pack, 1934). The most common genus in t.he New England material and That these forms are related ca,n be shown in three there are either many species or else a great amount of variation. ways. First, by breaking away some of the chambers It would make a good problem for someone to make cultures of of the opaque specimens belonging in the first form, some of these forms and determine what the limits of variation the young stage of the second form can be seen-the really are. brownish translucent test with limbate sutures of clear The writer has found a similar situation in the forms shell material. Second, intermediate individuals, such in the Gardiners clay. The genus Elphidium predom- as large opaque specimens with bosses along the sutures,. FORAMINIFERA AND ORIGIN OF GARDINERS CLAY, LONG ISLAND, N. Y. 159 or young translucent individuals with a tendency Polystomella striato-punctata (Fichtel and Moll) var. incerta towards opacity, show the transition from one stage to Kiaer, 1900, Norwegian Fishery and Mari_ne Inv. Rept., v. 1, no. 7, p. 51, Kristiana. another. Finally, thin sections show no internal differ Elphidiurn incerturn (Williamson). Cushman, 1930, U. S. Natl. ence between the two forms. Obviously the difference Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, p. 18, pl. 7, figs. 4-9. between the forms is due to superficial deposition. Shupack, 1934, Am. Mus. Novitates 737, p. 12, figs. lOa, b. Because the variation in the Elphidium clavatum Cushman, 1939, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 191, p. 57, group is so great, it appears best to follow Shupack's pl. 15, figs. 21-24. Cushman, 1944, Special Pub. 12, Cushman Lab. Foram. example in giving specific rank to E. clavatum. The Research, p. 25, pl. 3, figs. 28-31. second form of the E. clavatum group is so distinctive Cushman, 1948, Special Pub. 23, Cushman Lab. Foram. and so predominant in the Pleistocene and Recent of Research, p. 56, pl. 6, fig. 7. Long Island that it deserves to be differentiated. In Test small, bilaterally symmetrical, compressed, asmuch as Shupack's Elphidium florentinae is repre periphery rounded, margin entire or with last few sentative of this form, it seems best to retain the name chambers slightly lobulate, umbilical region slightly E. florentinae for it. raised owing to a single boss or knob. of shell material. Elphidium(1) ellisi Weiss, n. sp. Chambers few, commonly nine in last whorl, slightly, if at all, inflated, distinct; sutures distinct, depressed, Plate 32, figures 5, 6 narrow, slitlike near umbilical region, with a single row Test small, slightly longer than broad, compressed, of indistinct retral processes. Aperture a row of large periphery rounded, margin entire except last 3 or 4 pores at base of last septal face. chambers slightly lobulate, umbilical regions with a This species is most similar in appearance to Cush large boss of clear calcite, often slightly raised. Cham man's Elphid1~um 1'ncertum from Casco Bay, Maine bers numerous, 14 to 16 in last whorl, very slightly (Recent). inflated, distinct. Sutures distinct, straight to very Diameter as much as 0.35 mm, thickness as much as slightly curved, early sutures limbate, flush with surface 0.15 mm. of test., last 3 or 4 sutures depressed and show character Elphidium florentinae Shupack istic s~~ptal pores, about 5 on each side of test. Owing Plate 32, figures 8-11 to difference in length of alar prolongations, last septal face is slightly canted in apertural view, giving test a Elphidium florentinae Shupack, 1934, Am. Mus. N ovitates 737, somewhat asymmetrical appearance. Species tends to p. 9, pl., figs. 5a, b. become slightly evolute-more so on side of test where Elphidiurn brooklynense Shupack, ibid., p. 10, _pl., figs. 7a, b. Elphidium incertum (Williamson) var. clavatum Cushman. shorter alar prolongations do not extend to umbilical Voorthuvsen 1949 ~ederlandsch Geol.-Mijnb. Genoot. boss-and the first few chambers of the previous whorl Verh. G~ol. ~er., D~el 15, stuk 1, p. 65, pl., figs. 4b, c. may be seen. Where umbilical area is raised, a slight Test bilaterally symmetrical, compressed, periphery depression or trench on both sides of test between the rounded margin entire except last 3 chambers slightly end of the chambers and the large boss is often present. lobulate: umbilical regions flush or slightly raised owing Wall ealcareous hyaline, smooth, coarsely perforate. to numerous irregularly arranged bosses of clear shell Aperture a row of small pores at base of last septal face, material. Chambers 10 to 13 in last formed whorl, often with a few supplementary pores on septal face usually 10 to 11, slightly, if at all, inflated, distinct; itself. sutures distinct, straight to slightly curved, limbate, In general appearance, this species is similar to Nonion well marked bv bosses of clear shell rna terial filling chapapotense Cole in possessing the large central boss in pores, except for first few sutures of las~ whorl that and the grooved area between the boss and the inner are filled with smooth bands of clear calcite, and last ends of the chambers. However, the presence of septal 2 or 3 sutures that show a single row of indistinct retral pores and the characteristic aperture suggest that this processes. Sutural bosses less distinct on smal~er, form be placed in the genus Elphidium. immature forms, and, although the number varies, Length as much as 0.32 mm, breadth as much as 0.24 about half the early sutures on young forms are limbate mm, thickness as much as 0.12 mm. and filled with cle~r calcite. Wall calcareous hyaline, Elphidium incertum (Williamson) smooth finelv perforate, generally yellow-brown. Ap erture ~row ~f pores at base of last septal face, with a Plate 32, figure 7 series of ridges bordering pores and extending along first chamber of last whorl. When specimen is sec Polystornella umbilicatula (Walker and Jacob) var. incerta Wil liamson, 1858, Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain, tioned or cut in to, these ridges can also be seen along p .. 44, pl. 3, figs. 82, 82a. peripheral edge of preceding whorl. 160 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY Diameter, 0.40 to 0.60 mm, thickness, 0.20 to 0.30 Genus EPONIDES Montfort, 1808 mm. Eponides frigidus calidus Cushman and Cole Elphidium clavatum Cushman Plate 33, figure 2 Plate 32, figures 12-14 Eponides frigida (Cushman) var. calida Cushman and Cole, Elpht"dium incertum (Williamson) var. clavatum Cushman, 1930, 1930, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Research, v. 6, p. 98, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, p. 20, pl. 7, figs. lOa, b. pl. 13, fig. 13. Cushman, 1939, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 191, p. 57, Cushman, 1944, Special Pub. 12, Cushman Lab. Foram. pl. 16, figs. 1, 2. Research, p. 34, pl. 4, figs. 19, 20. Cushman, 1944, Special Pub. 12, Cushman Lab. Foram. Test small, biconvex, more so on dorsal than on Research, p. 25, pl. 3, figs. 32, 33. ventral side; 6 to 7 chambers in last whorl; peripheral Cushman, 1948, Special Pub. 23, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research, p. 57, pl. 6, fig. 8. margin rounded, slightly lobulate; dorsal sutures oblique, slightly depressed, distinct; ventral sutures Test small, bilaterally symmetrical, periphery distinct, depressed, slightly curved, radial, limbate, rounded, margin entire or very slightly lobulate, more filled with finely papillate white shelL material also so in last few chambers; umbilical regions flush or covering umbilical region and apertural area. W'all slightly raised owing to numerous, irregularly arranged calcareous hyaline, perforate. bosses, some opaque and others of clear shell material: Diameter as much as 0.40 rilm. chambers few, commonly less than 10 in last formed Abundant in some sections of the Gardiners clay, whorl, slightly, if at all inflated, indistinct; sutures rare or absent in others. generally indistinct, narrow and depressed as in El phidium incertum in some specimens, flush and limbate Genus DISCORBIS Lamarck, 1804 in others, and rarely with a few indistinct bosses along some sutures. Many specimens combine two or all Disc orbis glo bularis ( d' Orbigny) three conditions. Retral processes few, and usually Plate 33, figure 3 can only be seen along last or next to last suture. Wall calcareous, perforate, with various degrees of opacity, Rosalina globularis d'Orbigny, 1826, Annales sci. nat., ser. Jere, tome 7, p. 271, pl. 13, figs. 1-4, Pads. white to yellowish-brown. Aperture a row of pores at Discorbis globulan's (d'Orbigny). Cushman, 1915, U. S. Natl. base of last septal face, a few specimens with pores on Mus. Bull. 71, pt. 5, p. 11-12, pl. 9, fig. 4; pl. 12, figs. 10, septal face itself, and with faint ridges bordering pores 11. and extending along first chamber of previous whorl. Cushman, 1948, Special Pub. 23, 9ushman Lab. Foram. Diameter as much as 0.65 mm, thickness as much as Research, p. 68, pl. 7, fig. 12. 0.35mm. Test small, planoconvex, ventral side flattened; Family ROTALIIDAE chambers distinct, commonly five. in last whorl, with ventral flap partly covering umbilical region; sutures Genus ROTALIA Lamarck, 1804 slightly depressed and slightly curved; wall calcareous Rotalia beccarii tepida Cushman hyaline, perforate; aperture at base of last septal face, extending toward ventral side of test, often with a lip. Plate 33, figure 1 Diameter as much as 0.32 mm. Rotalia beccarii (Linne) var. tepida Cushman, 1926, Carnegie Rare. Inst. Pub. 344 (Dept. Marine Biology Papers, v. 23), p. 79. Genus PATELLINA Williamson, 1858 Test small, biconvex, dorsal side slightly more so than Patellina corrugata Williamson ventral, as many as 10 chambers in last whorl; periph eral margin .rounded, slightly lobulate; sutures lim bate Plate 33, figure 4 on dorsal side, depressed on ventral; ventral chambers Patellina corrugata Williamson, 1858, Royal Soc. London, pl. 3, end in angular points in umbilical region;wall calcareous figs. 86-89, 89a. hyaline, perforate; aperture a narrow slit beneath inner Cushman, 1948, Special Pub. 23, Cushman Lab. Foram. angle of last formed chamber, often supplemented by a Research, p. 67-68, pl. 7, fig. 11. small nearly circular opening at base of last septal face. Test small, dorsal side conical, ventral flat, long The Gardiners clay specimens of this variety closely crescentic chambers divided into chamberlets by short agree with Cushman's original description except that internal radial septa; wall calcareous hyaline, perforate, Cushman's forms have 6 to 7 chambers in the final thin; aperture elongate, at base of ventral side of last whorl. chamber. Diameter as much as 0.35 mm. Diameter as much as 0.25 mm. Abundant. Rare. FORAMINIFERA AND ORIGIN OF GARDINERS CLAY, LONG ISLAND, N. Y. 161 Family GLOBIGERINIDAE Genus FISSURINA Reuss, 1850 Genus GLOBIGERINA d'Orbigny, 1826 Fissurina laevigata Reuss Globigerina bulloides d'Orbigny Plate 33, figure 8 Reuss, 1850, K. Akad. Wiss., Vienna, Math. Plate 33, figure 5 Fissurina laevigata naturh. Denkschr., Band 1, p. 366, pl. 46, fig. 1. Lagena laevigata (Reuss), Terrigi, 1880, Accad. pont. nuovi Lincei Globigerina bulloides d'Orbigny, 1826, Annales sci. nat., ser. Jlere, tome 7, p. 277, Paris; Modeles, nos. 17 and 76. Atti, v. 33, p. 177-178, pl. 1, fig. 6, Rome. Entosolenia laevigata (Reuss). Cushman and McGlamery, 1942, Test small, umbilicate, early chambers in trochoid U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 197-B, p. 70, pl. 5, figs. spire; chambers round, inflated, four in last whorl; 19-21. wall cnlcareous hyaline, coarsely perforate; aperture Cushman, 1944, Special Pub. 12, Cushman Lab. Foram. large, round, opening into umbilicus. Research, p. 28, pl. 4, fig. 12. Cushman, 1948, Special Pub. 23, Cushman Lab. Foram. The Gardiners clay specimens of Globigerina bulloides Research, p. 63, pl. 7, fig. 4. are smaller than d'Orbigny's type specimen. Test small, unilocular, pyriform; wall calcareous Dian1eter 0.17 mm. hyaline, perforate, opaque except for lateral band of Rare. clear shell material; aperture fissurine, with short Family BULIMINIDAE internal tube. Genus BULIMINA d'Orbigny, 1826 Cushman's specimens reported in his Special Pub lication 23 on Arctic Foraminifera are identical in all Bulimina exilis H. B. Brady respects except that they are as much as 1.0 mm long. Plate 33, figure 6 Common. Fissurina marginata (Montagu) Bulimina elegans d'Orbigny var. exilis H .. B. Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept, Zoology, v. 9, p. 399, pl. 50, figs. 5, 6. Plate 33, figure 9 Bulimina exilis H. B. Brady. Cushman and Parker, 1940, Vermiculum marginatum Montagu, 1803, Testacea Britannica, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Research, v. 16, pt. 1, p. 524, pl. 1, fig. 7. p. 11-12, pl. 2., figs. 18a, b, 19-21. Entosolenia marginata (Montagu). ·williamson, 1848, Annals Cushman, 1948, Special Pub. 23, Cushman Lab. Foram. and Mag. Nat. History, ser. 2, v. 1, p. 17, pl. 2, figs. 15, Research, p. 62, pl. 7, fig. 1. 16. Test small in loose, elongate, spiral coil, greatest Cushman, 1948, Special Pub. 23, Cushman Lab. Foram. width near middle; chambers inflated, elongate, dis Research, p. 65, pl. 7, fig. 7. tinct; sutures distinct, depressed; wall calcareous Test small, unilocular, subrounded; wall calcareous hyaline:, perforate; aperture a high narrow arch ex hyaline, perforate; aperture .fissurine, with a long, tending from top of last chamber down into last septal expanding internal tube. face. Length 0.18 mm. Length as much as 0.31 mm. Only one specimen was found in the Gardiners clay Rare. - material. Genus BULIMINELLA Cushman, 1911 Family MILIOLIDAE Buliminella elegantissima (d' Orbigny) Genus QUINQUELOCULINA d'Orbigny, 1826 Plate 33, figure 7 Quinqueloculina seminulum (Linne) Bulimina elegantissima d'Orbigny, 1839, Voyage dans I' Amerique Plate 33, figure 11 mc~ridionale, tome 5, pt. 5, Foraminifl'I'es, p. 54, pl. 7, Serpula seminulum Linne, 1767, Systema Naturae, 12th ed., figs. 13, 14. p. 1264. BulimineUa elegantissima (d'Orbigny). Cushman, 1919, U. S. Quinqueloculina seminulum (Linne). d'Orbigny, 1826, Annales Nu.tl. Mus. Proc., v. 56, no. 2302, p. 606. sci. nat.; ser. 1ere, tome 7, p. 303, Paris. Cushman, 1944, Special Pub. 12, Cushman Lab. Foram. Quinqueloculina seminula (Linne). Cushman, 1944, Special Research, p. 27, pl. 3, figs. 43, 44. Pub. 12, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research, p. 13, pl. 2, Test small, elongate, in a close spire; chambers fig. 14. commonly four to a whorl, compressed, distinct; sutures Cushman, 1948, Special Pub. 23, Cushman Lab. Foram. distinct, depressed; wall calcareous hyaline, perforate; Research, p. 34-35, pl. 3, figs. 14, 15. aperture virguline, in depression between base of last Test small, typical quinqueloculine coil with chambers septal face and preceding whorl. added successively in planes 144 ° apart but each Length as much as 0.16 mm. chamber 72° from· its next adjacent one; chambers Rare. half a coil in length, distinct; sutures distinct, de- 162 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY pressed; wall calcareous porcellaneous, imperforate, Cushman, 1944, Special Pub. 12, Cushman Lab. Foram. thick; aperture large, at end of last chamber, rounded, Research, p. 23, pl. 3, figs. 12-14. simple, some with a simple tooth. Test elongate, compressed, tapering at both ends; Length as much as 0.40 mm, breadth as much as chan1ber slightly if at all inflated, longer than broad, 0.29 mm. embracing, early chambers nearly quinqueloculine, Numerous in some sections of the Gardiners clay, later becoming more or less biserial; sutures very rare or absent in others. slightly depressed, indistinct; wall calcareous hyaline, Quinqueloculina seminulum jugosa Cushman finely perforate, smooth; aperture terminal, round, and ·radiate. Plate 33, figure 10 This is the largest species of Foraminifera in the Ouinqueloculina seminula (Linne) var. jugosa Cushman, 1944, Gardiners clay assemblage. · Special Pub. 12, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research, p. Length as much as 1.48 mm, breadth as much as 13-14, pl. 2, fig. 15. 0.65 mm. This variety differs from the species in possessing . Rare. faint costae. LITERATURE CITED Rare. Brady, H. B., 1884., Report on the scientific results of the voyage Family POLYMORPHINIDAE of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-76, Zoology, Genus GLOBULINA d'Orbigny, 1839 v. 9. Cushman, J. A., 1944, Foraminifera from the shallow water of Globulina glacialis Cushman and Ozawa the New England coast: Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 12, 37 p. Plate 33, figure 12 deLaguna, Wallace, and Perlmutter, N. M., 1949, Basic geologic Glob1tlina glacialis Cushman and Ozawa, 1930, U. S. Natl. Mus. data, in Mapping of geologic formations and aquifers of Proc., v. 77, no. 2829, art. 6, p. 71, pl. 15, figs. 6, 7. Long Island, N. Y.: N. Y. Dept. Conserv. Water Power Cushman, 1948, Special Pub. 23, Cushman Lab. Foram. and Control Comm. Bull. GW-18, pt. 1, p. 3-138. Research p. 50-51, pl. 5, figs. 15, 16. Fuller, M. L., 1914, The geology of Long Island, N. Y.: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 82. Test, small, pyriform, appearing somewhat quin Glaessner, M. F., 1947, Principles of micropaleontology: New queloculine in side view and triserial in apertural view; York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. chambers elongate, slightly inflated, distinct; sutures Parker, F. L., 1948, Foraminifera of the continental shelf from distinct, depressed; wall calcareous hyaline, perforate, the Gulf of Maine to Maryland: Harvard Coll., Mus. Comp. Zoology Bull. v. 100, no. 2, p. 214-241. thin; aperture terminal, round, and radiate. Shupack, Benjamin, 1934, Some Foraminifera from western Length as much as 0.28 mm, breadth as much as Long Island and New York Harbor: Am. Mus. Novitates 0.16 mm. 737. Rare. Sidebottom, Henry, 1909, Report on the Recent Foraminifera from the coast of the Island of Delos (Grecian Archipelago), Genus PSEUDOPOLYMORPHINA Cushman and Ozawa, 1928 part 6 (Conclusion): Manchester Lit. Philos. Soc. Mem. and Proc., v. 53, no. 21, 32 p. Pseudopolymorphina novangliae (Cushman) Voorthuysen, J. H. van, 1949, Foraminifera of the Icenian (old Plate 33, figure 13 est marine Pleistocene) of the Netherlands: Nederlandsch Geol.-Mijnb. Genoot., Verh. Geol. ser., Deel 15, stuk 1, p. Polyrnorphina lactea (Walker and Jacob) var. novangh:ae Cush 63-69. man, 1928, U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 104, p. 146-147, pl. 39, Whipple, G. C., 1912, Effect of diversion of Suffolk County figs. 6--8. ground water upon oyster industry in the Great South Bay: Pseudopolyrnorphina novangliae (Cushman). Cushman and Long Island sources-an additional supply of water for the Ozawa, 1930, U. S. Natl. Mus. Proc., v. 77, no. 2829, city of New York: Board of Water Supply of the city art. 6, p. 9o--91, pl. 23, figs. 1, 2. of New York, v. 2, app. 12, p. 474-490. • INDEX ·[Italic numbers indicate descriptions] Page Page Acknowledgments------_------______145 jugosa, Quinqueloculina seminulum ______------149, 162, pl. 33 albiumbilicatum, Nonion pauciloculum_ ------149,153,154,155,156,157, pl. 32 labra,doricum, Non ion ____ ------149, 158, pl. 32 Auliscu:r ______------______156, 157 laevigata, Fissurina ___ ------149,154,161, pl. 33 beccarii tepida, Rotalia ______149, 154, 155, 156,160, pl. 33 Lauman, C. W., & Co., Inc., wells driven______148 Brookhaven National Laboratory, description of samples from wells in Layne-New York Co., Inc., wells driven __ ------148 vicinity ______149-154 Long Island Sound, chloride content from locations______156 Bulimina exilis __ ------______149, 152, 161, pl. 33 Buliminella elegantissima ______149, 161, pl. 33 Magothy(?) formation .. ______------143, 145, 148 bulloides, Globigerina ______149,156,161, pl. 33 samples and cores ______------149-154 major, Pinnularia ______------156,157 calidus, Eponides frigid us_ .. ______152, 153, 154, 156, 157,160, pl. 33 Manhasset formation ______------146,148 Campylodiscus ______156, 157 Hempstead gravel member______146 chapapotense, Non ion ______------______159 Herod gravel member ______------146 clavatum, Elphidium ______143,149,152,154,156,157,158,159,160, pl. 32 Montauk till member ______------______------146 Conclusions. ______------______157 Mannetto gravel .. ______--- _____ ------145 corrugata, Patellina __------______154, 160, pl. 33 marginata, Fissurina ______-_- ______---·------161, pl. 33 Coscinod:iscus_ ------______156, 157 Mollusks ______------··----- 143.149,154 Cushman, J. A., quoted______158 Montauk till member, Manhasset formation______146 Diatoms ______143,149, 150, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157 Nonion ______-______··------156 Discorbil:______156 chapapotense~--- ______--- ______-··------159 globularis ______------______154,160, pl. 33 labradoricum ______149,158, pl.32 pauciloculum albiumbilicatum ______149,153,154,155, 156,157, pl. 32 elegantis1:ima, Buliminella ______149, 161, pl. 33 Nonionella SP------___ ------______: ______154,158, pl. 32 ellisi, Elphidium ______149, 152, 153, 154, 158,159, pl. 32 nova.ngliae, Pseudopolymorphina ______- ---- 153, 154, 162, pl. 33 Elphidiv..m ______156,158, 159 clavatum ______143, 149, 152, 154, 156, 157, 158,159,160, pl. 32 Ostracodes .. ______---.------143, 149 ellisi______------149, 152, 153,154,158,159, pl. 32 jlorentinae __------143, 149,152,154, 156, 157, 158,159, pl. 32 Patchogue Bay area, chloride content______------156 incertum ______------149, 152,153, 154, 158, 159, 160, pl. 32 Patchogue Creek, chloride content ______------.------156 Patel! ina corrugata ______154,160, pl. 33 Eponide~' frigid us __ ------______156 calid·us ______152, 153, 154, 156, 157, 160, pl. 33 pauciloculum albiumbilicatum, Non ion .. ------149,153,154,155,156,157, pl. 32 uilis, Bt!limina ______149, 152, 161, pl. 33 Pelecypods ______------154, 155 Pinnularia major ______------______------156, 157 Fissurinoz ______-~- ______156 Plant megaspores ______------149,151 laevi11ata .. ______149, 154, 161, pl. 33 Pleurosigma ______------___ ------156 marginata ______------___ 161, pl. 33 Pseudopolymorphina novangliae_ ------153,154,162, pl. 33 jlorentinae, Elphidium ______143, 149, 152,154,156, 157, 158,159, pl. 32 Purpose of study ______------143 frigidus, .Eponides ______156 calid~'1i8, Eponides _ ------______152,153, 154, 156, 157,160, pl. 33 Quinqueloculina .. ______---- ___ - ___ --- __ ------156 Fuller, M. L., cited ______146,148 seminulum .. ______149, 153, 1M, 155,157,161, pl. 33 jugosa~ ______149,162, pl. 33 Gardiners clay______143, 145-148, 156-157 evidence of environmental changes during deposition_------154-157 Riverhead Water District, samples from wells______146 samples and cores __ ------______149-1,54 Rotalia .. ______------156 Gastropods______155 f beccarii tepida ______------149, 154, 155, 156,160, pl. 33 Glacial outwash, samples and cores ______1*9-153 glacialis, Globulina .. ______153, 157, 162, pl. 33 seminulum, Qyinquelowlina ______149, 153, 154,155,157,161, pl. 33 Globigerina bulloides ______- _ 149, 156.161, pl. 33 jugosa, Quinqueloculina ______------__ ------149,162, pl. 33 globulari~·, Discorbis ______154, 160, pl. 33 Globulina glacialis------______153, 157,162, pl. 33 tepida, Rotalia beccariL------149,154,155,156,160, pl. 33 Great South Bay, chloride content-_------156 Tricerathtm ______- ______- __ ------156, 157 Hempstead gravel member, Manhasset formation_------146 ,Wells, cable-tool test, bailer and core samples------·------148 Herod gravel member, Manhasset formation______146 description of samples, vicinity of Brookhaven National Laboratory--- 149-154 incertum, Elphidium ______149,152,153,154,158,159,160, pl. 32 privately drilled, bailer samples------~------149 rotary-drill test, core samples______148 Jacob sartd ______------______------______146, 148 Wells, F. G., bailer samples examined------153 Jameco graveL_------______145-146 Wisconsin drift ___ ------_------146 163 PLATES 32, 33 PLATE 32 FIGURES 1, 2. Nonion pauciloculum albiumbilicatum \Veiss, n. subsp. (p. 157). la, b, side and peripheral views, X 100, of holotype, USNM 548852; well S6409, 19Q-205 feet. 2. Paratype, X 40, USNM 548853; well S6409, 19Q-205 feet. 3. Non ion cf. N. labradoricum (Dawson) (p. 158). Side and apertural views, X 100, USNM 548854; well S6409, 19Q-205 feet. 4. Nonionella sp. (p. 158). X 100, USNM 548871; well S5140T, 118-120 feet. 5, 6. Elphidium(?) ellisi Weiss n. sp. (p. 159). 5a, b, side and apertural views, X 100, of holotype; USNM 548855; well S6409, 19Q-205 feet. 6. Paratype, X 100, USNM 548856; well S6409, 19Q-205 feet. 7. Elphidium incertum (Williamson) (p. 159). Side and apertural views, X 100, USNM 548857; well S6409, 19Q-205 feet. 8-11. Elphidium jlorentinae Shupack (p. 159). 8. Adult, X 80, USNM 548858. 9, 10. Young forms, X 80, USNM 548859. 11. Umbilical region of adult showing bosses and pores by transmitted light, X 165. All specimens from well S6409, 19Q-205 feet. 12-14. Elphidium clavatum Cushman (p. 160). 12, 13. Young forms, X 80, USNM 548862. 14. Adult, X 80, USNM 548861. All specimens from well S6409, 190-205 feet. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY P l!OFESSIONAL PAPER 254 PLATE 32 NONIONIDAE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIO:-IAL PAPER 254 PLATE 33 ROTALITDAE, GLOBIGERlNWAE, BULIMINIDAE, MILIOLIDAE, A~D POLYMORPHINIDAE PLATE 33 FIGURE 1. Rotalia beccarii tepida Cushman (p. 160). Dorsal, ventral, and apertural views, X 100, USNM 548863; well .S6409, 19Q-205 feet. 2. Eponides frigidus calidus Cushman and Cole (p. 160). Dorsal and ventral views, X 100, USNM 548870; well 86460, 179-184 feet. 3. Discorbis globularis (d'Orbigny) (p. 160). Dorsal and ventral views, X 100; USNM 548872; well S5140T, 118-120 feet. 4. Patellina · corrugata Williamson (p. 160). X 100, USNM 548873; well S5140T, 126-133 feet. 5. Globigerina bulloide~ d'Orbigny (p. 161). Dorsal and ventral viewA, X 100; well S6409, 19Q-205 feet. 6. Bulimina exilis H. B. Brady (p. 161). X 100, USNM 548867; well 86409, 190-205 feet. 7. Buliminella elegantissima (d'Orbigny) (p. 161). Side views, X 100 and X 290 USNM 548866; well S6409, 190-205 feet. 8. Fissurina laevigata Reuss (p. 161). a, side view by transmitted light, X 240; b, edge view showing fissurine aperture, X 100, USNM 548865; well S6409, 19Q-205 feet. 9. Fissurina marginata (Montagu) (p. 161). Side view by transmitted light, X 240. 10. Quinqueloculina seminulum jugosa Cushman (p. 162). a, b, opposite sides; c, apertural view. All views X 100. USNM 548868; well 86409, 19Q-205 feet. 11. Quinqueloculina seminulum (Linne) (p. 161). a, b, opposite sides; c, apertural view. All views X 100. USNM 548869; well S6409, 19Q-205 feet. 12. Globulina glacialis Cushman and Ozawa (p. 162). • Side and apertural views, X 100, USNM 548874; well S151, 116-137 feet. 13. Pseudopolymorphina novangliae (Cushman) (p. 162). Opposite sides, X 40, USNM 548875; well S151, 116-137 feet. •