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Chapter 2 Tank Irrigation Systems PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/128000 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-11 and may be subject to change. Neglect and Restoration of Minor rrigation Tanks in Krishna District, India A local-level case study of motivation, capacity and partnership interventions Haranath Tadepally Maruthibala Publishers Neglect and Restoration of Minor Irrigation Tanks in Krishna District, India A local-level case study of motivation, capacity and partnership interventions Verwaarlozing en herstel van kleinschalige irrigatie in Krishna district, India Een case study over motivates, capaciteit en partnerschap interventies op dorpsniveau een wetenschappelijke proeve op het gebied van de Sociale Wetenschappen PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen volgens besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 30 augustus 1999 des namiddags om 3.30 uur door Haranath Tadepally geboren op 1 November 1956 in Tenali, Guntur, India Maruthibala Publishers, Nuzvid, India. Promotor: Prof. Dr. ir. W. T. de Groot Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. Dr. W.G. Wolters Prof. Dr. G. J. Huizer Dr. F. J. Schuurman This research has been sponsored by Oekumenisches Studienwerk e.V., Bochum, Germany. Neglect and Restoration of Minor Irrigation Tanks in Krishna District, India A local-level case study of motivation, capacity and partnership interventions A scientific essay in the Social Sciences Doctoral dissertation to obtain the degree of doctor from the University of Nijmegen according to the decision of the Council of Deans to be defended in public on Monday, 30th August 1999 at 3.30 pm by Haranath Tadepally born in Tenali, Guntur, India on 1st November, 1956. Maruthibala Publishers, Nuzvid, India. Promotor: Prof. Dr. ir. W. T. de Groot Manuscriptcommissie : Prof. Dr. W.G. Wolters Prof. Dr. G. J. Huizer Dr. F. J. Schuurman This research has been sponsored by Oekumenisches Studienwerk e.V., Bochum, Germany. Table of Contents List of Tables, Maps, Boxes and Figures χ Abbreviations xiii Glossary xvi Preface xxi A word of appreciation xxii 1 Research problem and structure of the study 1 1.1 Genesis of the study 1 1.2 Tank Irrigation and its present status in Andhra Pradesh 2 1.3 Research problem and research questions 8 1.4 Common property resources 8 1.5 Structure of the study 10 2 Tank irrigation systems 13 2.1 Introduction and structure of the chapter 13 2.2. Overview of Indian Agriculture 13 2.3 Trends in shifting technologies and practices 15 2.4 Major Vs Minor irrigation systems 16 2.5 Rainfall 19 2.6 Functions of tanks 21 2.7 Tank irrigation management 26 2.8 Conclusions 32 3 Tank irrigation in Andhra Pradesh, Krishna, Nuzvid and Agiripalli 35 3.1 Introduction and structure of the chapter 35 3.2 A glimpse of Andhra Pradesh 35 3.3 A glimpse of Krishna District 37 3.4 Nuzvid and Agiripalli 39 3.5 Tank irrigation in A.P., Krishna, Nuzvid and Agiripalli 45 3.6 Problems associated with tank irrigation management 52 4 Research methodology 55 4.1 Introduction and structure of the chapter 55 4.2 Data gathering 55 4.2.1 Interviews 56 4.2.2 Secondary data 57 4.2.3 Data gathering and intervention 58 4.3 Sampling 58 4.3.1 Study villages 58 4.3.2 Village-level respondents 59 4.3.3 Selection of interventions 60 ν 4.3.4 Supra-local respondents 61 4.4 Data analysis 61 An economic approach to the (non-) restoration of tanks 65 5.1 Introduction and structure of the chapter 65 5.2 Types of cost-benefit analysis 67 5.3 The Tank restoration process 68 5.3.1 Assumptions 69 5.4 The economics of tank restoration: the costs 71 5.4.1 Initial contacts, motivation, planning and resource mobilisation 71 5.4.2 Catchment treatment 71 5.4.3. Bed and bund treatment 74 5.4.4 Command area main channels 76 5.4.5 Supervision and monitoring 76 5.4.6 Audit and unforeseen expenditure 77 5.4.7 Some cost comparisons 77 5.5 The economics of tank desilting: the benefits 79 5.5.1 Carrying functions 79 5.5.2 Joint production functions 80 5.5.3 Natural production functions 83 5.5.4 Signification functions 86 5.5.5 Habitat functions: Second home for migratory birds 86 5.5.6 External functions: control of floods 87 5.6 Conclusions 87 5.6.1 The Panchayat level 87 5.6.2 The state/national level 87 5.6.3 Command Area Farmer level 89 5.6.4 Individual level and collective action 90 5.6.5 Bankability 90 The villages and their collective social capital 93 6.1 Introduction and structure of the chapter 93 6.2 The collective social capital 94 6.2.1 Social capital indicators 95 6.3 An overview of the study villages 97 6.4 Profiles and collective social capital of study villages 101 6.4.1 Devaragunta 102 6.4.2 Enamadala 105 6.4.3 Gogulampadu 109 6.4.4 Gollapalli 111 6.4.5 Kanasanapalli 116 6.4.6 Morsapudi 121 6.4.7 Mukkollupadu 123 6.4.8 Polasanipalli 127 VI 6.4.9 Rajavaram 131 6.4.10 Ramannagudem 133 6.4.11 Tadepally 138 6.4.12 Vadlamanu 140 6.5 Summary of collective social capital indicators 144 Social aspects of non-restoration 145 7.1 Introduction and structure of the chapter 145 7.2. Likert scale statement analysis 145 7.3 Village-level Likert scale averages analysis 146 7.3.1 Devaragunta 148 7.3.2 Enamadala 148 7.3.3 Gogulampadu 150 7.3.4 Gollapalli 150 7.3.5 Kanasanapalli 151 7.3.6 Morsapudi 152 7.3.7 Mukkollupadu 152 7.3.8 Polasanipalli 153 7.3.9 Rajavaram 153 7.3.10 Ramannagudem 154 7.3.11 Tadepally 154 7.3.12 Vadlamanu 155 7.3.13 Summary 155 7.4 Category-wise Likert scale statement analysis 156 7.4.1 Command Area Farmers (CAF) 156 7.4.2 Non-Command Area Farmers (NCAF) 156 7.4.3 Village Presidents 159 7.4.4 Water Managers 159 7.4.5 Old people 160 7.4.6 Water User Association's Presidents (WUA-P) 160 7.4.7 Non-Govemmental Organisations 160 7.4.8 Politicians 161 7.4.9 Officials 162 7.4.10 Informal Leaders 162 7.4.11 Summary 163 164 7.5 Political factors contributing to non-restoration 7.5.1 Pre-Act situation 164 7.5.2 The Panchayat Raj Act of 1994 167 167 7.5.3 The Water Users Association Act of 1997 7.6 Comparison of collective social capital and self-perceived village capacity 169 7.7 Comparison of self-stated motivations and economic motivations assessed through CBA 171 7.8 Conclusions 175 vu Case studies of tank restoration interventions 177 8.1 Introduction and structure of the chapter 177 8.2 The concept of participation and style of operation 178 8.3. Initial learning experiences 183 8.3.1 Ongole experiment 183 8.3.2 Buddham lift irrigation scheme 186 8.3.3 Villages in Partnership (VIP) 191 8.3.4 Tank restoration, Chittoor Consortium approach 195 8.4. Society for Human Integrity and Prosperity (SHIP) 197 8.4.1 The ideological premises of SHIP 198 8.4.2 The initial activities 198 8.4.3 The partnership approach 201 8.4.4 Tank restoration process 203 8.5 SHIP's interventions on tank restoration in Nuzvid and Agiripalli 207 8.5.1 Devaragunta 208 8.5.2 Enamadala 209 8.5.3 Gogulampadu 210 8.5.4 Gollapalli 210 8.5.5 Kanasanapalli 211 8.5.6 Morsapudi 213 8.5.7 Mukkollupadu 214 8.5.8 Polasanipalli 216 8.5.9 Rajavaram 217 8.5.10 Ramannagudem 218 8.5.11 Tadepally 220 8.5.12 Vadlamanu 221 8.5.13 Summary : intervention effort and success/failure scores 222 8.6 Evaluation of the approach of SHIP by the communities and an outsider 223 8.6.1 Evaluation by the communities 223 8.6.2 Evaluation by an outsider 225 Final analysis and conclusions 229 9.1 Introduction and structure of the Chapter 229 9.2 Analysis of non-restoration 229 9.2.1 Economic factors contributing to non-restoration 230 9.2.2 Political factors contributing to non-restoration 230 9.2.3. Social factors contributing to the non-restoration 231 9.3 Overview of the independent and dependent variables of the success/failure analysis 234 9.4 Single factor analysis 237 9.4.1 Correlation between collective social capital and success/failure scores 237 9.4.2 Correlation between self-perceived capacity and success/failure scores 239 Ш 9.4.3 Correlation between CBA assessment (total) and success/failure scores 240 9.4.4 Correlation between self-assessed motivation and success/failure scores 241 9.4.5 Correlation between CBA assessment (costs) and success/failure scores 242 9.4.6 Correlation between intensity of SHIP'S effort and success/failure scores 243 9.5 Multiple factor analysis 245 9.5.1 The multiple factor approach 245 9.5.2 Collective social capital and CBA (cost) 246 9.5.3 Collective social capital and quickness of response 248 9.6 Overall conclusions 251 9.7 Exploring a new approach 255 9.7.1 SHIP* s future strategy 255 9.7.2 Bank financing for tank restoration 256 9.8 The vision of Mahatma Gandhi 257 Appendix 1 Review of Five-Year Plans 259 Appendix 2 The rise and fall of Kudimaramath (tank system maintenance) 261 Appendix 3 Interview schedule - Village-level respondents 265 Appendix 4 Likert scale statements 267 Appendix 5 Interview schedule - Supra-local respondents 269 Appendix 6 The economics of a brick kiln 270 Appendix 7 The economics of mangalore tiles 271 Appendix 8 The economics of cultivating paddy in one acre 272 Appendix 9 Forest encroachments - a case study of Enamadala 273 References 279 Summary in Dutch (Samenvatting) 283 Curriculum vitae 289 IX List of Tables, Maps, Boxes, and Figures Tables Table 2.1 Pattern of Land utilisation for the country 14 Table 2.2 National Investment during the plan periods 18 Table 2.3 Area irrigated by water source 18
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