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Author Instructions for Extended Abstract 1 USING BIG DATA OF AUTOMATED FARE COLLECTION SYSTEM FOR ANALYSIS 2 AND IMPROVEMENT OF BRT- BUS RAPID TRANSIT LINE IN ISTANBUL 3 4 5 Ilgin Gokasar, Assistant Professor 6 Bogazici University 7 34342 Bebek/Istanbul Turkiye 8 Tel: +90(212) 359-7278 Fax: +90(212) 287-2457; Email: [email protected] 9 10 Kevser Simsek, Corresponding Author 11 Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Belbim Inc., Bogazici University 12 Hava Limani Karsisi Istanbul Dunya Ticaret Merkezi A3 Blok Kat:2-3 34149 13 Yesilkoy/ISTANBUL 14 Tel: +90(212) 468-0000 Fax: +90(212) 465-5193; Email: [email protected] 15 16 Kaan Ozbay, Professor 17 New York University 18 1 MetroTech Center, 19th Floor, Brooklyn, NY 11201 19 Tel: +1(646) 997-0552; Email: [email protected] 20 21 22 23 Word count: 4,469 words text + 12 tables/figures x 250 words (each) = 7,468 words 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Submission Date: 2014-07-31 Gokasar, Simsek, Ozbay 2 1 ABSTRACT 2 3 Istanbul´s smart card fare collection system generates large amounts of operational data from the 4 BRT-Bus Rapid Transit line. In addition to ridership, it captures system-wide transactions and 5 provides comprehensive data records on usage. Processing and analysis of these data open new 6 opportunities in transportation and travel behavior research. This paper presents a qualitative 7 analysis of smart card (Istanbulkart) activity for the BRT-Bus Rapid Transit and investigates its 8 potential for understanding complexities of the system and characterizing travel behavior. In this 9 paper, an assessment of spatial and temporal travel behavior of commuters including mode choice, 10 travel, and waiting times, is performed using Rstudio, a free and open source integrated 11 development environment (IDE) for R. As a result of this qualitative analysis an evaluation of the 12 automated fare collection system and pricing policies for public transportation along with some 13 recommendations for improving the planning and management of the BRT-Bus Rapid Transit line 14 are provided. 15 16 17 18 19 Keywords: Smart card (Istanbulkart); Automated fare collection; Transportation planning; Transit 20 data; BRT-Bus Rapid Transit 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Gokasar, Simsek, Ozbay 3 1 I INTRODUCTION 2 3 Automated Fare Collection (AFC) - Smart card (Istanbulkart) Technology 4 With the improvement of smart card technology, automated fare collection systems have become 5 the most common collection method used by public transit authorities. Since their invention in the 6 1969, new uses have been added to the original purpose of smart cards. They are portable and 7 durable, features that make them useful for many purposes, such as authorization, payment, and 8 identification. One important use of the smart card is the collection and processing of data. 9 10 Smart cards have become the fast, contactless, wireless technology of choice. Since 1994 Istanbul 11 first used the Akbil for fare collection, and then, with the improvement of contactless transport 12 systems, which respond to the requirements of operators and end-users alike, the smart card, 13 appropriately named the Istanbulkart, was put into service in Istanbul’s public transportation 14 system in 2004. Today, the Istanbulkartcard can be used for payment for all modes of public 15 transport. 16 17 The operators of Istanbulkart technology reduced the system’s fraud and maintenance costs by 18 replacing the inefficient paper-based fare collection system. Istanbulkart saves time by getting rid 19 of queues for paper tickets. With use, the data collection and reporting capacity of the Istanbulkart 20 has been improved. 21 22 Istanbulkart is similar in look and size to a credit card. It is used to pay for transportation in place 23 of more traditional methods, such as tickets and cards with magnetic stripes. Each Istanbulkart has 24 a unique serial number. A card can be assigned to a specific individual or it can be anonymous, and 25 each unique card ID represents one single person. This enables analysis of individual itineraries 26 and opens new ways for understanding people’s travel behavior on short as well as long term 27 scales. 28 29 In Istanbul, the fare charge for each customer is based on travel distance, transport mode, and 30 certain demographic attributes, such as prioritized rates for elderly people, children, students, 31 senior citizens, government employees, etc. A range of payment and fare options can be created 32 electronically. Currently, for example, 37 different media types and 69 different fare types are 33 provided by the Istanbulkart (Table 1). Fares are collected by an automated reader (Validator) next 34 to the driver or at a turnstile before one boards a transport vehicle. The Validator is a smart device 35 that does validity checks, collects fares in accordance with specified tariffs, and records the result 36 of all transactions. Data collected from the stations are transferred from the stations’ data transfer 37 computers to the automated fare collection server located in the data center by means of an 38 established external network. 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Gokasar, Simsek, Ozbay 4 1 TABLE 1 Istanbul Public Transportation System Ticket Types 2 3 Ticket Types Definition 4 SJ Single Journey Ticket 5 AT Anonymous Ticket 6 RFT Reduced Fare Ticket CR Media 7 FET Free Entry Ticket 8 ST Seasonal Ticket 9 FC Function Card 10 Akbil Ancient anonymous ticket 11 birGec 1 Journey Ticket 12 ikiGec 2 Journeys Ticket Limited Usage Tickets 13 beşGec 5 Journeys Ticket 14 onGec 10 Journeys Ticket 15 Anonymous Anonymous Ticket 16 Stored Value Tickets Discounted Reduced Fare Tickets 17 From Istanbul AFC Istanbul From Istanbulkart Free Free Entry Tickets 18 Function Function Cards 19 20 21 Fare collection methods usage percentages for the BRT line are Istanbulkart 95%, Limited Usage 22 Card 3%, and Akbil 2%. (1)There are refund machines at the exits from BRT- Bus stations. These 23 machines recognize the cards of travelers who have used only a portion of the line and credits them 24 with refunds up to 46% of the full fare. Hence, the trip time of each traveler can be calculated from 25 information taken from the refund machines (Figure 1). The graphics are obtained for 26 approximately 46% of all travelers because only some travelers receive refunds to their 27 Istanbulkarts (2).Thus, besides of the information on boarding time and location, the data collected 28 from Istanbulkart cards contain detailed records of alighting times and destination location for Bus 29 Rapid Transit (BRT) stations. 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 FIGURE 1 BRT-Destination station data process flow chart. Gokasar, Simsek, Ozbay 5 1 Typically, the date and time of the transaction, status of payment (transfer, acceptance, or refusal), 2 card ID, fare type (student, adult, senior), route ID, and other related data are stored in the 3 Validator and the central server (3). Because these data allow for more detailed assessment of 4 travel behavior and mobility patterns they are invaluable for transit planning, long term planning, 5 and daily management of the transportation system. Masses of data are collected and stored, 6 complicating the process of analyzing the data. 7 8 In brief, by using a smart card system, transportation authorities have access to: 9 1. personal travel data of millions of people, 10 2. information about each card and/or traveler, 11 3. continuous trip data including refund information, 12 4. identity of user and frequency of use. 13 14 Despite the accumulation of so much information, it is difficult to improve the Istanbulkart’s 15 usability and accessibility for the following reasons: 16 1. Its prevalent purpose is not to monitor performance of the transportation system; hence, 17 additional passenger trip information such as destinations and delays cannot be directly 18 retrieved. 19 2. Each passive data collection method has its disadvantages, and processing usually requires 20 additional knowledge. Interoperating and mining heterogeneous datasets would enhance 21 both the depth and reliability of transportation studies. 22 3. The amount of data obtained is increasing tremendously (approximately 6 million distinct 23 Istanbulkart data every day) and traditional data processing methods might not be equal to 24 the task. 25 26 Such data barriers make the development of a large-scale transportation performance monitoring 27 system cumbersome and slow (4). 28 29 Istanbul BRT –Bus Rapid Transit 30 The Bus Rapid Transit system (BRT) of Istanbul began service in 2007 with the intent of reducing 31 traffic congestion on arterial roads while providing quick and comfortable transportation. The line 32 connects the Asian and European sides of the city,so it is the only intercontinental BRT system in 33 the world.Thanks to this connection, the duration of the 52 kilometer journey from Beylikduzu on 34 the European side to Sogutlucesme on the Asian side has been reduced to 98 minutes (Figure 2). 35 36 The salient features of BRT-Bus Rapid Transit are 37 1. fast transportation (30 seconds service frequency); 38 2. appropriate for metropolitan area with high population; 39 3. environmentally friendly; 40 4. comfortable alternative transportation. 41 42 Gokasar, Simsek, Ozbay 6 1 2 3 FIGURE 2 BRT-Bus Rapid Transit Line Map. 4 5 The yearly and monthly increase of ridership on the BRT-Bus Rapid Transit is illustrated in Figure 6 3. The increase is due mainly to improvement of the transfer points and the addition of new lines 7 and stations.
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