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Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

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Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Dr. Richard Parnas, PI Dr. Montgomery Shaw, Co-PI Qiang Liu, Student Assistant Prepared for The New England Transportation Consortium August, 2007 NETCR63 Project No. 03-7 This report, prepared in cooperation with the New England Transportation Consortium, does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views of the New England Transportation Consortium or the Federal Highway Administration. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following are the members of the Technical Committee that developed the scope of work for the project and provided technical oversight throughout the course of the research: Anne-Marie H. McDonnell, Connecticut Department of Transportation, Chairperson William Ahearn, Vermont Department of Transportation Tadeusz Alberski, New York State Department of Transportation Clement Fung, Massachusetts Highway Department Brian Marquis, Maine Department of Transportation David L. Scott, New Hampshire Department of Transportation ii Technical Report Documentation Page 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. 1. Report No. N/A N/A NETCR63 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date August 2007 Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 6. Performing Organization Code N/A 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Richard Parnas, Montgomery Shaw and Qiang Liu NETCR63 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10 Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut N/A 11. Contract or Grant No. N/A 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address New England Transportation Consortium FINAL REPORT C/O Advanced Technology & Manufacturing Center University of Massachusetts Dartmouth 151 Martine Street Fall River, MA 02723 14. Sponsoring Agency Code NETC 03-7 A Study Conducted in Cooperation with the US DOT 15 Supplementary Notes N/A 16. Abstract The objective of the research was to determine if basalt fiber reinforced polymer composites are feasible, practical, and a beneficial material alternative for transportation applications. No significant differences in stiffness and strength were found between basalt fabric reinforced polymer composites and glass composites reinforced by a fabric of similar weave pattern. Aging results indicate that the interfacial region in basalt composites may be more vulnerable to environmental damage than in glass composites. However, the basalt/epoxy interface may also be more durable than the glass/epoxy interface in tension- tension fatigue because the fatigue life of basalt composites is longer. A wide disagreement between the literature properties of basalt fibers and the properties measured in this study renders any further consideration of basalt reinforced composites highly problematical. Composites manufacturing issues with basalt fabric were also investigated. The measurement results of the in-plane permeability for basalt twill 3×1 fabric material showed that a high correlation exists between the two principal permeability values for this fabric. This is in contrast to the lack of correlation found in other weave patterns, and may point to an important material selection criteria for mass production of composites by liquid molding. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Basalt, aging, fatigue, environmental No restrictions. This document is available to the public through the exposure, permeability, composites National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 143 N/A Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized ii i iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page………………………………………………………………………….……….…..i Acknowledgements Page..........................................................................................................ii Technical Report Documentation Page……………………………………………….….…..iii Metric Conversion Factors………………………………………………………………..….iv Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………..………….v List of Tables……………………………………………………………….…….…………..vi List of Figures…………………………………………………………………..………..….viii Chapter 1. Introduction …..................................................................................................1 Part I. Research Objectives and Methodology ...………………………………….…. 1 Part II. Overview of Work on Basalt Fibers ................................................................3 Chapter 2. Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Durability of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites ..................................................6 Part I. Composite Material Preparation ....................................................................8 I. Materials Used and Composite Preparations ..............................................8 II. Density and Void Content Measurement According to ASTM 1505-96 ................................................................................................13 III. Preparation of Mechanical Property Test Specimens and Aging Conditions …………..……………………..……………………………......16 Part II. Basalt Fiber Composite Mechanical Properties ........................................18 I. Tensile tests, ASTM 3039................................................................18 II. Flexure Test Results according to ASTM 790-71 ....................................22 III. Short Beam Strength Tests, according to ASTM D 2344 .........................23 IV. Compression test results according to ASTM D 3410-75 ............................25 V. Single Fiber Tensile Tests ..............................................................................26 Part III. Investigation of Durability of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Composites ...........29 v I. Environmental Aging Properties .....................................................................30 1. Tensile Tests According to ASTM D3039-76 ...........................................30 2. Short Beam Strength Tests, According to ASTM D 2344 .........................34 3. Discussion .................................................................................................42 II. Fatigue Results ...............................................................................................44 Chapter 3. Permeability Measurement of Basalt Fabric ..................................................49 Part I. Hardware Design .............................................................................................49 Part II. Algebra of the Data Derivation .......................................................................56 I. Derivation of Sensor Trigger Time ….......................................................56 II. Permeability Calculation Procedure ................................................................59 Part III. Experimental Results and Analysis .............................................................61 I. Permeability Measurement Results ..........................................................61 II. Characterization of Micro Flow Behavior ......................................................68 Part IV. Comparison of Permeability Measurement Results between UD Wetting Measurements and Radial Measurements ......................................72 Chapter IV. Recommendation & Suggestions for Future Work .....................................78 Part I. Summary………………………………………………………….…………78 Part II. Future Work on Basalt for the Civil Engineering Community……….……..…..79 Appendix. Composite Material Overview…………………………………………… 81 References .......................................................................................................................122 List of Tables Table 1.1 Comparison of Chemical Components between Different Fibers ......................4 Table 1.2 Advertised Comparison of Properties between Different Fibers.........................5 v i Table 2.1 Comparison between Three Different Fabrics ...................................................8 Table 2.2 List of Abbreviations and Their Corresponding Materials ...............................13 Table 2.3 List of Density Values ......................................................................................14 Table 2.4 Density, Fiber Volume Fraction and Void Volume Content Measurements ....15 Table 2.5 The Environmental Conditions Used in the Aging Tests .................................17 Table 2.6 Comparison of Young’s Modulus ...................................................................19 Table 2.7 Statistical Analysis of the Tensile Strength Data ..............................................21 Table 2.8 Statistical Analysis of the Short Beam Shear Strength Data ............................24 Table 2.9 Single Fiber Tensile Test Results and Weibull Parameters for the Tensile Strength....................................................................................................................28 Table 2.10 Statistical Analysis Results for the Tensile Properties Under Aging Conditions....................................................................................32 Table 2.11 Statistical Analysis Results for the Short Beam Strength Under Aging Conditions...................................................................................................37 Table 2.12 Statistical Analysis Results for the Short Beam Strength of BE Under Aging in
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