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20 / 2009 Reprezentarea Politică a Minorităţilor STUDII DE ATELIER CERCETAREA MINORITÃÞILOR NAÞIONALE DIN ROMÂNIA WORKING PAPERS IN ROMANIAN MINORITY STUDIES I S P M N MÛHELYTANULMÁNYOK INSTITUTUL PENTRU STUDIEREA A ROMÁNIAI KISEBBSÉGEKRÕL PROBLEMELO R MINORITÃÞILOR NAÞIONALE 20 / 2009 GUVERNUL ROMÂNIEI SZÉKELY ISTVÁN GERGÕ REPREZENTAREA POLITICÃ A MINORITÃÞILOR NAÞIONALE ÎN ROMÂNIA THE POLITICAL REPRESENTATION Studii de atelier. Cercetarea minoritãþilor naþionale din România Working papers in Romanian minority studies OF NATIONAL MINORITIES Mûhelytanulmányok a romániai kisebbségekrõl IN ROMANIA Institutul pentru Studierea Problemelor Minoritãþilor Naþionale Cluj-Napoca, 2009 ISSN 1844 – 5489 12167 Client ISPMN Lucrare coperta ISPMN 20 - fata Cyan Magenta Yellow Black STUDII DE ATELIER. CERCETAREA MINORITĂŢILOR NAŢIONALE DIN ROMÂNIA WORKING PAPERS IN ROMANIAN MINORITY STUDIES MŰHELYTANULMÁNYOK A ROMÁNIAI KISEBBSÉGEKRŐL Nr. 20 Székely István Gergő REPREZENTAREA POLITICĂ A MINORITĂŢILOR NAŢIONALE ÎN ROMÂNIA THE POLITICAL REPRESENTATION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES IN ROMANIA INSTITUTUL PENTRU STUDIEREA PROBLEMELOR MINORITĂŢILOR NAŢIONALE Cluj-Napoca, 2009 STUDII DE ATELIER. CERCETAREA MINORITĂŢILOR NAŢIONALE DIN ROMÂNIA WORKING PAPERS IN ROMANIAN MINORITY STUDIES MŰHELYTANULMÁNYOK A ROMÁNIAI KISEBBSÉGEKRŐL Nr. 20: Autor: Székely István Gergő Titlu: Reprezentarea politică a minorităţilor naţionale în România The political representation of national minorities in Romania Coordonator serie: Bokor Zsuzsa, Horváth István © INSTITUTUL PENTRU STUDIEREA PROBLEMELOR MINORITĂŢILOR NAŢIONALE Cluj-Napoca, 2009 ISSN 1844 – 5489 www.ispmn.gov.ro Lectori: Cosmina Hodoroaga, Virginás Péter (engleză), Sabin Borş, Iulia Hossu (română) Concepţie grafi că, copertă: Könczey Elemér Tehnoredactare: Sütő Ferenc Tipar: IDEA și GLORIA, Cluj-Napoca Guvernul României nu îşi asumă conţinutul Studiilor de Atelier. Lucrările sunt elaborate şi asumate în exclusivitate de către ISPMN. Székely István Gergő este cercetător politolog la Institutului pentru Studierea Problemelor Minorităţilor Naţionale, doctorand în politologie, la Central European University, Budapesta. Székely István Gergő is a researcher at the Romanian Institute For Research On National Minorities and a PhD student in political science at Central European University, Budapest. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Lucrarea este compusă din două părţi mari. Prima parte trece în revistă evoluţia aspectelor din legislaţia electorală românească referitoare la minorităţile naţionale, atât la nivelul parlamentului cât și la nivelul consiliilor locale și judeţene. În cea de a doua parte sunt prezentate rezultatele obţinute la alegerile par- lamentare (1990-2008) și locale (1996-2008) de organizaţiile celor 19 minorităţi naţionale din România. De-a lungul celor aproape două decenii trecute din 1990, legislaţia electorală românească a suferit modi- fi cări pozitive dar și negative în ceea ce privește reprezentarea minorităţilor. Schimbările legislative cu cele mai negative consecinţe pentru minorităţi au fost introducerea (și ulterior mărirea) pragurilor electorale, și stabilirea unor standarde duble privind depunerea candidaturilor pentru organizaţiile minorităţilor re- prezentate în Parlament și cele din afara Parlamentului (cu condiţii mult mai difi cile pentru categoria cea din urmă). Datorită pragurilor mai ridicate, după alegerile din 2000, minorităţile au dispărut din multe con- silii locale și – cu excepţia maghiarilor și germanilor – complet din consiliile judeţene. Standardele duble pentru candidatură au atenuat competiţia electorală din interiorul minorităţilor, cimentând monopolul politic al organizaţiilor din Parlament asupra comunităţilor pe care le reprezintă. Dintre aspectele pozitive ale legislaţiei electorale cele mai importante sunt prevederile electorale speciale care facilitează prezenţa minorităţilor în forurile decizionale. În timp ce la nivelul Camerei Deputaţilor reprezentarea minorităţilor este aproape garantată – trebuie atins doar un prag simbolic pentru a obţine un mandat –, la nivelul con- siliilor locale acţiunea afi rmativă electorală nu este efi cientă. Din contră, este vorba de o prevedere prost concepută, care numai că nu este capabilă să contracareze subreprezentarea minorităţilor, ci poate avea chiar efecte adverse, deoarece poate priva minorităţile de mandate pe care le-ar fi obţinut dacă ar fi fost tratate în mod identic cu partidele politice. Având în vedere inefi cienţa prevederii speciale, caracterul dis- criminatoriu al condiţiilor pentru candidatură și tendinţa negativă în ceea ce privește subreprezentarea minorităţilor la nivel local, concluzia studiului este că sistemul românesc de reprezentare al minorităţilor naţionale ar trebui regândit, altfel situaţia minorităţilor se poate agrava și mai mult. The paper consists of two main parts. The fi rst part reviews the evolution of the most important aspects of Romanian electoral legislation concerning the representation of national minorities, both at the na- tional and the local level. The second part presents the results obtained by the organizations of 19 minori- ties from Romania at the national elections (1990-2008) and the elections to the local and county councils (1996-2008). During the two decades that passed since the fall of Communism, Romanian electoral legisla- tion underwent multiple changes, with both positive and negative consequences on the participation of minorities. Among the negative changes we have to mention the introduction (and subsequent raising) of electoral thresholds, and the adoption of double standards regarding candidatures for organizations represented in Parliament and those outside Parliament (obviously, with way more diffi cult conditions for the latter category). The higher thresholds introduced after 2000 had a negative impact on the number of minority representatives in the local councils, and with the exception of Hungarians and Germans, the minorities disappeared from the county councils. The double standards regarding candidature consider- ably watered down political competition within the minority communities, almost to the extent of grant- ing political monopoly for the organizations in Parliament over the communities they claim to represent. On the other hand, Romanian electoral laws also contain special rules that provide electoral affi rmative action for minorities. In the Chamber of Deputies the presence of minorities is almost guaranteed, due to the existence of special seats that can be obtained by reaching a symbolic alternative threshold. Affi rma- tive action is present at the level of the local councils too, but it is far from being effi cient. On the contrary, the special rule at the local level is ill-conceived: it is unable to counteract the underrepresentation of minorities, moreover, it can even deprive them of some seats they would have obtained, had they been treated like the political parties. Taking into account the underrepresentation of minorities (and the nega- tive trend concerning this), the discriminatory nature of the candidature conditions and the ineffi ciency of the special electoral rule, the conclusions of the study call for a thorough redesign of the Romanian system of minority representation. 3 MN WORKINGWORKING PAPERS • 20/2009 Cuprins/Contents REPREZENTAREA POLITICĂ A MINORITĂŢILOR NAŢIONALE ÎN ROMÂNIA 5 Introducere 5 1. Evoluţia legislaţiei româneşti privind reprezentarea minorităţilor 7 1.1. Legislaţia la nivelul Parlamentului 7 1.2. Legislaţia referitoare la alegerile locale 11 2. Reprezentarea minorităţilor naţionale la nivelul Parlamentului şi la nivel local – rezultatele obţinute de minorităţi la alegerile dintre 1990-2008 15 2.1. Albanezii, 1996-2008 16 2.2. Armenii, 1990-2008 17 2.3. Bulgarii, 1990-2008 18 2.4. Croaţii (caraşovenii), 2000-2008 20 2.5. Evreii, 1996-2008 21 2.6. Germanii, 1990-2008 22 2.7. Grecii, 1990-2008 25 2.8. Italienii, 1992-2008 26 2.9. Macedonenii, 2000-2008 28 2.10. Maghiarii, 1990-2008 29 2.11. Polonezii, 1990-2008 35 2.12. Romii, 1990-2008 37 2.13. Ruşii lipoveni, 1990-2008 42 2.14. Rutenii, 2000-2008 43 2.15. Sârbii, 1990-2008 44 2.16. Slovacii şi cehii, 1990-2008 45 2.17. Tătarii, 1990-2008 47 2.18. Turcii, 1990-2008 49 2.19. Ucrainenii, 1990-2008 51 Concluzii 53 Bibliografi e 57 THE POLITICAL REPRESENTATION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES IN ROMANIA 59 Introduction 59 1. The evolution of Romanian legislation regarding the minorities’ representation 61 1.1. The legislation at the level of Parliament 61 1.2. The legislation concerning local elections 65 2. The representation of national minorities on parliamentary and local levels – the results obtained by minorities between 1990 and 2008 70 2.1. Albanians, 1996-2008 71 2.2. Armenians, 1990-2008 72 2.3. Bulgarians, 1990-2008 73 2.4. Croatians (Krashovani), 2000-2008 76 2.5. Jews, 1996-2008 77 2.6. Germans, 1990-2008 78 2.7. Greeks, 1990-2008 81 2.8. Italians, 1992-2008 83 2.9. Macedonians, 2000-2008 85 2.10. Hungarians, 1990-2008 86 2.11. Poles, 1990-2008 92 2.12. Roma, 1990-2008 94 2.13. Lippovan Russians, 1990-2008 100 2.14. Ruthenians, 2000-2008 101 2.15. Serbians, 1990-2008 102 2.16. Slovaks and Czechs, 1990-2008 104 2.17. Tartars, 1990-2008 105 2.18. Turks, 1990-2008 107 2.19. Ukrainians, 1990-2008 109 Conclusions 111 Bibliography 116 4 SZÉKELY ISTVÁN GERGŐ • REPREZENTAREA POLITICĂ A MINORITĂŢILOR NAŢIONALE ÎN ROMÂNIA REPREZENTAREA POLITICĂ A MINORITĂŢILOR NAŢIONALE ÎN ROMÂNIA Introducere Unul dintre drepturile
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