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Yi*EEl5F"g* E *do :; "iiO€ 6-! ts ;E -=83!?95E:;Etr-Z' !;!E '--- O E ;;-Eq i6gE = q5;*d-,ptiE31HS85=HSF Srot o=3,P8-a';:61;*;a2sF6a.;' 6 l o oo-J < 6 = f, < =.2 I 6, Y6 0 ; z; X o o i,ilsEi?if€s+*?iaa$ =+ ;a'H- 3. fEAAtiIs;€V3* q-! EFdqPQgSdX-.=,5@ oa* ;u*3;;;lf;; $' iisFfigdsEa ; -o^ Fv L"' . i A-,:-:iir' ii . . r:.id rldiL.;r4l I .i:a rlr DIONYSUS, COD OF THE CRAPE $ Dionysus, God of the Grape Dionysus (or Bacchus), the god of wine, the grape harvest and fermentation, as well as of altered states and drunkenness, is sometimes seen as a latecomer to Olympus, where he is thought to have ousted either Hermes (see pages 100-103) or Hestia (see page 105) to claim his place among the twelve Olympians. Whereas the myths and religious practices of the other gods tended to promote civic order, Dionysus pursued a wild and dangerous path of his own. Ol all the rretrtbcrs of the Olyrttpian . a prot.nise. Whcn Zetts rllanifcstccl frrrrily, I)ionysr.rs alonc rvas saicl ttl lrinrsclf in his firll radiance before his hevc a nr()rtal parcnt. In sott'tc rnistrcss. shc ilnr.r'recliatetly llr-rlst intcr nryths. Zctrs u,as ltis firtltcr. ancl flanrcs ancl was lttrrnccl t() ashes. q''es lris nrotlrct' \\/rls Sclttclc, tt Hr>rvcver, hct'ttnltorn chilcl rcs- princcss ()f Thcbcs. As tltc cuecl, s<>rttc say lty Zetrs Ilir.rlself: clatrglrter of CltcLtttt.s arrcl thc gocl ser.vccl hint ir-rt<> his thi.qh Hat'tr<;ny, sltc hlrcl alr-cacl1' and thr-rs kcpt hirll safc tlntil llc'nvas ii rLntrsccl tlrc crrttitl' of- IIcre. matllrc enottgh to llc llclt'n. C)tllcr lrcclusc Cltclnttts's sistet'. lirrroplr vclsions clairtt that tl'rc chilcl rves liucl l>ccn l DIONYSUS, COD OF THE CRAPE LJnclcrworld to lrling his n'rotl-rer, Seuelc, ltack to In art, Dionysr-rs is r-tsually rcpresentecl as life. This reference to Dionysi.rs's power in tl're yollng ancl eff'elninate. He shares Apollo's youth Unclerworld strllck a chorcl, and in the religious ancl long hair, br-rt while Apollo's locks are golclen, cult of l)ionysus, his followers were prornised an Dionysus's are usually dark, and he i5 always eternal afterlif-e of drinking and pleasr-rre. plumper. hnages of him are often less clignified: Myti-rographers are generally in agreement for example, he is fi-equently illustratecl nakecl, about tl're gocl's uplrringing, saying that Dionysus carried on thc shouldcrs ol his companions. was eclucatecl by nymphs and grew in divine Sometirnes l-re is depicted as a cl-ir-rbby child, hold- p()wer as he matured. Accorcling to a popular tale, ing a buncl-r of grapes ancl blowing on a trllmpet. the young Dionysus u'as kiclnappeci as he slept by Dionysr-rs was not simply a gocl of dnrnken- pirates or merchant sailors who planned to sell ness and pleersure. He was also an irnportant fer- him into slavery. When I're awoke he was or-rtraged tility god, crr,rcial to the lif'e-cycle of vegetation, to ancl punishecl l-ris captors. First l-re becalmed the farming anct arboricr.rlture. Many of the gods of tl-re boat in which he was taken captive by entwining countrysicle or vn'oocllancl belonged to his band of the rigging witl'r vines, and tl-ren he turned all the followers. Pan, for exan-rple, was his seryant and crew (cxcept tl-rc pilot, who had shown some companion; Silenus, a wise demi-gocl of the pas- rernorsc) into dolpl-rins - it is said that tl-rey con- tures, was his teacher and devoted coutrsellor; ancl tinue t<'r fbllow sl'rips in the hopc that they will be in the army tl-rat rnarcl'red west were many of tl're convertecl back into human fbrm. natLrre spirits from the oldest l-rranches of classical Tire r.nost comlnon theme in stories about mythology (see page 55). Dionysr.rs concerns his tnysterious Seen predominantly as faenerous and benev- joulney from tl-re East. These olent, Dionysus rewarded seryices lavishly. talcs I'ravc led some scirolars to He was also sympathetic. He married l>elicve that originally he may Ariadne. u,horn he bror,rght have been importecl into back to life after she Glcece from Thrace or hacl hanged I'rerself when fl'om Phrygia in Asia l-rer first husbancl Minor. where his wor- Theseus desertecl l-rer' ship was always on the islancl of stron!1. He was said Naxos. Dionysus tc> have led an army ancl she l'rad many - consisting of men, children togetl-rer', women ancl chil- ancl tl-rc gocl was clren, together v'ith regarclecl as hav- satyrs ancl nraenacls ing been prcclot.r-ri- - tl-rat conquered all nantly faithfirl to tl-re peoples witl-r whom it car.ne into con- tact, using only peaceftrl A Greek terracotta dish from ffleans. Tl're tribes that tl're the 4th cenlury sc shows the young in a boat Irrnry t'on[.r'onlL'(l werc only too Dionysus after he had been kidnapped happy to be introducecl to the by sailors. Surrounding the pleasures of wine ancl the technique oF boat are his captors, who f-ermentation. Dionysr-rs also taught tl.re art of crop were changed into dolphins 93 cultivation ancl the skills ol bee-keeping. as punishment. THE SECOND CENERATION l'rer - rrnlikc the other Oiympians, he was not nervly introch-rcecl orgiastic rites of l)ionysr-rs of'fen- .spectactrlarly promiscr-r()Lls ()r lecherous. One ol sive, clespite (or becatrse o0 their greet p()pularity l'ris fen' illegitin'rate chilclren. whc>nt he conceivecl with the wornen of his city. He fbrbacle the rites with Apl-rroctite, was Hymenaetts, a god of rnar- ancl attemptecl to arrest Dionysus when he came to liage; clesl'lite I'ris illicit liai.son, Dionyslrs continr-recl Thebes to fbster his ctrlt. No prison l>uilt by rnor- to represent ficlelity. tals ctxrlcl contain the gocl, however, ancl after At the sarne tinre, Dionysr-rs was known tcr walking fiee, l)ionysus lecl his clevotecl fbllowers cleal out .savllsc pr-rnishn.rents to those he f'elt hacl up int() the rrtountains al><>ve Thebes to cclelrrate. of-flncleci hirn, <>r who clislrclievecl in his clivine str- In a rage Penther-rs gave an order to his troops tcr tus. Vhen Lyclrlgtrs, king of f'hrace, fbrbacle the execllte every worshipper, lrr.rt this was not carriecl worsl-rip of l)ionystrs, r-efirsed to allow his strbjccts ()ut. Inclignant at I'ris cor-rsin's lack of rcspect, tc> cr-rltivate vines ancl tliecl to expel the gocl ancl I)ionystrs irr-rplantecl in l-ris mind an <>verwheh'ning his ftrllowers frrm his kingclonr. l)ic>nystr.s clrove ctrri<>sity t() sce what the secret rittral.s involvccl. hirn macl. In a clementecl fury, Lycr-rrgus pttt his son Dryas to cleath ancl tl-ren hacked off his own legs, believing ther-n to be vine bor,rghs. He was ultimately tortulecl t() cleath by his subjects, who were tolcl by an oraclc th:rt they wotrlcl not t;tslr winc ltgltin while he livecl. Penther-rs's f'.rte, .rs recounted in Tbe Baccbcrc, a play by tl-re fifih-century uc trage- clian Etrripiclcs, was perl-raps even rttore hor- rible, partly becar-tse Pentheus was a close relation of Dionysr,rs. He w.ls the nepherv of Semele, the mother of f)ionysus, ancl thtrs the gocl's first cr>trsin. As tl-re king of Thebes, Penthe trs fotrncl the The cult of Bacchus was particularly popular among women. These worshippers are Roman carving 94 shown on a from the lst century AD. dffiffi;L' .,;.r:i,..,,-.,'; DIONYSUS, COD OF THE GRAPE The king hicl arr-ror-rg tl-rc trces to watch the rev- ond centr-rry tJC, tl-Ie orgies reached such scan- ellers, whci were clriven macl by the ecstasies of the dalor-rs ploportic>ns, taking place around five times cr-rlt. Vhen tl'rey fbr-rncl Penther,rs spying on theln, a month. that tl-re Senate ordered a cotnplete ban the revellers - led by his own mother and two on them and other related cultic activiti.es, in an allnts - tclre him to pieces with tl'reir ltare hands. uncharacteristic act of religior-rs censorship. Thc idea that Dionysus haci the power to Nonetheless it provecl irnpossible to stamp drive mortals to insanity often fi-ightenecl officials or,rt clevotion to Dionyslls. Arouncl 100 years after who were rcsponsible for law ancl order, ancl the the Senate ban, rnystery religions - secretive cults fact that his rites werc particr,rlarly popular with that offerecl l-iighly personal ancl sometimes ecsta- wouren only increasecl the level of pr-rblic clisqniet. tic religious experiences - began to flourish openly Greek litcrature records freqr-rent complaints that again. Dionysian cults, among others, thrived until the Dionysian orgies were corrupting the manners Cl-rristianity becar.ne the official state religion ancl ancl nrorals of all classes. Ancl in Rotne. in the sec- such practices wcre again suppressecl. Midas and the Touch of Gold Dionysus was as generous to those who honoured him as he was ferocious to those who insulted him. He g,ave Iavish rewards, hut could not always guarantee that their effects would be beneficial - as the famous story of Midas, king of Phrygia, illustrates. One day some peasants brought the foolishness of his to King Midas Silenus, an old choice. He could not friend and teacher of Dionysus, eat, because the who was so drunk that he had bread became solid fallen asleep in a garden. Midas gold in his hand; he took care of him, entertained could not drink him and returned him to the because the liquid god. Dionysus was so grateful turned to gold in his that he promised Midas anything mouth. Even his he wished as a reward. beloved daughter was Midas requested that transformed into cold everything he touched might be metal when she affectionately turned to gold. Dionysus warned embraced him. The Greeks had great respect for gold him against this choice, but Desperate and humbled, and silver and considered metalwork granted the wish as he had he begged Dionysus to take an art. Most reliefs in precious metals, promised. Midas plucked the away his gift, and the god such as these 4th-century nc Thracian branch of a tree and was thrilled consented. He told Midas to silver and gold panels, were created to find a perfect golden bough in bathe in the River Pactolus. The for religious sanctuaries. his hand; he then created a magic power passed from the golden stone, a glittering apple king to the river, and now the and sandal straps of pure gold. sands of the Pactolus sparkle Too soon, however, he realized with pure gold. 95 o Pan and Dionysus, the wild gods Nfany different people have been called the father of Pan. It goes almost without saying that they include the lively Zeus, but for once nobody can say for certain that it was he. The truth might well be that Pan was disclaimed by his real father because he looked so hideous: gross and hairy, he had the horns, beard, tail and legs of a goat. The other gods despised him because of his physical appearance and did not really count him as one of themselves, though by birth he ptobably was a god and, according to some, a god older than even the ancient Titans. ' Pan did not seem to mind very much, for he was quite a simple' being and not ambitious. He did not aspire to the lofty heights of Olympus, but was content to live instead with the mottals in Arcadia in the centre of southern Greece. This vzas a land of open plains, interspersed with woods and forests. To the north there were tall mountains where Pan lived the [fe of a herdsman and shepherd, looking after his sheep and goats and tending his bees. At night, he joined enthusiastically in the revels of the nymphs of the woods and hills. At these times a certain wildness came over him. He loved nothing better than to hide away among the trees vzhen a strangelwas passing by and to terrify him with a sudden, unearthly cry. Pan wooed many of the nymphs, among ihem Syrinx, who fled in horror to the banks of the tiver Ladon and turned into a reed to escape him. Unable to single her out among so many, Pan cut a number of the reeds and from these he made the pipes by which he is knorvn to this day. It was only when his great skill as a piper became known that the gods brought Pan to Olympus for a while to teach them his art. But he soon ieatned from their mocking looks that they did not want him for himself, and he returned once more to Arcadia and the life he knerv. The story of the god Dionysus contrasts starkly with that of the contented, unambitious Pan. It is a story of madness, plunder and prllage, of a god driven by forces he could not control. Zeus was Dionysus's father and Semele, daughter of the king of Tyre, was his mother. Zeus's jealous wife, Hera, destroyed Semele with lightning, but the Titan goddess Rhea carried the new baby safeiy away into the care of I{ing Athamas of Thebes and his wife Ino. For extra safety, Dionysus was disguised as a girl rvhile he was with them. Despite this, Hera traced his whereabouts and btought madness on the royal couple so that they killed their own children in a ftenzy. For the moment, Dionysus himself v/as not harmed, but at Zeus's 6o command, Hermes travelled su'iftly to Thebes and Dionysus, he escaped death only by plunging into turned the boy into a goat in order to hide l-rim the sea. Tl-rere t1're sea nymph Thetis hid him better. Then Hermes tooli Dionysus away secretly until danger rr,'as passed. by night to Mount Nysa, u'here the nymphs In a more peaceful mood, the wine god and his could watcl-r over him. With them, he tegained follov'ers visited Tl-rebes, the principal city of his human ftrrm, save for tu'o smail i.roms, like Boeotia, v'hich lay some days journey north of those of a young kid, v'hich remained with him Athens. The people there u'ere quiet and reser\red for the rest of his life. It u'as while l-re iived on and, though they tried to be friendly, they were the mountainside that he cultivated the first vine disgusted by the behaviour of the undisciplined, and made a vineyard on the steep soutl-rern slopes. half-intoxicated satyrs and maenads. The local He u'as to plant vines wherever he went people viewed u'tth disapproval the wild dancing througl-rout his life, and u'ould eventually be that v,ent on by night on the slopes of N{ount known as rhe god of winc. Cithaeron above the town, and were kept au'alie For a while everything seemed to be going u'e11, at night by the sound of music from dusli to dawn. but Hera had not given up her search firr the boy Tl-re king of Thebes knew that some deference andat lengtl-r sl,e found him. Shou'ing no mercy, was due to a god, but his people had suffered tocl she tu'isted his brain so that he became mad, just much; l-ie ordered the arrest of Dionysus and his as she had done with Athamas and Ino. band of followers. Before it could be carried out, Dionysus norv rejected the gentle nymphs v'ho however, Dionysus sent him mad. The satyrs then had looked after him with such loving care. escaped and went rampaging over the country, Instead, l-re chrtse as his companions the rough, looting and killing. unruly satyrs, led by Silenus, and the maenads. Lear.ing Boeotia in turmoil, Dionysus set sail for The maenads were wild, untamed women with the Aegean Islands. He boarded a ship bound for wickedly gleaming eyes. Dressed in animal skins Naxos and rvas some days out when tl-re rough- and armed with su'ords and serpents, they were Iooking cre\v, una\vare of his identity, seized him terrible to lorili at, and destroyed anyone who and bound him to the mast. Then they turned came in their way. the ship eastu'ards towards the port of Priene in With this strange band of followers, the young Asia Minor, where tl-iey planned to sell l-rim as a god roamed far overseas, fighting battles and slave. slaying u'ithout pity everyone vzho crossed his They found very quickly that they 1-iad made a path. Irirst he visited ligypt, u'here the Amazons mistake, fc-rr Dionysus easily broke his bonds. For joined fotces rvitl'r him t() restore l{ing Ammon a moment he stood before them, his rather slight to his throne. Then came a krng iourney overland figure seeming to to\\/er to tu'ice its height. to India, whcrc many bloody battles were ftrugl'rt Suddcnly, in his place was a snarling lion. A until the whole land was subdued. In the east, roaring, lilie that of a multitude of wild beasts, Dionysus saw many sigl-rts, customs and creature s fillcd thc air. Vines sprang from the decli and unknown at that time in the land of his birth, entwincd tl-re rigging, and the si-rip shuddered as if and hc brought back u'ith him to Irurope the first strucli by a gigantic wave. elepl'rants ftrr urestetn man t() wonder at. The sailrirs stood wl.rite-faced and petrified with On Dionysus's return, Rhea defied Hera and fear. Tl-ren as one man they turned and fled, drove the madness from him, but it seems that diving into the sea. There they became dolphins, she was too late. Though somewhat changed, leaping through the crests of the waves. Dionysus u'ould not give up his band of satyrs Turning tl.re boat, Dionysus sailed once more and maenads and the kind of life which they had fcrr tl-re island of Naxos. There he was to meet and lived together. He had grown tr>o fond of their m tty a king's daughter and, perhaps tlecause of common bond - their love of revelry and wild her influence, his life ended more happily than it lir.ing - and of the wine made from the grapes had begun. As time went on, he arranged tl.re he planted and tended. relcase of his long-dead mother from the Dionysus and his strange army, though they Underu'orld, though he changed her name from lived for fighting, were not alu'ays victorious. Semele to Thyone so that Hera should n()t lin()u./ Lycurgis, king of the ldonians, defeated them what he had done. Such thought for others was outright when they invaded Thrace, and though ne\v to Dionysus and showed that lris cvil days the watchful Rhea turned Lycurgis mad to save were behind him. 6r c DTONYSUS AND H Silenus and the satyrs Dionysus grew up curly-haired and red- lipped with mischievous, sparkling eyes. He i\ was placed in the care of Silenus, who was one i of the many lesser deities who lived on Eaith ki t and served the Olympian gods. He had a reputation as fun-loving and irresponsible t\ t and Dionysus grew up ratherwild. Silenus and his charge travelled the world, Dionysus $ making merry. They were often accompanied by several strange creatures called satyrs. These young men, but had horses' Semele, daughter of King Cadmus of Thebes. looked like the Zeusvisited her in disguise and her family did ears and tails. The satyrs knew secret of making wine from grapes and Dionysus taught not believe her lover was a god. They people wherever he went. persuaded Semele to ask Zeus to prove his this skill to identity by appearing as his real self . Zeus was Dionysus and his band were notalways reluctant, but eventually gave in. He appeared welcome. Silenus was often drunk and the as a blazing figure, with thunder and satyrs chased nymphs and girls when the lightening crackling around him. Semele was wine made them amorou 18 The cult of Dionysus Pentheus and the Maenads Dionysus was associated with nature and the Pentheus was King of Thebes. His mother' woods. His symbol was the thyrsos, a stick Agave, was a Maenad. The king disapproved, entwined with ivy leaves, which he usually and when Dionysus came to Thebes, Pentheus carried. threw him in prison. Dionysus pretended to submit, but he persuaded Pentheus to spy on There was a mystery cult dedicated to the Maenads to see for himself howthey had initiation worshipping Dionysus. They behaved. rites and secret ceremonies which only members of the sect could attend. Pentheus followed the women's procession and watched them from a distance. At the of his followers were women. They Many height of their frenzy they spotted the and drank were called Maenads. They danced intruder, grabbed him and tore him limb from and in processions through the countryside limb. His own mother ripped off his head, not for wild behaviour. They were notorious knowing what she was doing in hertrance. into a frenzy and danced themselves This was Dionysus's revenge' sometimes chased and killed animals bare- handed. Hermes Hermes was the son of Zeus andthe Titaness Maia. He soon got a reputation for mischief . When he was only a few days old, he stole some cattle belonging to Apollo. He covered their hooves with bark so they would leave no tracks and hid them away. The lyre Hermes used a tortoise shell an d the gut , from one of Apollo's cows to make the instrument called a lyre. Messenger of the gods Hermes is caught Zetswas amused by the ex$loits of Hermes, Silenus and the satyrs helped Apollo search but could not allow them to continue. He for his stolen cattle. They were drawn to the decided Hermes must have ataskto keep music that Hermes was playing on his lyre. him out of trouble and made himthe When they saw the instrument and the cow- messenger of the gods and patron of gut used for its strings, they knew they had travellers .Zeus gave him a winged helmet found the thief. Apollo was furious and and sandals so he could travel faster. not to any excuses. Eventually, would listen Since he had bargained so well with Apollo, trying to appease him and Hermes stopped he became god of trade and treaties; and played the lyre in the hope of simply because of the incident with Apollo's calllt:, as god of music, calming him down. 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