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Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Journal of Ethnobiology and provided by PubMed Central Ethnomedicine BioMed Central Research Open Access Ethnomedical survey of Berta ethnic group Assosa Zone, Benishangul-Gumuz regional state, mid-west Ethiopia Teferi Flatie1, Teferi Gedif1, Kaleab Asres*2 and Tsige Gebre-Mariam1 Address: 1Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and 2Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Email: Teferi Flatie - [email protected]; Teferi Gedif - [email protected]; Kaleab Asres* - [email protected]; Tsige Gebre- Mariam - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 1 May 2009 Received: 17 June 2008 Accepted: 1 May 2009 Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2009, 5:14 doi:10.1186/1746-4269-5-14 This article is available from: http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/5/1/14 © 2009 Flatie et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Traditional medicine (TM) has been a major source of health care in Ethiopia as in most developing countries around the world. This survey examined the extent and factors determining the use of TM and medicinal plants by Berta community. One thousand and two hundred households (HHs) and fourteen traditional healers were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and six focused group discussions (FGDs) were conducted. The prevalence of the use of TM in the two weeks recall period was 4.6%. The HH economic status was found to have a significant effect while the educational level and age of the patients have no effect either on the care seeking behavior or choice of care. Taking no action about a given health problem and using TM are common in females with low-income HHs. Forty plant species belonging to 23 families were reported, each with local names, methods of preparation and parts used. This study indicates that although the proportion of the population that uses TM may be small it is still an important component of the public health care in the study community as complementary and alternative medicine. Background menting traditional medical knowledge is important to Since time immemorial, human beings have found reme- facilitate discovery of new sources of drugs and promote dies within their habitat, and have adopted different ther- sustainable use of natural resources. On the other hand, apeutic strategies depending upon the climatic, the knowledge of the factors involved in the selection of phytogeographic and faunal characteristics, as well as treatment options at household (HH) level is important upon the peculiar cultural and socio-structural typolo- for health service planning and to incorporating herbal gies[1]. medicine in a country's health care delivery system. Ethiopian traditional medicine (TM) comprises of the use Despite its significant contributions, TM in Ethiopia has of plants, animals and mineral products as well as beliefs attracted very little attention in modern medical research in magic and superstition, although ethnobotany is the and development, and less effort has been made to major one[2,3]. Studies reported that a significant propor- upgrade the role of TM practice[7]. This study, therefore, tion of the Ethiopian population still depends on TM for attempts to identify and document factors determining its health care services[4,5] and more than 95% of tradi- the use of TM and medicinal plants used by Berta ethnic tional medical preparations are of plant origin[6]. Docu- groups, Assosa Zone, mid-west Ethiopia. Page 1 of 11 (page number not for citation purposes) Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2009, 5:14 http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/5/1/14 Methods of morbidity in the region were; malaria (43.8%), Study area helminths (13.6%), respiratory diseases (9.4%), dysen- Benishangul Gumuz Regional State (BGRS) is one of the tery (6.9%), gastritis and duodenitis (5.5%), rheumatism nine Federal States of Ethiopia located in the mid-western (5.3%), pyrexia of unknown origin (4.4%), skin diseases part of the country and having a total area of about 50,382 (4.1%), unspecified anemia (3.8%) and diseases of the Km2. According to the 2001 Population and Housing digestive system (3.2%)[11]. Census of Ethiopia, the total population of Benishangul- Gumuz region was 460,459 which gives a population Data collection and analysis density of 9/Km2. Assosa zone, one of the three zones and The Institutional Ethical Board Review of the School of two special Woredas (second from lowest administrative Pharmacy has given permission to conduct the study prior units in government structure) in the region, has a total to the commencement of the survey. Information on area of 1,519 Km2 and a population of 28, 970 (popula- demographic characteristics, prevalence of perceived ill- tion density of 19.1/Km2). nesses, factors associated with preference of health care seeking options, medicinal plants used and hoarded as The indigenous population of BGRS consists of five ethnic well as some healers' socio-economic characteristics were groups: Gumuz, Berta, Shinasha, Mao and Komo account- collected using two sets of semi-structured questionnaires ing for 23.4%, 26.7%, 7.0%, 0.6% and 0.2% of the total – one for HH heads and the other for traditional healers. population, respectively. The Berta ethnic group resides Moreover, focused group discussions (FGDs) were con- mainly in the 7 Woredas of Assosa Zone (Figure 1) and ducted with six heterogeneous groups with respect to sex, more than 96.3% of the population of this ethnic group is age and income levels. Each FGD consists of 7–9 mem- Muslims[8]. bers. The livelihood of nearly 95% of the population is subsist- From the 7 Woredas of Assosa Zone, two Woredas ence farming. The enhancement of even this subsistence namely, Menge and Komehsa were selected by simple ran- farming is precluded by the small number of livestock, dom sampling technique. Proportionate to the size of the which is commonly attacked by enzootic diseases, and fre- population, 7 Kebeles (lowest administrative units) from quently by paroxysms of epizootic episodes[9]. Menge and 3 Kebeles from Komehsa were selected ran- domly. The number of HHs included from each selected At the time of this survey, the region had 2 hospitals, 7 Kebele was again determined based on the size and iden- health centers, 75 health stations and 44 health posts of tified using systematic random sampling techniques which 1 hospital, 3 health centers and 44 health posts are where every nth HH was taken until the required size was located in Assosa Zone[10,11]. In 2001, the top ten causes met in each Kebele. A total of 1,200 HHs were selected. MapFigure of Assosa1 Zone (Finance and Economic Bureau, Benishangul-Gumuz Region) Map of Assosa Zone (Finance and Economic Bureau, Benishangul-Gumuz Region). Page 2 of 11 (page number not for citation purposes) Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2009, 5:14 http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/5/1/14 Similarly, fourteen key informant healers were selected on cited as best examples of illnesses with established signs the basis of their healing reputation with the help of and symptoms and which can be cured by modern medi- Kebele administrators, health professionals in the area cine. On the other hand, Setan beshita, is believed to be an and community elders. Data collectors, who are high illness that can only be treated by traditional healers. school students with knowledge of local language, were Three respondents from two independent groups argued given training for two days on the data collection instru- that for every illness episode, the use of home remedies is ment. the first choice before consulting traditional healers. The patient only resorts to traditional healers only if the symp- Oral consent was obtained from each study participant toms persist for two days or more following the adminis- before conducting the interview. Variables like socio- tration of the home remedies. These deviants, however, demographic characteristics of HH respondents, HH size, agreed that modern medicine might be the first choice in existence of illness during the past two weeks preceding case no one in the family or neighborhood claims to interview date, choice of treatment options, names and know TM for that specific illness. parts of plants used, etc were entered in EPI info statistical software and analyzed. Most of the medicinal plants, according to the respond- ents of Menge, are obtained from wild sources and there Results is no special protection or care given to these plants and Summary of FGDs they are treated just like any other plant that has no claims Results of the six FGDs, conducted in six Kebeles of the to medicinal values. Almost all of the respondents of two Woredas; Abora, Kudiyu and Belmeguha from Menge Komesha also agreed that medicinal plants are obtained and Algela, Dareselam and Tselenkor Kebeles of Komesha from wild sources except for some of the medicinal plants Woreda are summarized below (the local names of ill- that are cultivated for added values. According to the nesses written in italics and their major signs and symp- respondents, the wild medicinal plants are treated just like toms or their closer meanings are shown in Appendix 1). other wild trees although some of these are even available only during the rainy season. According to the respondents of the three groups, Menge Woreda, the major health problems identified by FGD The members of all groups in Menge reported that the participants were Birde, Kulalite, Malaria, Gunfan, Ikek, transfer of knowledge from generation to generation was Azurite, Kurtemat, diarrhoea, Cheguara and Ashmem.
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