The Encyclopedia of & Nuts

Edited by

Jules Janick

Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Purdue University West Lafoyette, Indiana, USA

and

Robert E. Paull

Department ofTropical and Soil Sciences University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA

-

S 8543 CABI is a trading name of CAB International

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Encyclopedia of fruit and nuts / edited by Jules Janick and Robert E. Paul!. p. em. lncludes bibliographical references and index. lSB 0-85199-638-8 (alk. paper) I. Tropical fruit- Varieties-Encylopedias. 2. Tropical nuts- Varieties- Encyclopedias. I. Janick, Jules, 1931- lI. Paul!, Robert E. IlI. Title.

SB359.E562006 634' .603-dc22 2006027763

ISB 978 O85199 638 7

Typeset by Columns Design Ltd, Reading, UK Printed and bound in the UK by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Akinnifesi, Festus K., World Agroforestry Centre, Southern Chao, Chih-Cheng T., Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, African Development Community (SADC) International Centre University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, 92521- for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) Programme, Chitedze 0124, USA. [email protected] Agricultural Research Station, PO Box 30798, Lilongwe, Malawi. Chaplin, Grantley R., 696 Mt Sylvia Road, Gatton, Queensland, ([email protected] Australia 4343 Allen Stevens, M., 21715 County Road 97, Woodland, CA 95695, Chen, Ching Cheng, Department of Horticulture, National Chung USA Hsing University, Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic Alves, Rafael Moysés, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa ofChina Agropecuária, EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental, Travessa Eneas Chen, Kunsong, Departrnent of Horticulture, Huajiachi Campus, Pinheiro s/n, Laboratório de Fitomelhoramento Marco, 66095- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China 100 Belem, Pará, - Caixa-Postal: 48 Chilanga, T., World Agroforestry Centre, Southern African Andall, Reginald, Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Community (SADC) International Centre for Development Insititute, St George's, Grenada Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) Programme, Chitedze Ang, B.N., Applied Agricultural Research Sendirian Berhad, Buloh, Agricultural Research Station, PO Box 30798, Lilongwe, Malawi 47000 Selangor, Malaysia Clement, Charles R., Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Arce, Rogerene K.M., Department of Tropical Plant and Soil (INPA) Cx. Postal 478, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Cohen, Jane E., Departrnent of Life Sciences, University of the Honolulu, HI 96822, USA , Mona, Kingston, Jamaica Atangana, A.R., World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Regional Coronel, Roberto E., Institute of Plant Breeding, College of OfficeAfrican Humid Tropics, PO Box 2067, Yaoundé, Cameroon Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Bafios, College, Ballington, James R., Department of Horticultural Science, North Laguna, Philippines Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA Cousins, Peter, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Bartholomew, Duane, Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plant Genetic Resources Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Unit, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA NY 14456, USA Batlle, Ignasi, Institut de Recerca i Tecnología Agroalimentàries Crane, Jonathan H., Tropical Research and Education Center, (IRTA), Centre Mas Bové, Dept. d'Arboricultura Mediterrània, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Apartat 415, 43.280 Reus, Spain (IFAS), Gainesville, FL 33031-3314, USA Bayogan, Emma Ruth V., Davao Oriental State College of Science da Silva, MarcicIeide L., Universidade Federal do Amazonas, and Technology, Mati, Davao Oriental, Philippines Manaus, Brazil Bayuelo-Jiménez, Jeannette S., Department of Plant Nutrition, Daunay, Marie-Christine, Institut National de Ia Recherche Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Génétique et Amélioration des México et Légumes, Domaine St Maurice, BP 94 84143 Montfavet BeU, Richard L., United States Department of Agriculture, Cedex, France Agricultural Research Service, Appalachian Fruit Research Davis, Anthony S., Hardwood Improvement and Regeneration Station, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA Center, Departrnent of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue Benzioni, Aliza, The Institutes for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University, 715 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA University ofthe Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel d'Eeckenbrugge, Geo Coppens, Centre de coopération internationale Bittenbender, H.C., Department of Tropical Plant and Soil en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD) - Sciences, University of Hawai'i, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI FLHOR/ENSIA-SIARC, Av. Agropolis, TA 50/PS4, 34398 96822, USA Montpellier Cedex 5, France Bosland, Paul W., Departrnent of Agronomy and Horticulture, de Souza, Francisco Xavier, EMBRAPA Agroindústria Tropical, New State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-0003,USA PO Box 3761, CEP 60511-110 Fortaleza, Ceara State, Brazil. Camelossi, Marcelo A.G., Department of Chemical Engineering, [email protected] Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon s/n, São Diczbalis, Yan A., Queensland Department of Primary Industry Cristóvão, SE 49100-000, Brazil and Fisheries, Horticulture and Forestry Science, Centre for Wet Casas~ Alejandro, Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Tropics Agriculture, South Johnstone Road, 4859, Queensland, Uruversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 27-3 Australia (Santa María de Guido) Morelia, Michoacán CP 58089, México Dornier, Manuel, Centre de coopération internationale en Chan, Ying KWQk, Malaysian Agricultural Research and recherche agronomique pour le développement (ClRAD) - Development Institute, PO Box 12301 GPO, 50774 Kuala FLHOR/ENSIA-SIARC, Av. Agropolis, TA 50/PS4, 34398 Lumpur, Malaysia Montpellier Cedex 5, France v vi Contributors

Doyle, James F., Staff Research Associate, Department of Hughes, Angela, International Centre for Underutilised Crops Pomology, University ol California, Davis, California and (ICUC), University of Southampton, Southampton S017 IBJ, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier, California, USA UK Drew, Roderick A.,. School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Iezzoni, Amy, Department of Horticulture, Plant and Soil Science Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, Duarte, Odilo, Escuela Agrícola Panamericana - El Zamorano, PO USA Box 93, Tegucigalpa', Honduras Janick, Jules, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Enujiugha, Victor N., Department of Food Science and Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, Technology, Federal University ofTechnology, Akure, Nigeria West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA Erickson, Homer T., 1409 North Salisbury Street, West Lafayette, Jeppsson, Niklas, Gamla Fjalkingevãgen 34F, 29150 Kristianstad, IN, 47906, USA Sweden. [email protected] BioUmbrella Available at: Ferguson, A.R., The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of www.bioumbrella.net New Zealand Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New Zealand Kee, K.K., Applied Agricultural Research Sendirian Berhad, Buloh, Ferguson, Ian, The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of 47000 Selangor, Malaysia New Zealand, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New Zealand Ketsa, Saichol, Department of Horticulture, Kasetsant University, Ferguson, Louise, University of California at Davis, Kearney Chatuchuk, Bangkok, Thailand Agricultural Center, 9240 South Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA Kitajima, Akira, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto 93648, USA University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 8502,Japan Figueira, Antonio, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Krueger, Robert R., United States Department of Agriculture - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Agricultural Research Service National Cio naI Germplasm Filgueiras, Heloisa Almeida Cunha, EMBRAPA Agroindústria Repository for Citrus and Dates, 1060 Martin Luther King Blvd, Tropical, PO Box 3761, CEP 60511-110 Fortaleza, Ceara State, Riverside, CA 92507-5437, USA. [email protected] Brazil. [email protected] Kwesiga, F., International Centre of Research in Agroforestry Finn, Chad, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural (ICRAF) Southern Africa Regional Programme, PO Box 128, Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, 3420 Mount Pleasant Harare, Zimbabwe NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA Lara, Teresa Rejas, Universidad Nacional Agraria, La Molina, Foidl, Nikolaus, Carretera Sur Krn 11, PB432, Managua, Nicaragua Lima, George, Alan, Queensland Department of Primary Industry, PO Box Layne, Desmond R., Clemson University, Department of 5165 Sunshine Coast Mail Centre 4560, Queensland, Australia Horticulture, Clemson, South Carolina, USA Gmitter, Frederick G. Jr, University of Florida, Institute of Food Layne, Richard E.C, 127 Baldwin Avenue, Harrow, Ontario NOR and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), Citrus Research and Education IGO, Canada Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, Lin, Shunquan, College of Horticulture, South China Agriculture USA University, Guangzhou 510642, China Goh, K.J., Applied Agricultural Research Sendirian Berhad, Buloh, Lindstrom, Anders Jan, Nong Nooch Tropical Botanical Garden, 47000 Selangor, Malaysia 34/1 Sukhumvit Highway, Najomtien, Sattahip, Chonburi 20250, Gradziel, Thomas M., Department of Pomology, University of Thailand California, Davis, CA 95616, USA Love, Ken, PO Box 1242, Captain Cook, HI 96704, USA. Graham, Charles J., Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, [email protected] Pecan Research/Extension Station, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA Lyrene, Paul, Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Grant, Joseph A., University of California Cooperative Extension, Florida, 2135 Fifield Hall, Gainesville, FL 32606, USA 420 S. Wilson Way, Stockton, CA 95205, USA Macía, Manuel J., Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, Plaza de Grauke, L.J., United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Murillo 2, E-28014 Madrid, Spain. [email protected] Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Pecan Breeding and Maynard, Donald N., University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research Genetics, College Station, TX 77879, USA and Education Center, Bradenton, Florida, USA Gutiérrez, Mario Mejía, Carrera 43 Nro. 10-50, Apto 502, Cali, McGranahan, Gale, Department of Pomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA Hall, John B., School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Meerow, Alan W., United States Department of Agriculture - University ofWales, Bangor, UK Agricultural Research Service, 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, Hancock, James F., Department of Horticulture, Michigan State FL 33158, USA University, East Lansing, MI, 28824-1325, USA Mehlenbacher, Shawn A., Department of Horticulture, Oregon Haq, Nazmul, International Centre for Underutilised Crops (ICUC), State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA University ofSouthampton, Southampton SOI71BJ, UK Moore, Patrick P., Department of Horticulture and Landscape Harries, Hugh C, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Architecture, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, Mérida, México USA Heiser, Charles, Department of Biology, Jordan Hall, Indiana Mshigenio, Keto E., Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA (ZERI) Regional Office for Africa, University of Namibia, Private Huang, Shu, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), Citrus Research and Education Nagao, Mike A., Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, Beaumont Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, USA Hilo, HI 96720, USA Contributors vii

Nageswara Rao, M., University' of Florida, Institute of Food and Sivakumar, A., T.A. Pai Management Institute, Manipal 576 104, Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), Citrus Research and Education Udupi District, Karnataka State, India Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, Soh, A.C., Applied Agricultural Research Sendirian Berhad, Buloh, USA " 47000 Selangor, Malaysia Narain, Narendra, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal Soneji, Jaya, University of Florida, Institute of Food and University of Sergipe, f>.v.Marechal Rondon s/n, São Cristóvão, Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), Citrus Research and Education SE 49100-000, Brazil Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, Nelson, Scot c., Department of Plant and Environmental USA Protection Sciences, Beaumont Research Center, University of Sousa, Nelcimar Reis, EMBRAPA Amaz ia Ocidental, C. Postal Hawai'i at Manoa, Hilo, HI 96720, USA 319, Cepo 69011-970, Manaus,Amazonas, Brazil Nerd, Avinoam, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Sozzi, Gabriel 0., Cátedra de Fruticultura, Facultad de Agronomía, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel . Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Nobel, Park S., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avda, San University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA Martín 4453, C 1417 DSE Buenos Aires, Okie, W.R., United States Department of Agriculture -Agricultural Steele, Orlo c., Department of Botany, University of Hawai'i at Research Service, Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Manoa, Hil0, HI 96720, USA Laboratory, Byron, Georgia, USA St-Pierre, Richard, Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Agriculture Ooi, L.H., Applied Agricultural Research Sendirian Berhad, Buloh, and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science 47000 Selangor, Malaysia Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N OX2, Canada Ortiz, Rodomiro, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Tchoundjeu, Z., World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Regional Ibadan, Nigeria (International mailing address: Lambourn Ltd Office African Humid Tropics, PO Box 2067, Yaoundé, (UK), Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, Cameroon. [email protected] UK) Thomas, Michael B., Department of Botany, University of Hawai'i Oudhia, Pankaj, 28-A, Geeta Nagar, College Road, Raipur -492001, at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA Chattisgarh, India Thompson, Maxine M., Department of Horticulture, Oregon Paris, Harry S., Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel Thompson, Tornmy E., United States Department of Agriculture Pau 11,Robert E., Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Pecan Breeding University ofHawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA and Genetics, College Station, TX 77879, USA Pomper, Kirk W., Kentucky State University, Land Grant Program, Thorp, Grant, The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of Frankfort, Kentucky, USA New Zealand Ltd, Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92 Ragone, Diane, National Tropical Botanical Garden, 3530 Papalina 169, Auckland, New Zealand Road, Kalaheo, Hawai'i, HI 96741, USA Vieira de Freitas, Danival, Av. Efigênio Salles, 2224 - Aleixo, Rapoport, Hava, Institute of Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Condomínio Parque dos Rios II, Bloco 2A/ Apto 101, 69060-020 Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil Reich, Lee, 387 Springtown Road, New Paltz, NY 12561, USA Webster, Tony, 1 Pine Grove, Maidstone, Kent ME14 2A], UK Ruales, Jenny, Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Dept. Ciencia de los Werlemark, Gun, SLU Balsgârd, Fjâlkestadsvãgen 459, 291 94 Alimentos y Biotecnología, PO Box 17012759, Quito, Kristianstad, Sweden Rumpunen, Kimmo, Department of Crop Science, Swedish Wilson, Barrett c., Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 291 94 Kristianstad, Center, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue Sweden. [email protected] University, 715 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Ryugo, Kay, Department of Pomology, University of California at Xu, Changjie, Department of Horticulture, Huajiachi Campus, Davis, Davis, California, USA Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China Salakpetch, Surmsuk, Chanthaburi Horticultural Research Center, Yen, Chung-Ruey, Department of Plant Industry, National Khlung, Chanthaburi, 22110, Thailand Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Santos, Ronaldo Pereira, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Pingtung, Taiwan, PR China Amazônia (INPA) - Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ciências Yonemori, Keizo, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Agronômicas (CPCA), Sala Dr Charles Clement, Caixa Postal University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 8502, ]apan 478, CEP 69011-970, Manaus, AM, Brazil Zee, Francis, United States Department of Agriculture, Curator - Sauco, Victor Galan, Instituto Canario de Investigación Agraria Tropical Fruit and Nuts, Pacific Basin Tropical Plant Genetic (ICIA), Consejeria de Agricultura, Tenerife, Spain Resources Management Unit, Hilo, Hawai'i Shu, Zen-Hong, Meiho Institute of Technology, 23 Pingkuang Zhang, Bo, Department of Horticulture, Huajiachi Campus, Road, Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan 912, Republic of China Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China -

68

clones at l3 sites açross the USA. Cultivars being tested Pornper, K.W., Crabtree, S.B., Brown, S.P., jones, S.e., Bonney, include 'Middletown', 'Mitchell', 'NC-I', 'Overleese', 'PA- T.M. and Layne, D.R. (2003) Assessment of genetic diversity of Golden 1', 'Rappahannock', 'Shenandoah', 'Sunflower', pawpaw varieties with inter-simple sequence repeat markers. 'Susquehanna', 'Taylor', 'Taytwo', 'Wells' and 'Wilson'. The Journalof American Society of Horucultural Science 128,521-525. other 1S clones were selections from the PPF breeding effort. Pornper, K.W., Layne, D.R. and Jones, S.e. (2003) Container Tree survival, trunk cross-sectional area, fruit size and taste, production of pawpaw seedlings. HortTechnology 13,434-438. flesh-to-seed ratio, resistance to pests and diseases, and overall Pornper, K.W., Layne, D.R., Peterson, R. . and Wolfe, o. (2003) The productivity on a year-to-year basis are among the attributes pawpaw regional variety trial: background and early data. being evaluated. The pawpaw cultivars 'PA-Golden 1', HortTechnology 13,412-417. 'Overleese', 'NC-l', 'Sunflower', 'Shenandoah' and Reich, L. (1991) Uncommon Fruits Worthy of Attention: a Gardener's 'Susquehanna' have performed well in Kentucky, have Cuide. Addison-Wesley, ew York. excellent fruit size and flavour, and are recommended for Templeton, S.B., Marlette, M., Pornper, K.W. and Jones, S.e. (2003) planting in the south-eastern USA. Complete results from the Favorable taste ratings for severa I pawpaw products. PRVT and additional regional recommendations will be Hort'Iechnology 13,445-448. available in a few years. Wiese, T.D. and Duffrin, M.W. (2003) Effects of substituting pawpaw Kirk W. Pomper and Desmond R. Layne fruit puree for fat on the sensory properties of a plain shortened cake. Hort'Iechnology 13,442-444. Literature cited and further reading Willson, M.F. and Schemske, D.W. (1980) Pollinator limitation, fruit production, and floral display in pawpaw (Asimina triloba). Archbold, 0.0. and Pomper, K.W. (2003) Ripening pawpaw fruit Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 107,401-408. exhibit respiratory and ethylene climacterics. Postharuest Biology and Technology 30, 99-103. Callaway, M.B. (1990) The Pawpaw (Asimina triloba). CRS- mucosa biriba HORTI-901T, Kentucky State University Publications, Kentucky. Darrow, G.M. (1975) Minor temperate fruits. In: Janick, J, and Biriba tree, Rollinia mucosa (jacq.) Baill. (Annonaceae), is Moore, J, . (eds) Advances in Fruit Breeding. Purdue University considered to have been cultivated in pre-Columbian times and Press, West Lafayette, Indiana, pp. 276-277. is now wide1y grown throughout the Amazon region. It is also Geneve, R.L., Pornper, K.W., Kester, S.T., Egilla, J,N., Finneseth, found in north-eastern Brazil, the Antilles and other parts of the e.L.H., Crabtree, S.B. and Layne, D.R. (2003) Propagation of Caribbean. The fruit is appropriate for the fresh fruit market, pawpaw - a review. HortTechnology 13,428-433. with prices varying according to size. The is an excellent Huang, H., Layne, D.R. and Kubisiak, T.L. (2000) RAPD altemative to diversify fruit gardens and to supply the demand inheritance and diversity in pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal]. motivated mainly by originality of the native fruit. Moreover it is Journalof American Society of Horticultural Science 125,454-459. an important genetic resource for its natural genetic variability, Huang, H., Layne, D.R. and Kubisiak, T.L. (2003) Molecular which can be used in domestication studies, for selection of characterization of cultivated pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] superior genotypes or as a source of genes for re1ated species. using RAPD markers. Journal of American Society of Horticultural The species is most commonly known as biriba. Other Science 128, 85-93. names include biribazeiro, biriba-de-pernambuco or fruta-de- Jones, S.e. and Layne, D.R. (1997) Cooking with pawpaws. Bulletin condessa (Brazil); anon (Peru); chirimoya (Ecuador); mulato #PIB-OOI, Kentucky State University Cooperative Extension (Colombia); sinon (); anona babosa or zambo Program, Kentucky. (Mexico); cachiman morveusc, cachiman coehon or cachiman jones, S.e., Peterson, R.N., Turner, T., Pornper, K.W. and Layne, montagne (Guadalupe); cachiman or anon cimamon (Puerto D.R. (1998) Patopato planting guide: cultiuars and nursery sources. Rico); anonillo (Panama); candongo or anona (Dominican Bulletin #PIB-002, Kentucky State University Cooperative Republic); and wild sugar apple (English). Extension Prograrn, Kentucky. Kral, R. (1960) A revision of Asimina and Deeringothamnus World production and yield (Annonaceae). Brittonia 12,233-278. In Central Amazon, the fruit is sold per unit at open markets Layne, D.R. (1996) The pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal): a new or by street vendors. The species is not commercially fruit crop for Kentucky and the USA. HorzScience 31, 777-784. exploited, even considering its value as a food source and for McLaughlin, J,L. (1997) Anticancer and pesticidal components of income for small farmers. It is most often found in horne pawpaw (Asimina triloba). Annual Report of the Northern Nut gardens or urban yards and small farms. Fifteen-year-old Grotoers Association 88, 97-106. can produce over ISO fruit/ year (Souza et al., 1997). During ational Research Council (1989) Recommended Dietary Allotoances, the first three harvests of trees evaluated at EMBRAPA 10th edn. ational Academy Press, Washington, De. Western Amazon Experimental Station, State of Amazon, the Peterson, R. . (1991) Pawpaw (Asimina). Acta Horticulturae 290, average production reported was about 4S fruit/tree, with a 567-600. range from 3S to S5 (Sousa, 1998). Peterson, R. . (2003) Pawpaw variety development: a history and future prospects. HortTechnology 13,449-454. Uses and nutritional composition Peterson, R.N., Cherry, J,P. and Simrnons, J,G. (1982) Composition of pawpaw (Asimina triloba) fruit. Annual Report of the Northern Biriba has become a popular fruit due to its de1icate flavour, Nut Grotoers Association 73, 97-107. pulp yield and fruit size which is enough for one individual. &

Rollinia 69

, Fruit is consumed fresh, altheugh some in the Amazon prefer Municipality of Manaus, State of Amazonas, Brazil, where the to blend it into a juice with or'without milk. Fruit is 52% pulp, species is under study, the dimate is characterized by a short 42% peel and 6% seeds (Costa and Müller, 1995). The pulp is dry season, with an average rainfall above 60 mm during the creamy, slightly acid tosweet, with total soluble solids ranging driest months (july and August) and above 300 mm during the from 10 to 20% (Sousa, 1998). The fruit is regarded as being rainy season (january-March), annual rainfall averaging rich in vitamin C (Table A.39). The fruit and seeds contain around 2700 mm. The annual average temperature for the last acetogenens and alkaloids that may be anti-tumour agents and 10 years has been around 26°C, with temperatures during the can inhibit platelet aggregations (Liaw et ai., 2003). The wood coldest month never being below 18°e. is hard and heavy and is used for boats, masks and boxes. The tree grows better in deep soil with a high content of organic matter and good drainage, even though it tolerates poor, acid and heavy-textured soils. In the Brazilian Amazon, Botany the tree has been planted in upland xanthic ferralsols (yellow AND NOMENCLATURE There are approximately oxisols) that have a day texture, high acidity and high content 65 species in the Rollinia, but only R. mucosa is of exchangeable aluminum. In that region, the tree also grows cultivated for its fruit. Synonyms indu de in lowlands subject to periodic flooding. Saff., Rollinia orthopetala A. nc., Rollinia pulchrinenns A. De., Rollinia sieberi A. De. and mucosa Jacq. REPRODUCTlVE DEVELOPMENT The juvenile period from seed is about 3 years. The biriba tree is among the most OESCRIPTION The tree is leafy with a round or conic canopy, tropical species and flowers just once a year after leaf fall, requiring sufficient space for satisfactory development. which occurs in the Central Amazon during the low rainfall During a study carried out on 80 conserved in a season, between June and September. In Costa Rica, flowers diversified collection of Amazon indigenous species genetic are observed between February and July. resources at EMBRAPA Western Amazon Experimental Station, this species was considered to have a fast initial FRUIT DEVELOPMENT In the state of Amazonas, fruit usually growth, reaching a height of 3.7 m with a trunk 6.1 em in mature between October and May, and between June and diameter at 50 em in its first year (Sousa and Paiva, 2000). The November in Costa Rica. The fruit mature about 55 days from leaves are alternate, simple, oblong- or elliptical-oblong- anthesis (Falcão, 1993). Fruit may be spherical to oblong- .shaped, 15-25 em long and 8-11 em wide, coriaceous, shaped, attaining 10-20 em in length, 7-20 em in diameter deciduous, without stipules, with a petiole 5-10 mm long. and an average weight from 200 to 1000 g. Special care must Solitary flowers are hermaphrodite and arranged on large be taken in harvesting and handling to avoid fruit darkening pedicels. The fruit is a syncarp consisting of many joined due to mechanical injury (Fig. A.8). carpels of pyramidal-shaped fruitlets. The ripened fruit is yellowish coloured and varies in shape, size, consistency and Horticulture pericarp. The black seeds are about 1-1.5 em long. PROPAGATION Trees are propagated either vegetatively or by f.COLooY AND CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS The biriba tree is seeds. Seeds should be sown as soon as they are collected from t1Pica1ly found growing in hot and humid dimates. In the

% 77.2 80 2.8 0.2 19.1 1.3 0.7

mg 24 1.2 26 mg

33 0.5 Fig. A.a. Biriba, Rollínía mucosa, is a syncarp 01 many joined PUt~ 52% 01the total truít weight and the total soluble solids/acidity pyramidal-shaped Iruitlets with soft spines that are easily damaged during harvesting and handling. 70 Annonaceae

the fruit, preferably from high-yielding plants with high- Sousa, .R. and Paiva,J.R. (2000)Conservaçãode recursos genéticos quality fruit. Germination takes about 30 days with about de espécies autóctones da Amazônia em sistemas diversificados. 80% germination. The most common vegetative method is In: Actas dei II I Congreso Latinoamericano de Ecologia. grafting. Rooted plantlets C~ll be produced in vitro (Figueiredo Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, pp. 347-353. et aI., 2000). Souza, A. das G.c. de, Sousa, .R., Souza, S.E.L. da, Nunes, C.D.M., Canto, A. do c., Cruz, L.A. de A. (1997) Fruit Trees o/ DISEASES AND PESTS Cerconota anonnela (Lepidopterene) the Amazon Region. Collection Biblioteca Botânica Brasileira 1, larvae attack maturing fruit and cause considerable damage. A EMBRAPA-SPIIManaus, EMBRAPA-CPAA,Brasília, 204pp. borer (Cratosomus bombina) burrows into the bark and trunk leading to secondary infections and branch death. White flies (A/eurodicus cocois) and mealy bugs (Pseudococcus brevipes and Aspidiotus destructor) are common on the leaves. Cercospora APOCYNACEAE leaf spot occurs and Glomerella cingu/ata causes stem dieback and fruit roto Carissa congesta karanda The English names of Carissa congesta Wight. (Apocynaceae), MAIN CULTIVARS A D BREEDING No breeding programmes in addition to karanda, include Bengal currant and karaunda. have been described. The existing variation in the trees It is known as karandan and senggaritan in Indonesia; kerenda, planted from seeds offer excellent opportunities for selection kerandang and berenda in Malaysia; caramba and pekunkila in for yield, size, weight, consistency and total soluble solids the Philippines; naam daeng, manaao ho and naam khee haet contento Some selections may have been made by Indians in in Thailand; and cay siro in Vietnam. The species is common the Upper Solimôes River region, where fruit weighing above throughout its native range of India, Sri Lanka, Myanrnar and 4 kg with a smooth pericarp are found (Clement et aI., 1982; Malacca and it grows often in Thailand, Cambodia, South Lima and Costa, 1997). These selections have been known as Vietnam and East Africa. Introduced as a hedge, it is now wild biriba do A/to So/imões. elcimar Reis Sousa around Djakarta. The synonym is Carissa carandas Auct.

Literature cited and further reading Uses and nutrient composition Clement, C.R., Müller, C.H. and Chavez Flores, W.B. (1982) The sourish-sweet fruit is consumed fresh when ripe and the Recursos genéticos de espécies frutíferas nativas da Amazônia more acid fruit is stewed with sugar (see Table A.40 for Brasileira.Acta Amazônica 12,677-695. proximate fruit composition). It is also used to make Costa, J.P.c. da and Müller, C.H. (1995) Fruticultura Tropical: o beverages, pickles, curries, tarts, jellies and chutneys. The Biribazeiro Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Bai//. Documentos 84, fruit exudes a gummy latex when cooked, but the red juice is EMBRAPA-CPATU,Belém, Brazil, 35 pp. clear and consumed as a cold beverage. Green fruit can be Falcão, M. de A. (1993) Aspectos Fenológicos, Ecológicos e de pickled. Produtividade de Algumas Fruteiras Cultivadas na Amazônia The fruit can be used for tanning and dyeing while a paste Brasileira: Araçâ-boi (Eugenia stiptata McVaugh), Biribá (Rollinia of the pounded root serves as a fly repellent. The white or mucosaJacq.), Camu-camu (Myrciaria dúbia (H.B.K.) McVaugh), yellow wood is hard, smooth, and useful for handicrafts and Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum (Wild. ex, Spreng) Schum.) e utensils. Graviola (Annona muricata L.). 2nd edn rev. FUA, V.2,Manaus, Unripe fruit are used medicinally as an astringent and ripe Brazil, 97 pp. fruit as an antiscorbutic, and as a traditional remedy for Figueiredo, S.F.L., Alarello, N. and Viana, Y.R. (2000) Minor biliousness. A leaf decoction is used in cases of intermittent propagation of Ro//inia mucosa (jacq.) Baill. ln Vitro Cellular and fever, diarrhoea, oral inflammation and earache. The bitter Deuelopment Biology 37, 471-475. root is a stomachic and vermifuge, and contains salicylic acid Kessler,P.J.A.(1993)Annonaceae.In: Kubitzki, K., Rohwer,J.G. and and cardiac glycosides. Bark, leaves and fruit contain an Bitrrich, V. (eds) The Fami/ies and Genera o/ Vascular Plants. Vol. unnamed alkaloid. 2. Flotoering Plants. Dicotyledons. Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophy//id Fami/ies. Springer Verlag,Berlin, pp, 93-129. Table A.40. Proximate fruit composition of karanda per 100 g (Source: Liaw, c.c., Chang, F.R., Wu, M.J. and Wu, Y.c. (2003) A novel Morton, 1987). constituent from Ro//inia mucosa, rollicosin, and a new approach to develop Annonaceaus acetogenius as potencial anti-tumor Proximate g agents.Journal o/Natural Products 66, 279-281. Water 83 Lima, R.R. and Costa, J.P.c. da (1997) Coleta de Plantas de Cultura Energy (kcal) 75 Pré-colombiana na Amazônia Brasileira - Metodologia e Expedições Protein 0.39-0.66 Realizadas para Coleta de Germoplasma. Documentos 99, Lipid 2.57-4.63 EMBRAPA-CPATU,Belém, Brazil, 148pp. Carbohydrate 7.9-12.5 Fibre 0.62-1.8 Morton, J. (1987) Fruits o/ Warm Climates. Creative Resource Ash 0.66-0.78 Systems Inc., Winterville, orth Carolina, pp. 8&-90. Sousa, .R. (1998) Biribazeiro fruits in a diversified collection of Vitamins mg Amazon indegineous species genetic resources. Proceedings Ascorbic acid 9-11 Inter.American Society for Tropical Horticulture 42, 140-142.