The Encyclopedia of Fruit & Nuts Edited by Jules Janick Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Purdue University West Lafoyette, Indiana, USA and Robert E. Paull Department ofTropical Plant and Soil Sciences University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA - S 8543 CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Office CABI orth American Office Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OXlO 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491832111 Tel: + 1 6173954056 Fax: +44 (0)1491833508 Fax: + I 6173546875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB lnternational 2008. Ali rights reserved. o part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, 'electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Encyclopedia of fruit and nuts / edited by Jules Janick and Robert E. Paul!. p. em. lncludes bibliographical references and index. lSB 0-85199-638-8 (alk. paper) I. Tropical fruit- Varieties-Encylopedias. 2. Tropical nuts- Varieties- Encyclopedias. I. Janick, Jules, 1931- lI. Paul!, Robert E. IlI. Title. SB359.E562006 634' .603-dc22 2006027763 ISB 978 O85199 638 7 Typeset by Columns Design Ltd, Reading, UK Printed and bound in the UK by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Akinnifesi, Festus K., World Agroforestry Centre, Southern Chao, Chih-Cheng T., Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, African Development Community (SADC) International Centre University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, 92521- for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) Programme, Chitedze 0124, USA. [email protected] Agricultural Research Station, PO Box 30798, Lilongwe, Malawi. Chaplin, Grantley R., 696 Mt Sylvia Road, Gatton, Queensland, ([email protected] Australia 4343 Allen Stevens, M., 21715 County Road 97, Woodland, CA 95695, Chen, Ching Cheng, Department of Horticulture, National Chung USA Hsing University, Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic Alves, Rafael Moysés, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa ofChina Agropecuária, EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental, Travessa Eneas Chen, Kunsong, Departrnent of Horticulture, Huajiachi Campus, Pinheiro s/n, Laboratório de Fitomelhoramento Marco, 66095- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China 100 Belem, Pará, Brazil- Caixa-Postal: 48 Chilanga, T., World Agroforestry Centre, Southern African Andall, Reginald, Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Community (SADC) International Centre for Development Insititute, St George's, Grenada Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) Programme, Chitedze Ang, B.N., Applied Agricultural Research Sendirian Berhad, Buloh, Agricultural Research Station, PO Box 30798, Lilongwe, Malawi 47000 Selangor, Malaysia Clement, Charles R., Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Arce, Rogerene K.M., Department of Tropical Plant and Soil (INPA) Cx. Postal 478, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Cohen, Jane E., Departrnent of Life Sciences, University of the Honolulu, HI 96822, USA West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica Atangana, A.R., World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Regional Coronel, Roberto E., Institute of Plant Breeding, College of OfficeAfrican Humid Tropics, PO Box 2067, Yaoundé, Cameroon Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Bafios, College, Ballington, James R., Department of Horticultural Science, North Laguna, Philippines Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA Cousins, Peter, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Bartholomew, Duane, Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plant Genetic Resources Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Unit, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA NY 14456, USA Batlle, Ignasi, Institut de Recerca i Tecnología Agroalimentàries Crane, Jonathan H., Tropical Research and Education Center, (IRTA), Centre Mas Bové, Dept. d'Arboricultura Mediterrània, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Apartat 415, 43.280 Reus, Spain (IFAS), Gainesville, FL 33031-3314, USA Bayogan, Emma Ruth V., Davao Oriental State College of Science da Silva, MarcicIeide L., Universidade Federal do Amazonas, and Technology, Mati, Davao Oriental, Philippines Manaus, Brazil Bayuelo-Jiménez, Jeannette S., Department of Plant Nutrition, Daunay, Marie-Christine, Institut National de Ia Recherche Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Génétique et Amélioration des México Fruits et Légumes, Domaine St Maurice, BP 94 84143 Montfavet BeU, Richard L., United States Department of Agriculture, Cedex, France Agricultural Research Service, Appalachian Fruit Research Davis, Anthony S., Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Station, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA Center, Departrnent of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue Benzioni, Aliza, The Institutes for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University, 715 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA University ofthe Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel d'Eeckenbrugge, Geo Coppens, Centre de coopération internationale Bittenbender, H.C., Department of Tropical Plant and Soil en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD) - Sciences, University of Hawai'i, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI FLHOR/ENSIA-SIARC, Av. Agropolis, TA 50/PS4, 34398 96822, USA Montpellier Cedex 5, France Bosland, Paul W., Departrnent of Agronomy and Horticulture, de Souza, Francisco Xavier, EMBRAPA Agroindústria Tropical, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-0003,USA PO Box 3761, CEP 60511-110 Fortaleza, Ceara State, Brazil. Camelossi, Marcelo A.G., Department of Chemical Engineering, [email protected] Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon s/n, São Diczbalis, Yan A., Queensland Department of Primary Industry Cristóvão, SE 49100-000, Brazil and Fisheries, Horticulture and Forestry Science, Centre for Wet Casas~ Alejandro, Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Tropics Agriculture, South Johnstone Road, 4859, Queensland, Uruversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 27-3 Australia (Santa María de Guido) Morelia, Michoacán CP 58089, México Dornier, Manuel, Centre de coopération internationale en Chan, Ying KWQk, Malaysian Agricultural Research and recherche agronomique pour le développement (ClRAD) - Development Institute, PO Box 12301 GPO, 50774 Kuala FLHOR/ENSIA-SIARC, Av. Agropolis, TA 50/PS4, 34398 Lumpur, Malaysia Montpellier Cedex 5, France v vi Contributors Doyle, James F., Staff Research Associate, Department of Hughes, Angela, International Centre for Underutilised Crops Pomology, University ol California, Davis, California and (ICUC), University of Southampton, Southampton S017 IBJ, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier, California, USA UK Drew, Roderick A.,. School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Iezzoni, Amy, Department of Horticulture, Plant and Soil Science Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, Duarte, Odilo, Escuela Agrícola Panamericana - El Zamorano, PO USA Box 93, Tegucigalpa', Honduras Janick, Jules, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Enujiugha, Victor N., Department of Food Science and Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, Technology, Federal University ofTechnology, Akure, Nigeria West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA Erickson, Homer T., 1409 North Salisbury Street, West Lafayette, Jeppsson, Niklas, Gamla Fjalkingevãgen 34F, 29150 Kristianstad, IN, 47906, USA Sweden. [email protected] BioUmbrella Available at: Ferguson, A.R., The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of www.bioumbrella.net New Zealand Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New Zealand Kee, K.K., Applied Agricultural Research Sendirian Berhad, Buloh, Ferguson, Ian, The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of 47000 Selangor, Malaysia New Zealand, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New Zealand Ketsa, Saichol, Department of Horticulture, Kasetsant University, Ferguson, Louise, University of California at Davis, Kearney Chatuchuk, Bangkok, Thailand Agricultural Center, 9240 South Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA Kitajima, Akira, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto 93648, USA University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 8502,Japan Figueira, Antonio, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Krueger, Robert R., United States Department of Agriculture - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Agricultural Research Service National Cio naI Germplasm Filgueiras, Heloisa Almeida Cunha, EMBRAPA Agroindústria Repository for Citrus and Dates, 1060 Martin Luther King Blvd, Tropical, PO Box 3761, CEP 60511-110 Fortaleza, Ceara State, Riverside, CA 92507-5437, USA. [email protected] Brazil. [email protected] Kwesiga, F., International Centre of Research in Agroforestry Finn, Chad, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural (ICRAF) Southern Africa Regional Programme, PO Box 128, Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, 3420 Mount Pleasant Harare, Zimbabwe NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA Lara, Teresa Rejas, Universidad Nacional Agraria, La Molina, Foidl, Nikolaus, Carretera Sur Krn 11, PB432, Managua, Nicaragua Lima, Peru George, Alan, Queensland Department of Primary Industry, PO Box Layne, Desmond R., Clemson University, Department