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The Conifers and Taxads of Japan. Issued December 30, 1916

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The Conifers and Taxads of Japan. Issued December 30, 1916 t LIBRARY FACULTY OF FORESTRY UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/coniferstaxadsofOOwilsuoft .^ > CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN /^/ PUBLICATIONS OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM, No. 8 ^ THE ,,l (,, '^>j CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN BY ERNEST HENRY WILSON ISSUED DECEMBER 30, 1916 CAMBRIDGE PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1916 4- V .^^^ :'"''. / HA^ THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A. ^ INTRODUCTION nPHE Conifers and Taxads of Japan are of especial interest to us as many of -* them are of ornamental value in Western gardens. All that are known are now in cultivation in this country and nearly all of them are also in Europe. Many of these plants are perfectly hardy in the northern United States and in Europe, and one or two promise to be of economic value as forest trees in Great Britain and other countries. The importance and value of these trees warrant the publi- cation of all available information concerning them. Much has been written about them since the appearance of Siebold & Zuccarini's Flora Japonica, new species have been discovered and much has been added to our knowledge of these plants. Some problems, however, have remained unsolved in regard to the hab- itat, the range of distribution and the validity of certain species and varieties. To investigate these problems, to collect specimens and take photographs of the trees was one of the principal objects of the Arnold Arboretum Expedition to Japan in 1914. From Professor Sargent I received very definite instructions and these I did my best to fulfill. In these days, thanks to a good railway service it is possi- ble to travel quickly and with ease through the whole length of Japan, otherwise it would have been impossible to cover the ground I did in one year. On the island of Yaku-shima, the most southern point of Japan proper, the work began in wonderful and impressive forests in which the Cryptomeria is the dominant tree. From there I travelled northward through Kyushu, Shikoku, Hondo and Hokkaido to Japanese Saghalien. I saw growing, with the exception of Juniperus communis L. and its var. montana Ait., every conifer and taxad known from Japan and with the exception of these Junipers and of Juniperus procumbens Sieb., J. chinensis L., Pinus Armandi Franch. and Podocarpus nagi Zoll. & Moritz., I saw them all, growing wild. There is no record of anyone — foreigner or native — having previously enjoyed such opportunity to study these plants. I owe much to the aid and advice of Dr. H. Shirasawa and Dr. K. Miyabe through whose efforts the Government Forestry OflBcers everywhere gave me great assistance. It is with pleasure that I recall the meetings and talks with these gentlemen and I acknowledge with sincerest thanks their invaluable services to the Arnold Arbore- tum Expedition to Japan. Since my return, and under the direction of Professor Sargent, I have elaborated my field notes, and these with a full synonymy of the different species and varieties and references to the principal literature appear in the following pages. Japan is singularly rich in coniferous trees and they range from the extreme south to the northern limit of the empire and from sea-level to the summits of the highest mountains. They are more numerous than other trees and impart much character to the scenery. Indeed, in Japan one is never out of sight of coni- fers. In Pinaceae with 12 genera Japan compares favorably with North America where 13 genera occur, but naturally in the larger territory of North America more species are found. In Japan three genera are endemic and of the 32 species and 8 varieties of Pinaceae only 12 species and 2 varieties are known to grow spon- taneously outside of that country. Neither of the two Hard Pines reaches the mainland, but of the four Soft Pines the Korean Pinus koraiensis S. & Z. is really vi INTRODUCTION a continental species which just reaches Japan and this is true of the Chinese White Pine (P. Armandi Franch.) now known to grow spontaneously on the southern islands of Tanega-shima and Yaku-shima. This species also grows in Formosa. The dwarf P. pumila Regel has a wide range of distribution in north- eastern Asia as well as on the mountains of Japan from central Hondo north- ward. Of the Spruces only Picea jezoensis Carr. is actually known to grow on the mainland of eastern Asia, although it is probable that the species growing in Korea and now referred to P. Schrenkiana Fisch. & Mey. is not that species but is the same as the newly discovered P. Koyamai Shiras. Larix dahurica, var. japonica Maxim, apparently reaches the continent and it is doubtful if this is really different from the type species. The other Japanese members of the sub- family Abieteae are endemic. The subfamily Taxodieae is represented by the endemic Sciadopitys verticillata S. & Z. and by Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. The latter tree was discovered on the Chusan Islands in China by James Cunningham in 1701, but it is doubt- ful if it is really indigenous anywhere outside of Japan. Of the subfamily Cupresseae, Chamaecyparis obtusa S. & Z. also grows in Formosa and Thuja Stan- dishii Carr. in Korea. Except Juniperus conferta Pari, and the little known J. procumbens Sieb. no species of Juniper is peculiar to Japan, although the var. nip- ponica of J. communis L. and var. Sargentii of J. chinensis L. must be so considered in the present state of our knowledge of these plants. Of the Japanese Taxaceae none is endemic. Torreya nucifera S. & Z. grows on the island of Quelpaert off the coast of southern Korea but is otherwise confined to Japan. Taxus cuspidata S. & Z. grows in Korea and in eastern Siberia and is represented in China and Formosa by the var. chinensis Rehd. & Wils. Cephalotaxus drupacea S. & Z. reaches central China but is more generally represented there by the var. sinensis Rehd. & Wils. The two species of Podocarpus also grow in the Liukiu Islands and in Formosa. The Ginkgo is planted in Japan as in China and is probably unknown in the wild state. Three Chinese trees (Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook., Cupressus funebris Endl. and Thuja orientalis L.) are sparingly planted in temple grounds and gardens in Japan but are uncommon and since they are not indigenous all further reference to them in these pages will be omitted. In Japan the distribution of many conifers is clearly defined and often limited. Of the Abieteae only Picea jezoensis Carr., Pinus parviflora S. & Z. and Pinus pumila Regel are common to Hondo and Hokkaido though it is possible that Pinus densiflora S. & Z. may grow on these two islands. Of the other Pinaceae which grow in Hondo only Juniperus conferta Pari, and J. chinensis, var. Sar- gentii Henry grow also in Hokkaido. The two species of Podocarpus are con- fined to the warm parts of Shikoku and Kyushu in the south; the Torreya is only questionably wild north of latitude 36°, but the Cephalotaxus is common as far north as central Hokkaido and Taxus cuspidata S. & Z. is also found in the Kuriles and in Saghalien. The circumpolar Juniperus communis L. just reaches northern Hokkaido and is found also in the Kuriles and in Saghalien; the var. montana Ait. is found in Saghalien. These two Junipers are the only American and Euro- pean conifers found within the limits of the Japanese Empire. In the case of many species it is clearly demonstrated that climate is the all- important factor in limiting the distribution of conifers in Japan, yet it cannot be claimed that this has anything to do with the absence of such hardy trees as Picea jezoensis Carr. and Larix Kaempferi Sarg. from Hondo north of the Nikko region. Again, it is ciu-ious that no Larch is indigenous in Hokkaido, yet Larix INTRODUCTION vii dahurica, var. japonica Maxim, reaches Shikotan in the southern Kuriles only a few miles from northeast Hokkaido and is abundant in Saghalien where grow in great plenty Abies sachalinensis Mast, and Picea jezoensis Carr. which are the dominant conifers of the Hokkaido forests. It has been stated and the statement is rather widely accepted that the Tsugaru Straits which separate northern Hondo and Hokkaido form a well-marked phytogeo- graphical and zoogeographical boundary — the so-called Blakiston line — but so far as plants are concerned this has no foundation in fact. The warm current which flows up the east coast of Japan and is deflected out to sea about the lati- tude of Tokyo exercises a strong influence over the climate and consequently also over the flora. South of Tokyo broad-leaved evergreens are a feature of the vege- tation and north of that latitude they rapidly disappear and the general appearance of the forests is markedly different. No hard and fast phytogeographical bound- ary exists, but such as it is it is found about latitude 36°. The whole flora of Japan is largely endemic but is an integral part of the great flora which includes that of southern Korea, has its headquarters in China and extends westward to the border of the Thibetan highlands and along the Himalayas to eastern Nepal. In northern Hondo and in Hokkaido are many elements of the flora of continental northeast Asia which extends eastward from the region of Lake Baikal. And in the same region of Japan grow a number of circumpolar plants, especially members of the Ericaceae. There is some affinity between the flora of Japan and that of eastern North America, but it is much less strong than between the floras of the latter region and of central China.
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