VOLUME 10 ISSUE 2 2001

INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOANALYSIS LETTERS

On Fenichel and Reich On non-discrimination On homosexuality

HOME PAGES

The IPA- and regional structures The Nice Congress Psychoanalysis and university The new Executive Council

FOCUS

Child analysis and analytical child psychotherapy

DIALOGUE

Roughton’s response on homosexuality

OPINION

An experiment in training Ethics once more

WORLD WIDE PAGES

The New York Trauma Obituary of William Gillespie New IPA Members Members who have left the IPA

EPF Conference Broomhills exico DF

© Manuel Isaías López Gómez, M

International Psychoanalysis The International The Newsletter of the IPA. ISSN: 1564-0361 Psychoanalytical Association

Editor Translation Team President Honorary Vice-President Alex Holder Daniel Widlöcher Robert S. Wallerstein German: Past Editors Astrid Fuhrmeister, Joachim Roether, Ethel Person, Leopold Nosek Elisabeth Vorspohl, Eva Ristl; Secretary Representatives of the House Alain Gibeault of Delegates to Council Regional Editors English: Ken Heyward, Newell Fischer, Europe: Michel Vincent, Henning Paikin, Edmund Jephcott, Philip Slotkin, Treasurer Carmen Médici de Steiner Guiseppina Antinucci; Susan Hale Rogers; Moisés Lemlij Latin America: Renato Canovi, Associate Secretaries Eduardo Laverde; French: Ronald Brown, Ekkehard Gattig, North America: Abby Adams-Silvan, Danielle Goldstein, Catherine Roux; Vice-Presidents Rómulo Lander Irene Cairo-Chiandarini, Sharon Zalusky Jacqueline Amati Mehler, Ronald Spanish: Britton, Sverre Varvin, Alvaro Rey de Ex Officio Dana Cáceres, Glenda Escajadillo, Castro, Cláudio Laks Eizirik, Mónica Alex Holder, Language Editors Martín Scheuch. Siedmann de Armesto, Helen Meyers, Editor of the Newsletter; German Newsletter: Alex Holder Robert Pyles, Robert Tyson David M. Sachs, English Newsletter: Janice Ahmed International New Groups; French Newsletter: Françoise Bokanowski Honorary President Piers Pendred, Director General; Spanish Newsletter: Isabel Bataller Leo Rangell Tom Asher, Legal Counsel; Bautista Layout & Production R.E. Regina Ehlers Grafik&Design Corresponding Editors Hamburg, Deutschland Australia: Deborah McIntyre International Psychoanalysis is published biannually Japan: Keigo Okonogi © Copyright 2001, with the exception of the photographs, Printer The International Psychoanalytical Association Executive Editor Eurodruck GmbH No part of this publication may be reproduced without the express consent of the International Janice Ahmed Hamburg, Deutschland Psychoanalytical Association, “Broomhills”, Woodside Lane, London N12 8UD, England. VOLUME 10 – ISSUE 2 – 2001 EDITORIAL Cover: Margaret Mahler (1897 - 1985)

Back page: Ernest Jones (1879 - 1958)

CONTENTS

EDITORIAL p. 3

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Reich on Reich and Fenichel p. 4 Widlöcher on homosexuality p.4/5 Roughton on homosexuality p. 4 APsaA on homosexuality p. 4 I am writing this Editorial still under the impact of the atrocious and barbaric Furman on Freud on homosexuality p. 5 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon, and Albretsen on homosexuality p. 5 the almost unthinkable destructiveness of which human beings are capable. HOME PAGES What follows is the message which our President, Daniel Widlöcher, sent to the North American IPA The new Executive Council in pictures p. 6 Groups at the time: ‘At this time when America has been appallingly rocked by acts of insane violence, The President’s Column: I would personally, and on behalf of the Council, Piers Pendred and our staff, like you to know how much IPA- and Regional Structures p. 8 we share the feeling of sheer horror you must be experiencing. I am sure that I represent the unani- The Secretary’s Report p. 10 mous conviction of the whole of the psychoanalytical community in stating that this blow is a blow to Report on the Nice Congress p. 11 the entire community and to the values of peace and mutual respect which form the very basis of our Introduction to Conference of psychoanalytical ethics. Please transmit to all your members our warmest wishes and support.’ Training Analysts p. 14 A first reaction to these traumatic events on 11 September by a New York colleague can be found on Final Summary of Conference page 36. Others will appear in the next issue. of Training Analysts p. 16 The 42nd IPA Congress, with its main topic of ‘Psychoanalysis: Method and Applications’, lies behind us. FOCUS It was attended by nearly 2000 delegates. The moving Opening Address by Jorge Semprún will appear Child psychoanalysis and in the next issue. The report on the congress is this time by a German journalist, Caroline Neubaur, who analytical child psychotherapy has attended and reported on all major European psychoanalytic congresses and conferences for many Peter Blos p. 18 years. The present issue also contains two reports on the Conference of Training Analysts which pre- Karen Gilmore p. 20 ceded the Congress and which was devoted to a concerned critique of psychoanalytic education. Johan Norman p. 22 Terttu Eskelinen de Folch p. 24 The Congress also marked the changeover from Otto Kernberg’s administration to that of Daniel Virginia Ungar p. 25 Widlöcher, whose Column deals with the subject of ‘The IPA and regional structures’. The new Executive Carmen Médici de Steiner p. 27 Council - the last one before the new administrative structure comes into force in 2003 - is presented pictorially on pages 6 and 7. DIALOGUE During the Business Meeting at the Congress, the German Psychoanalytical Society (DPG) was accepted Response by Ralph Roughton as an ‘Executive Council Provisional Society’, and 27 of its members were elected as Direct Members of to his Discussants p. 29 the IPA. An article on the DPG, its history and the special solution adopted by the Executive Council in order to enable members of the DPG to be gradually integrated into the IPA, will appear in the next issue. OPINION The ‘Focus’ section is this time devoted to ‘Child analysis and analytical child psychotherapy’, com- An experiment in training p. 33 plementing the series of articles on psychoanalysis and psychoanalytical psychotherapy with adults Does the IPA need an ethical code? p. 34 which appeared in Volume 8, issue 1 (1999). Two child analysts from each of the three regions have contributed articles to this section, and they reflect something of the diversity of views. WORLD WIDE PAGES Ralph Roughton has written an extensive reply to his discussants on homosexuality, in which he has also September 11, New York City taken account of the Openline discussion within the American Psychoanalytic Association. This took (Irene Cairo-Chiandarini) p. 36 place after the Nice congress as a reaction to the Executive Council’s decision not to mention homo- Obituary of William Gillespie p. 38 sexual orientation specifically in its statement about non-discrimination, but to retain its previously In Memoriam p. 39 adopted general statement that the IPA opposes discrimination of any kind. The Letter to the Editor by Announcement COWAP p. 40 the Executive Committee of the American Psychoanalytic Association also addresses this issue. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child Award p. 40 Frances Tustin Memorial Trust p. 40 With the present issue, the reader will find, in the ‘World Wide Pages’, not only the names of those Bion Conference p. 41 colleagues who have died during the past half year, but now also the names and Societies of all new Report on EPF Conference p. 41 members and of those who have left the IPA. This will now become a regular feature of the Newsletter. News from Europe p. 42 New IPA Members and who have left p. 43 There have been two changes to the Editorial Board. Both Paul Williams and Gilbert Diatkine have had News from Latin America p. 44 to resign as Regional Editors for Europe, due to other commitments. I want to take this opportunity to New IPA Members and who have left p. 44 thank both of them for the tremendous support they have given me during the last three years, with their News from North America p. 45 suggestions, criticisms and very active work for the Newsletter. I am very happy to announce that New IPA Members and who have left p. 46 Guiseppina Antinucci from the British Society and Michel Vincent from the Paris Society have agreed to IPA Conference Psychoanalysis and University p. 46 succeed them and I welcome them as new Regional Editors for Europe. Couch photographs wanted p. 47 Notes for contributors p. 47 Alex Holder, Editor 3 Otto Fenichel colleagues who supported Reich. and Wilhelm Reich I hope this rather lengthy exposition will help to correct the record while at the same time showing Dear Editor, the complexity of the history.

I would like to make a belated correction to an Lore Reich Rubin, article on Lilo Gero-Heymann, in Volume 9, Issue 2, Pittsburgh 2000. On page 34 Abby Adams writes that LETTERS “Fenichel came to Prague from Oslo, having quar- relled bitterly with Reich over his Orgon theory and Non-discrimination the use of the so-called Orgon boxes invented by includes homosexuals EDI him [Reich] in which a patient was to sit in order to be able to achieve optimal sexuality.” Daniel Widlöcher’s letter of 21 September 2001 anything. Again, thank you for responding as you did and in Because I believe that once something is in print to Ralph Roughton such a timely way. It was very heartening and felt it develops into a fact, I would like to set the Dear Ralph, quite sincere. This will surely not end the contro- record straight about the split-up between I have been carefully following the debate which versy, but I believe it is a necessary step. Once offi- Fenichel and Reich. The theory of Orgon Energy has recently been taking place on the American’s cial recognition is clear, it gives those individuals or was not developed by Reich till he was living in the Openline, on the subject of the relationship be- small groups, who were intimidated by a vocal United States in the 1940’s, and certainly there tween sexual orientation and the practice of majority - often from people in power - the back- was no Orgon box in 1934. If there had been, I am psychoanalysis, and more particularly the training ing they need to insist that discrimination be sure Fenichel and Reich would not have agreed. of psychoanalysts. After consultation with the ended. But in 1934 there were many other causes of fric- Executive Committee of the IPA, I am pleased to We gay and lesbian members were very pleased tion between the two men who had up to then send you the following official statement: and grateful for your courage in going this far, been the best of friends. You ask ‘whether homosexual orientation is in the face of such opposition. As you know, of included when [the IPA’s resolution] states that course, this is merely a first step in a years-long The breakup has been researched by B. Harris “the IPA opposes discrimination of any kind”’. I can process of changing attitudes and practices. and A. Brock [“Freudian Psychopolitics: Rivalry state unequivocally on behalf of the Council of the Sincerely, Ralph Roughton between Wilhelm Reich and Otto Fenichel IPA that homosexual orientation is included within 1930-1935”, Bulletin of History of Medicine, 1992, this resolution. 66: 578-612]. The emphasis here is on psycho- Yours sincerely, Daniel Widlöcher Non-discrimination logical factors and power struggles between the President International Psychoanalytical Association includes two. A blow by blow description of the rift be- homosexuals tween the two men from Fenichel’s point of view can be found in Otto Fenichel’s Rundbriefe Ralph Roughton’s Dear Dr. Holder, [ed. Johannes Reichmayr and Elke Mulheiter, reply The leadership and the membership of the APsaA Stroemfeld Verlag, 1998], especially in letters 7-10 have been concerned about the reluctance of the in 1934. Here one reads about the complex Dear Dr. Widlöcher, IPA to endorse a non-discrimination policy which intellectual differences between the two men, Thank you very much for your forthright response specifies homosexual orientation. We are aware centering around what role Marxism can play in to the question about whether the IPA non- that within the IPA there are differing views on psychoanalytic theory. But also the record of discrimination position does actually include this topic, including those who feel that to specify painful differences that developed between them homosexual orientation. I have posted it to our categories, such as race, religion, or gender, after Reich’s expulsion from the IPA on technical Openline discussion, which will reach perhaps actually diminishes human equality. However, we grounds. (The manœuverings for this expulsion 20% of the members of the APsaA. understand that there are societies within the can be found documented in the Rundbriefe and IPA which either directly discriminate against gay also in Riccardo Steiner’s “A new diaspora”, Int. I am even more interested that this clarification persons or create an ambiance that discourages Rev. Psycho-Anal., 1989, 16, 35-72.) be brought to the attention of all societies, espe- them from becoming applicants and members. cially those who may not have made this assump- We urge the IPA to take a leadership role in ad- It is my personal impression that Reich expected tion, or may not agree with it. I also wonder dressing this discrimination forthrightly. We also that his dear friends and colleagues of the Rund- whether there will be any followthrough from urge the IPA to issue a clarifying statement that briefe would support him in his expulsion and walk the IPA - EC to back it up with those societies the generalized nondiscrimination policy adopted out of the IPA in protest. Why they did not is who do practice discrimination, either directly or in 1999 includes homosexual individuals when it explained in letter 10 of the Rundbriefe. However, indirectly through intimidation. says that ‘The IPA opposes any discrimination of their lack of support was felt keenly by Reich who May I suggest that, in the next issue of the news- any kind’. was deprived of all his associates, his friends and letter (currently in production), which will contain The APsaA has had a non-discriminatory policy on his identity. This happened at the same time as my response to the discussants of my Dialogue homosexuality for more than 10 years. This and he was expelled from the Communist Party for article, the letter from the Executive Committee subsequent related policy statements are in the political differences, and when he had to leave of the APsaA that raises a similar question, should Committee section of our website. Although by Germany because of the rise of Hitler. I think it was be printed along with a response from you, similar North American standards we were tardy in from this sense of disloyalty by his dear friend to the one you sent me. If they print the APsaA coming to this declaration, the results of having Fenichel that Reich began haranguing Fenichel letter, without a response from the IPA Executive and disseminating such a policy have been in- on theoretical differences, while at the same time Committee - when you have actually responded - it vigorating. Our gay colleagues and others in the Fenichel found himself excluded by his Norwegian would only stir up controversy without settling community at large have responded to this more

4 Freud three references to Freud in their entirety, mindful on of the context in which they were written before homosexuality deciding for oneself what they mean. I do not be- lieve one should accept anyone’s excerpt lifted Dear Dr Holder, from the original, mine included. The 1903 inter- There are three places where Freud’s thoughts view is above; the 1935 letter to the mother is in about homosexuality appear in print and these Jones Vol. 3, page 195; and the communication are often misrepresented. For example, on page 21 from Rank to Jones I quoted in full (in German and TO THE of issue 1 of Volume 10 of the IPA Newsletter, in translation) on page 647 of the Journal of the Stubrin states, ‘in reply to Jones and Rank about American Psychoanalytic Association Vol. 46, No. the Dutch Society’s inquiry as to whether a homo- 2, 1998. sexual doctor could train as an analyst... Freud Respectfully yours, TOR Robert A. Furman, M.D. thought that a homosexual could train and sub- sequently practice as an analyst’. This is totally welcoming attitude and have contributed in incorrect, as what Rank wrote Jones in 1921 had numerous ways to our development and vitality. nothing to do with training as, incidentally, there We encourage the IPA to consider our experi- was no training available in the Netherlands at Homosexuality ence in addressing the issues of homosexuality. that time. Rather the response was to the effect once again Organized psychoanalysis must counter the years that admission to the Dutch Society, which at that of discrimination experienced by our gay and time might best be described as a discussion Dear Alex Holder! lesbian colleagues and friends. group, should not be denied anyone of homo- sexual orientation ‘on principle, since we cannot You have been a distinguished editor widening Sincerely, go along with their judicial persecution’. Freud’s the panorama of psychoanalysis by bringing into Executive Committee of the American compassionate stance should not be misrepre- the Newsletter different themes and thereafter Psychoanalytic Association sented to say he thought ‘a homosexual could have been open for a discussion. The dialogue Richard P. Fox, President train and subsequently practice as an analyst’. about homosexuality in Issue 1 of 2001 is of a high Newell Fischer, M.D., President-elect In this context Roughton’s statement on page 18, quality. Allan Compton, M.D., Treasurer Lynne Moritz, M.D., Secretary referring to Freud, is puzzling: ‘But it is clear that he Ronald Benson, Chairman, did not attribute pathological mental or personal- The word ‘perversion’ has always given me an Board of Professional Standards ity functions to adult homosexual individuals.’ He ambivalent feeling. In my practice I have had Eric Nuetzel, M.D., Secretary, five men in analysis, all of them with abdicating Board of Professional Standards uses quotations from Freud’s famous 1935 letter to the distraught mother of a homosexual and a 1903 fathers (alcoholics). I followed them up years after newspaper interview to substantiate this state- they had finished their analyses. The significant ment. From the 1935 letter he omits Freud’s saying difficulty during their analyses was to find ade- Daniel homosexuality ‘results from a certain arrest of quate interpretations for their fantasies and Widlöcher’s reply sexual development’ and he omits Freud’s juxta- their strong impact on me, having me as the kind position of homosexuality and ‘normal hetero- father. In addition, some of them had indirect ways of trying to seduce me. These aspects were also Dear Dick, sexuality’. terrifying to them. They acted out with alcohol, With reference to your message to Dr. Alex In a personal letter to me of April 10, 1998 cutting analytic hours, or were stirred to sexual Holder, dated 31 August 2001, of which I have Roughton kindly quoted the 1903 newspaper activities such as mutual masturbation with received a copy, please find attached a copy of interview, with references to Lewes (1998) and foreign men. My analysands would, by some my reply to Ralph Roughton, dated 21 September Abelove (1993) to the effect: analysts, be diagnosed as homosexuals; I found 2001. My reply includes a statement on non- them with personality disorders in need of a discrimination as voted by the Executive Council. ‘Here is Freud’s answer to a question from a ‘good enough father’. Some of their dreams I think that this clarifies the question you have reporter for the Die Zeit (October 27, 1903). “I advo- certainly pointed to homosexual relations, and raised. cate the standpoint that a homosexual does not appeared when they had close contact with me. belong before a tribunal of a court of law. I am This connection, and supervisions (three super- Furthermore, I am sending a copy of my reply to even of the firm conviction that homosexuals visors of international status), were extremely Ralph Roughton to the Executive Committee of the should not be treated as sick people, for a per- clarifying. I tried to publish my experience in a American. I am also forwarding a copy to Dr. Alex verse orientation is far from being a sickness. European psychoanalytic journal, but the editor Holder with the request that he publish your letter Would that not oblige us to characterize as sick questioned the analytic substance! and my response in the Letters to the Editor of the many great thinkers and scholars of all times, Newsletter. whose perverse orientation we know for a fact The intellectual qualities in psychoanalytic publi- and whom we admire precisely because of their cations are of great help, such as the five papers I trust that this meets with your approval. If this is mental health. Homosexual people are not sick.”’ in Issue 1 or 2001. In spite of this fact I would the case, I will then send a copy of your letter and It is difficult for me to put together ‘no patholo- like more of the personal burden in the transfer- mine to the Executive Council and the House of gical mental or personality functions’ with the ence-countertransference of infantile psychic Delegates. statements of ‘developmental arrest’, ‘perverse sexuality when famous analysts discuss homo- orientation’. What Freud meant by ‘not sick’ is not sexuality. I look forward to receiving your reply and to seeing clear. I would have to think the phrase related to With my best wishes! you in New York in December. his consistent efforts to protect homosexuals from Carl Severin Albretsen Best regards, persecution. Daniel Widlöcher Norway I would suggest one should read each of the

5 H OME President Secretary PAGES

Daniel Widlöcher Alain Gibeault

EUROPE Vice-Presidents LATIN AMERICA

Jacqueline Amati Ronald Britton Sverre Varvin Alvaro Rey de Castro Mehler

Representatives Representatives of the House of the House of Delegates of Delegates

Ken Heyward Carmen Médici de Steiner

Associate Secretary Associate Secretary

Ekkehard Gattig Rómulo Lander Alex Holder David M. Sachs

Ex Officio:

6 International New Groups Editor of the Newsletter Treasurer Past President Honorary President Honorary Vice-President

Moisés Lemlij Otto Kernberg Leo Rangell Robert Wallerstein

Vice-Presidents NORTH Vice-Presidents AMERICA

áudio Laks Eizirik Mónica Siedmann Helen Meyers Robert Pyles Robert Tyson de Armesto

Representatives of the House of Delegates

Newell Fischer

Associate Secretary

Ronald Brown Piers Pendred Tom Asher

Executive Committee

2001-2003 7 Legal Counsel Director General H OME P AGES President’ s

The IPA- and Regional Structures

Whether one is in favour of it or other purposes and, moreover, differ greatly in stimulate the activity of its component organisa- not, the ‘regionalisation’ of the their organisational style and way of working. tions. The question, as I pointed out when I was pre- IPA is a question which is raised senting my candidature, is to know what should be more and more frequently. Up In Europe and Latin America we have federa- accomplished within the framework of the Inter- until now, the structures of the tions of societies (EPF and FEPAL), administered by national Psychoanalytical Association and what association have left little space central bodies directly elected by the presidents, should be carried out within the regional frame- between individual members and the structure of which is essentially scientific. work and that of the component organisation itself. executive bodies. These federations are outside the IPA, even though they are exclusively made up of societies Defining Admittedly, since its inception, the structure belonging to the IPA. The situation is more com- objectives and tasks of the association has contained an ambiguity. It plex in North America where there has so far is an association of members but it delegates the been only one regional association, the American But to begin with, these objectives need to be role of training and, thus, of accrediting new Psychoanalytic Association, which was a compo- defined; this is a ‘bottom-up’ process thanks to members to component societies. In turn, mem- nent of the IPA and had a responsibility for train- which the will of members is expressed at the bers appoint a central administration which, ing. Setting up NAIPAG would have the advantage heart of the executive and leads to strategic among other tasks, has the responsibility for of creating a regional structure. decisions. These objectives are thus those of the ensuring the quality of training offered by local international community; they primarily concern societies. A circular process is involved here which This integration of the regional framework within training and the development of research and no longer corresponds to the idea that members that of the IPA poses problems on legal and poli- contacts with the outside world. These are long and societies have of the IPA. The size of our asso- tical levels which need clarifying. I propose here term strategic aims which require the executive ciation also has to be taken into account. The to make a distinction between ‘bottom-up’ and to define more limited and precise objectives if mission of the IPA is to act in the name of, and for ‘top-down’ processes or, to put it another way, they are to be accomplished. the benefit of, its members as a whole, but how between defining the objectives and tasks of are exchanges between the executive body and the International Association on the one hand I am suggesting that, structurally, there should members to be organised and facilitated when and realising them on the other. be an ample and free flow of communication there are more than 10,000 members throughout from the bottom, the grassroots, to the top of the the world? For a decade now, the IPA has been In this respect, the purpose of the association is IPA so that the interests, desires, concerns and working to achieve a better integration of compo- quite clear and is set out in the preamble of our projects of the membership at large can be com- nent organisations, particularly through contacts Constitution. Let us note, however, a basic ambi- municated freely, from all sources, through the with the presidents and elected representatives of guity (which is not specific to our organisation) local, regional and controlling organisations to these organisations. This process is still ongoing. between two aims. The first, a historical aim, is to the executive body of the IPA. defend, transmit and develop Freud’s innovation The new structures the association is likely to set and work. The second is to serve the scientific and The question is to know whether the psychoana- up, in the light of recommendations made by SAM, professional interests of its members as well as lytic community is in a position to set out its are designed to give the Board of Representatives possible. I will not explore this ambiguity any strategy clearly and, above all, to define concrete more authority vis-à-vis the president, and to allow further here, even though I think that it needs and precise objectives which will enable them to the presidents of local societies and their regional thinking about more. Let me confine myself here to be realised. It has become impossible to envisage identity to be better represented. The ultimate a more pragmatic or more political (in the best members as a whole participating directly in this aim is to preserve a single central structure, but sense of the term, I hope) approach. work of definition. It is now accepted that the one which allows individual members and local presidents of component organisations have the societies to be represented better. But the ques- The component organisations are concerned to task of taking part in the transmission of this tion has already arisen of forming a new link, this develop psychoanalysis. The central executive collective work as well as the responsibility for time between the presidents and the executive, body defines its strategy and objectives on the organising it within their own association. by regrouping societies regionally. This regional basis of joint efforts aimed at ensuring this structure (which, for the moment, concerns the two development. Is it necessary, though, to set up a regional level Americas and Europe) would group together the in this process of transmission? Certainly, this presidents of this region and give itself its own The main mission of the IPA is to co-ordinate would be a way of increasing the involvement of objectives and means. Of course, there already this work at an international level. This in- the body of members as a whole. It is also a way exists in the IPA, or alongside it, structures with volves developing two strategies: the first is to of stimulating the thinking of presidents by work- regional authority, but they were created for create its own instruments; the second is to ing together. The points in favour of this regional

8 H OME P AGES C o l u m n

Daniel Widlöcher

co-operation are geographical proximity (the need to think about situations which call for vot- Let me distinguish between two different kinds practical facilities it offers) and a certain cultural ing procedures on a majority basis at a regional of objectives: those which require from the out- closeness which varies, moreover, from region to level. The advantages for the region itself are set close collaboration between psychoanalysts region. Clearly, it is up to the presidents of a given clear. We also need to be aware of the fact that of different regions, and those which benefit from region to decide how they wish to organise this multiplying the levels of decision-making for prior co-operation within a region. I think that process of joint reflection. While at a statutory majority voting procedures can have non-demo- where clinical exchanges or debates on training level it is the task of the president of the IPA and cratic effects in that there is a risk that minority are concerned, the first solution avoids geographi- the Executive Committee to stimulate this work opinions will be given less and less consideration. cal division and allows for freer exchanges. In on an international level, there are no fixed To take this line of reasoning further, what would other areas, working at an individual regional statutory regulations at a regional level. Should one think of a decision which had obtained the level has advantages: greater ease of practical new structures be created within the IPA or majority vote of two regions out of three? organisation and, especially, sensibility to cultural should existing structures be used alongside the Creating a strong decision-making structure which particularities. I have proposed a model in which IPA? In the second case, should the links which would come between the presidents of societies the IPA should only manage directly issues that united them with the IPA be reviewed? and the structures of the IPA carries the risk of cannot be taken care of autonomously by either Whichever structure is chosen to carry out this contributing nothing to working in consensus, the regions or the component organisations. function, it must fulfil its role of facilitating a while aggravating the bureaucratic dimension of working collaboration between presidents and the voting processes on a majority basis. It is therefore up to the presidents of the compo- international bodies, just as the role of the presi- nent organisations, in conjunction with the IPA dent of the IPA is to further exchanges between the Realising managing team, to define the attribution of tasks international bodies and component organisations. objectives and to agree on this at a regional level with the executive structures in place. There is probably an It is not a question of creating a hierarchical In this domain, regions must be required to opportunity at this level for a considerable deve- structure of authority but to facilitate the widest play a very different role from the one they are lopment of scientific activity. The setting up of degree of participation in the processes of defining expected to play in defining objectives. new groups is a very good example of an area in objectives and tasks. At all levels, whether it be which individual clinical training provided by at the heart of local societies or at the level of At the same time, with regard to the issue of local societies, teaching activity at a regional level the Executive Council, the decision-making process knowing at which precise level of the organisatio- and a general policy on training and evaluation at takes place in two ways: usually by consensual nal structure plans should be formulated for an international level can be combined. agreement and, more rarely, by a majority voting implementing specific projects in all areas of procedure. Consensual agreement does not always professional concern, that is, education, research To conclude, such an approach would be op- signify - far from it - unanimity. It usually reflects a and applied psychoanalysis, functional decisions posed to purely centralised decision-making debate between different opinions, sensibilities should be made from the top down over the regarding all IPA activities and, likewise, to a and orientations. A consensus is achieved within a optimal position in the organisational hierarchy tendency to filter information at the local or framework which allows for different, and some- for implementing a particular project. Concerns, for regional level, as well as decision-making at the times opposing, points of view. This is true of the instance, about research and educational metho- local or regional level concerning program imple- debates on the training of psychoanalysts, scien- dology would filter up to the top and probably mentation without regional consultation facilitat- tific research or the status of psychotherapy. Such lead to functional decisions there concerning ed by central administrative structures. This latter debates take place within local societies and international projects co-ordinated from the top, alternative would lead to an excessively centri- also in the central bodies (Executive Council, as well as other projects which, on the contrary, fugal, competitive development on a regional level Business Meeting, and Houses of Delegates). It are delegated to a particular region or to a parti- that might weaken or, at worst, fragment the may be that a debate at the regional level is cular society. In the same way, specific outreach IPA. We must maximise effective collaboration necessary, though these issues present similar projects, carefully attuned to the situation in a by stimulating local and regional involvement, characteristics from one region to another. particular country or region, would naturally be initiative and developments. We need to increase delegated to them. It is not simply a matter of ‘regionalisation’ in a flexible manner without In other cases, we resort to majority decision- controlling decision-making concerning the level weakening the IPA at a time when there are making; either for ordinary problems (e.g. the in the organisational structure at which programs enormous challenges from the external environ- choice of location for a Congress), or for parti- are to be implemented; an ongoing dialogue ment. cularly important decisions. Once again, this throughout all administrative bodies should lead occurs both in local societies and at the level to making the optimal decision as to where of the Executive Council or Business Meeting. We implementation should occur. 9 H OME P AGES

Sociedad Psicoanalítica de México Secretary’s Report An Ad Hoc Council Exploratory Committee, Robert L. Tyson chaired by Prof. Ana Maria Azevedo, with Prof. Alvaro Rey de Castro and Dr. Jorge de la Torre, but for the record, I will repeat the names here. visited Mexico City in January 2001. Executive Moisés Lemlij was re-elected unopposed as Committee decided that more information was Treasurer. Vice Presidents elected from Latin required for Executive Council to come to a deci- America are Cláudio Laks Eizirik, Alvaro Rey de sion, and therefore the Ad Hoc Committee was Castro, and Mónica Siedmann de Armesto. Those requested to make another visit. elected from Europe are Jacqueline Amati Mehler, Ronald S. Britton, and Sverre Varvin. Committee on the United Nations Those elected from North America are Helen C. (CUN) Meyers, Robert L. Pyles, and Robert L. Tyson. In The IPA is fortunate in having as the Chair of Traditionally, the Secretary reports this election, Members were able to fax back this Committee Dr. Afaf Mahfouz, a polylingual periodically to the IPA Membership about their ballots instead of posting them if they and highly respected long-term participant in Executive Council and Executive Committee wished, and a good many have done so. United Nations activities. Dr. Mahfouz has just activities. The objective is to keep Members completed her term as President of the Committee informed about the work of their directly Constitution and Bylaws on Non-Governmental Organizations (CONGO) in elected representatives, about the perform- 27% of the Membership voted on this issue, Councillor status to the United Nations. Early in ance of the committees that report to Executive of whom 91.1% voted in favor and 5% were her Chairmanship of the CUN, Dr. Mahfouz was Council, and about the functioning of the against. Therefore the new Constitution and able to secure official United Nations observer organization as a whole. Bylaws has been approved. The full consequences status for the IPA. She and a number of other of the new IPA organization entailed by this IPA Members, including among many others Drs. The President reports on issues of policy approval will not become manifest until the Harvey Rich, Isaac Tylim, and Salman Akhtar have and policy successes. An additional dimension has elections of 2003 and the formation of the new taken part in a number of United Nations activi- been added to these reports since the Barcelona Board of Representatives who take office in ties in which the contribution of a psychoanalytic Congress in 1997 when the 1997-2001 administra- Toronto in July 2003. perspective has been highly appreciated. One tion took office. That dimension is a developmental example was a meeting in Vienna last November one, because the IPA has undergone a remark- IPA East European when Drs. Rich and Tylim, during a Workshop on able metamorphosis during this time. President Psychoanalytic Institute (EEPI) Hatred and Prejudice, managed to restore some Otto Kernberg will survey this transformation in David Sachs and Alain Gibeault are delegated degree of common sense to a clash between his final report, as it embodies the actualization of to draft a proposal to Executive Council for this Arabic and Jewish participants by introducing a a majority of this administration’s objectives over regional institute that will integrate the efforts psychoanalytic perspective. In May, Dr. Mahfouz the past four years. My previous report was in of the IPA Committee on Eastern Europe, the participated in a Geneva conference to prepare January 2001 and it covered the events up to several European Societies that have been in- for the United Nations World Conference Against and including the Executive Council meetings in volved in training individuals who live in areas Racism, to be held in Durban, South Africa this Puerto Vallarta. The present report will summarize formerly dominated by the Soviet Union, and the September. highlights of IPA activities since that time. There European Psychoanalytic Federation. First dis- may be some overlap between this report and cussed by Council in Puerto Vallarta last January, Committee on Child and the others because the Annual Report for 2000, the anticipation is that approval will be reached Adolescent Psychoanalysis which includes a brief survey of IPA events, ac- in Nice and the EEPI will come into being shortly (COCAP) tions and accomplishments for the entire year, after that. Initially chaired by Mrs. Anne-Marie Sandler and written in part by Piers Pendred, Director General, then by Dr. Johan Norman, COCAP has been very also refers to many of the same topics. This, too, Pelotas Psychoanalytic active in proposing criteria for IPA-recognized is a reflection of the IPA’s development as a (Provisional) Society training in child and adolescent psychoanalysis. consequence of the integrating influence of the The history of this group is illustrative of the Together with Co-chairs Dra. Elfriede Lustig de administrative backing provided by a mature and dedicated efforts of psychoanalysts to build a Ferrer, Terttu Eskelinen de Folch, and Peter Blos, highly experienced central executive manager. successful Society on the basis of IPA require- all Societies that believed that their training We are now enjoying the first fruits of this highly ments and standards. It is not always an easy programs complied with the Council-approved supportive framework, one that effectively results process and to facilitate progress, extraordinary criteria were encouraged to apply for approval in freeing up the elected officers to focus more efforts are sometimes necessary. For this group, together with the names of IPA Members who productively on matters of psychoanalytic interest these efforts have included a reconstitution of completed the approved training. COCAP reviewed and concern, instead of being preoccupied with the visiting Committee to a new Liaison Commit- every program and the curriculum vitae of every bureaucratic matters. tee, now consisting of Prof. Matilde Ureta de person submitted to them and over eight hundred Caplansky, Chair, with Dra. Eva Ponce de Leon IPA Members have been approved as IPA-trained Elections of IPA Treasurer de Masvernat and Dr. David N. Lopez Garza. In child and adolescent psychoanalysts. There is a and Vice Presidents addition, the Liaison Committee has a special special icon in the Roster that designates such A higher proportion of Members voted in this Mandate from Executive Council in order to help Members. election as compared with last time. We are told the group cope with the significant problems COCAP is now preparing to move into the next that a 30% participation is remarkably good for an that have interfered with its progress. The Liaison stage of its Mandate, which is to offer support international organization of this size, over Committee is responsible directly to Executive to all those Societies that wish to improve their 10,000 members. The names of those elected Council to whom it sends its reports, with a copy to existing programs, and to those Societies that wish have been made public since May of this year the International New Groups Committee. to establish programs.

10 H OME P AGES

© Alejandro Rojas Urrego, Bogot Committee on Inter-Regional Conferences (CIRC) á, Colombia A great deal of organizational work with a correspondingly large and valuable result are the foci of CIRC’s activities. Dra. Sara Zac de Filc has chaired this wide-ranging committee. The scope can only briefly be indicated by listing the follow- ing activities: “Challenges in Psychoanalysis in the 21st Century: Psychoanalysis, Health and Psycho- sexuality in the Era of Virtual Reality.” Held in Geneva September 15-17, 2000, with over 450 registrants. “Confidentiality and Society: Psychotherapy, Ethics and the Law - Psychoanalytic, Philosophical and Cultural Perspectives.” Held in Montreal, October 12-15, 2000, with over 350 attendees.“Challenges to Psychoanalysis in the 21st Century: Psychoana- lysis and Mental Health, Psychoanalysis and Sex- uality, Psychoanalysis and Social Reality”. Buenos Aires, June 1-3, 2001. This program was jointly organized by CIRC and the Committee on Psycho- analysis and Society (CPS). No attendance data passed its test - has now been admitted as an available at this writing. Executive Council Provisional Society, marking the Delusion and method beginning of a process of unification that may well Other Committees International Psychoanalytical entail twenty years of turbulence, bitterness and Space and time do not permit more elaborate Association further splits. On the metallurgical question - gold mention of the superb and complex work and 42nd Congress, Psychoanalysis: or copper? - opinions were divided. On the one hand achievements by the International Committee Method and Applications there were the protagonists of the ‘two natures’ view, who seek after an objectivizable method that on New Groups, the Committee on Women and Nice, 22-27 July 2001 Psychoanalysis, the Research Committee, the can be divorced from the person, and on the other the monists, who see gold in every therapeutic act if Research Advisory Board, the Committee on In opening the Nice Congress, one of the only the therapist has a firmly based psychoanalytic Constitution and Bylaws, the Governance Task great ecumenical events staged every two identity. Years ago an IPA Congress asked: one Force, the Task Force on Structure and Mission years by the International Psychoanalytical psychoanalysis or many? This time the question (SAM) and many others. The Herculean work Association (IPA), the Spanish writer Jorge was: many methods or one? One method but many undertaken and attainments achieved during Semprún, as the representative of historical awareness, presented psychoanalysis as techniques, said the advocates of a liberalistic this administration on behalf of the IPA and its society’s confident response to the regressive pluralism, or - most convincing on the psychoanaly- Members is awesome. We are all in their debt manifestations to which civilization was sub- tic level - the technique is the method. and the IPA and psychoanalysis will benefit for jected in the twentieth century. The reason why it is most convincing is that the years to come. distinction between method and technique is spuri- As our discipline, its status acknowledged by one of ous, as it tends to conceal the practical element of Finally the most prominent witnesses to the panorama of our method itself. All problems of technical differences As this is my last Report as IPA Secretary, I want time, embarked on its second century of its existence, could be tackled as methodological problems, to acknowledge publicly my debt to and ap- it used the theme ‘Method and Applications’ to take because they all have to do with relations of trans- preciation of the Broomhills staff. The work of stock of its achievements so far and at the same ference and countertransference. To adherents of Piers Pendred as Director General has renewed time prescribed itself the medicine of strict reflection. the formula ‘the technique is the method’, method the vigor of all of us who have had any admini- One of the aims of this treatment, according to retir- means first and foremost observing and reflecting strative responsibility. Every member of his staff ing President Otto Kernberg, New York, was to clarify on the patient’s transference and one’s own has risen to the many challenges in the course of the relations between psychoanalysis and psycho- countertransference. Lacanians often talk in phe- the transition from the old to the new organiza- therapy. In his view, now that many analysts had nomenological terms, creating fables on a reified tion. I have had personal contact with each one, long since ceased to practise the ‘pure gold’ of psy- level that resembles that of handicrafts rather than and to each one I want to acknowledge my thanks, choanalysis and replaced it by the copper alloy of philosophy and is divorced from any real practice. in no particular order: Simon Shutler, Joanne Beavis, psychotherapy, it was time not only to put an end to This may reflect an uncertainty about the transfer- Joanne Campbell, Janice Ahmed, Christine Hilsden, the hypocrisy but also to learn the specific techni- ence situation and all its implications. ques demanded by the more difficult setting of psy- Analysts would be well advised, in pondering over Cristina Morris and Andrée Alldis. chotherapy - namely, less time for more seriously their methods, to apply their knowledge of group Finally, I want to acknowledge what a privilege ill patients. The IPA has dispensed with some of processes to themselves. After all, it is clear that and a pleasure it was to work these years with its outdated traditions under Kernberg’s aegis. In the unconscious does not cease to operate when President Otto Kernberg whose vision and support his presidential address he now came out clearly it is a question of theoretical disputes between made it possible for us of against rigidity, dogmatism and lack of transparency groups. The arguments were conducted on much the last two years of the in our institutes’ training courses. Another of the too rationalistic a basis and secondary transference Executive Committee - historic achievements of Kernberg’s presidency was processes were disregarded. The participants swung Daniel Widlöcher, Moisés to pave the way for the ending of a prolonged sepa- between two attitudes: either they blocked out and Lemlij and Alain Gibeault - ration. The German Psychoanalytical Society (DPG), expelled what was alien to them, or they showed to accomplish so much. which was not accepted into the IPA in 1949 - only ‘excessive understanding’ and exclaimed manically, the German Psychoanalytical Association (DPV) had like one of the main speakers, Arnold Goldberg,

11 H OME P AGES Chicago, ‘I understand everyone’. But integrating everything can lead only to a perverse discourse. In his introduction, Jorge Canestri, the Chair of the © Gary Grenell, Seattle, USA Programme Committee, used adverbially a little word that could have become the motto for the task of the Congress: ‘coherently’. How can I introduce coher- ence into the theme? How can I get coherence into a situation that is not made dogmatic by the imposi- tion of new rules but must also not simply ebb away in an ‘anything goes’ attitude? How can I tame the many anxieties about the future of a psychoanalysis that is growing ever more distant from its original focus? By coherence, which is the least that can be achieved by understanding. ‘Coherence’ is an old philosophical concept, which Canestri, in intelligent- ly depressive anticipation, chose aptly, expressing as it does the fact that one cannot demand any more than coherence and, conversely, that the demand for coherence is in this case something inherent in and hence important to the method itself: the funda- mental rule of psychoanalysis itself is directed to- wards coherence, not systematization. In the methodological debates waged in all disci- object and the image in the measuring instrument; cliché, to the English, but to open oneself up to the plines, no one today has the world’s top epistemolo- what there is, or, as the case may be, is not, is credibi- vibrations of the unconscious, the vehicle of the un- gist at his disposal. The reason it is so tempting - but lity for the scientific community. This credibility is predictable in every session. César Garza Guerrero, also so difficult - to talk about psychoanalytic method subject to crises, and crises must be worked on. That Garza García, asked - by no means as a simple-mind- is not only that its hypotheses, like those of physics, - to put the matter in somewhat ‘presidential’ terms - ed positivist - about methods of describing clinical are subjective constructions but also that its enemies is the royal road to a globalized psychoanalysis, for facts and not falling victim to the danger of induction who place their faith in science (some of whom are psychoanalysis is primarily a western phenomenon. in the formation of theoretical sects. Goldberg men- to be found within the ranks of the IPA itself), in their The ‘tragedy of the method’, according to the formu- tioned antisocial patients, towards whom he tempo- call for objectivizability, fail to understand that the lation of Peter Fonagy, London, is that the moments rarily adopted a permissive attitude extending to the internal world is also objectivity. Psychoanalysis is when he is able to be a ‘good’ analyst who both en- point of corruption of the analyst. This met with total an objective discipline that aspires to exert subjective gages in and at the same time reflects on ‘an enact- incomprehension on the part of Irma Brenman Pick, influence. Unlike the situation in other sciences, ment of the patient’s phantasy’ are very short - rare London, a Kleinian who thought that Goldberg felt subjectivity for the analyst is not a disturbing factor windows that open up in the transition from one of tyrannized by Freud and allowed patients to make but the object to be laid bare. The object of psycho- these states to the other. Although he had a theory their own rules. Both aspects were in her view un- analysis is the subject. This has to do with the ques- about what was involved, that was not the same as helpful. tion of observability and hence with the possibility ‘making it happen’. From this point of view, he could At this point the debate about rules went out of of verification or falsification of findings. In psycho- only agree with Freud’s opinion on the ‘impossible control and it was left to the subsequent German- analysis, this cannot be achieved by neutral proces- profession’: even when he knew what he ought to English round-table discussion to direct the disloca- ses of measurement, but takes place in the course do, he could not necessarily do it, because it was a ted discourse back into sensible channels. Alex Holder, of communication. The desire for a strict method al- matter of unconscious processes. Hamburg, likened the rules of a psychoanalytic ses- ways includes an aspiration for formalization, to make Arnold Goldberg’s view that some analysts are better sion to the silence that must prevail in a concert hall the method independent of the person practising equipped for some clinical pictures than others is if the audience is to be able to listen to the music, it. However, this justified wish encounters its natural surely reasonable. Fonagy is perfectly clear on this but did not wish to rule out the possibility, in the limit in the fact that you cannot simply hand over the point: he wants to work only with patients with whom case of Goldberg’s analyst-patient couple, of their method to any Tom, Dick and Harry as you might a he feels he really can work. Zettel also wished to go working through the medium of a street rock concert hammer. Instead, the adept must learn to use himself in like a lion, but considered that as an analyst one where extraneous noises were no disturbance. Play as an instrument, and this is the point where the need should not bite off more than one could chew: that it fucking loud, as Dylan says. Josef Ludin, Berlin- for reflection on the countertransference arises. This was of no benefit to one’s patients. Paris, defined the rules very nicely as the external- process of learning to use yourself can be transmitted The debate about method can readily turn hysterical ization of an inner law that states: thou shalt not only to a very limited extent, as your own counter- - as it did in Nice - because it is not only a question of destroy. Both as a defence against and as an ironic transference will always turn out to be different from the ‘preserves’ (future patients) but also, if conduct- comment on the many current clichés about national your colleague’s. That is why this listening to one’s ed on a purely theoretical level, because it quickly analyses (in which, it must be admitted, there is al- own countertransference can never gain world- loses sight of its specific object, namely correction ways an element of truth), Ludin had suggested that, wide acceptance as a standard, although it would be of the notion of the primacy of consciousness; after if there were one day such a thing as a ‘German’ ana- worth promoting the standard of the most thorough all, without the unconscious there can be no psy- lysis, it would be one that, in the wake of the theo- self-observation possible. The medical dream of one choanalysis! Even so, as the new President, Daniel logical-hermeneutic tradition of idealistic philosophy, day reaching a stage when specific methods can be Widlöcher, Paris, said the debate was convincingly placed understanding at its very centre. Taking up assigned to the treatment of precisely diagnosed staged as an ‘endless succession of tribal dialects’: the ideas of Isidoro Berenstein, Buenos Aires, and diseases is ineradicable. It is therefore all the more the main speakers were each followed up by others Ludin, Hermann Beland, Berlin, made the point that necessary to make the fundamental point that from different countries and schools, and all three the main thing to be understood was violence. This method means first and foremost observing and couples failed to find a common language: Babel was the German task of psychoanalysis, which could reflecting on countertransference. That is on the one rules! Jean-Luc Donnet, Paris, presented the high be shirked only at the risk of failing to grasp the hand a subjective factor, but on the other a matter for French school, which always includes an epiphanic ‘German unconscious’. This was not a matter of the debate among colleagues in which not knowing is transcending of Cartesianism: the task is not syste- Zeitgeist but was the case because the trauma of endured. There is no correspondence between the matic interpretation, as is attributed, at least by the National Socialist violence continued to be trans-

12 H OME P AGES Brigitte M. Niemann, Hamburg, Germany him as the absolute other, it at the same time makes communication and integration possible for him. This dialectic is reminiscent of Bion’s dialectic of the container-contained: the container too, the condition of projection, is originally the product of a projection. Bion’s group analysis was structured by this dialectic. Beland took Berenstein’s figures of a Kleinian existentialism further, suggesting a possi- ble answer to the philosophical question as to the existential foundations of categories of acts - a psychosomatic transformation of the notion of existence into psychoanalytic categories. Anyone who speaks of ‘method’ in the singular is using less a formula that supplies a foundation of actuality than a formula of exorcism; he is using the notion of ‘method’ as a shibboleth of psychoanalytic identification. Postmodern psychoanalysis, as represented by Goldberg - whether its slogan is anything goes or everything matters - uses these slogans as battle Foto: Claudia Guderian cries in favour of an exercise in loosening which be- long to the propaedeutics of epistemology. However, mitted willy nilly through the individuals of all sub- high horse. John Kafka made fun of English analysts this Feyerabendian position in turn betrays only a sequent generations. It seemed that the German having tea and exchanging comments over their latter-day liberalism camouflaged as anarchism, categorical imperative of psychoanalysis - that is, the tea cups about ‘outrageous deportment’. which is ultimately intended to lead to a vague understanding of violence - was, propaedeutically, Isidoro Berenstein and Norman R. Doidge, Toronto, harmony. This thinking in terms of harmony is too one for world society as a whole. a leading exponent of north American university cheap for psychoanalysis. Some speakers in Nice Goldberg took the part of an agent provocateur with positivism, were each unable to express themselves started blowing up the method before they had the Gestus, familiar to us from Lacan, of intellectual in terms understandable to the other. Berenstein endured and reflected on its challenge. It emerged irresponsibility - Widlöcher here clearly perceived made use of philosophical and theological concepts, clearly at the Congress that no one now seems to the echo of the Lacanian view that the only treat- thereby bowing down before a discipline that has, in have an epistemological heart like Bion’s. Canestri ment there could be was the treatment the patient its terminology and concepts, developed an incredi- may have wished that he himself had such a heart expected of the analyst - and thereby threw away bly elaborate approach to the observation of subject- when he warned in his opening address of the lack the important point made in his paper that morality subject relations. At the same time he turned to of epistemological reflection in psychoanalysis. Any- today, in contrast to Freud’s conception, could no theology to enable him to talk about the borderline one who finds it exciting to explore the nature of longer be taken for granted. Morally correct deci- society in which the boundaries between death and the scientific basis of psychoanalysis will also take sions might be morally correct but sterile. life were blurred and violence was sublimated into pleasure in showing it methodologically. Many pre- The patient discussed by Goldberg suffered from fun. sent-day analysts no longer feel challenged by strict anxiety states when he had to address the court. He An exciting aspect for analysts interested in how methodological reflection in the same way as Bion wanted the analyst who was going to treat him society gets into the individual was Berenstein’s did. Very many made obeisance to Bion, so that one to certify him unfit for work. Most colleagues found psychoanalytic contribution, developed in a family- was tempted to think: if only you had read him more this preposterous, but one was prepared to counte- therapy context, to a philosophy of the other involv- thoroughly you could have spared yourselves some nance it; and Goldberg considered that in this case ing specifically the introduction of the new concept of these arguments. Canestri admittedly also in- it was only the violation of the rules that had made of ‘imposition’. This made him precisely a witness voked Horace Walpole’s principle of ‘serendipity’ in the analysis possible in the first place. One could to a particular miracle of the psychoanalytic method. relation to scientific and creative activity, thereby cry ‘Pandering to addiction! Irresponsibility!’ - but Method and theory are not the same in other disci- recalling that author’s three Ceylonese princes as one might also reflect that the establishment made plines; method is as it were the theoretical skeleton worthy ancestors of unexpected chance discoveries. up of professionals working in strict conformity inside the fish that constitutes the theory - that is For the method as an ideal becomes a transcen- with the rules is crumbling throughout the world. to say, normally and fortunately there is no method dental. Reification at this time of globalization The moral situation all over eastern Europe is still of theory formation, because if there were there - one method worldwide - would again constitute a most unreliable. What happens if a Russian analyst would, after all, not be any new theories. The hysterical confusion of reality and delusion. Compar- accepts a patient who belongs to the Mafia? The ‘miracle’ of psychoanalysis is that technique con- ed with this ideal, utility as a pragmatic criterion uncomfortable situation presented by future social stantly demands new discoveries. of truth is more ‘capable of connection’, as the conditions is central to these problems. It is perhaps Berenstein answers the age-old question of how German philosopher Niklas Luhmann might have only now that psychoanalysis is becoming aware society gets into the individual by giving it a con- said - it connects more readily with the conver- of the real significance of cultural differences. The vincing new twist: through links the family becomes gence of healing and truth that belongs to the verdict ‘corrupt’ would have entailed giving up on a ‘social subject’. These links are unconscious stamps the patient, but that is not to say that another analyst of identification (‘I want to be like you’) and imposi- classical self-description of psychoanalysis. in this case might not have got the patient just as tion (‘you should be like me’). The individual is in The Congress was not good enough, a strict critic far by imposing strict abstinence. But in our post- Berenstein’s view not conscious of the sociocultural of method might say, but that basically means that modern world, where everyone somehow cheats his moulding that leads to the formation of the social it was ‘good enough’. A good enough congress way through, it seems not quite right, as a profes- subject; his integration in the multiple social subject ensures that everyone gets his due. If it had aimed sional class that is just as inclined as anyone else to is accompanied by internal splitting processes. higher, it could easily have unleashed tendencies cheat, for us to get up on our moral high horse; this The concept of links enables us to take account towards disintegration and aggression. As it was, example might at any rate have yielded a great deal dialectically of the French philosophy of the absolute it was able to serve as a good enough method- of material for a discussion of ‘technique’ if Irma signifier: whereas a group-specific language always mother for everyone capable of recognizing himself Brenman Pick had not got on to her own Kleinian remains alien to the individual and may appear to in it. Caroline Neubaur

13 H OME P AGES RETHINKING PSYCHOANALYTIC EDUCATION 10th Conference of Training Analysts, Nice, France, 20-21 July 2001

I want to welcome all of you and especial- become well known, has always refused to accept model has become synonymous with the tripartite ly to thank professors Otto Kernberg and the position of Training Analyst. I am sure that all model. All IPA societies with no exception adopt Daniel Widlöcher for their presence. Thanks those who know him and have had the opportuni- it. As Dr Jacqueline Amati-Mehler says, The core also to my co-chairs, Jean-Claude Rolland ty to observe his work in Geneva, London, Brasilia issue is not the tripartite side of it, but rather how and Hélène Trivouss-Widlöcher, and very or São Paulo are quite aware that he lacks neither these three legs of the training combine, interact especially to Elizabeth Auchincloss and experience nor merit to be a Training Analyst and and are interwoven with each other to co-figurate Carmen Medici de Steiner, for the great Supervisor. a certain system and the weight that each of support they provided and for their hard these three variables has, according to different work during the planning of this conference. I mention this point, on the one hand, to respond conceptualizations that underlie the training. to the surprise of some at the invitation of a To the four speakers and to Dr Jacqueline psychoanalyst who does not exercise the training Today, after over a hundred years of clinical and Amati Mehler, chair of COMPSED, who will parti- function and, on the other hand, to stress our theoretical practice, psychoanalysis is now part of cipate in our closing plenary, I express my reco- commitment to an attitude of reflection on and the shared heritage of human culture. Criticism gnition. I cannot miss this opportunity to express review of our educational procedures. from supporters of the neurosciences and from my special thanks to Dr Robert Tyson and to some epistemologists, as well as from a natural The aim of this conference is to examine the consequence of our own development, has led us Christine Hilsden for the great help they gave us question of psychoanalytic education from the in the most difficult moments and for the dedica- to think that we need again to introduce a new perspective of a concerned critique (Kernberg, rigor in the training process. But it is quite prob- tion they have shown in the organization of this 1998) and to focus on reflections regarding the conference. Finally, I extend my special gratitude to able that this ought to be different from the way it different controversies related to the question of has been done so far. Because psychoanalysis is all the Institutes that answered our invitation to transmitting psychoanalytic thinking. participate, from the outset, in planning this meet- the shared heritage of human knowledge, having ing. I have received more than one hundred We consider this the right moment to examine entered the academic world and being used by communications over these two years. Eitingon’s tripartite model that has been adopted scholars in other areas of knowledge, we who by nearly all Institutes. This is an invitation neither participate in this complex task of training psycho- I would very much like to comment on something to discard nor to reaffirm our adherence to this analysts in our institutes now have a further that may have surprised and even puzzled some of model, but to deepen our understanding of the obligation: to define the specificity of psychoana- you. We have invited Dr Luiz Meyer, who is not a theory and of the ideology underlying this model, lytic practice and thinking in relation to other Training Analyst, but who possesses all the quali- and to invite the psychoanalytic community to forms of psychological approaches. ties to be one and has been offered this qualifica- reflect on how we are educating the future When we transmit psychoanalysis, we are con- tion several times. Dr Meyer, in keeping with the generations of psychoanalysts. consistency he shows in his reflective criticism of veying its entire history from Freud onwards, but the category of training analyst, on which he has Nevertheless I must stress that the Eitington we are also communicating a very specific kind of attitude and of listening and, at the same time, an ideal that makes psychoanalysis continue to exist as such. We convey psychoanalytic thinking, Bibliography difficult to define, but easily recognizable when it is missing. Fédida P. (1992) Langer Susanne K. (1953) Nome, Figura e Memória. Feeling and Form. New York: After attending several meetings on models of São Paulo: Editora Escuta. Charles Scribner’s Sons. psychoanalytic education in recent years, I have Green A. (1991) often been surprised to find that the discussions Masur C. (1997) Preliminaries to a discussion of were limited to a possible opposition between a The Training Analyst System: the function of theory in psycho- so-called democratic organization of psychoanaly- Asset or Liability? analytic training. J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn. 46, tic training and another considered authoritarian. 5th IPA Conference of Training p. 539-549. The first model is based on a minimum of regula- Analysts, Buenos Aires. tions and is supposed to omit any kind of evalua- Herrmann F. (1996) Mezan Renato (1991) tion of quality. To my mind the adoption of this Jornal de Psicanálise 54. O Bildungsroman do psicanalista. model often leads to a loose structure that is a Anuário Brasileiro de Psicanálise. source of confusion for candidates. The other Herrmann F. (1999) Rio de Janeiro: Relume Dumará. Análise didática em tempos de system is described as being highly regulated, penúria teórica. Vortrag. Mill John Stuart (1859) based on constant preoccupation with the quality Congresso Brasileiro de On Liberty. Collected Works, of the analysts being trained and viewed in this Psicanálise, Rio de Janeiro 1999. Ed J. M. Robson context, as antidemocratic and authoritarian. Toronto: University of Toronto Israël Paul (1994) Press 1977, p. 213ff. I think that some of the questions we have to Some specific features of the face today are: psychoanalytic training. Puente Miguel de la (1992) Psychoanalysis in Europe 42, Sobre a palavra-conceito 1. How can we create regulations that only set S. 29-37. “conhecimento” para uso clínico. norms in order to safeguard the training Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise process without making it rigid? and Kernberg Otto (1986) 26, p. 341-344. Institutional problems of psycho- 2. How can we avoid the destructive effects of analytic education. J. Amer. Rustin Michael (1991) authoritarianism and indoctrination, aspects Psychoanal. Assn. 34, p. 799-834. The good society and the inner that are enemies of creative thinking, and at world. London, New York: Verso. Kernberg Otto (1998) the same time maintain the high quality of A Concerned Critique of Widlöcher D. (1997) psychoanalytic education? Psychoanalytic Education. Psychanalyse à l’université. If we wish to guarantee the survival of psychoana- 14 H OME P AGES lysis as a field of knowledge, we certainly cannot © Member of the SBPSP, Brasilia, Brazil consider our preoccupations concerning the quality of the candidates or any training regulation as a necessarily authoritarian exercise. Are there any ways to control quality that can be done demo- cratically, respecting the singularity of analytic practice? The process of acquisition of knowledge is rela- tional and deeply marked by the meaning acquired by the emotional experience associated with the process of knowing that defies the status quo. Knowing cannot be reduced to the process of acquisition of information. Above all, it is an activity that modifies the person’s way of being, because it places the individual in the position of facing the new, in an attempt to make it something of his/her own. The feelings must be processed as thoughts if sensibility is to be broadened. The process of psychoanalytic education involves a great transformation of the candidate’s emo- tional structure. This transformation is not only © an objective to be achieved; it is the very condi- Hélène Goutal-Vali tion for an individual to become an analyst. ère, Paris, France Our present dissatisfaction with the way we are educating the new generations of psychoanalysts stems in part from the fact that, since its establish- ment in 1920 (with the introduction of training ana- lysis), the model of psychoanalytic education has not been modified, while the world around us has changed almost to the point of being unrecogniz- able for someone who might emigrate directly from RIO I - 2001 1920 to our day. Kernberg (1986) considers that psychoanalytic education combines practices that include the model of academic teaching, the type of learning found in the trades and that of a young artist in an atelier working with a master artist and, also, the learning given in a religious seminar. Could we also think that perhaps part of the responsibility for the impoverishment of psycho- analytic reflection and the conception of psycho- analytic education can be attributed to a certain deformed and restricted interpretation of the theories of object relation and how to integrate question psychoanalytical practice. tic education, I am not suggesting that any particular model is better than another and, the conception of containment in the psychoana- I consider that the key idea, on the basis of which lytical model? This has encouraged a vision of above all, it is not an invitation to stretch the old we can think about the question of contemporary models. psychoanalysis based solely on mothering. clinical work and psychoanalytic education, is Naturally, the exercise of mothering eliminates related to the conditions for the establishment of The adoption of a radical viewpoint at this the need to investigate, to reflect critically, and the analytic situation. Therefore, it is not a historical moment has been easily mistaken for understand the modes of functioning and mani- question of reforming just the formal aspects of the choice of an attitude of laissez faire, laissez festation of the unconscious. How often do we psychoanalytic training but the entire conception passer. hear, in the most contrasting psychoanalytic of what training is. It is important for us to spend institutions, in order to justify criticism of candi- time on the basic concepts we convey, explaining Innovation that is not submitted to rigorous dates or to soothe them when they doubt their their complexities. examination of the basis of psychoanalysis will talent, that neither intelligence nor knowledge of involve the risk of paralyzing the positive crisis In my opinion, we must effect a rigorous and that characterizes our field of knowledge. Being theory is necessary for being a mother? In this profound examination of the theoretical, philo- case, the idea is that it is enough to have intuition revolutionary in psychoanalysis means setting out sophical and ideological basis of the setting to examine radically what grounds it, with the and sensibility. This example is paradigmatic to adopted in the process of training psychoanalysts. understanding how the model of mothering inva- awareness that psychoanalysis is not technical Paul Israël (1994) considers that we must find, in knowledge that can be adapted to consumer ded the conception of what it is to be a psycho- each institute, what he refers to as ‘the most in- analyst. Our field has been so deeply marked by demands but is knowledge concerning the essence visible thread that connects the theoretical con- of the human being. this idea that today it even sounds unpleasant to sistency of our work both to clinical practice as say that in order to become a psychoanalyst it well as to our training system.’ is not enough to be intuitive and sensitive, but also Elias M. de Rocha Barros, to be intelligent, to know the theory well and to I would like to emphasize that when I invite our São Paulo have theoretical questions in order to constantly community to reflect on the basis of psychoanaly- 15 H OME P AGES Final Summary, Nice 2001

responsibility towards the public and the acade- In a world where we have no agreed strategy for The IPA Conferences on Training began in mic world. Throughout our history, the sense of deciding who possesses knowledge, and where a 1965. The aim was to keep our organization responsibility that coloured the training analyst single professional role is so venerated, ambitious permanently aware and reflecting on the pro- was shifted in many places to a sense of status students are socialized to imagine that they can blems related to psychoanalytic education and power within the society. close the gap between their relative ignorance and the problems aroused by it. and the omniscience of the training analyst not Listening to the several reports from the discus- by inquiring into the nature of mental life, but by That is what we had intended to do in the sions I would risk saying that the arguments, striving to become training analysts themselves. present meeting and what we successfully centred around Meyers’ statement that the As scientific curiosity collapses into professional did. training analysis is a fetish, and that the training ambition, the ‘authority’ of the training analyst analysis is a form of ideological indoctrination, position is further exalted and the intellectual life produced deep emotional splits and intellectual of our field becomes impoverished. It is not easy in ten to fifteen minutes to sum- mobilization in the groups. Some members showed marize (having had only the lunch break to do it) a deep interest in the way Dr Meyer presented The solution to these problems lies not in attempts the discussions that have taken place in the the question of ideological education, which they to obliterate all gaps in expertise and status by small groups and in the workshops and what thought was new, saying that it was an original doing away with hierarchical structures altogether, was pinpointed in many papers, so I will limit my approach that deserved deep reflection. Others whether in curriculum planning, in the training presentation only to the main points common to thought that he was presenting a sort of carica- analyst system, or in overall governance. There is the majority of the groups. I am perfectly aware ture of training analysis at its worst. A particular no reason to believe that the denial of differences that I might be leaving out important issues. So, I group suggested that training analysis should be in knowledge and ability can reinvigorate the intel- will count on you to help me to complete my task. regarded as a transitional space. I go on to say lectual life of our field. Every speaker seemed to have something interest- that perhaps the majority, while expressing their ing and valuable to say in what became a fascinat- respect for the French Model presented by Mme. We must direct our energies (I am quoting) not ing debate. Faure Pragier, and towards the preoccupations toward eliminating all gaps but toward situating expressed by Luiz Meyer, supported the arguments our experience of a gap in the area where it most The general atmosphere of the discussions was of put forward by Drs Michels and Auchincloss. belongs: between what we psychoanalysts and a critical reflection on what we mean today by psychoanalytic students feel we already know and psychoanalytic education (formation psychanaly- I will repeat their basic arguments: understand about mental life, and what we do not tique). Almost everybody insisted on the profound- Michels and Auchincloss have argued during yet know. To this end, Auchincloss and Michels ly conflictive nature of becoming a psychoanalyst. this conference that the elimination of the posi- feel that the revisions of the Eitingon model of The education of the sensibility of the future ana- tion of training analyst does not eliminate power psychoanalytic education proposed by Thöma and lyst has nothing to do with pedagogical processes. and authority but only redistributes them. Kächele (1999) provide an interesting alternative It is an agogic activity based only on the fact of Excessive authoritarianism, it was said, in psycho- approach (not the magical solution) to change. guiding and showing. analytic education arises not from the existence of hierarchical structures such as those of the Although many people were in agreement with The position of training analysts was challenged centralized curriculum committee or the training Michels and Auchincloss about training analysis, and so the need for such a category was extensi- analyst position, but primarily from: only a small minority presented themselves in vely discussed. Both the critics of the system and favour of the ‘Memorandum’ offered by Thöma and its supporters have in common the agreement 1. the complete condensation of all important Kächele. that the power structure of the societies always functions into the single position of the training reflects on the transference and needs deep ana- analyst; and Thöma and Kächele suggest that in order ‘to lysis. The general feeling was that at the beginning modernize training... (we should) introduce the of psychoanalysis, the introduction of the training 2. the lack of an agreed methodology for determin- classical triad of teaching, treatment and research analysis system was an expression of educational ing the validity of our theoretical propositions. as the leading model for psychoanalytic institutes.’ (Thöma and Kächele, 1999.) Most people who expressed their support for the general idea of keeping alive an investigative mentality also stressed the importance of taking into considera- tion qualitative research, saying that they do © Regina Lucia B. Mota, Brasilia, Brazil not have the impression that Thöma and Kächele (nor the IPA, although I personally think they are mistaken - see debate between Jorge Canestri and Paul Israël), include this kind of research when they talk about ‘research’.

Other themes had been discussed: 1. The great majority (all, I would say) agreed that we need regulations to safeguard training especially against the possible dominance of charismatic leadership. That can be done without submitting to the destructive effects of authorita- rian leadership. The majority concluded that quali- ty controls need to exist and might be implemen- ted democratically, respecting the singularity of each candidate. Two groups mentioned an idea ex- pressed when Kernberg’s suggestions have been discussed. They said: ‘There was a consensus that,

16 H OME P AGES

Rosemarie B öhme, Hamburg, Germany with diverging models of psychoanalytic theories and technique, there exists a need for an ongoing evaluation of such divergences, and an ongoing effort to establish or reestablish a core common ground, while tolerating divergence and contro- versy in theory and technique.’

2. In some groups the majority thought that they could see advantages to separating the analy- tic function from supervisory and teaching activi- ties, and regarded the selection of supervisors and seminar leaders as needing to follow different principles.

3. Regarding the curriculum organization (in some groups that discussed this theme), a significant majority was in agreement with the ones who advocate that: ‘if we are to train thinkers who can participate in the intellectual life of the 21st century, we must present psychoanalytic theory from a historical perspective.’ This group also argued that a historical/chronological approach to teaching theory is the least intellectually Foto: Claudia Guderian coercive in that it minimizes the imposition of arbitrary or idiosyncratic categories of knowledge. 6. There was a stress on the need to help candi- societies. They felt identified with the same 4. In most groups there was an overall majority in dates develop a psychoanalytic identity. The preoccupation as it was expressed by Jacqui favour of two statements made by Daniel psychoanalytic identity arises from the experience Amati Mehler when she said that she finds hard to Widlöcher, which they thought expressed the feel- of personal analysis and from the development believe that there are no differences in quality, ings of the psychoanalytic community. of a psychoanalytic attitude and a psychoanalytic talent and excellence so that everybody is to be listening in the supervisions. considered alike. People stressed that we should Widlöcher said: Supervision occupies a central place in many not confuse authority with authoritarianism. ‘(1) The framework for training is not necessarily societies where the main process of evaluation defined by ‘minimum standards’, above which ever- by the Institution takes place. Supervision is con- 10. A certain number of people also took up Jacqui’s ything is possible and below which nothing is per- sidered a privileged place for transmission of a suggestion that the training analyst function mitted. “I propose that we should think rather in deeply analytical attitude. At this point many should be upgraded and that training analysts terms of ‘optimum standards”.’ participants showed their liking for the formula- should be further trained. tion presented by Mme. Faure-Pragier, when she And also he said: said: ‘Transmission is a mode of functioning and Jacqui Amati Mehler made an important remark ‘(2) Any approach which aims to make the rules of not a way of doing things proposed as an ideal.’ In when she said, commenting on Eitington’s model: training more flexible necessitates evaluation most groups there was an expressive support for The core issue is not the tripartite side of it, but methods which are all the more rigorous. This the idea of having at least one supervision taking rather how these three legs of the training combi- applies to the selection of candidates and, in par- place whilst the candidate was in analysis. ne, interact and are interwoven with each other to ticular, to their admission to supervision, but also configurate a certain system and the weight that to the evaluation of the methods themselves.’ 7. There was no agreement about the minimum each of these three variables has, according to dif- number of sessions necessary to establish a ferent conceptualizations that underlie the trai- It was said that although we do not follow the aca- deep psychoanalytical attitude. A significant ning. demic/university model, we should not disregard majority thought that a high frequency (both for the fact that in relation to the curriculum, we need personal analysis and supervised cases) was The meeting ended with speakers in most groups to keep in mind that we cannot forget the acade- needed (four to five) because their tactical aim and workshops praising the very fruitful discus- mic aspect of it. Some speakers placed an empha- is the closest possible following of the transfer- sions in the small groups and saying that the high sis on the need for the candidate to develop an ence. Others sided themselves with the French point of the Training Analysts’ Conference is the understanding of the ‘scientific model’ as such, model of three sessions a week, saying that opportunity of such intimate discussions. and of the many possible epistemological models patients need a space for the ‘après coup’ effect Voila! for gathering knowledge. to take place and allow the normal process of My thanks for your very concerned attention and working-through to unfold. kindness. 5. There was an important controversy in some groups about the inclusion of the study of 8. Many members expressed their agreement Elias M. da Rocha Barros psychoanalytic technique in the curriculum. Most with the Chair when he said that rethinking of the Institutes do include such seminars, al- psychoanalytic education implies finding ways to though the French Institutes abolished this form promote an investigative mentality that relates to of teaching as early as 1970. Most of the partici- the theories, stressing their divergent aspects and pants felt that although we need to respect the their insertion in the history of psychoanalysis and Bibliography personal style of each analyst/candidate, there is in the history of culture. something that keeps the analytic field as a reco- H. Thomä and H. Kächele, gnizable unity. Therefore, a significant majority 9. Quite a lot of members expressed their deep `Memorandum on a Reform of Psychoanalytic thought that we needed to have seminars on tech- concern about a sort of propaganda of egali- Education´. nique. tarianism that is becoming dominant in some International Psychoanalysis Issue 2, 1999, p. 33-35 17 FOCUS

Child Analysis, COCAP and the IPA

Peter Blos Jr. It is an honour to be invited to inaugurate which treatment is most likely to be helpful. this series of discursive articles on Child Within the overarching continuity described above Psychoanalysis and a pleasure to do so as the I see psychoanalytic work with children and adole- newly appointed Chair of the IPA Committee scents as having certain distinctive characteristics on Child and Adolescent Psychoanalysis and requirements placing certain requirements on (COCAP). The initiation of this series and the the analyst. Foremost is accepting that communi- establishment of COCAP four years ago is, cation occurs on many levels, including the I think, more than a coincidence. Rather I medium of play, story (fantasy) construction, see these two events as signifiers of the conversation and interaction. This facilitates the acceptance of the analysis of children and creation of a wide, unstructured psychic field in adolescents as ‘true’ analysis by an increas- which unconscious expression can occur. As with ing number of the IPA membership. Taking patients of all ages there will be both verbal and this confluence as my cue, I should like, as my non-verbal communication which represents an contribution to the series, to say something of admixture of developmental level, defenses, and my views about child analysis. I will con- expressions of desire and anxiety. Interpretation clude with some comments regarding must occur with appropriate timing and with COCAP’s aims and achievements. language attuned to a psychic level with which the patient can work. It is significant that with Since history has much to do with the develop- younger patients interpretation usually begins ment of one’s views, I think it pertinent to begin through the metaphor of the play content or with my professional background and development. causality. Children and young people are parti- action, i.e. in displacement, and only gradually My medical and analytic education both took place cularly vulnerable to such misapprehensions be- proceeds to unconscious fantasy revelation and in the United States in an era when child analysis cause they threaten or distort ongoing psychic transference manifestations. was prominent and in institutions and institutes in development. However, for many reasons, and which it was regarded as integral to the larger field just as with adults, analysis is not the treatment of It is important to note that both transference of psychoanalysis. It is no coincidence that my choice for all patients under the age of eighteen. and counter-transference are inevitable and vital medical school dissertation was entitled ‘An When I am consulted, no matter the age of the components in analytic work with children and Investigation of the Healthy Child’s Understanding potential patient, I think long and hard about adolescents. The intensity of this pair of affective of the Causes of Disease.’1,2. My clinical training began with pediatrics. Adult and child psychiatry followed, with many analysts as teachers and Bibliography / Notes supervisors; traditional adult and child psycho- analytic education completed my preparation. 1 P. Blos Jr. 5 COCAP Mandate From the start, my practice of child analysis was An investigation of the healthy child’s understanding is available on the IPA website, www.ipa.org.uk an integral part of my analytic work and I never of the causes of disease. Unpublished dissertation, Yale University 1956. 6 considered it to be separate from the rest. Indeed A.-M. Sandler the longer I have worked analytically with children, 2 P. Blos Jr. 1998 COCAP Report to the IPA Executive Council. Unpublished. adolescents and adults the more I am convinced Children think about illness: their concepts and that psychoanalysis, by virtue of its theoretical beliefs. In: Psychosocial Aspects of Pediatric Care. Ed E. integrity, is feasible with patients of all ages. 7 Gellert. New York (Grune & Stratton, Inc.) 1978. This statement is available on the IPA website: http://www.ipa.org.uk/COCAP.htm This is important because it means that when 3 P. Blos Jr. our criteria for suitability are met, analysis can be ‘In the Lion’s Mouth: The Affective Experience of the 8 offered to children and adolescents as well as Child Analyst and the Concept of Countertransferen- R. L. Tyson Secretary’s Column, IPA Newsletter, Vol. 9, 2000. adults. As analysts know, analysis, by virtue of ce.’ Child Analysis: Clinical, Theoretical and Applied 12: 37-59, 2001. the intensity of the psychological engagement it establishes, uniquely permits the modification of 4 P. Blos Jr. 9 J. Norman stubborn defenses and the elucidation of strongly ‘When Parents are Patients: Children As Figures June, 2000; November, 2000; and July, 2001. Reports held fantasies such as those about self, other and in the Analysis of Adults.’ Unpublished paper to the IPA Executive Council. Unpublished. 18 FOCUS manifestations can be a very powerful and, when hibited on the grounds of fantasized disapproval child/adolescent training programs of the understood properly by the analyst, can be an by the analyst. To explore such fantasies in verbal twenty eight Constituent Societies and Associa- invaluable source of information about the form alone deprives the patient of trial action tions. Sixteen were recommended by COCAP as patient’s life and fantasy experiences as well as and keeps the matter intellectual. As a child ana- fulfilling the requirements for child training and the analyst’s own psyche.3 lyst I have learned to function in an analytic were approved by the Executive Council. Upon mode while the patient sits up or walks about notification of the IPA Central Office by the Although analytic work with children and adoles- the room. Often, I have found, the patient’s ac- training institution, graduates of these sixteen cents is not fundamentally different than work tions facilitate realization of unconscious programs will, henceforward, be automatically with adults there is one area which is decidedly fantasies regarding the meaning of action, in- recognized by the IPA as child analysts. Also different. All child patients have parents who hibition and prohibition. under Dr. Norman’s leadership, COCAP undertook play a current and vital role in their lives. to review the credentials of IPA members re- Nowadays many children have several sets of 2. Many of my adult patients are concurrently commended as qualified child analysts by their parents and, for some children the parents may parents. I have noted that associations will Societies and Associations. With COCAP’s be known, unknown, gay, lesbian, heterosexual bring forth observations, feelings and thoughts endorsement, some 800 members were recog- or technologically represented. For child analysts, about their children. To be sure these may be nized by the Executive Committee. It is to be noted as with everyone who works with children - displaced ways of acknowledging their own that this number also included members who teachers, tutors, coaches, nannies, etc. - the in- childhood memories and feelings. But I have could be ‘grandfathered’ as child analysts by fluence of parents cannot be ignored. For the found that these associations can also lead to virtue of their train- child analyst the parents’ significant presence the fertile field of fantasies about being a parent. ing, experience, con- provides many opportunities for the emergence of Many adults turn out to be quite fearful and tributions to the field split transferences and projections. The analyst ashamed of the power and cruelty of their wishes and recommendation must be prepared to recognize and cope with towards their children, especially when a child of their Society. these phenomena. challenges the parent’s omnipotence and omnis- cience. Sometimes the customary transference I am happy to report (the analyst as the all powerful parental figure) that, beginning with A related point concerning the child analyst shifts so that the analyst becomes the vulner- the Membership Hand- and the parents of patients able, helpless child at the hands of the book and Roster 2001, all child analysts will be wilful, authoritarian adult patient. This can be un- identified by a symbol beside the name.9 is that much work with the parents may be requi- usual and uncomfortable for both patient and red before they can support analytic treatment for analyst. But working it through can help the a child. Once treatment has begun it is my practice patient/parent be less defensive and more These accomplishments set the stage for to work regularly and directly with parents. With effective in the parenting functions of everyday COCAP’s agenda for the next two years: to provide adolescent patients there may be acute situations, life.4 assistance to any Component Society or e.g. legal transgressions, pregnancies or life-threa- Association that requests help in developing a tening behaviours, that require that the parents be Turning my attention to the Committee on qualified child/adolescent training program; to brought into the treatment picture. In my experien- Child and Adolescent Psychoanalysis, its extend to committees working with new ce, such work has not interfered with the analysis. brief history and its significant achievements, groups any assistance they may request regard- Indeed, it has often proved supportive. ing child/adolescent training; to continue the I note that this committee was formed on credential review of child/adolescent psycho- Here I would like to turn to the mindset of the August 1, 1997, at the Barcelona Congress. At analysts who may qualify under the ‘grandfather’ child analyst at work. First, the well known free that time its Mandate was approved by the clause of the Standards. floating, attentive listening of the adult analyst, Executive Council.5 Anne-Marie Sandler, as the with its special ‘neutrality’ and ‘intersubjectivity’, first chair, initiated a survey through the geo- To put these tasks in broader perspective, is very present in child work. However, the child graphical co-chairs. Mrs. Sandler’s report noted COCAP’s primary aim is to facilitate the training analyst must not only exercise this capacity but, that although many Societies and Associations of analysts qualified to conduct child and at the same time, engage simultaneously in inter- did not have training programs in child analysis, adolescent analysis and, thereby, make such active play. It takes skill to talk and play with a widespread interest was expressed in developing treatment available to those who need it. A child in a genuine and spontaneous manner while such training. In many situations child and derivative benefit will be to make the insights listening for preconscious and unconscious com- adolescent psychoanalysis and psychotherapy and skills gained through work with children munications. Like adults, young patients develop have evolved outside the psychoanalytic Socie- and adolescents part of the armamentarium of remarkable, active ways to resist and defeat this ties and Institutes. This, Mrs. Sandler felt, reflec- psychoanalysts working with patients of all ages. type of listening and their talent in this regard ted the general ‘stepchild-like’ status of this It is, of course, to be hoped that these develop- will put any analyst to the test. The title of my field. For some, she comments, this work is just ments will increase the potential for contributions paper on countertransference includes the not ‘true’ psychoanalysis. Also noted were the by child analysis to the literature, research and phrase ‘In the Lion’s Mouth...’. I trust it conveys wide variations in frequency of sessions as well growth of psychoanalysis itself. the intensity of feelings created in the child ana- as the number of referrals.6 lyst by the patient.3 Because I see the initiation of this series as In December, 1999, Johan Norman assumed furthering these goals I particularly want to Two examples of the ways in which analytic the chair of COCAP and the committee continued thank Alex Holder, Editor of the Newsletter, for work with children and adolescents has the work already begun. Of signal importance was inviting me to contribute the first article. I look contributed conceptually and technically to the articulation for IPA members of ‘Minimum forward with eagerness to reading the thoughts, my work with adults will conclude this por- Standards for Training in Child and Adolescent experiences and observations of child analysts tion of my contribution. Psychoanalysis;’ also included were criteria for from other regions represented by the member- ‘grandfathering’. (Sec. B-5)7 The statement was ship as they appear in this series. 1. Sometimes an adult patient may have a strong, accepted by the IPA Executive Council in July, if not understood, need to sit up or even move 1999, with a minor revision accepted in July, about the consulting room, an action often in- 2000.8 These Standards enabled the review of

19 FOCUS Child Analysis and Analytic Psychotherapy

Karen Gilmore Any consideration of the relationship of tial diagnosis and assume that the candidates have child analytic training and training in psycho- expertise in other modalities? analytic psychotherapy of children needs to take into account a number of historical and 6. Are analytic techniques for treating childhood contemporary trends in North American disorders continuous with the techniques society in general and in the field of psycho- employed in adulthood? In other words, even if we analysis in particular. These inevitably affect accept the notion of different psychopathologies, both professional and lay attitudes toward do we view the techniques of treatment as com- child work and shape the nature of training parable? Do the modifications related to develop- opportunities for professionals interested in mental level constitute an approach toward developing expertise in treating children. ‘applied’ psychoanalysis?

The position of child training in North American Thus we arrive at the oft-repeated question: psychiatric and psychological professional educa- tion reflects both historical traditions and current- 7. Is child analysis really analysis? (Yanof 1996) day practice in health-related fields. To my know- Or is it ‘applied analysis’ and thus a psycho- ledge, training in child psychoanalysis by any insti- analytically informed psychotherapy? Should child tute affiliated with the American Psychoanalytic analysts be prepared to practice psychodynamic Association is currently a subspecialization, requir- psychotherapy, should it be explicitly taught at ing concurrent or completed training in adult institutes, and should child analysts and institutes psychoanalysis. The backdrop for this prerequisite The evolution of child analysis itself provides offer psychotherapy training to non (adult) ana- preparation is the fact that within psychiatry and parallel conundrums, since it grew out of the dis- lysts? psychology, child training is a subspecialization cipline developed for treatment of the adult. appended to professional training in the treatment Nonetheless, training for child analytic and Naturally, these questions have bearing on the of adults. While this certainly does not correspond psychotherapeutic work at the Hampstead Clinic, place of the discipline within psychoanalysis as to the relationship between training in pediatrics subsequently the Anna Freud Centre, has never well as on the distinction between child analysis and general internal medicine (which are entirely required the background adult analytic training and child psychotherapy. While many North separate disciplines), it follows a time-honoured that became de rigueur in North America. American child analysts have risen to positions of tradition within American medicine, since all pedi- prominence in the field and many analytic insti- atric surgical specialties require ‘general’ training These conflicting trends have created a tutes incorporate the study of development and (i.e. training in adult work with a brief exposure to number of unresolved tensions in the field, child analytic clinical material, both in literature pediatrics) prior to pediatric specialization. The which I pose here as a series of questions: and continuous case seminars, I believe that child implication is that the adult training provides the analysis and child analysts still struggle with fundamental techniques or general principles for 1. Do developmental principles acquired in adult concerns about the legitimacy of child work the practice of the child specialization and that training have bearing on the realities of de- both as a therapeutic modality and a true analy- these are best established by immersion in adult velopment in progress? (This of course corresponds tic endeavour on a par with adult work. work. to the tension between the genetic and develop- mental points of view which has been examined in It is my impression that this undercurrent of On the other hand, there are differences among detail elsewhere.) doubt about its own legitimacy creates an atmos- child analytic training programs in the US in regard phere of defensiveness among the practitioners to whether prior professional training in child 2. Does the field of child psychiatry/psychology of child analysis and compels them to view mental health (that is, child psychiatry, psychology, provide specific training in the recognition and groundbreaking outcome research on child or psychiatric social work) is a prerequisite for diagnosis of an entirely developmentally embed- psychoanalysis and psychotherapy, such as child analytic training. In a sense, this asserts the ded psychopathology, not on a continuum with Fonagy and Target’s retrospective study of 763 specificity of psychoanalytic training as a tech- adult psychopathology (as in the pediatrics vs. cases at the Anna Freud Centre (1996), with nique that can be extrapolated to work with internal medicine division)? Therefore, does suspicion. This London-based study, which ex- children without expertise in child development diagnosis in childhood involve a lexicon unfamiliar amined the usefulness of different modalities of and diagnosis. Particularly, but not uniformly, for to adult psychoanalysts? treatment for different diagnostic and develop- programs connected to medical centres, concerns mental groups, might have been be hailed as a about adequate training in the recognition and 3. What is the fate of such psychopathology as landmark in our field; despite the deficiencies of diagnosis of childhood disorders underscores the the individual achieves adulthood? the retrospective design, it was research under- insistence that analysts who wish to do child ana- taken in the spirit of scientific evaluation of the lytic training must obtain prior competence in the 4. What are the developmental opportunities/ efficacy of our methods. However, I believe it field of childhood mental illness. With the matura- liabilities afforded by the immaturity of the alarmed many practitioners in North America tion of child psychiatry in this country, including mental apparatus of the child that affect the because of two features, both of which have the burgeoning of diagnostic entities, medications, impact of intervention and prognosis? direct bearing on the issue of child analysis and and alternative therapies available, there is an psychotherapy. First, the authors explicitly de- increasing pressure on the child analyst to be 5. Given these questions, how well defined are lineated a model of child analysis, as conducted conversant with the field at large and to be the indications for analysis in children? Should at the Centre, that in and of itself generates capable of informed diagnostic assessment. child analytic training provide training in differen- controversy. Based on Anna Freud’s assertion that: 20 FOCUS

In our times, the analyst’s therapeutic ambition findings highlight the specific diagnostic indica- we know from our work with children (1996 p. 102). goes beyond the realm of conflict and the improve- tions and contraindications for analytic treat- I raise these issues as an important background ment of inadequate conflict solutions. It now ment, the authors implicitly underscore the crucial for consideration of the specific question of child embraces the basic faults, failures, defects and importance of careful diagnosis and assessment analysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Taken deprivations, i.e., the whole range of adverse and the availability of alternative treatments. together, they pull child analysts in conflicting external and internal factors, and it aims at the Typically the development of such competence is directions, at times aligning them more with correction of their consequences, it defines inten- not strongly emphasized in child analytic training, adult analysts, at times with child psychiatrists sive treatment as ‘represent[ing] a combination of and the indications for alternative therapies for and psychologists, and, most often perhaps, insight-oriented therapy and developmental help’ specific disorders are not routinely taught. In fact, leaving them stranded altogether. Given the (p.77). While I firmly believe that most practi- it is my impression, admittedly not based on any availability of alternative therapies, especially tioners of child analytic work recognize that their actual survey, that child analysts in this country medication, the upheaval and demand on the impact extends beyond conflict resolution alone, have been lagging a step or two behind adult family to maintain a child in analysis, and a that the relationship provides the opportunity for analysts in their rapprochement with psychiatry backdrop of uncertainty about the specificity of transference interpretation and for new and often and neurosciences. Despite this, I have no doubt and indications for the analytic method with developmentally determined and transformative that child analysts are more impacted by the children, it is understandable that most child experience (Chused 1982), and that the opportuni- marked proliferation of medication therapies analysts do not see the majority of their child ty to participate in analytic work can exert a available in this country than those in Europe and cases in analysis. While this may reflect the powerful developmental influence on the grow- South America, and overall, I believe that very harsh realities of insurance reimbursement, ing individual (Yanof 1996; Gilmore 2000), there recently they have tended to incorporate the use modern-day preference for the promised ‘quick remains a reluctance to designate this, as Fonagy of medication more readily than before in their fix’ with medications, and the decline in the and Target do, ‘developmental help’ and to dif- analytic work. Whether and how this affects their regard for psychoanalytic wisdom about child ferentiate it in a way that seems ‘therapeutic’ tendency to recommend analysis is not clear. development and rearing, more than the judicious rather than ‘analytic.’ (This reluctance, I believe, assessment of cases for their appropriateness, I overrides the authors’ assertion that this amalgam Moreover, the Fonagy and Target study explicates feel that child analysts should have expertise in constitutes analysis.) Second, the conclusion of a model of analysis that some detractors might other modalities and be prepared to argue per- that study, where the distinction between analysis argue is psychotherapy conducted on a frequent suasively for intensive treatment when indicated. and analytically oriented psychotherapy was made basis. While I agree that their terminology, such Indeed, the preparedness to utilize and/or re- by frequency of sessions, degree of therapeutic as the designation of a ‘rehabilitative’ component commend modalities that emphasize family ambition, and depth of interpretive work, was of analysis, can at times appear to promote that work, behavioural interventions, special learning that certain disorders of childhood, such as simple argument, I nonetheless concur with their notion environments, and medications in addition phobias, do better with less intensive treatments that analysis works on mental representations, to less intensive psychoanalytically oriented and also that the value of analysis was enhanced and the psychological processes which create psychotherapy makes the recommendation of when initiated earlier in life. Analysis was clearly them and act upon them. Just as early experien- analysis all the more potent. This flexibility also superior for two groups of pre-pubescent children, ces, drives, and conflicts may act to distort the allows child analysts to be better teachers of both with severe and pervasive emotional dis- conscious and unconscious internal representa- dynamic psychotherapy to nonanalyst child clini- orders. tions which correspond to external reality, so cians and to hone their skills at deploying psycho- are psychic processes vulnerable to inhibition, analytic principles in less intensive modalities. This study, and its underlying principles, highlights disengagement, and compromise: the very act of Dynamics are always at work; addressing them the tensions within contemporary child psycho- thinking may come to be resisted, emotional with tact and therapeutic effect remains the analysis in the US that I refer to above. As their experience may be drastically curtailed, and bailiwick of child specialists who are also child specifically the capacity to mentalize, to think analysts. In my experience supervising child of one’s own and others’ mental states, may be psychiatry residents and child psychology inhibited (p.32). graduate students, what one eager student aptly Literature termed a ‘hunger for dynamics’ remains strong; Chused J. (1982) I believe that the idea that child analysis the teaching of psychoanalytic thinking has a The Role of Analytic Neutrality in the Use of the Child addresses and enhances the child’s capacity to powerful influence on practitioners and is the best Analyst as a New Object. think about his or her own mental life dovetails way to insure our survival. J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 30:3-28. with Yanof’s thoughtful assertion that: the Fonagy P. and M. Target (1996) technical difficulties that arise when working Predictors Of Outcome In Child Psychoanalysis: A with children are not unique to children, but arise Retrospective Study Of 763 Cases At The Anna Freud Centre. J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 44:27-77. with our adult patients as well. They appear when we work with our most difficult adult patients, Gilmore K. (2000) and they appear when we work with our typical A psychoanalytic perspective on Attention-Deficit/ patients in their most difficult moments. At times Hyperacitivity Disorder. J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 48: 1259-1293. our adult patients also can lack a self-reflective capacity, refuse to free associate, lose their treat- Yanof J. (1996) ment alliance, or communicate to us in actions Language, Communication, and Transference in Child Analysis. I. Selective Mutism: The Medium Is the rather than words. At these moments our adult Message. II. Is Child Analysis Really Analysis?. patients act like our child patients. How we work J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 44:79-116. at these junctures might well be enhanced by what

21 FOCUS Some comments on the distinction child

In my view there are two kinds of confusion Johan Norman and will try to translate the basic elements into connected with the distinction between child the context of child psychoanalysis. psychoanalysis and child psychotherapy - one political confusion and one metho- dological confusion. The ‘Fundamental Technical Rule’ of free association. The political confusion at the border between child psychoana- Transformed into child psychoanalysis the mean- lysis and child psychotherapy ing will be that the child is free to play, talk, sing, paint, draw, write and do things and express In my opinion Freud’s classical formulation itself free from other restrictions, than decided (1923a) is still useful when we need to sort by practical reasons and by the analyst’s needs out what we mean by psychoanalysis: for integrity. The analyst has no agenda or own specific theme to focus on other than to follow ‘Psychoanalysis is the name what the child is bringing into the session and (1) of a procedure for the investigation of mental the relationship with the analyst. It is sometimes processes which are almost inaccessible in any said that the child’s playing and drawing is not other way, equivalent to free association but when we follow (2) of a method (based on that investigation) for very closely, in tiny details, the process in a session the treatment of neurotic disorders and with a child it is in my opinion evident that the (3) of a collection of psychological information mental functioning is the same as free association. obtained along these lines, which is gradually If the work for one reason or another is focused being accumulated into a new scientific and directed to elucidate a specific problem or discipline.’ behaviour - it may be a problem concerning learn- ing at school, fighting, fears of different situations Implicit in this formulation is the notion of child psychoanalysis under the very broad um- and objects, etc. - the agenda is in the hands of the psychoanalysis as a discipline that is independent brella of ‘child psychotherapy’. An unintended other, and we have to call this work something in the way similar to other disciplines, meaning consequence seems to be that those who are else than psychoanalysis. that there are coherent internal developments trained in child psychotherapy through a program of knowledge, traditions and controversial dis- with very diluted ingredients from psychoanalysis Some toys are often a part of the setting in child cussions between the members of the different sometimes want to claim that they are doing psychoanalysis, and if these toys are too well groupings inside the discipline of psychoana- ‘child psychoanalysis’, that all would be the same, elaborated and are presenting well defined role lysis, and that interdisciplinary discussions are and according to my experience this is not true. So figures and have a readymade structure, there is occurring at the interfaces between psychoana- we have both a political confusion and a metho- the risk that the free floating creativity of the child lysis and other disciplines. So there are borders dological confusion. will be directed and restricted. The dollhouse and distinctions, and one distinction is between with all the very nice furniture may be an expres- psychoanalysis and psychotherapy of children. sion of the other’s wish to create an idyllic atmos- But this border has a very complicated structure, The methodological confusion phere, and a great amount of toys may be an as the politics is part of the distinction: You can at the border. implicit message to the child that it is better not have had a training including the procedure for to direct the attention to the other’s presence but investigation of the mind according to the psycho- The problem of the border between ‘child psycho- rather to play as children usually are doing and analytical vertex, the method for treatment and analysis’ and ‘child psychotherapy’ is complex, to do something with the play material. To engage the study of gathered insights - and still you may as one aspect of psychoanalysis is that in Freud’s in building a model aeroplane or a model rail- be said to be a ‘psychotherapist’. formulation it is a ‘psychotherapeutic method’. way may be very nice and interesting but is con- Some methods of treatment are in Freud’s for- veying to the child a restriction, control of aggres- We can take the Anna Freud Centre as an example, mulation based on ‘a procedure for the investiga- sion and destructivity, and also the joy in sharing and I suppose that this is valid for the Tavistock tion of mental processes’ and can be called something, and that can help, and this is what and for some other training institutions: Of course psychoanalysis, while other methods of treatment many parents do together with their children. The Anna Freud was a child psychoanalyst, and the are approaching the human mind from more or aim will then not be to open up and to retrieve but training she created corresponded in all ways with less another vertex and may therefore be called rather to create an order and balance in the mind what can be called a psychoanalytical training. But something else, and is often called quite simply of the child. This can be seen as a kind of support the students came from different professions and ‘psychotherapy’. So it is not easy to sort out this for a good parenting and that can be useful for not all of them were medical doctors and psycho- confusion, but one way may be to try to describe the child and the parents, but it has to be called logists, and the training didn’t include training in what kind of investigation and method we mean something other than psychoanalysis. psychoanalysis with adults. The ‘Controversial when calling it psychoanalysis, and to see what Discussions’ in the British Psycho-Analytical happens when these basic elements are not Society had a political side which still doesn’t present in the work. To accomplish this would of Evenly suspended attention. seem to have been worked through. Beyond the course demand a great deal of work and I can border of the recognized child psychoanalysis only pick up some few aspects. I use Freud’s With every analysand the analyst is doing an there has been strong development of training in paper ‘Psycho-Analysis’ (1923) as a starting point adaptation of the style of communication, choice 22 FOCUS psychoanalysis/child psychotherapy

of words, tempo, tone of voice, motility, even how with the child is in that case not psychoanalysis its relationship with the analyst and the human the door to the waiting room is opened by the but has to find another name, and often it is environment, that the analyst can abstain from analyst at the start of the session. The creation of called ‘psychotherapy’. When this kind of ‘psycho- reconstruction and early theoretically informed the analytical couple is unique for each analysand. therapy’ is the choice it seems most fruitful interpretations, and can wait for a more convincing These adaptations are hardly perceptible and that the therapist is trying to work in a practically understanding. The analysis will become more are established intuitively and unconsciously. oriented eclectic way, and refrain from the ‘lifelike’ (Bion 1977). With small children this adaptation also includes evenly suspended attention and other technical the preconditions connected with the child’s rules and attitudes that are valid for psychoana- In other kinds of psychotherapy and work done different developmental levels and mental func- lysis. at low frequency the therapist is more dependent tioning. The analyst’s mind is tuning in with each on explanation and reconstruction informed by analysand and this adaptation to create an ana- theory, social reality, family, behaviour, history, lytical couple is working in the same way indepen- Frequency, Transference external events, symptomatology, traumatic events dent of the analysand’s age. The analyst can’t and Interpretation. etc. in the effort to try to bring order into the consciously understand how to adapt to just this patient’s ego and to create a balance in the inner specific individual to create the analytical couple There is a natural force in the child to play and world and in the relation to external reality. In this but have to intuit it. The analyst has ‘to surrender a natural force to create an emotional link to work the therapist can engage in play and games, himself to his own unconscious mental activity, another human subject. This is the natural force and try to be a good playmate worthwhile for the in a state of evenly suspended attention, to avoid of transference gathering into the relationship child to be identified with. so far as possible reflection and the construction with the analyst and into the setting. With the of conscious expectations, not to try to fix any- relationship follows the non-contained parts of Compared with these other forms of psycho- thing that he heard particularly in his memory, the child looking for a container, the transference therapy child psychoanalysis is in a way more and by these means to catch the drift of the of infantile wishes and object relations are re- simple and limited; it has to handle and interpret patient’s unconscious with his own unconscious’ trieved and brought into the human context of the natural force of transference and the work (Freud, 1923, p. 239). the analytical couple, often connected with is disciplined according to ‘evenly suspended anxiety and great pain. attention’ - ‘no memory and no desire’. Retrieval of Bion has elaborated this aspect of the analytical the infantile object relations and wishes of the work (1967, 1970) and has underlined that the But this process presupposes that the relationship transference will follow with the relationship to analyst has to train and discipline this mental is taking a central position in the everyday life of the analyst and to the room and setting, as an functioning to sharpen the capacity to observe the mind of the analysand and the analyst, the externalisation of a primary holding and contain- what is going on in the session. One aspect of couple must have a space where the relationship ing object. As the analyst is so involved he has to observation is the heightened receptivity of can evolve and the transference aspects can be refrain from the excitement in play and games, those aspects in the analysand that the analy- contained and interpreted. With the high frequen- and abstain for the cosy togetherness connected sand can’t bear. Unbearable emotional states, cy of sessions more or less every day, four to with reading children’s books and fairy tales. images, phantasies, pain, fear, guilt has to be five times a week, the relationship has a good received by the analyst, contained in the reverie, precondition to deepen and to mobilise and The analyst has to be a slow and not so good metabolized, transformed and given back in gather the transference. playmate and instead increase the analyst’s detoxified form to the analysand. There is a own and the child’s interest and receptivity of all pendulum between evenly suspended attention This is one good reason for the high frequency the details of the emotional experience of the and reflection, thinking and verbalisation. in psychoanalysis. This is also a good reason for moment of the session. This is an immediate ex- a low frequency in other forms of psychotherapy perience of how it is to be together in this ana- This process can often be disturbed in child ana- in order to establish a more realistic relationship lytical couple, an experience that can transform lysis as the child is dependent on the human not dominated by transference. But when some- the inner world. environment. The analytical work demands thing called psychotherapy is going on at a high patience of all involved, not least the parents and frequency with an intense relationship that social authorities, but sometimes the situation gathers and interprets the transference, and all for the child is alarming so that they sometimes other aspects of the psychoanalytical method are References feel obliged to intrude and put demands on what a part of the work, it is probably better to call it the analytical couple ought to do and to achieve. psychoanalysis. Bion W. (1967) In child psychoanalysis it is necessary to take Notes on memory and desire. In Melanie Klein also these external realities into account and to Another aspect of the role of frequency is that Today, Vol 2, ed. E. Bott Spillius. London: take care of them so that the quality of intrusion when the analytical couple is meeting four-five Routledge, 1988, pp. 17-21. can be transformed into even more intense times a week, both analyst and analysand can Bion W. (1970) psychoanalytical work. stand uncertainty and have patience and trust in Attention and Interpretation. the analytical relationship and method. Patience London: Heinemann But you can make the choice to work in another and ‘negative capability’ are good preconditions way and not try to retrieve hidden parts of the for the analytical process to converge towards an Bion W. (1977) personality but rather to try to increase the understanding and the security that follows on The Grid. In Two Papers; The Grid and Caesura. London: Karnac, 1989. balance, to train the conscious thinking and from that (Bion 1970). The day to day frequency, awareness, support the capacity to sort out and the regularity and the breaks will give the analyst Freud S. (1923a) handle the impact of external reality. The work so many impressions of the child’s inner world, Two Encyclopedia Articles. S.E. 18. 23 FOCUS Child and Adolescent Psychoanalysis and

Terttu Eskelinen de Folch Some current problems regarding the Adolescents are even more able to draw the ana- relation between psychoanalysis and lyst into counteracting when they evoke disasters psychotherapy have been discussed on the which they potentially are able to bring into pages of this Newsletter from the perspec- being. tive of adult analysis. Here I shall consider The anxiety of the analyst might pressure him the diminution of the number of patients in into avoiding the implications of the interaction analysis and the increase of the number of in the session by means which are not analytical; psychotherapy patients in child and adoles- such as focusing on the problems outside the cent analysis. Socio-cultural and economi- analytical relationship, in the past, with parents, cal reasons have been invoked in adult siblings and so on. Or he might try to find struc- analysis. The analysts themselves start doing turing foci like symptoms, developmental inade- more psychotherapy. More often than not a quacy, when unknown anxiety becomes too over- progressive blurring of the differences of whelming. Or he might give limits by becoming edu- the two treatments steals in. cational. He might decide to mother the patient when he senses aggression and distress in the In child and adolescent analysis the same socio- relationship. Or he may comfort himself with well economic problems are perhaps even more im- known, thus tranquilising theories. These kinds of portant than in adult analysis. Mothers working, strategies make it difficult for new, unknown, changes in family structures or changes in values unwanted aspects of the child to be attended, but in education of the children and so on can be their use also precipitates the analyst in the long thought of as reasons why there is less demand run into an uninteresting, even boring experience for child analysis than before. Often it is not the mere physical acting which is of the analytical process. Discontented with his disturbing but rather the child’s ability to draw analytical work, he might feel more stimulated to Less attention has been given to the intrinsic the analyst into counteracting. The analyst might see the child fewer times in the psychotherapeutic psychoanalytical difficulties. In child and adoles- become caught up in all kind of collusions with setting in which these supporting strategies are cent analysis there are difficulties which are the child. At those moments he has two choices: useful. worth looking at and which might be contributory either trying to find out in his own re-actions reasons why the analysts are shifting more what happened in him, what in him made him I consider these strategies, which might offer an towards psychotherapy. These difficulties might respond in such a way, or to try to modulate the adequate support in the psychotherapy work and, force the child analyst to seek support in other child’s reactions in such a way as to keep the on the contrary, are anti-analytical, as one of the than analytical stances or attitudes which, in the most unwanted reactions at bay. The latter takes principal criteria differentiating psychotherapy long run, are detrimental to analytical method. him to seek support in the strategies which from psychoanalysis. With these supporting more often than not block the way to analytical strategies the psychotherapist can afford less I shall single out some difficulties in the ana- understanding. The former, the investigation into frequent sessions because, even though these lyst-child relationship. Then I shall discuss briefly the child’s and his own feelings in the interaction, strategies support principally the therapist, they how I think they affect both the analyst’s clinical might help him to recover the analytical stance. also help the child so that he does not need to build work and his attitude towards analysis in general. stifling pathological defences in longer intervals Children and adolescents act out with the ana- A latency girl was provocative in one session. between the sessions. lyst more massively than most of adults and they Then she suddenly grabbed a rather heavy drawer also try, and often manage, to draw the analyst as if to throw it at my head. I quickly took her The psychoanalytical method proper should be into complicated relationships with their parents. wrists to stop her. Her eyes had a triumphant free of restrictions of any kind. The analyst uses Both of these aspects have to do with the child’s gleam when she showed her wrists as if she his baggage of theories, his knowledge of the and adolescent’s strong propensity to express were hurt, which they were not. She ran to the patient’s history, of his symptoms, of develop- through acting. However their acting out (agieren) bathroom and came back with both her arms mental stages and so on as a background ‘reson- in the sessions follows basically the lines for ac- bandaged with lavatory paper, a recriminatory ance box’. Any preconceived strategy disturbs tion in analysis that Freud described in adult ana- expression on her face. She had perceived some listening to all the patient’s communications, lysis in his 1914 paper, ‘Remembering, Repeating irritation in my gesture. As this happened just especially to those which bring new, unknown, and Working-through’; the early preverbal ex- before the end of the session she ran to meet her threatening aspects to light. The preconceived periences and the sudden irruption of negative father with the same painful expression on her strategies disturb the analyst’s freedom to be in transference are acted out with the analyst in- face as if ‘denouncing’ my bad treatment. It took contact with his own feelings, sensations and stead of remembered verbally. The children, even a few sessions to work this scene with her, her fantasies as well as with those of the patient. when very small, are usually quite able to express triumph over me when I was the one who was When Freud spoke of blinding himself artificially with their symbolic play. But when complicated the angry and irritated, not her; and also how she to things he knew and renouncing cohesion, internal object relations with anger and hatred used this situation to try to turn her father against harmony and rhetorics in order not to distort ‘the become ‘actualised’, as J. and A.M. Sandler put me. This was indeed at the basis of her deep guilt matter under investigation’, (Sigmund Freud and it, in the session the analytical relationship feelings and depression because it had prod- Lou Andreas Salomé, letter 25.5.1916, p. 45), or might become violent. The children shout, block uced in her a suspicion that she had manipulated when he suggested that it would be necessary for their ears, kick and throw objects at the analyst, her parents to separate. This was an old suspi- the analyst to have some reanalysis periodically making it difficult for the analyst to listen to cion but still active in her mind, feeding fearful (Analysis Terminable and Interminable, 1937 p. them with free floating attention or to think. fantasies which shaded her relations with people. 249), he time and again seemed to warn of the

24 FOCUS Psychotherapy Psychoanalysis and psychotherapy in the

analyst’s defenses against perceiving the reality, treatment of children: that the analyst’s own mind produces when facing Thoughts from the frontier the patients’ unconscious problems. Reanalysis, as Freud suggested, is rarely feasible. What else can Virginia Ungar be done to help the analyst so that he is not so Marking the boundaries between psycho- discouraged with his analytical work and under analysis and psychotherapy implies position- pressure to use non-analytical strategies? ing oneself at a frontier. In such a situation There should be more frequent child and adoles- there is a choice of paths to follow. It is cent analysts’ meetings in which many of these possible on the one hand to enquire about difficulties that I have mentioned could be dis- the nature of the territories divided by the cussed. The gaps between theory and technique border with the purpose of considering the could be discussed for example in light of the choice to be made, but there is also the theories of acting. option of walking along the border itself and asking questions from it to see what is The spiral of evolution of psychoanalysis - clinic at stake in the different alternatives. and theory - of which Joseph Sandler spoke in one of his presidential addresses might need to stress a third dimension, that of the analyst’s Conceptual delimitation, the pivot of present own unconscious and his whole personality as day debate in psychoanalysis, is important and an instrument, but also as a possible hindrance. necessary. It was pervasive in the content of the I seem to be insisting too much on what Freud last International Congress in Nice, for example, wrote time and again. I think that this is still at and a good number of authors - Wallerstein and this moment a somewhat neglected dimension. Kernberg among others - have made important Allow me to end quoting Freud in ‘Recommenda- contributions to this subject. tions to Physicians Practising Psycho-Analysis’ (1912). He writes about ‘Evenly suspended atten- Conceptual delineation is usually achieved by tion’ (which is translated here nearer to the taking elements from the psychoanalytical German and more accurately to Freud’s thinking method, such as analysis of the transference than ‘free floating attention’): ‘For as soon as any- and the countertransference, interpretation and one deliberately concentrates his attention to a analytical neutrality. My personal opinion is that certain degree, he begins to select from the an exhaustive analysis of these constants pro- I believe that if an analyst has had proper train- material before him; one point will be fixed in vides an anchor for conceptual delineation, but it ing, i.e. based on Eitingon’s so often-quoted his mind with particular clearness and some other is also true that in the heat of clinical practice three pillars - personal analysis, theory seminars will be correspondingly disregarded, and in mak- things are not so simple. and supervisions - he will always try to do ing this selection he will be following his ex- psychoanalysis. If the question of an alternative pectations and inclinations. This, however, is All of us analysts will agree that both psycho- is being broached it must be because there are precisely what must not be done. In making the analysis and psychotherapy have a therapeutic reasons urging analysts to choose different selection, if he follows his expectations he is in dimension, given that they share their objective technical resources. If an analyst has internalised danger of never finding anything but what he of lightening mental suffering. In the same way psychoanalysis his attitude will always be ana- already knows; and if he follows his inclinations as a psychoanalytical treatment has a thera- lytical. he will certainly falsify what he may perceive.’ peutic dimension, there are moments of psycho- (p. 112) analysis in psychoanalytical psychotherapy. We We could talk about an analyst’s ethical position, could argue then that in theory we must make which would be to do as much analysis as possible. REFERENCES some kind of guiding conceptual demarcation, It is also true that in clinical practice this position but that in practice the boundaries are very often comes up against limitations in the patient and Freud S (1912) less clear. outside him, including the analyst himself. Recommendations to Physicians Practising Psycho- analysis. S.E.12 I shall start from the premise that a psychoana- I hope to be making clear my position that the lyst usually works on the frontier between only way to inhabit the border is by taking a Freud S (1914) psychoanalysis and psychotherapy, and that it is psychoanalytical slant, given that the slant that Remembering ,Repeating and Working Through. precisely in that space where we must think. To psychotherapy provides abolishes that border and S.E.12 discuss that space from the outside can pres- we are only left with psychotherapy itself. sure one to establish differences, and lead to a Freud S (1937) hardening of a given position or, equally, to an To my mind child treatment is a fruitful field for Analysis Terminable and Interminable. S.E. 23 elimination of differences. And so, in my opinion, these thoughts, since a neat marking of the two asking the question of whether psychoanalysis terrains seems even more difficult here than in Pheiffer E. (1966) is still alive or about to become extinct does the treatment of adults. This is due on the one Sigmund Freud and Lou Andreas-Salomé. Letters. not yield such good results as centring our re- hand to the very nature of child therapy, with its The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoana- flections on the question of what are the new demand for action and personal physical involve- lysis, London. working conditions for an analyst. ment on the part of the analyst; and on the other

25 FOCUS

hand, to the difficulty of marking the boundaries analysis in children has to be looked at from ‘valences’. Limitations in the therapeutic field between health and illness, development disorder this perspective. due to external factors can be, among others, geo- and symptom, indications and predictions when graphical distance or the shortness of the treat- we are treating human beings still in a state of The question for us is whether as psychoanalysts ment dictated by the health insurance. development. we must give up our intention of doing psycho- analysis to learn and teach other techniques. In This is why from the strategic point of view the In the case of adults it is usually the patient who my opinion a more appropriate alternative would core of the interventions in psychotherapy is asks for consultation. But with children, except on be for Institutes to train psychoanalysts that are going to be aimed at objects and situations of very rare occasions, it is not the patient who is able to apply the analytical attitude, pivotal in daily life. More of the work that is done has a asking for help. Children are sent to consultation psychoanalysis as much as in psychotherapy, to pre-determined focus. by their parents, their school or their paediatrician. other fields of operation. When the request comes from the family, and An important point to mention is that in psycho- more specifically from the parents, they are Even so, that would not alter the fact that the therapy the therapist acknowledges the pheno- present not just at the start but throughout the only effective psychotherapy is that which is menon of transference but does not stimulate or treatment. In that sense Anna Freud’s formulation based on psychoanalysis, and that in order to ‘gather’ the transference on himself. I believe that that young children cannot relive the Oedipal work that way one has to have analytical train- this capacity to see the transference and counter- conflict because they are still living it has a weight ing. This is the idea that runs through the frontier transference response without interpreting them that has been overlooked in many cases. I perso- that I talked about at the beginning. I am con- requires a very solid analytical training. Perhaps nally think that, in Kleinian terms, children develop vinced that it is only by having psychoanalytical a stronger analytical attitude is needed not to a transference neurosis from very young, but it is training that one can acquire an analytical interpret the transference than to interpret it. also true that we have often overlooked the fact attitude, which I consider a quality of the that they structure their personality in relation to personality. To go back now to our attempt at conceptual the objects that are nearest, and they do that after delineation we will say that psychoanalysis has the end of the analysis too. I think that children and Maybe it is not that our Institutes should teach one nucleus and that is the transference, which adults do not end analysis in the same way. I would psychotherapy but that they should insist on is to be analysed; while psychotherapy on the go even further and say that after an analysis a raising the training level. This will bring in higher other hand has two central points: one is the child returns to its natural path of development levels of psychoanalytical attitude, which should, transference and the other can be for example whose basis is firmly anchored in family life. in its turn, be flexible and thus able to be effective the traumatic subject. in different contexts and settings. I am aware that the need to distinguish be- A trained psychoanalyst’s attitude is always ana- When a transference neurosis is established tween psychotherapy and psychoanalysis as lytical, whether he is conducting a psychoana- the work is analytical, there can be integral float- modes of treatment is due to pressure from the lysis, a psychoanalytical psychotherapy or doing a ing attention and total abstinence because every- environment at the present time. By environment I consultation interview. The analytical attitude, a thing is gathered in the transference. In psycho- mean not just health insurance services that put quality of the personality, will always be with therapy however it seems to me that there is a a limit to the length of treatment and demand him. tension between the central focus and the trans- quick results, but also schools requiring greater ference, so that there will be focussed attention homogeneity in their student groups in the search However, even though in practice the difference on those aspects of the transference that are for higher academic levels to comply with the between the two therapeutic approaches under pertinent to the focal point. demands of secondary and tertiary education, consideration is rather blurred, it is important to which in its turn prepares the young people to make a conceptual delineation of them. I do not And so we arrive at what seems to be a para- join an increasingly merciless world of work. think it can be based on questions of form such doxical conclusion, which is that for a psychoana- as the setting, the number of sessions or the lyst it might be more difficult to do psychotherapy The race to achieve results is fast, and therefore duration of the treatment. It seems to me that a than psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytical psycho- delays in treatment need to be brief. So, in the more interesting parameter is that of transferen- therapy is not, then, a minor art. Every field needs case of children, two factors coincide to make ce. If we take the concept in its widest sense people trained in depth for the more arduous treatment short: the problem of cost as seen by transference applies to any human relationship. jobs, and it seems to me that psychotherapy health insurance and social institutions, and the And therefore there are transferential and counter- work is extremely difficult. idea of rat race fed by academic goals. I would transferential phenomena both in psychotherapy like to take some time here to insist on this point and in psychoanalysis. Transference is a universal To conclude regarding the treatment of children. Nowadays condition; the difference is established by the I believe that it is important to distinguish between we prepare children for the world of work from a way it is operated on. a psychoanalytical prescription of psychotherapy very young age (at 18 months they are in kinder- as being characterised by the possibility of de- garten!). It is a ruthless world that does not take In psychoanalysis the traditional setting favours veloping a transference neurosis or its absence, other people into consideration. For the child’s the development of a transference neurosis that from a social or ideological understanding of academic success, and employment success the analyst interprets. In a psychotherapy setting psychotherapy which is dictated by the needs of a later on, it is fitting that schools should have the transference is there but not the conditions for market that does not take into account each child’s that kind of orientation, but the personal cost for the development of a transference neurosis. singularity. the individual’s development can be considerable. Several limiting factors account for this condition Social pressure demands a psychotherapeutic of psychotherapeutic treatment. approach in work with children. This makes the The families that bring us their children are also frontier zone normally inhabited by an analyst more aware of this situation. They respond, quite rightly, The patient’s own limitations can be linked to his complex. The conditions of work constantly bring to the demands of the culture and want quick and pathology or to his present situation such as in the up new questions that need to be considered effective results. I think that we must not forget case of an imminent surgical operation or acute from a stance of psychoanalytical thought and that the often talked about resistance to psycho- trauma capturing all the available transferential training.

26 FOCUS Th e Psychoanalysis of Children and the Psycho- analytic Psychotherapy of Children: A legal model and a factual model Carmen Médici de Steiner On the one hand, it could quite simply confirm Contextualization of the subject that humankind has a latent impulse toward the with extracts from history construction of models; an impulse that material- izes in our discipline in the wish to discover new One way to begin discussing the subject ways of understanding the psyche which are of similarities and differences between pertinent to the human, social, environmental, psychoanalysis and the psychoanalytic cultural, ideological, economic and political psychotherapy of children and adolescents1 wishes and needs prevailing at different periods, is to evoke Sigmund Freud once more. The in different regions and in diverse clinical vicis- first person to experience the psychoanaly- situdes. A wish that is present, we could add, tic method, and perhaps a pioneer in contem- consciously or unconsciously, in each analytic plating psychoanalytic psychotherapy. A process. man who, at the same time that he was ex- Potential that brings to mind G. Cecchi’s un- periencing being a patient, was undoubtedly forgettable term: the irreverent therapist. The irre- able to combine being a psychoanalyst as verent therapist is characterized by a certain well as a psychotherapist in an especially degree of irreverence toward his own truths, artful way, without evidencing conflict beyond the effort he may have invested in con- concerning or in his double pertinence and quering and reaching them, impregnated by a concerning or in his double identity. Who constant state of questioning and curiosity about simultaneously used his knowledge of models, beliefs and practices and ‘avoiding the psychoanalysis and psychotherapy without certainty of ultimate truths.’ (1995, p. 333-345). conveying confusion with respect to the On the other hand, this coexistence raises doubts subjectivity and objectivity of each of these components of the therapeutic frames of the and conflicts. A spectrum that has been broadly subjects. pre-analytic period and the analytic period, which and richly investigated by colleagues in different generated the appearance of new referents in periods and regions who voice the vivid contro- On his scientific journey, while he confirmed his psychoanalysis and psychotherapy: the psycho- versies about whether being a psychoanalyst can wish to broaden the growth of this theory of the analysis of children and adolescents and psycho- be reconciled with being a psychotherapist, unconscious and infantile sexuality, he promoted, analytic psychotherapy of adults, children and whether psychoanalysis is the ‘gold’ of therapeutic on the one hand, a well-defined distance from adolescents. processes, whether psychoanalytic psychother- aspects of the psychotherapeutic techniques used When we try to construct the situation of the apy is a mere offshoot, a valued, diluted, depre- (hypnosis, suggestion, pre-analytic psychological subject of psychoanalysis of children and psycho- ciated prolongation, the bastard heir of its therapies); and on the other hand, he inaugurated analytic psychotherapy of children with extracts parents, with psychoanalysis as a legal model the possibility of accepting the existence of more of the history surrounding its origins and develop- and psychotherapy a factual one, and other than one approach to the understanding of the ment, we observe phenomena similar to those deductions. psyche by gathering together old and new that occurred with adults.2 We find that the two aspects of clinical practice, theory and technique: disciplines dedicated to children began at quite In an effort to add information and avoid un- his attitude channelling the consolidation of the approximately the same time, an inference that necessary reiteration, I transcribe some of their psychoanalytic method and unknowingly enabling can be drawn in the articles by Pfeifer (1919), Von thoughts, because they are highly meaningful the future birth of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Hugh Hellmuth (1920), M. Klein (1921), A. Freud and absolutely valid for understanding the con- Viewed from a different perspective and a different (1927) and Morgenstern (1927). These articles, frontations between the two therapeutic models period, Freud could be seen as an advance symbol not written with the intention of showing any in working with children, especially if we bear of the imminent scientific revolution, an active differentiation between psychoanalysis and them in mind as we read them. protagonist able to promote the emergence of psychotherapy, allow us to conjecture some of P. Israël (1999, p. 15-16) mentions that ‘all paradigms (Kuhn, 1962). When certain imbalance their similarities and differences; it was definitely psychoanalysts of the IPA’ do psychoanalytic in the structure of a certain field of knowledge Klein who had the most psychoanalytic creativity psychotherapies, and that one of the uncertain- provokes critical spots and destabilizes what was and thinking. ties that this double pertinence produces is the formerly adequate and appropriate, the investiga- Leaving aside the historical factor, which could ‘difficulty for establishing definitions of psycho- tor thinks in terms of new paradigms. Forms that lead us to a deceptive angle, we can see that since analysis and of analytic therapies. Psychoana- re-create and replace former paradigms, either those years both approaches have had a number lysts have always trained psychoanalytic psycho- partially or totally, with solid arguments. of points in common. This fitting into each other therapists, and both now suffer severe identity enables us to explain the coexistence of their problems.’ In the context of these brief historical, epistemolo- presence, nearness, permanence and effective- A.M. Sandler (Nice, 2001) asks: ‘Are we able to gical and structural reflections, it is clear that, ness, as well as occasional passages from one define with precision the objective and results of around the establishment of the analytic period, model to the other, beyond the harmonies and psychoanalysis of children and adolescents, and we can see the habitual, parallel and persistent conflicts that have developed out of their similari- to differentiate them from the analytic psycho- existence of more than one therapeutic frame. ties and differences. therapy of children and adolescents?’ Events that allow us to speak in terms of a kind of As we question it, could we say that this coexis- L. Goijman (1999, p. 23) considers that ‘the in- generational metaphoric line with an expansive tence reveals a de-categorization, a surpassing or correct use of psychotherapy is just as worrying tendency facilitated by the link between some a complementarity between them? as the poor use of psychoanalysis; there is fear 27 FOCUS that psychoanalysis is being diluted and that aged the wild practice of different forms of emotions of the child and of the analyst. psychotherapy is being passed off as psychoana- psychoanalytic psychotherapy. These situations are often inhabited by a non lysis.’ Some studies show the existence of ade- L. Kirshner (1999, p. 22) considers that ‘if we analytic (or barely analytic) ear, because the child’s quate and inadequate psychoanalyses as well as viewed psychoanalysis as a master category that discourse circulates preferentially around pre- good and bad psychotherapies, independent of encompasses a series of techniques’ without conscious and conscious thoughts and fantasies their high or low frequency. giving it priority over other modes, we could and show that we are trapped in treatments J.P. Jiménez (1999, p. 20) comments that many reach “a broader identity for psychoanalysis”, where, instead of thinking in terms of an analytic psychoanalysts have constructed their institu- valuing different models of clinical practice as process, we have to admit an impossibility or a tions and professions around the idealization of being equally analytic and worthy of equal profes- delay (in the patient or in the analyst) in reaching psychoanalysis and have ‘officially’ ignored lateral sional recognition and a place in investigation.` beyond the high or low frequency in which it is developments. The failure to consider an ‘organic As a way of integrating these subjects, I will framed. Or, in terms of the subject of our discus- integration’ of the lateral therapies has encour- address the subject of the coexistence of models, sion, we must ask ourselves: are they treatments double pertinence and double psychoanalytic that do not support the experience of analyzability, References identity in the analyst’s mind, as well as a personal of transference, self-analysis and countertrans- idea. The mind of the child analyst has acquired ference, and from which therapeutic model should (with some exceptions) a double pertinence and we accompany the child in the search for psychic Bernardi R. and B. de León (1993) psychoanalytic identity because it has absorbed change that his or her psychic reality continues to Does Our Self-Analysis Take Into Considerations Our and experienced, consciously and unconsciously, need? Assumptions? In Self-Analysis. Critical Inquiries, what the context (inside and beyond the institu- R. Bernardi and B. de León (1993) maintain that Personal Visions. U.S.A.. Ed. J. W. Barron, 1993 tions) has conveyed concerning the specificity of our activity always begins with certain supposi- child psychoanalysis and the specificity of child tions that influence our theoretical predisposition. psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Certain situations Linking their ideas to these experiences, I would Cecchi G. (1994) may weaken the boundaries between the two conjecture that the presence or absence of self- Construccionismo social e irreverencia terapéutica. In Nuevos Paradigmas, Cultura y Subjetividad. frames, resulting in ambiguities and conflicts. On analysis influences our therapeutic models and Buenos Aires, Edit.Paidós; 1995 these occasions, we observe that the experience orients us exactly as a compass, consciously and of the tripod of analytic training gives the psycho- unconsciously, toward the treatment that the analyst singularities in his or her thinking and patient’s psyche is requiring. De Urtebey L. (1994) Sobre el trabajo de la contratransferencia. feeling in order to deal with them. Perhaps toward one or the other model. Or toward In Revista de Psicoanálisis A.P.A. Buenos Aires; 1994 The ambiguities and conflicts provoke, for exam- both therapeutic modes within the same process, ple, thoughts associated with questions: is it pos- venturing into their similarities and differences, sible to dislodge one or another pertinence and sustained by double identity and pertinence. Freud A. (1927) The Writings of Anna Freud. identity from the mind? Or to disavow a tie that Finally, Vol. 1, IUP, 1966-1980. exists hypothetically since the analytic period? And the irreverent therapist is evoked. from a different angle: what differences would As I was writing, an idea appeared in some there be in the analyst’s mind when, in certain the- Goijman L., Israël P., Jiménez P., passages that, from the scientific standpoint, is Kirshner L. (1999) rapeutic processes, he or she finds him/herself mobilizing and from the experiential perspective ‘Focus’ in understanding the patient from the standpoint of disturbing: if we have mentioned the preanaly- International Psychoanalysis (IPA Newsletter) Vol. 8 Nº 1 child psychoanalysis or child psychoanalytic tic and analytic periods time and again, can we psychotherapy and in others in the perspective disavow, deny or avoid the possible advent of a Hugh-Hellmuth H. von (1920) of both models? I will take up the last question post-analytic period? A propos de la technique de l´analyse des enfants. briefly. I offer a rudimentary reflection: just as the analytic In La psychiatrie de l´enfant XVIII, 1; 1975 Position of the differences period exists with aspects of the pre-analytic in the clinical space period, we could imagine an analytic period with Klein M. (1927) During some analytic processes I have experi- post-analytic aspects. On the one hand, we would The Psychological Principles of Infant Analysis. enced how certain children can lead us to conjec- be tolerating the loss of certain aspects, treating Int. J. Psychoanal., 8 : 25-37 ture other views of the matter and how the our own truths, models, beliefs and practices with presence or absence of self-analysis3 is trans- a certain degree of irreverence; for example, the Kuhn T. (1962) formed into a resource for understanding. belief in a single psychoanalytic pertinence and The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Each analytic situation is an intense, ineffable identity for understanding the child’s psyche. On U. of Chicago Press and unique experience when it develops be- the other hand, we would be continuing as we tween the subjective force of the patient’s trans- do today, maintaining, structuring and developing Morgenstern S. (1927) ference and the analyst’s countertransference. If old and new aspects and paradigms. Those that are Un caso de mutismo psicógeno. the analyst is to experience the countertransfer- definitely ours and imperishable in the unfathom- Revista Argentina de Psicoanálisis. Nº 3, Buenos Aires; 1948 ence and self-analysis, he or she must be vividly able psychoanalytic discipline, its clinical practice, involved in the process, so that they become technique and theory, as a ‘master category’ that instruments that reveal the singularities and nourishes other models that are equally analytic, to Pfeifer S. (1919) meanings of the encounter. paraphrase L. Kirshner’s ideas. Expresión de las pulsiones eróticas infantiles en el juego. ‘The analyst needs self-analysis to access the Revista Argentina de Psicología Nº 33, B.A.; 1982 latent aspect of the analytic situation.’ (de Uturbey, 1 Including, if possible, comparisons with treatments of adults. 1994, p. 725) However, its failure or absence 2 Priority will be given to the subject of children. 3 Self-analysis: Selbstanalyse: I am referring only to Freud’s reveals disturbances in reaching the interweave traditional concept, mentioned since 1887, and to Sandler A.-M. (2001) predominantly neurotic children. A new evaluation in the training analysis: controversies of transference and countertransference, pene- Transference, transference neurosis and countertransference: and changes. trating involvement, and difficulties in establish- in my experience, their presence and absence vary, depending on the process, just as it does at all ages and in all 10th Conference of Training Analysis, Nice 2001 ing associative links with the unconscious and treatments. 28 DIALOGUE

Homosexuality

-Continued-

Ralph Roughton

Continuing a dialogue at six- following a heterosexual male patient’s learning ings, some based in ideological differences, but month intervals is difficult, but I from external sources that he was homosexual. others reflecting personal, derogatory attitudes. take the opportunity to respond Rather than presenting limitations, the work to colleagues who discussed my stimulated by this event expanded and deepened Comparing the atmosphere of the Congresses essay, ‘Homosexuality: Clinical the transference and enriched the analytic in Barcelona (1997), Santiago (1999), and Nice and Technical Issues’ (Interna- process. (2001), at each of which I presented a paper and tional Psychoanalysis, 2001, 10/1: was involved in working toward a nondiscrimina- 17-26). Both Ellman’s and Phillips’ small-sample explora- tion policy, I find cause for some optimism - but tions of transference capacities of gay analysts just enough to think that continued effort is Steven Ellman (New York) augmented my are consistent with the accumulating experience worthwhile. To say that discussions were less discussion in a useful way, moving the clinical in training institutes affiliated with the APsaA, ugly in 2001 than in 1997, and that the outgoing discourse into the realm of suitability for psycho- which adopted a nondiscrimination policy ten president did not say that all homosexuals are analytic training, thereby raising the timely issue years ago. As a result, our institutes have ex- sick, as the previous one did, evokes only faint of discrimination. His evidence refutes the argu- perience with as many as fifty gay and lesbian rejoicing. Still, I remain mildly optimistic, because ment that homosexual analysts necessarily have candidates in training. Supervisors of these attention is finally being paid - as evidenced a restricted capacity as transference objects for candidates say that they function analytically as by Editor Alex Holder’s initiating this Dialogue. opposite sex patients. well as any other group of candidates and that some have become outstanding clinicians. I regret that Stubrin, one of Latin America’s An ideal study would select a group of analysts on pioneers in rethinking psychoanalytic under- the basis of suitability, without regard to sexual Jaime Stubrin (Buenos Aires) joins me in opposing standing of homosexuality, is so discouraged as orientation, and would then compare the analytic psychoanalytic positions on homosexuality that to feel that my recommendations are ‘almost uto- work of the homosexual analysts with the hetero- are based on ideology rather than science. He pian’. Undoubtedly this reflects the difference sexual ones. suggests that current developments signify a in atmosphere he finds in his Latin American genuine return to Freud’s position and a willing- psychoanalytic world from mine in the American The next best evidence would be individual exam- ness to confront later distortions. Psychoanalytic Association. ples that refute the theoretical construct, as Ellman demonstrated in interviewing some of his former And yet, despite the changes taking place, However, Stubrin points to a problem that we still supervisees, whom he knew were homosexual. He Stubrin seems pessimistic about the possibility of find in the APsaA: progress is not merely a explored their clinical experience as graduate common ground in the IPA. The Executive Council question of analysts’ intellectual change. Even psychoanalysts, especially their work in the has twice refused to adopt the nondiscrimination when we are trying to present an unbiased and transference. He found them effectively treating policy recommended by the House of Delegates neutral analytic demeanour, ‘ideology slips out opposite sex patients, who were able to utilize that specifies homosexual orientation. Voting through the tiniest chink’; and it requires that their analysts as varied transference objects. members of the EC have varied reasons for those working with homosexual patients continue their opposition, and not all are based in anti- to educate and analyze themselves. A paper by Phillips (1998), himself a gay psycho- homosexual attitudes. Nevertheless, undisguised analyst, describes in depth the analytic process negative comments have been made in IPA meet- Jaime Lutenberg (Buenos Aires) also agrees with 29 my overall position on discrimination and on not using manifest sexual orientation as a criterion for distinguishing normality and abnormality. © Rosa Lagos, Caracas, Venezuela However, he brings up some nuances in how we think about the analytic process and the analyst’s countertransference. Taking a Bionian stance regarding the analyst’s memory, wish, and desire, Lutenberg mistakenly equates my advocating analysts’ unbiased neu- trality with asking analysts to suppress their feelings and ignore their countertransferences. My advice is not that analysts suppress feelings but that they have the capacity, as a pre-requi- site for working with homosexual patients, to provide the same ‘average expectable’, unbiased analytic environment that we take for granted with heterosexual patients.

My differences with Lutenberg are more about conceptualizing the analytic experience than about homosexuality. When the interest is solely in the isolated clinical moment, the purity of ex- ploring the interaction as fantasy may be suffi- cient, assuming an unbiased analyst. But it seems and deny civil rights to gay people. explicitly said, ‘I am not advocating that we naive to think that the analyst’s ‘freely flowing avoid exploring the past for understanding or emotions’ during the session will not in some No, I am not saying that Kafka is homophobic constructing a coherent narrative... only that we degree be communicated to the patient. I am not or that he seems to bear animosity toward gay avoid structuring it as a quest for aetiology of suggesting that the analyst should not feel, but people. Rather it is his hands-off attitude - that what may be this person’s natural erotic desire.’ that his attitudes about homosexuality cannot we are not part of the problem and therefore be concealed, even if he does not say the words. bear no responsibility for a solution - that I find My second point regards my comment that being I only raise the question of whether this ap- disappointing, especially in a fellow member of labelled sick by your analyst can be harmful. proach may easily obscure both the reality of the APsaA. Kafka asks why would a sick person feel ash- prejudice and the effect of the analyst’s counter- amed to be sick? He states that analysts do not transference and bias. I am also disappointed that Kafka did not hear make diagnoses. Perhaps Kafka has never done what I was saying and instead occupied him- so, but there are those who do. The list of psycho- Ernest Kafka (New York) and I approach the self with poking holes in my argument, calling it analytic articles and books that diagnose and discussion of homosexuality and psychoanalysis simplistic and inconsistent, finding fault with explain the pathology of homosexuality is very from very different perspectives. My message my vision of psychoanalytic activity, and criticizing long. And I am appalled that he cannot under- was that we psychoanalysts have a problem in my use of certain words. Kafka thinks I exaggerate stand the shaming effect on a gay man when his how we have thought about homosexuality and in the problem; I think he avoids acknowledging a analyst reinforces society’s denigrating attitudes how we have treated gay men and lesbians. real problem. toward gay people. His solution: if the patient is Kafka’s response seems to be: No, we do not dissatisfied, he can find another analyst. I suggest have a problem. If a gay patient is dissatisfied It would take more than my allotted space to that Kafka think a little more broadly than his with his treatment, let him find another analyst. respond to Kafka’s and my disagreements, so I own practice in New York in 2001. This would There is no need for us to look at ourselves as choose three. I said an aetiological quest may not be so easy in our recent past and not even part of the problem. cause harm because it implies that being gay is today in some cities in the US and in many sick. In saying ‘aetiological quest’ I referred to the societies in the IPA. His response was typical of many analysts in way some analysts, who consider homosexuality the American Psychoanalytic Association, who pathological, single-mindedly pursue a causal A third example: ignored the fact of discrimination, who opposed explanation, reduce every conflict to that central it even being discussed by our governing bodies, dynamic, and ignore other issues that need ana- I wrote about a gay man who, at his analyst’s and who felt no responsibility to disagree when lytic attention, such as the analyst who ignored urging, went to bed with a woman for whom he some of our most vocal members proclaimed his patient’s lifelong feeling that he had no right had no sexual desire. Not surprisingly, he was that all homosexuals had severe psychopatho- to his desire. impotent and filled with anxiety. I suggested that logy and when those same members offered his anxiety with a woman was the result of his their ‘scientific opinions’ as the psychoanalytic Kafka chides me for saying we should not ex- homosexuality, not the cause - referring impli- position in court cases to uphold sodomy laws plore the history of patients’ sexuality. But I citly to the long held assumption that homo- 30 sexuality was fearful avoidance of the opposite A candidate’s analysis must be conducted by an opposition of those who disclaim any responsi- sex. That was not precise enough for Kafka. analyst approved by the institute, but in every bility, and with the active opposition that Stubrin With unlimited space, I might have said that other way it is strictly personal and scrupulous- describes in his Latin American environment and the patient knew he did not desire sex with a ly confidential. in the IPA, it will not be easy. woman and would likely fail to perform as ex- pected, and that he was anticipating feeling shame Botella assumes we all embrace ego psychology, Politics and the IPA. and humiliation, along with his analyst’s disappro- another outdated myth. Adding this to our other val of him for failing. shortcomings, he warns that our practice may This inevitably leads back to current contro- Rather than getting that intended message, become ‘more of a psychotherapy than an ana- versies over discrimination policy. In 1999, Kafka quibbled: ‘How can anxiety with a woman be lytic process.’ He cites my presentation in after heated debate, the Executive Council caused by sexual orientation? What happened to Barcelona, in which I briefly discussed two adopted the following: anxiety theory?’ patients with whom I did follow-up interviews ‘On the basis of its commitment to ethical and 14 and 25 years following termination. Botella humanistic values, the IPA opposes any discri- In summary, Kafka seems to have read my article misunderstood the nature of ‘follow-up inter- mination of any kind. Selection of candidates for not with an attitude of wanting to understand what views.’ He assumed they needed continuing psychoanalytic training is to be made only on I have to contribute but with the intent of treatment, when in fact I was collecting informa- the basis of qualities directly concerned with the finding ways to reject the whole message by tion for my study of the long-range outcome of ability to learn and to function as a psychoana- poking holes wherever he finds my argument or treatment with gay men, a topic rarely addressed lyst. Further, it is expected that this same standard my language less than exemplary. And I can only in the literature. will be used in the appointment and promotion wonder why. of members of educational faculties, including It is unfortunate that Botella has such limited training and supervising analysts.’ Cesar Botella (Paris) confirms the difficulty I anti- understanding of the psychoanalytic ambiance in cipated in seeking common ground in an inter- which my article was written, for it leads him The House of Delegates initiated the resolution national body of such diversity. I had in mind into caricature and distracts us from discussion of and voted overwhelmingly to ask the Executive barriers to understanding each other, given more substantive issues. We do agree that ana- Council to make it official IPA policy. However, differences in language, culture, ideology, theory, lysts should listen without bias. The single most the House version had a different first line: ‘The and politics. important point of my article was how hard that IPA opposes any discrimination against anyone is for analysts to do with homosexual patients on the basis of gender, ethnic origin, religious Botella seems undaunted by those barriers and because of their own unrecognized attitudes and belief, or homosexual orientation.’ Dissatisfied confidently asserts the superiority of the French feelings. Botella seems confident in his ability to with the EC’s response to its resolution, the way of doing analysis and of educating psycho- allow the full range of ‘infantile psychic sexuality’ House asked for reconsideration. The EC deba- analysts. The APsaA could eliminate its prob- to emerge in all its complexity and contradictions ted again in Nice and left the policy unchanged. lems with homosexuality if we got rid of our in all patients; and he assumes that I do not con- close link to medicine (which makes us think in sider that important because of my speaking - in a The debate and voting patterns suggest three terms of illness and cure) and our training ana- different context - about ‘developing a positive groups among EC members: lyst system (which exerts control over students) gay identity’ rather than about ‘resolving the and ego psychology (which is more therapy than unconscious bisexual infantile conflict.’ 1 wanted to include ‘homosexual orientation’ as analysis). Botella ignores the fact that we have stated in the House proposal; effectively reduced discrimination in the APsaA Botella does recognize the difficulty of having a without this advice. discussion of a strictly psychoanalytic nature 2 opposed naming any categories, either to avoid about homosexuality as long as I am giving ‘identity politics’ or because they feared the list The problem here is that Botella does not even priority to issues of discrimination and social would be restrictive or become exhaustive; and know that he is terribly misinformed about the justice. But he absents himself from that strug- nature of psychoanalysis in the U.S. It is true gle, which he considers a North American import; 3 opposed naming ‘homosexual orientation’ that we have been more closely allied with medi- and he hopes that when these difficulties have because it is considered pathological in their cine than psychoanalysts in Europe. But Botella’s been settled I will present another paper that he societies. statement - that only doctors can be analysts and can then discuss from a psychoanalytical point of others may be prosecuted for practicing medicine view. The combination of 2 and 3 constituted a illegally - has never been true. I could name a majority that adopted the general policy, long list of luminaries in the APsaA who were In the APsaA, political action to end discrimina- omitting reference to homosexual orientation. not physicians, and current candidate statistics tion paved the way for extensive changes in reveal that only 54% are medical doctors. policy and in attitudes. Then scientific advances Two points should be stressed. began to appear, often from our new gay and Botella’s assertion that our training analysts lesbian analysts themselves. But this was the First, the IPA did adopt a policy of nondiscrimi- exert controlling influence over their analysands’ result of overcoming discrimination, not of nation. education is another myth. This was true in the pretending it did not exist. We can hope that the Second, it is probable that most of those in distant past but began changing 30 years ago. IPA might reach this point. But with the passive group 2 would be against discrimination but also 31 quest is endless and should not be used to delay justice. Volker Zentner, Hamburg, Germany We do not need to know why someone is gay, or the specifics of the analytic process or the analyst’s theory, before we decide to eliminate discrimination. We only need to know that it is possible to be both homosexual and a competent psychoanalyst. That is easily demonstrable and has been done. Exclusion, based solely on being homosexual, is discrimination.

One further word to those who feel that this is not your problem. Even if your psychoanalytic society is completely free of discrimination, even if the theory you teach is completely unbiased, and even if the hands-off approach you prefer does not conceal the slightest hint of homopho- bia, you are still part of a worldwide organiza- tion where some component societies do dis- criminate and do teach outmoded and prejudicial concepts. We cannot deny that real harm is being done to real people in the real world.

Foto: Claudia Guderian Even some of our internationally renowned teachers make derogatory comments about gay men and women. I close with this sad tale. A few against identity categorization. If the question those who opposed naming categories were years ago, an esteemed world figure from a were posed differently, there would likely be a rationalizing their own covert prejudices. European society was a distinguished visiting majority (groups 1 and 2) who oppose antihomo- teacher at one of our institutes. During the visit, sexual discrimination, although they differ on The policy is widely seen as a subterfuge, allowing in remarks made to the candidate group, she whether current policy is sufficient. those who diagnose homosexuality as illness to disparaged the idea that a gay person could be- deny that they discriminate. It puts the APsaA in come a psychoanalyst. Perhaps she was unaware The moderate tone of my explanation does not the untenable position of being a component of an that there were several gay and lesbian candi- capture the intense feelings of some members of organization whose non-discrimination policy cont- dates in that group. Certainly there would not the House after its strongly endorsed resolution radicts its own. As I write this in September, it have been any in her institute. Ideally, they would was twice over-ruled. Nor does it come close remains an explosive issue. have spoken up and perhaps educated the to conveying the dismay and anger that erupted teacher. But, in the paralyzing combination of in the APsaA following the Nice Congress, as Resolution will not be easy, because we differ shame and anger, and intimidated by her re- expressed in a two-week long internet discussion. widely in how we conceptualize psychoanalysis nown, they bit their tongues and said nothing. We should note that the most outraged reac- and the IPA mission. Are we only concerned with tions came from supportive colleagues, who out- promoting psychoanalysis through scientific Not only must we end discrimination; we must numbered gay participants in our discussion by exchange? Are we also concerned with justice? raise awareness, in those we place on our ten to one. Even before this spontaneous out- Sending a delegation to the UN conference on highest pedestals, of the power they wield when pouring, APsaA’s Executive Committee had racism suggests the latter. Can we not then they repeat hurtful myths about gay and lesbian initiated a letter asking President Widlöcher to protect our own members and potential collea- people. forthrightly address discrimination issues and to gues? clarify whether IPA policy includes homosexuality when it ‘opposes any discrimination of any kind.’ Some argue that we should not confuse scienti- fic matters and politics, and that ideas about Why such a response from our colleagues? homosexuality should evolve through scientific Reference Although some of the EC members felt they discourse. But discrimination is a political issue, were opposing discrimination when they voted and prejudice is a reality. As psychoanalytic Phillips S. (1998) for the general statement, others saw the vote educators, we do exert power in choosing and A new analytic dyad: Homosexual analyst, hetero- as appeasing societies where homosexuality is advancing students and faculty members. Of sexual patient. still considered a perversion and where discrimina- course we are committed to ever-greater under- tion remains a fact. Some questioned whether standing of all things human. But that parallel J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 46-1195-1219.

32 OPINION

An Experiment in Training

Psychoanalytic Institutes around the All three centres have had Institutes of Psycho- The Plan world are concerned about the state of analysis for many years but in 1990 the Sydney psychoanalysis as reflected in the decreas- Institute for Psychoanalysis was restructured in The proposal to make the theoretical lectures ing number of patients seeking analysis and a new framework specifically to contrast it from into a series of public lectures was greeted with the number of candidates applying for train- the Sydney Branch. The Branch was to be respon- mixed feelings by the Sydney group, and consider- ing. This concern has called forth a variety sible for all matters concerning training whereas able preparation and discussion went into de- of responses. There is a growing awareness the Institute was to be responsible for all other veloping the proposal. There were several reasons of the importance of outreach programmes activities of analysts in Sydney which included the behind the proposal. Firstly, it was thought that and of involvement in interdisciplinary ac- Scientific Meetings of the group, conducting those preparing the lectures would have the op- tivities. The training requirements of many Outreach activities and public lectures, media re- portunity to offer something more scholarly and Institutes are being modified to facilitate lationships and relationships with other organisa- thorough than the usual seminar format allowed. candidates with finding cases. tions. This was done specifically to promote as Secondly, a more comprehensive and integrated The Committee on Psychoanalytic Education much freedom and innovation as possible in presentation of psychoanalytic ideas would be (COMPSED) set up by the IPA in 1998 is under- these activities while leaving the more specific possible. Thirdly, it was thought that this would taking a study of training systems throughout and sometimes contentious matters concerning greatly enhance the outreach activities of the the IPA with a view to determining the adequacy training to be conducted by the separate organi- Sydney group and promote greater interest in and and the relevance of different systems. It also sation of the Branch. The other centres have, in understanding of psychoanalytic ideas. An addi- hopes to provide information on how a given their own way, established these activities as part tional benefit of the proposal was that the train- kind of training affects the kind of analysis prac- of the function of their Institutes. The result of this ing analysts could all be involved in lecturing. In a ticed. has been that in Sydney a great deal of willingness small Society it is not possible for a candidate In the Sydney branch of the Australian Psycho- to experiment has developed, and the experience to attend a seminar given by his analyst when analytic Association we have recently comple- gained over some years has laid the groundwork there are only a few people present. When there ted an experiment in training which took the form for the series of public lectures under discussion. are fifty or more this becomes possible. This can of conducting the theoretical seminars for the be of considerable advantage as otherwise the training programme as a series of public lectures. Training in psychoanalysis in Australia, and in institute may be deprived of good teaching This spanned a three year period - 1997 to 1999 - Sydney in particular, follows the well known potential. and produced 72 lectures in all.1 In this paper we Eitingon tripartite system of personal analysis, will present an outline of this lecture series, its supervised cases and a seminar programme. The Although many agreed with these reasons, planning and implementation and an initial seminar programme has traditionally involved there was also considerable apprehension that assessment of its role in meeting the concerns two afternoons a week: one afternoon concerning the students would suffer in their training from a we too have had about the state of psychoana- itself with the presentation of clinical material, lack of seminars allowing proper discussion of lysis in Australia. the other devoted to theoretical and technical theoretical ideas and, more especially, suffer seminars. Student numbers have always been from a lack of discussion of technical matters in a small, varying between three to five, with an in- way that only private seminars made possible. As The Australian Setting take for training taking place approximately every a result of much discussion a modified plan was two years. arrived at. It was suggested that in any one term Psychoanalysis in Australia is practiced in three six lectures would be offered as public lectures centres - Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney - and All the centres in Australia have noticed the while the remaining four seminars of the term each centre is organised both as a Branch and as difficulty with candidates finding suitable analytic would be private to the candidates and would an Institute. The nature of these divisions and cases and some centres have been concerned concentrate on technical matters. It was also their functions are important factors in the back- about the numbers of candidates applying for agreed that attendance at the public lectures ground to developing this lecture series. training. It was noted in Sydney that the regular would not be considered compulsory for the In 1988 following a Site Visiting Committee the presentation of public lectures, workshops and students. Australian Psychoanalytic Society formally esta- involvement with other organisations has foster- blished three Branches in the three cities. The ed considerable interest in psychoanalysis. Some For the two years preceding the beginning of Branches are responsible for training in psycho- lecture series have regularly been attended by the lecture series, the Sydney analysts as a group analysis and the Society as a whole under the fifty to seventy people, quite a large number in decided to utilise their monthly Scientific Meet- auspices of the IPA oversees the standards of the city. It was against this background that ings to prepare themselves for the lecture series. It that training. This means that each Branch has a Neville Symington, when he became Chairman of was decided to focus on the work of Freud and degree of autonomy in how they conduct their the Programme Committee of the Sydney Branch, members undertook to read and present aspects training and what they include in it but final proposed that we offer the theoretical compo- of Freud’s work for each Scientific Meeting. We decisions about standards are taken by the So- nent of the training programme as a series of chose Freud partly because many of us felt our ciety as a whole. public lectures over a period of three years. knowledge of his work was too thin to allow us 33 to lecture adequately on his task challenging, nerve-wracking but, on the together. This seemed to settle down as the work. We also decided that whole, worthwhile. The Programme Committee series progressed. Most of the students atten- rather than try to be comprehen- had the ultimate responsibility for nominating ded most of the lectures but as attendance was sive in our preparation, we lecturers and for negotiating and arranging not compulsory they did not attend them all. It would immerse ourselves in compromises and swaps amongst various mem- was, of course, impossible for them to keep up the mind of one great thinker and that this bers of the group. with the reading week by week and this, together would benefit us beyond acquiring knowledge of It was thought to be very important that the with concern about the lack of opportunity for his theories. We all found the exercise consider- same Chairman be present throughout the lecture discussion of the content of the lectures, has in- ably enhanced our education and our confidence. series in the interests of continuity and Neville formed the planning for the training programme Symington undertook this demanding task on all following the completion of the lectures. We dis- Last but not least, it was decided to change the but very few occasions when a deputy stood in. cuss this matter further below. days on which the seminars were held. Tradi- The prospect of a candidate attending lectures tionally these had been Wednesday and Friday The series was widely advertised through a well given by their analyst affected both parties, and afternoons from 3.00 to 5.00. It was now pro- established mailing list. Participants could pay was a considerable departure from the usual posed that the public lectures be given Tuesday by the term or by the year. Each lecture was anonymity practised in our small Institute. The evenings from 8.00 to 9.30, while the clinical taped and at the end of each term the series for character defects of an analyst can be more eas- seminars remain unchanged on Wednesday after- the term was available for sale. At the end of ily seen by a candidate in the lecture hall than in noons. Even this change in long-held tradition each lecture the audience were asked to fill in a the consulting room and this helps to de-idealise promoted much discussion, and epitomised the feedback form and at the end of each term a the analyst. The experience tends to put pressure impact upon us of the task we were undertaking. discussion was held about the lectures and com- on the candidate to be less passive. ments sought from the audience. The Execution of the Plan Those presenting the seminars on the whole felt Assessment of the Lectures they benefited greatly from rising to the challenge The first year was devoted to Freud for much of organising their thoughts in greater depth about the same reasons we studied him ourselves. The The assessment of the value and the drawbacks the subjects they presented. Many who lectured second year concentrated on psychotic states of of this experiment in training is still going on. Not for the first time were surprised to find the expe- mind, because we believe a great deal of our surprisingly different groups have been affected rience not as daunting as they had feared. It be- work these days as analysts is concerned with in different ways. came apparent from comments and feedback that such states in our patients. The third year con- the evidence of the quality of thought amongst tinued this focus, as well as presenting the work The candidates themselves, by and large, have members of the Institute, and the impression of the of other selected thinkers in the interests of received the series well and say they have bene- group of analysts working together in this way, balance and diversity. fited from it. They appreciated the integration of were two of the most powerful advertisements for ideas made possible by the lecture format, and psychoanalysis in Sydney. It was noticeable that Lecturers were given a year’s notice to allow found many of them challenging and stimulating. the quality of the teaching improved through the plenty of time for preparation. The choice of lec- In the first couple of terms of the first year, the can- lectures being given to a wider audience, to the turers was not a simple task; some lecturers were didates expressed some anxiety about the benefit of lecturer and audience alike. selected on the basis of their known interests and lack of opportunity for discussion of the lectures, their proven capacities to lecture in public. Others and several extra closed seminars were arranged The discussion time at the end of each lecture were lecturing for the first time and found the to meet their needs for more thorough discussion was about half an hour, and varied in liveliness. A

Does the IPA need a code of ethics or an ethics committee?

Seven further arguments against.

In psychoanalysis today, perhaps as a result 1. Contemporary diagnoses: time profited from the delirium of the period. of external pressure, there is a strong urge to Collective delirium versus However, psychoanalysis stands neither for self-justification which appears to express political-ethical correctness transgression and the violation of taboos nor itself in, among other ways, ethical guideli- for the reinstatement of taboos and puritanical nes and ethics committees. It must be reali- Somewhat like immense, viscous masses, persecution. Its task is not to swim with the sed, however, that ethics is a two-edged societies move now in one direction, now in an- particular current of the time, but to enlighten weapon which might well be turned against other. Whereas descriptions of ‘sex with children’ itself and society about the background of such ourselves if we limit ourselves to the perpe- were an inherent part of the ‘sexual revolution’ cultural movements. trator-victim dimension. 25 years ago, the pendulum is now swinging in the opposite direction. If, at that time, Sartre, 2. Ethics as an expression of a new The very fact that the IPA has managed without Simone de Beauvoir, Foucault, Roland Barthes, sensibility or as a symptom of ethics guidelines since its foundation more than Françoise Dolto and Derrida demanded in an crisis? ninety years ago raises the question: Why now? open letter that children and adolescents be - a question which, curiously, is never posed.1 given the right to have sexual relations with In ancient Greece the systematic and profes- Moreover, ethical questions are today being partners of their choice, those same protagonists sional preoccupation with ethical questions was debated in their whole complexity in many areas must today fear their ‘public execution’. These a phenomenon of decline. These debates did not of society, a fact which also deserves considera- swings can be readily illustrated by the exam- prevent the downfall of the Hellenic city states. tion. What is emerging as the provisional out- ple of Cohn-Bendit, who recently had to justify In mythical Thebes moral standards were heigh- come is that the moral conscience cannot be himself against accusations of being a ‘child tened at the very moment when the community delegated to committees. abuser’.2 Undoubtedly, the psychoanalysis of that was visited by plague.3

34 significant factor inhibiting participation was developed. The Sydney Institute for Psychoana- least a year. Planning for the new training the presence of analysts, therapists and their lysis in fact then took over the task of organising programme also took into account that the patients all together in the room, in what is still a Tuesday night lectures on a wider variety of topics trainees had attended the lectures and therefore fairly small gathering of a small community of than would be appropriate for training lectures. a different kind of training could be organised. In interested people. However, it being a larger and However, it now appears that some of the theo- particular, it was felt important to organise theo- more diverse group than just analytic students retical training may continue to be in the form of retical seminars which could encourage students meant that a wider range of questions was put to public lectures where appropriate, in coordina- to be more active in engaging with the material the lecturer than usually happens. Students are tion with the Institute program. presented in the tapes and with the literature often too much in awe of the analyst teacher to discussed in them. In a sense this follows the put challenging questions. In 1999, the last year of the lecture series, there University pattern of tutorials which provide the was an intake for training in Sydney. Ten people opportunity for discussing lectures in greater There were members who declined to lecture applied, five were accepted and three began depth. and who felt more comfortable with the private their training in the year 2000, while two defer- technical seminars and clinical seminars, and red their training. All those applying had attended Conclusion although this worked well in practice, it became the lecture series. Data on application in previous apparent that the selection of lecturers had years as well as comparison with other centres The overall experience of this experiment in train- created tensions in the group. An effort was is being collected. Another consequence of the ing has been one of benefit to all concerned, al- made to invite as many members as possible to lecture series appears to be a greater interest in though it also has had its drawbacks as discussed participate, some felt overlooked, and comments seeking supervision with members of the Sydney above. It is our opinion that the most effective way about an ‘in’ group and an ‘out’ group were heard group of analysts. for analysts to promote psychoanalysis is to in the corridors and in private discussion. An demonstrate what they do. A lecture series such as exercise such as this inevitably opens up pre- The tapes of the lecture series have proved very this provides analysts with an opportunity to show existing fracture lines of differences that exist popular, both in Sydney and in other centres. colleagues and the interested public the quality of within any Institute. These issues need to be Individuals and psychotherapy groups have found contemporary analytic thinking and the quality of discussed as part of the planning and in the them a valuable addition to their training pro- its practitioners. We suspect this provides the aftermath of such an undertaking. grammes and discussion groups. Members of the great est incentive for members of the audience Sydney group undertake teaching and supervision and others to want to engage in study and discus- The audience for the lecture series was usually roles in other centres as far away as Brisbane, sion of analytic ideas, and for some to want to in the order of seventy members for each term, Perth and New Zealand and the tapes provide become part of the group. although different people tended to attend ac- a valuable adjunct to their work. Discussion is John McClean cording to their interest in the topics. It was under way in the Sydney group about the feasibi- gratifying to see new faces in the crowd on dif- lity of publishing the lecture series, perhaps to- Readers ferent terms as well as the regular attendees at gether with the tapes. interested in the details of the lectures our Outreach lectures. The ‘Tuesday night lectures’ should get in touch with have become something of an institution in The question inevitably has arisen as to whether their own right, so that at the completion of the we would repeat the lecture series and if so, John McClean three year series there was great concern about when. It was felt useful to not recycle them at what would continue in the following year to straight away but give the Institute a chance to [email protected] maintain the momentum and interest that had present different kinds of public lectures for at

The new ethics which are propagated every- enough to approach this concept with caution. can take on a pseudo-religious character and can where, springing up like mushrooms, manifest a Anyone who wants to engage in embryo stem be just as damaging as promises of salvation fear of crisis; and it is the same in psychoanalysis. cell research in Germany today will not fail to from a religious sect. In one IPA Newsletter we read about the ‘Crisis refer to the ethics committees of which he or of Psychoanalysis’ (IPA Newsletter 6, 2, 1997), in she is a member. The so-called ‘ethics of heal- An abuse dressed up as scientific progress is be- a later one about new ‘Ethical Principles’ (IPA ing’ is something like a master key giving swift ing tolerated legally and socially. Reproductive Newsletter 8, 2, 1999). Psychoanalysis is now access to research grants. Beyond that, it can be medicine, to mention just one example, contains a confronted by probably its greatest challenge since noted that an ‘ethics industry’ has come into be- potential for (sexual) abuse towards women.6 the Second World War. This has to do with the ing. Companies and corporations whose good Every pregnancy is in danger of falling victim to headlong transformation in the highly techno- name has been tarnished make use of ‘business the new selection-thinking. If formerly a woman logized nations and the accompanying radical ethics’ to repair their reputations. In such com- was spoken of as ‘expecting’ (German: ‘in good social changes.4 What is certain is that social panies there are positions such as ‘ethics repre- hope’), she is now made to conform with genetic control, as every psychoanalyst can observe in sentative’ or ‘company ethics officer’. On the correctness in the guise of ‘preventive care’. The his/her own practice, has increased in parallel American model, more and more chairs of ethics need for diagnosis is changing imperceptibly with these changes and will continue to increase. are being established. ‘Ethics audits’ really reveal before our eyes - because of the increasing patho- The new sensitivity to ethical questions, which no more than that a company has concerned logization of pregnancy - into compulsory diagno- concentrates on ‘boundary infringements which itself with such questions. This new morality has sis. (In Germany 60-70% of pregnancies are now are subtle but important in their consequences’ much to do with strategy, image and public re- regarded as being ‘at risk’.) Hardly a child comes (Schilling, 2000, 11)5 does not express growing lations. into the world today without having passed moral awareness, but fear of crisis. through a multi-stage quality control procedure. 4. Scientific regression These pseudo-religious illusions of bodily perfec- 3. Ethics as euphemism and as and legal abuse tion threaten to separate us further and further ‘business ethics’ from our human condition, which consists in It is necessary to speak of scientific regres- having to learn the art of suffering and of enjoy- We are dealing today with an inflationary sion when complex anthropological questions are ment only with the help of others. Within this use of the word ‘ethics’. This term is also made use reduced to allegedly simple biological facts, such climate of feasibility-thinking the scope for of by ‘evidence-based medicine’ and so-called as genetic dispositions. The hopes and expecta- psychoanalysis, too, is becoming ever nar- ‘quality assurance’. That in itself would be reason tions of salvation awakened by such reductionism rower.7 35 -Contienuation-

5. Ethical surveillance, or what to 7. Morality with or do with a ‘not sufficiently good’ without a memory? analyst? WIDE Even the first analytic therapy by Josef Breuer It is in the nature of the profession of psycho- made clear on what unsteady moral foundations analyst that, in the course of work extending the birth of psychoanalysis took place. Without over several decades, life-crises associated with Freud’s fearlessness in these ethical questions an - often temporary - curtailment of professional the analysis of Berta Pappenheim would also have capacities are inevitable. An analyst who finds been the last. Even in later times this clear-sighted him/herself in such a situation can be perceived, daring proved advantageous to the development from the standpoint of the patient, as no longer of psychoanalysis; it also benefited the women ‘sufficiently good’. This always has a moral aspect. and men of his circle, earning them respect even Whereas earlier the periodic continuation of from enemies. A history of psychoanalysis from one’s own analysis at regular intervals of, for the perspective of morality has yet to be written.

example, five years was recommended, a curious In the more recent past it can be observed that WORLD silence has descended around this subject. In the relaxation of taboos in the 1970s (the ‘sexual this connection it would be worth reflecting on revolution’) is now being succeeded by an abrupt how Freud’s old ‘home remedy’ might be called restoration of taboos, and the creation of ethics back to mind - ‘that each of us should be con- commissions and codes of conduct should also be cerned more zealously with his own neurosis than seen in this context. with that of his neighbour.’8 The secular states as a whole are experiencing a A view from Instead, an ‘ethical monitoring’ of colleagues by crisis of values. The code of norms of the Judaeo- each other has lately been recommended in the Christian tradition is increasingly losing its hold. New York ‘IPA Ethical Principles’. If this means that even This is now being regretted even by atheists. The ‘boundary infringements which are subtle but inviolability and the divine likeness of man were important in their consequences... predominantly a strong bulwark against the temptations of On September 11th, like many on a verbal level’ (Schilling, 2000, 11) are to be ‘self-design’ (Sloterdijk), of the old desire to breed of us, I found out from a patient. deemed worthy of denunciation, everyone, as a better human being. More than one health It was my third hour. The patient, Schilling (2000, 14) notes, must in principle utopia reminds us of the promises of salvation whose body language in the wait- expect to be caught up in the tight meshes of in totalitarian times, just as, in general, the ing room already was telling me the ‘monitoring of ethical contact’ (IPA Newsletter deregulation of the Western ‘cultural Super-Ego’ something terrible had happened, 8, Issue 2, 1999, 17). That a climate of fear is in- would remove a crucial barrier against the bio- came in, stood in the middle of tensified by such measures is self-evident. This technical belief in progress.10 the office, and said, convulsed, ‘I fear can be reacted to in a depressive or paranoid Starting from the observation that ethics is a did not know if you wanted me to manner. The latter leads to the search for a two-edged weapon, one immediately turns it to come.’ scapegoat. The problem here is not that in isola- advantage by examining its historical context and ted serious cases expulsion is necessary, but that asking why the subject of ethics is enjoying a such rare cases are cited today, often decades boom at this particular time. That presents psycho- My puzzled face — I slowly started to register later, as arguments for a general ‘ethical surveil- analysis with a less urgent need for action, but that whatever ailed her seemed to include me - lance’. an all the more urgent need for reflection. and my gentle motioning her towards the couch, as I asked ‘why would I not?’ shocked her into 6. Ethical monitoring even Eberhard T. Haas the awareness that I did not know and she would of case reports? have to tell me. An articulate, intense woman, Notes she stammered and did not have the words, 1 The urge to justify is apparent, too, in each point of Gattig’s The new ethical sensibility now even embraces statements on this matter, as if psychoanalysis were a medi- specially the words for towers, saying, surpris- the practice of case reports. Freud’s undertaking cation with dangerous side-effects and urgently in need of ingly, grotesquely, in a kind of functional aphasia: ‘quality assurance’ (‘Gattig über Ethik’, in IPA Newsletter 10, which began with Studies in Hysteria would have 1, 2001). ‘terrorists in planes, attacked the, the, what are been unlikely to satisfy ethical demands today. 2 Cf. Jürg Altweg, Jedem Land seine eigene Erregung on 1968: they!!! The... tall buildings!’ I saw her through the Here, too, there are unmistakable signs of change. in France Daniel Cohn-Bendit is attacked as a ‘child abuser’; hour. It would be only in her next session that I in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 49 of 27 Feb. 2001. In England and America analysts are discussing had the inner strength to address the obvious, strategies for meeting the new ethical demands to 3 Cf. Haas, E. (2001): ’Ödipuskomplex und Ödipusfabel. Lebens- the reversal of roles, her wish to protect me, her 9 tatsachen bei Sophokles’, in Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse 43. be placed on publications. This is likely to have panic that she did not know how was I going to much to do with a derailed health provision 4 Cf. Haas, E (2000), ‘Does the IPA need a code of ethics or an ethics committee? Ten arguments against’, in IPA Newsletter 9, 1, 2000. be able to help her. system, which can be controlled neither financially Note in particular Argument 5, ‘The removal of taboos creates a nor scientifically/technically, and which not fear of loss of cultural order’ and Argument 6: ‘Social upheaval cannot be countered by ethics committees’. Like many of us, I stayed in the office. Phones without reason is giving rise not only to mistrust worked erratically. From my office line, I could among patients but to an increasing intrusion of 5 Cf. Schilling R. (2000), ‘Ethik/Schlichtungskommission in der DPV. Konzepte, Erfahrungen, Überlegungen’, in DPV-Informationen 29, call out, but I knew from my family that nobody legal concerns into the doctor-patient relationship. 2-14. could get through to me. I figured that for any Here again there is a need for historical clarifica- 6 Another example is amphetamine therapy for hyperactive children. 7 Cf. ‘Frauen ohne gute Hoffnung. Wie Heilen und Trösten aus der patient who could not reach me and somehow tion of the contemporary situation. In 1910 Freud Medizin verschwinden. Ein Gespräch mit der Soziologin und put forward the view, in a letter to Pfister (5.6. Körperhistorikerin Barbara Duden’, in Die Zeit 31, 26 July 2001. managed to come, I should be there. 8 In a letter to Jung of 5.12.1912 1910), that ‘discretion... cannot be reconciled with 9 Cf. Tuckett, D (2000), (Editorial) ‘Reporting clinical events in the a good record of a psychoanalysis’. One needed Journal: Towards the construction of a special case’, in Int. J. A patient who has small children in a school Psychoanal. 81, 1065-1069 and Gabbard, G.O. (2000), ‘Disguise or outside Manhattan did not show up. During her to be a ‘disreputable fellow’, he wrote, and to be- consent: problems and recommendations concerning the publica- have ‘like an artist who buys paints with his wife’s tion and presentation of clinical material’, in Int. J. Psychoanal. hour I tried her both at work and at home. I had 81, 1071-1086. already thought she must be on her way to the housekeeping money or lights a fire with the fur- 10 Even Peter Singer’s ‘practical ethics’, with its First Commandment: niture to keep the model warm. Without such a cri- ‘Recognise that the value of human life differs’, understands itself children, and her agitated housekeeper con- minal streak nothing worthwhile will be achieved.’ as a revised version of the law of Moses. firmed my intuition, in our fragmented conversa-

36 PAGES

tion, partially interspersed with my impromptu the description of the collapse of the towers friends. Not everybody shared my experience but attempts at doing phone psychotherapy for this from three different patients and it was very we had a sort of consensus, that perhaps women panicked unknown woman! Another patient, vivid, too vivid, in my own mind. By then I thought would just find it more acceptable to think that who is very fragile, was surprised that I had I did not trust myself to contain the patients I some behaviours are simply an instinct. called but said she had gone home from work, still had to see, and their images, if I also had Political opinions by patients now clearly dis- had not really thought of coming, and assumed I my own. turbed my neutrality. Their ideas mattered more would not be working. concretely, as if on the collective beliefs could I remember that my fragile patient in her anger hang my safety and the safety of those I love Everybody else came. People walked, they took sounded like those parents who are worried and of the world I want to protect. the taxis that were still around, they took buses sick when a child is late, imagining all kind of as long as they worked, one young patient came horrors, and when the child shows up safe, they I started to respond to the loving calls and e- rollerskating. Two patients who lie on the couch jump at the child in a fury. But perhaps my calm mails from friends and family around the country sat up for that Tuesday session, as if the extreme was also strange and frightening to her. I had and around the world. My Argentinean friends circumstances demanded a different contact. I been calm, I remained calm. Our children were were especially wonderful. Argentineans of did not register consciously until days later that it safe, away from the horror, and although the most course have a special sensitivity about working had seemed so natural I had not addressed it. urgent need I would later recognize in myself in conditions of social violence or chaos. I was to hug those I love, being in the office was thought particularly of Janine Puget and Leonardo I had scheduled a first consultation that evening also strangely calming. Wender’s extraordinary useful concept of ‘over- with a young man. When I called, he answered lapping worlds.’ I knew that there were many in a state of extreme agitation. Before I had a Other, more distressing things started later. It clinical situations that I would be capable to chance to say why I had called him he blurted became difficult to sort out the individuality of think about only later. out, ‘I work on the 75th floor, I was late today, I each person’s experience. Whereas one could came out of the subway and saw the hole.’ He see the smoke only by leaning out of my window, Now, like all my colleagues working in this added ‘I am so happy you called, your address on the second day the winds changed and the wounded city, I am trying to go on living. To go and phone number... are in my office.’ smell arrived. It was a smell like nothing I had on living and thinking. Most specially, and with ever smelled. The fear of chemicals released in great difficulty and effort, to go on thinking. I When later I told this story to a colleague who the air by the terrorists had begun already, but get great inspiration from my British ‘ancestors’ lives outside New York, I heard: ‘Oh, it would be mostly we (my patients and I) sorted the smell who, under the brutality of the Nazi assault, held best to postpone the consultation.’ But that was out. We had never smelled it but we knew. It was their now famous Controversial Discussions. And not what I had done. Actually, I had offered him a smell that made you frightened and, if you at the same time I think of a conversation with if he would want to come earlier, which he did. were alone, or alone with your analyst, it made Riccardo Steiner, who once said that everything you cry. in analysis matters politically... The patient who is very fragile did not come on Wednesday either. On Thursday she was in- Roughly half of my practice are males. They were Somewhere, between thinking with and for my credulous, and incensed, that I had continued to the only ones who really talked about the photos or patients, and thinking for myself, about my role work, that I had not run to watch CNN, that I the few TV shots of the people who chose to jump. in this changed world, always with the help of would be ‘the kind of person who does not want It haunted them. Not one of the women mentioned the thinking of those around me, somewhere in to be informed’. In fact, unknown to the patient it. Does it mean something about gender, I found there, is the life I am forging now, slowly, quietly, of course, during the one and half hour I had myself wondering. Do men feel a responsibility here, in New York, America. free that day I had gone home, and decided very about choosing, controlling, how to die? Later I deliberately not to watch TV. By then I had heard would talk to colleagues about this, and also Irene Cairo Chiarandini 37 WORLDWIDEPAGES Obituary William H. Gillespie

Dr William H. Gillespie, President of the IPA, 1957 -1961

William Hewitt Gillespie, psychoanalyst, born August 6th 1905; died June 30th 2001.

Many of the interests of William Gillespie, tively impoverished, but by winning bursaries and In the early 1940s, the British Society held a who has died aged 95, were encompassed prizes, including the British Medical Association series of meetings known as ‘The Controversial in his book of Selected Writings entitled Clinical Essay prize, he made his way through Discussions’. The followers of Anna Freud and ‘Life, Sex and Death’ (1995). He also made medical school, qualifying with honours in 1929. Melanie Klein presented their differing view- significant contributions to the forums of points on fundamental psychoanalytical obser- the psychoanalytical world as an admini- Two years later, he won a travelling scholarship vations and theories, with a mainly British middle strator and facilitator. which he used to go to Vienna, ostensibly to grouping holding the balance between the two Small in stature, neat and composed, he had study psychiatry, but really to learn more about sides. Gillespie emerged as a fair-minded diplo- about him an air of quiet authority, determination psychoanalysis. He relished the city’s cosmo- matic person trusted by all sides. In 1950, aged 45, and dignity. Though reserved when addressing politan cultivated atmosphere and had some he was elected the youngest-ever President of the an audience, he could sparkle with a clarity of analysis with Eduard Hitschmann, one of Freud’s British Psychoanalytical Society thought and sharp wit, never hurtful, but pithy and oldest adherents. On returning to Britain and to the point. deciding to become a psychoanalyst, he ob- In 1957 Dr. Gillespie was elected President of the tained a post at a London mental hospital which International Psychoanalytical Association, and he His family came from Newry, County Down, housed patients with senile dementia and proposed Pearl King to work with him as the Northern Ireland, and he always considered started his training analysis with Ella Freeman Honorary Secretary of that organization. For the himself an Irishman. His parents were church Sharpe, an analyst with considerable literary next four years she worked very closely with him, missionaries from the Irish Presbyterian Church, interests. Characteristically he also used his on the Executive Council of that international and he was born in Pei-Tai-Ho, China in 1905, mental hospital experience to good effect by body. Only twelve years had passed since the the youngest child with three older sisters. His obtaining his MD in 1934 with a thesis on the cessation of the hostilities of the Second World mother enjoyed her family’s aristocratic connec- psychopathology of senile dementia, a subject War during which most of the psychoanalytical tions, being a cousin of the Duke of Hamilton, that provided some of the groundwork for his societies in Europe, with the exception of the a relation of the Earl of Liffe, and a descendant later psychoanalytical papers on ageing and British Society, had been closed down, either by of General Burgoyne of the American War of death. the Nazis or by the psychoanalysts themselves, Independence. However, modesty and not snob- who could not work under a totalitarian and bishness was a feature of the family culture, In 1935 Gillespie joined the staff of the Mauds- anti-Semitic regime. The task of helping to build together with courage, fairness, integrity and the ley Hospital, in south London, the Mecca of up these groups of psychoanalysts on an inter- love of truth. British psychiatry. In 1936 he became a member national scale, and at the same time to monitor The children were brought up in China, England of the Royal College of Physicians - becoming a and maintain high professional standards of and Northern Ireland, and eventually they went Fellow in 1962 - and qualified as a psychoanalyst training in the newly emerging Societies and to Edinburgh where William studied at George in 1937. Shortly afterwards he became a Full Institutes, was one that fell to him. Watson’s College, while his father returned to Member reading a paper on fetishistic perversion, China. There, when William was 15, his father the first of a series of papers on the psychopatho- However, it was not only the after-effects of the was murdered by intruders in his home. This logy of sexual perversions, refining and expand- war that presented problems. There were splits tragic event had a profound effect on William ing Freud’s original contributions by further and disagreements in different countries. Some and his beliefs. Feeling that God had failed him, understanding of the relationship between sexua- remained in the Association, while sadly a pre- he gave up religion and turned to medicine, to lity and aggression, together with the importance vious Executive Council had expelled one impor- the saving of life. The family was now compara- of the superego. tant group in France. This action William Gillespie

38 WORLDWIDEPAGES felt to have been unfair. On being elected as The Council of the American Psychoanalytic President, one of his first acts was to start to Association had come to this Business Meeting remedy this situation. With great tact and ad- with instructions to vote against the proposed ministrative wisdom, he and his executive officers Constitution. devised a series of procedures whereby the ex- pelled group could ultimately rejoin their inter- As Hon. Secretary Pearl King had had much to national colleagues. do with its drafting, so she was asked to present the proposed New Constitution to that Business Another example of his independence and will- Meeting. She was supported by William and a

ingness to risk unpopularity in order to do the useful discussion took place which led to a

2001

30th March - 27th September 27th - March 30th Members who have died since died have who Members right thing, occurred during the Edinburgh Con- change of heart among the APsaA delegates, gress of the International Psychoanalytical who realized that failure to have such a In Memoriam Association in 1961. Professor Carl Jung, who Constitution would hold back development of was the first President of the International the International in other parts of the world, and Europe Psychoanalytical Association, had died since the thus it was passed with their support.. GERMANY previous Congress and William Gillespie felt that Karen Brecht some tribute ought to be paid to him, for it was William Gillespie continued as a member of the Rolf Morgenstern the custom to pay tribute to colleagues who Executive Council and when in 1965, shortly be- Hans Quint had died since the previous Congress. It was fore the next Congress in Amsterdam, Max Tristan Rohlfs well known that Anna Freud, Heinz Hartmann Gitelson suddenly died, Gillespie was asked to Renate Staewen and several other American colleagues did not be Acting Joint President with an American like to be associated with Carl Jung, and were psychoanalyst, Phyllis Greenacre, M.D., until an- GREAT BRITAIN still unhappy about the split between Freud and other President could be elected at the Business Gilbert Debenham Rose Edgcumbe Jung. Meeting due to take place at that Congress. William H. Gillespie William Gillespie continued for some years as a R.D. Shepherd William Gillespie discussed the matter with his member of the Executive Council, and he served Honorary Secretary, and they agreed that he would as chairman of their Constitutional Committee. NORWAY ask the members of the Congress to stand in From then onwards he had more time to take Marit Os memory of the first President of their International part in the activities of his colleagues in London, Association. There were of course ‘mutterings’ where he took a leading role in the training and SWEDEN Marie Vlachos but the deed had been done and it would have scientific activities of the Society. been petty not to mark both his death and his Latin America contributions to the early development of psycho- In 1971, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal analysis. College of Psychiatrists and retired from his ARGENTINA Maudsley appointment, becoming emeritus physi- Genoveva N. Llarin Marta Susana Morano Before William Gillespie was elected as President cian. In 1979 he was appointed to the one year Edgardo Rolla at the Paris Congress, the Executive Council had visiting chair as Freud memorial professor of Nasim Yampey met over tea in the drawing-room of the Princess psychoanalysis at University College, London, a Marie Bonaparte, who was also a member of post he held while he continued to lecture and BUENOS AIRES the Council. Gillespie was shocked at the lack of write, developing the theme of female sexuality María Isabel Siquier professional arrangements for the meetings, with a re-assessment of concepts of the vaginal such as agendas and the provision of relevant orgasm and Freud’s views on female sexuality. COLOMBIA Carlos Luís Ardila paperwork. In addition there were no agreed procedures for conducting a Business Meeting. In another series of papers, Gillespie examined MEXICO At the first Congress under his Presidency in the concept of aggression and instinct theory, José Rubén Hinojosa Copenhagen, in 1959, the Executive Council re- with particular reference to Freud’s theory of the ceived proper agendas, and they agreed to intro- death instinct and its relationship to dying. He URUGUAY duce ‘experimental’ procedures for the organiza- was also one of the few psychoanalysts - other Héctor Garbarino tion of the Business Meeting. This was a turning than Freud - to write on parapsychological pheno- Carlos Mendilaharsu point in the development of psychoanalysis as an mena in relation to extrasensory perception. North America international profession. In his last few years, blindness prevented Gillespie USA Following this Congress, one of William Gillespie’s from indulging in his beloved reading, but audio Aron J. Arnow most important contributions to the healthy deve- books and his love of music provided some solace Norman Q. Brill lopment of his profession was when he set up a for him. John C. Coolidge Robert J. Corday Working Party to draw up a New Constitution Charles C. Hogan which would embody the conditions that national He was twice happily married, first to Dr. Helen Paul Kay groups of psychoanalysts had to meet in order to Turover, from 1932 till her death in 1975: they had Ivri Kumin be recognized as a Society or Institute to whom two children, Andrew and Veronica. After her C. Janet Newman could be delegated the training of students as death, he married Sadie Mervis, a psychoanalyti- David L. Raphling psychoanalysts. cal colleague; he said that she gave him 25 years Nathan S. Schlezinger Claire Selzer that he would not otherwise have had. She and his B. Frank Vogel After he had completed four years as its President, children survive him. Josef H. Weissberg the draft of this New Constitution was passed Ronald Aldous to the next President - an American, Max Gitelson, Peter G. Thomson M.D. - to circulate and to bring before a Busi- Hans Aufreiter ness Meeting in1963 at the Stockholm Congress. Harold Stewart and Pearl King J.B. Boulangier

39 WORLDWIDEPAGES

Announcement INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOANALYTICAL ASSOCIATION

EIGHTH ANNUAL RESEARCH psychiatry and neurosciences (Steven Roose). A versity staff, will provide an exciting scientific TRAINING PROGRAMME central part of the experience for trainees will event. The University is close to two major London LONDON, 1-9 AUGUST 2002 be the opportunity to present and discuss their psychoanalytic institutions, the Tavistock Clinic own research projects and research goals with and the Anna Freud Centre. We hope to provide The IPA Standing Committee members of the Faculty and other participants. participants with access to relatively inexpensive on Psychoanalytic Research is The curriculum will include an introduction to University accommodation with suggestions of pleased to announce the current research methods, as well as particular alternative hotel accommodation near by. We Eighth Annual Research Training applications as exemplified by the research pro- expect that participants will be able to spend Programme. The Programme is grammes of members of the Faculty. Interested time with each other and Faculty members, both focused around a Faculty of IPA applicants can read more details of the pro- as part of the teaching programme and outside Visiting Professors in Psychoanalytic Research in gramme, its goals and a review of its first two scheduled events. the University of London. years in the Guest Editorial of the International Those interested should write to: The Eighth programme will be held from 1st-9th Journal of Psychoanalysis, Vol 78, no. 4, pp 643- Peter Fonagy, Co-Chair, August 2002, based at University College London 651 (1997). IPA Standing Committee on which is situated in Bloomsbury, the academic Psychoanalytic Research quarter in the heart of London. The programme will offer constructive and critical Psychoanalysis Unit reviews of projects in a way that should facilitate University College London As in previous years, the aims of this highly suc- grant-writing and fundraising and thus provide Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT cessful and popular programme of lectures and additional incentives for continuing psychoanaly- Fax: 44 20 7 916 8545 seminars will be to provide an intensive training tic research, even as the IPA is now offering pilot E-mail: [email protected] in empirical approaches to psychoanalytic re- moneys to do such research. We also anticipate search in a number of areas including: the study that participants of the Research Training Program- The application (please keep to a maximum and measurement of psychotherapeutic process me will benefit from networking skills with con- of 6 pages) should take the format of: and outcome (John Clarkin, Joint Head of Faculty, sultants and collaborators for their future work. • a brief CV Enrico Jones and Manfred Beutel); investigations • details of your research interests of arousal and attentional processes in young The University has a number of other distinguished • details of your current research involvement children (Linda Mayes, Joint Head of Faculty); contributors to the field of psychoanalytic research developmental research (Robert Emde); investiga- including Peter Fonagy (outcome). It is hoped that Applications must reach us by 1st February tions of psychopathology (Stuart Hauser); adult visiting Faculty, together with the permanent Uni- 2002 Award 5th Annual International Founders Award of The Psychoanalytic Frances Tustin Memorial Prize Study of the Child The Psychoanalytic Center of California and The Frances Tustin Memorial Trust Sponsors of The International FRANCES TUSTIN MEMORIAL prize and lectureship Presented annually in honour of the three founders of The Psychoanalytic Study of the Proudly announce the recipient of the 5th Annual International Frances Tustin Memorial Prize is: Child, Anna Freud, Heinz Hartmann and Ernst Vincenzo Bonaminio, MD of Rome, Italy, Training and Supervising Analyst, Italian Psychoanalytic Kris. Sponsored by The Psychoanalytic Study Society for his outstanding paper: “The Child Who Had Fallen Into a Ravine: Psychological Catastrophe, of the Child and The Anna Freud Foundation. Primary Depression, Manic Defense and ‘Reparation in Respect of Mother’s Organized Defense Against Depression’” to be presented at The 5th Annual Frances Tustin Memorial Lectureship to be held in This award of $2,500 is presented annually to Los Angeles on Friday November 9, 2001 the author (or authors, jointly) of an original paper submitted for consideration for publication by The Board of Trustees also wish to announce a Call for Papers for 2002 The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. Preference is given to authors under fifty years of age. Papers should be submitted in English, psychoanalytic and clinically focused, and should extend and The first award will be made for a paper submit- expand Mrs. Tustin’s seminal contributions to the psychoanalytic understanding and treatment of autistic ted for Volume 57 of The Psychoanalytic Study of states in children and adults. The prize — including $1,000 in cash and public presentation in Los Angeles the Child to be released in November 2002. in November 2002 — will be awarded to the author of the winning paper, as judged by the Board of Trustees. Six copies of the paper, 20- 25 pages in length, in IJPA style format, should be postmarked by The paper will be judged on its relevance to the April 1, 2002 to: mission of The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. The Study of the Child has the goal of advancing Judith L. Mitrani, Ph.D., Chair the psychoanalytic understanding of children from Frances Tustin Memorial Trust 9735 Wilshire Blvd. Suite 422, Beverly Hills CA 90212, USA clinical, developmental, theoretical, and applied Fax 310/575-3617 or E-mail [email protected] research perspectives, including neurobiological and genetic contributions. with inquiries regarding prize submissions or membership in the Trust

Attention: Albert J. Solnit, Managing Editor In Stock From Jason Aronson, Publishers The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child Encounters with Autistic States: A Memorial Tribute to Frances Tustin 448 pages, $50: Yale Child Study Center Fax Orders Through Karnac Books +44 171-823-7743 P.O. Box 207900 Jason Aronson Direct Phone Orders (USA) 1-800-782-0015 New Haven, Connecticut 06520-7900 All Royalties Donated To The Frances Tustin Memorial Trust

40 WORLDWIDEPAGES in physiological and psychic growth’, and in love.

Bion 2002 Jorge Canestri, in his working group on ‘Changing The Bion 2002 Organizing Committee presents the Scientific Ideals and Idols in the History of Third International Conference Psychoanalysis’ , had also dealt with narcissism: Honouring the work of Wilfred R. Bion ‘At each level of development of the psychic ap- paratus’ it was possible to note ‘a narcissistic “mortgage”’, and therefore ‘the possibility of degradation of the Ego Ideal and the instalment Los Angeles, California Pre-Conference Forums of idols to which the Ego subjects itself.’ Within February 8-10, 2002 Thursday afternoon, February 7, 2002 psychoanalysis itself, he argued, ‘a “natural” predisposition to knowledge’ was constantly opposed by ‘a predisposition that is just as “natural” to consider belief as though it were 2 The planning committee visualizes a format A major portion of the discussion time will be knowledge’. which focuses on the practical, clinical applica- spent in these groups. There will also be several tions of Bion’s ideas. We plan to offer the oppor- seminars on special topics of interest to choose Otto Kernberg, in his working group on the tunity for the multi-levelled learning from expe- from. same topic, described typical processes from the rience, which a conference-long group process history of North American psychoanalysis and its can foster. Speakers and participants will include: The closing portion of the conference will be an institutes: a theoretician appropriated an aspect Donald Meltzer, Elizabeth Bianchedi, Johan opportunity for reflection on meaningful experien- of analytic theory not previously regarded as Norman, James Grotstein, and James Gooch. ces and insights that might be carried forward. central and elaborated its meaning (of the Ego They will also present clinical workshops on Please contact us if you have any questions. or narcissism, for example); when this aspect Thursday afternoon, February 7th. was given first place and deprived of its integra- Groups are also forming internationally. Contact tion in the corpus of psychoanalytic theory one On Friday, the program will open with current us if you are interested, and we will route you to had to do with idolisation, which (until the idolis- questions and considerations offered by some of the one nearest you. ing idealisation collapsed) led to the formation the leading thinkers of Bion’s work to stimulate If you have any additional questions, of sub-groups. the group discussions to follow. Each participant contact the committee at: will be invited to join a study group for the dura- Telephone: +1 310 312-0536 Freud himself had pointed to the difference tion of the conference to investigate, in the unique Fax: +1 310 312-0546 between the normal and the pathological Super- atmosphere of a small group, the application of email: [email protected] Ego. In this connection Franco di Masi (Italy) Website: http://www.bion2002.com Bion’s thinking to clinical work. emphasised the possibility of perversion of the moral conscience (Super-Ego) and the distortion of the ideals (Ego Ideal), which could lead to a ‘submission of the personality to a nucleus that Report: 2001 EPF Main Congress is super-egoistical, delinquent or psychotic in character’ and which demonstrated once again ‘Idols and Ideals. ‘the mysterious link between the Super-Ego and The Super-Ego and Ego Ideal in a World in Turmoil’ destructiveness’.3 With reference to Europe in the 20th century, Chasseguet-Smirgel also spoke 2001 Main Conference of the European (UK) at the University. In the course of the confer- of the ‘temptation to take short-cuts’; it led to ‘a Psychoanalytical Federation (EPF), in Madrid ence the four permanent working groups of the seizure of power by the Ideal, which opens the EPF (in the areas of psychoanalytic theory, floodgates to the drives. They then overwhelm all More than 500 participants from the European clinical questions, training, and overlap with obstacles, often in the form of a bloodbath, and member societies, and from Israel and Australia, other sciences and the public), which had been build the Ideal a motorway to the Heavenly which also belong to the EPF, as well as a number founded in 2000 after the EPF Council had agreed Jerusalem.’4 of guests from South America, came to Madrid to a concept proposed by the EPF’s new president, from 5 to 8 April 2001 to discuss this topic. The David Tuckett (UK), had a first opportunity to pre- In general it is becoming clear that European three main lectures (the texts of which can be sent their work in sessions open to all members. psychoanalysis - at least when it comes together seen on the EPF website, http://epf-eu.org), given on a European level - is still preoccupied with by Ron Britton (UK) on ‘Idolatry and Fundamental- On the last day Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel gave working through the destructive rejected ele- ism in Psychoanalytic Practice’, Antonino Ferro a summarising presentation of the topic, in- ments of the last century: the EPF Congress 2000 (Italy), ‘From the Tyranny of the Super-Ego to the corporating the discussions held in the course of in Berlin took ‘violence’ as its theme; one of the Democracy of Affects’ and Luis López-Peñalver the conference. She noted that all three main two main themes of the next Congress, from 4 to (Spain) on ‘Limit Pathologies and the Super-Ego’. speakers had identified ‘early maternal deficien- 7 April 2002 in Prague, is ‘The Theory of External cies [...] as being at the origin of disorders in the Reality and Its Use in Analytic Practice’ (see Each was followed by a plenary discussion with constitution of the Superego and of the Ideal’; http://epf-eu.org) - another formulation of the simultaneous translation, and then by single- these deficiencies ‘reinforced the infant’s feeling question of the relationship between ‘real language discussion groups in the three official of inadequacy as well as his cruelty, instead of trauma’ and ‘psychic trauma’. The topics of future languages of the EPF (French, German, English) and soothing his wound.’ However one might view congresses of the EPF, which are to take place Spanish. Then, in the afternoon, numerous work- this standpoint, ‘residual aspects of primary nar- annually and will be in Naples in 2003 and ing groups discussed the same topic. The sup- cissism’ undoubtedly existed ‘which have left a Helsinki in 2004, are still open, but are unlikely porting cultural and social programme - like the permanent stamp on the human psyche. This gives to be less disquieting and challenging. conference as a whole - had been carefully relevance to the Ego Ideal-Superego distinction Eike Wolff prepared by our Spanish colleagues and was and is helpful for understanding certain aspects 1 enthusiastically received. of individual and collective clinical experience’. 1 In Psychoanalysis in Europe (Bulletin of the EPF), Nevertheless, attention should be given not only No. 55 (2001) 2 Ibid. At the start of the conference the Madrid public to the defensive aspect (against fears of persecu- 3 Ibid. had been invited to a lecture by Peter Fonagy tion) of idealisation, but also to its ‘important role 4 Ibid.

41 WORLDWIDEPAGES

neuropsychoanalysis. The about scientific developments and projects of our - Europe - date will appear later on the and other societies, with some space devoted website. to interdisciplinary studies, book reviews and Autumn 2002: The EPF Council Meeting discussions. The format of the Journal, while will be held for the first time referring to the printed forms of publication, is in Oslo/Norway. intended to make use of the opportunities pro- vided by flexible and adjustable Internet formats. On our homepage the activities of the Society will be further presented and updated at The Journal is intended as a growing project which will develop along with new ideas, and in http//:www.psykoanalytisk.no/ response to input from the authors and feedback Hellenic from the readers. Psychoanalytical Society Australian Psychoanalytic Society SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES German Psychoanalytical Association The Australian Psychoanalytical Society Annual (DPV) February 8-9, 2002 Conference Conference in October 2001 had the theme with A. Honneth ‘Working with Psychotic Processes’. On recognition In autumn last year the Ninth Symposium of the West-East Commission took place in the March 22-23, 2002 2. Symposium An Open Day section of the conference, with on Sexuality, Culture and Burg-Klinik at Stadtlengsfeld. invited guests, looked at this issue in the context Since 1993 colleagues from East and West Identifications of public mental health, and presentations con- Invited speakers: Germany have been meeting regularly to reflect sidered the contribution of psychoanalytic think- on the process of transformation in East Germany M. Cournut, E. Person, ing in this area. The guest speaker was John M. Parsons, E. Enriquez and German reunification from a psychoanaly- Gleeson, who works with the Early Psychosis tical perspective. In the first years the dialogue November 2002 3. Symposium Prevention and Intervention Centre (EPPIC) in on Borderline Pathology was primarily about clinical subjects, but for Melbourne, Australia. The Open Day section of some years political and historical questions have Invited speakers to be the conference was held in conjunction with announced. also been included. the Sydney Institute to mark the occasion of its This year 60 colleagues from East and West 50th anniversary. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES Germany met to discuss the topic: ‘Political IN THE COMMUNITY Biographies in the GDR. Attempts at a The three institutes continue their scientific Psychoanalytical Reconciliation’. The conferences activity. Members of the Adelaide Institute have at Stadtlengsfeld, together with supervision 1. Introductory seminars on ‘Psychodynamic continued to meet in clinical groups. Members of Theory and Practice’ are given, for the third groups held by a number of colleagues from the Sydney Institute for Psychoanalysis parti- the DPV in Leipzig, Greifswald, Halle and Jena, consecutive year, by members and candidates cipate in monthly Scientific Meetings addressing of HPS for the psychiatrists in training of the are an important part of the activities of the matters of clinical and theoretical interest as DPV’s West-East Commission. Evangelismos General Hospital and the Patras well as general issues relating to the practice University Department of Psychiatry. Up to now, five of our East German colleagues of psychoanalysis. Special Interest/Study Groups have gained the status of extraordinary members also meet regularly to explore and develop under- of the DPV, and in Leipzig the first preparations 2. Invitation. Members and candidates of the standing in particular areas. HPS are regularly invited to teach on various will be made for setting up a DPV working group. In this context it gives us particular psychoanalytic issues in the Psychiatric Depart- A three term Outreach Program of lectures is ment of the University of Athens; the Departments pleasure that the DPV’s Spring Conference in offered to the community as part of ongoing 2002 will take place in East Germany for the of Psychology in Pantios and Athens Universities; education and to help forge our links with asso- the General Airforce Hospital; in Pediatric and first time. ciated professional disciplines. Term topics in- Colleagues from Leipzig and Jena form the Obstetric Clinics; in the Centre for Mental Health, clude Infancy, Intuition and Countertransferen- as well as in various organisations and institu- programme committee, together with the Kassel ce. The Inaugural Public Lecture on the theme Institute of the DPV. tions. of Psychoanalysis and Culture was given in November 2001. 3. Debates. Members of our society are invited to The topic of the DPV’s 2001 Autumn Conference contribute to public debates concerning communi- was ‘Symptom - Conflict - Structure. An Old The Melbourne Institute ran a well-attended Debate Revisited: Psychoanalysis As a Method of ty life and activities; to cultural events organized series of public lectures given by Neville by theatre companies, etc. University departments Treatment in the Tension-Field between Disorder Symington, held over two weekends, entitled ‘The Specificity and the Sick Individual.’ ask for our collaboration in their educational pro- Spirit of Sanity and Pattern of Madness’. Prof. grams. Horst Kächele from Ulm University in Germany In Tübingen Lore Schacht held the second also gave a public lecture entitled ‘Are there 4. EPF working parties. Members of HPS are Wolfgang Loch Memorial Lecture; she spoke about “pillars of wisdom” for psychoanalytic therapy?’. ‘The capacity to be surprised’. actively involved in EPF Working Parties on Theory, A number of public seminars have been offered, Clinical Issues, Education, and Interface, and will by both local and interstate members. present their work at the EPF Congress in Prague On 8 and 9 March 2002, members of the DPG (4-7 April 2002). and the DPV will meet for the first time for a joint The Australian Psychoanalytical Society clinical conference in Fulda. We are expecting has a psychoanalytical journal online 60 participants (30 DPV and 30 DPG). Inge Wise Norwegian - Psychoanalysis Downunder - (London) and Federico Flegenheimer (Turin) have Psychoanalytic Society at the address: been invited as supervisors. http://www.psychoanalysisdownunder.com In the autumn of 2001 and throughout 2002 our Calendar: Society will keep up with locally based scientific meetings and our organisational development. Our journal offers open, free access to full text 08.03.-09.03.2002 DPG/DPV Among the more outstanding activities in 2002 are articles online. These are quality psychoanalytic Clinical Seminar, Fulda the following: papers on theoretical, clinical, research and “applied” topics. It will provide a room for dis- 05.05.2002 10th Karl Abraham Spring 2002: Iréne Matthis will talk on semination of information about psychoanalysis, Lecture, Berlin 42 ‘ seminars thechallengingquestionofso-called on groupsandgrouppsychology. Atoneofthe psychoanalytical perspective. seminars, andmanyofthemturninto versity andotherlaypeopleappreciatethe A lotofyoungpeoplefromhighschoolanduni- which makesitpossibletohaveverylowfees. operation withapublicserviceorganization subjects. Theseseminarsarearrangedinco- and upbringingofchildren,tomentionafew psychic development:gender, eatingdisorders about psychoanalysisanddifferentaspectsof ties havecontinuedduring2001,withseminars Swedish PsychoanalyticalSocietyoutreachactivi- Psychoanalytical Society Swedish Congress August 1-4,2002 Jokipaltio, andallherwork. to honourourfirstchildanalyst,Leena-Maija founded toadvancechildanalysisinFinlandand The Leena-MaijaJokipaltiofoundationwas intimacy ofthesmallgroups. cessful duetothefocusonclinicalmaterialand tries and20societies.Theseminarwasverysuc- by 37associatemembersfrom17Europeancoun- Associate Members`Seminar, whichwasattended In June2001theSocietyhosted19thEPF Psychoanalytical Society Finnish DPVAutumnConference 20.11.-23.11.2002 DPVSpringConference: 08.05.-11.05. 2002 Scientifically, weheldmonthlymeetings ofour period hasdeveloped inourcountry. tioning, whilein the backgroundaverydifficult activity, accompaniedbywondering andques- together withenhancementoforganizational A yearofquantitativeexpansion haspassed, Psychoanalytic Society Israel Nordic congressinUleaaborgJuly2002. Several membersarepreparingpapersforthe July 2002 sionals inpsychotherapyandpsychiatry. This seminarwillbereachingouttoprofes- ...we arrangeaone-dayseminaronWinnicott. In February2002 ( ...we planfourseminars:oneintroductory For spring2002 ‘ burnt out What isPsychoanalysis? ’ syndromesisdiscussedfroma Bad Homburg 18th ScandinavianCongress The Societywillhostthe Integration Transcendence and ‘ 10719 Berlin Fasanenstrasse 23, Literaturhaus, Meanings (Structures) Installation ofDominant History oftheCritical The Mechanismforthe ‘ Hermann Beland: Psychoanalytic Institute: Division, Boundary- Self-determination. ’ ) andthenaseminar ’ , Leipzig ‘ regulars ’ . ’ . , Adrienne Poli. Betty Denzler, AlainFine,ChristineLamothe, trauma inthecure 90.1.520 Congressof Psychoana- 09.05.-12.05.2002 Colloquiumofthe 09. 02.2002 StandingSeminaron 26.-27. 01.2002 Speaking Socities French- of dedicated -aftermanydebatestothesubject The annualgatheringoftheorganizationwas external tothetreatmentroom. some theoreticalterms,andpsychoanalysis tions itraises,metapsychologicalthoughtson various aspectsofthetreatmentsession,ques- sented interestingprojects.Thesedealtwiththe members andcandidates,wherepre- year toeveryone. planning andwithwishesforagoodhappy new year, dealingnow withitsprofessional We hopeandprayforaquietersecure thank allourguestlecturers. closed theyear, andwe takethisopportunityto Guest lecturerNevilleSymington(Australia) Ribas. Haber, MauriceHaber. From theS.P.P.: Denys Marie-France Dispaux, JacquelineGodfrind- presented. FromtheS.B.P:Nicole Carels, of PsychicTransformation. Israeli presentreality analytical Societies.Provisionaltheme: Hellenic, Italian,PortugueseandSwiss Psycho- Madrid Associations,andtheCanadian, Spanish, Psychoanalytical Association,the Italianand lytical Society, withtheparticipationofFrench Psychoanalytical SocietyandtheParisPsychoana- 9 to12May2002.OrganisedbytheBelgian French LanguagewillbeheldinBrusselsfrom The 62ndCongressofPsychoanalyststhe the Parisregion.Theme: former candidatesofInstituteslivinginParisand Component societies,andtocandidates 2002. OpentoFrench-speakingmembersofIPA analysis willtakeplaceinParis,26and27January The 44thFrenchLanguageSeminaronPsycho- their lectureswere seminars andclinicaltraining.Thesubjectsof holding averysuccessfulweekoflectures, Irma BrenmanPickandEric(UK),in We alsosucceeded,withthebravehelpof the ongoingworkwithinternalworld. mutual externalrealityforpatient,therapist,and dealt withthecomplexconnectionsbetween ‘ Uncertainty ‘ Thoughts andpsychoanalyticworkinthe ’ . . Speakers:Jean-LouisBaldacci, ‘ Pain, loss,andrecovery ’ Language lysts oftheFrench Training Pragier G Scientific Secretaries: Jacques Miedzyrzecki. Paul Denis,AlainFerrant, Organisers: PatrickDeclerck, 13.30 to18.30,Paris Saturday 9February2002, Theme: Meeting withtheauthors. Miedzyrzecki Couvreur andJacques Organisers: Catherine analyse: Fran . Thelecturesanddebates é rard BayleandGeorges ç Development ofearly aise dePsych- Two paperswillbe Families ofToday The Work Revue ’ and Jhuma Basak,SmitaGouthi Elisabeth Bruhn-Thomsen,MargitGr Renlund, EijaRepo,Desir Asko Hietala,EevaKarttunen,NoraKuusi,Camilla Emilia Degenius. Waldhausen-Lienert, AngelikaZoubek-Windaus; Wolfgang Schwerd,MarlisSill,Marie-Luise Christoph Lohmeier-Zenz, ReinhardOtte,JohannesPicht, Wilfried Bieniek,PeterHamann,AngelaHanke, Sheena Pollet,HannahSolemani,JessicaYakeley; Ruth Lauritsen,ReidarArnmannNilsen; Gabriella Spano Emanuela Rusconi,GiuseppeSabucco,Sarao Riemer, MariaChiaraRisoldi,AlbertoRomitti, Marisa SilvanaPola,MarioPriori,CarmenDesiree Francesca Neri,Tommaso Parisi,AndreaPasqui, Isabella Grande,RobertaGuarnieri,DonatellaGuidi, Chiara DiGuilio,GuglielminaFallini,MirellaGaleota, Paolo Cruciani,PaolaDall Calasso, CinziaCarnevali,PaolaCatarci,Chiari, Letizia Barbieri,RobertoBasile,LoredanaBetti,Elena Lilia Baglioni,BenvenutoAndreaBaldassarro, Christina Schina,ChristosZervis Dimitris JamesJackson,SpyrosMitrossilis BRITISH BELGIAN Vlasta Rudan; MEMBERS DIRECT GERMAN DANISH since 01.01.2001-31.08.2001 IPA Memberswhohavejoined SWEDISH SPANISH PARIS NORWEGIAN ITALIAN ISRAEL INDIAN HELLENIC FINNISH Vassilis Kapsembelis,Cmarie-Th B Fran Chauvet, EmmanuelleChervet,MartineClouin, Alfre Beyer, AnneBruno,RoselinedeCarmoy, Evelyne B. Faoro-Kreit; Rosa M.Roca; Cayetano Garcia-Castrillon,MontserratPol, Segal, DanaTorem; Hayuta Gurevitch,SaraMoses,SaritaRingel,Yael Massimo Vigna Taglianti; Wendling; Slomska-Schmitt, CatherineTernynck, Genevi Rey, Nadia Rols-Philonenko,JeanneSee,Marzena Danielle Pfihl,AlethPrudent-Bayle,Alain Raix,Laurent Marie-Pierre Minel,IsabelleNavarro-Ginet,SylviePerez, Fabienne deLanlay, JacquesLucchini,BrigitteMasseau, Ulla H Marie-Ange Wagtmann; é SINCE 01.01.2001-31.08.2001 atrice Ithier, CatherineJaconelli,Fran Marie-Jos ç oise Cribier, EvelyneDupuy, Jacques Durand, Janine Cophignon,ElianeGyment-Chambon, ä SWEDISH SPANISH Jean-Louis Richardeau,BernardSchmitz; gerlof, Gudrun PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY PARIS PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY PSYCHO-ANALYTICAL SOCIETY PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY PSYCHOANALYTICAL ASSOCIATION PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY Pierre Jorda,JeanOchonisky, WHO HAVE LEFT è PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY phe Basselier, Jean-PierreBouhour, IPA MEMBERS ’ PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY , AnnaTombolani, AlessandroVassalli, PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY Merc Birgit Angel. Ö nfjord,Friederike Unger, è é ’ Mitjavila; ora, CosimaDeGiorgi, e Schalin-Sommardal; é WORLD r è se Khair-Badawi, ø nne J ç ois Kamel, WIDE ø rgensen, è ve PAGES ’ ,

ROSTER CORRECTION: Dr Siobhan O’Connor, an Associate Member of the British Society, should also have been listed as a Member of the Northern Ireland Study Group. 43 WORLDWIDEPAGES

Sr. A. Liniado: - Latin America - For the best work on Psychoanalysis and IPA members who have joined Psychotherapy of the third age. since 01.01. - 31.08.2001 Dr. A. Aberastury: For the best work on Psychoanalysis with Children ARGENTINE and Adolescents. PSYCHOANALYTIC ASSOCIATION Ethel Agra, Daniel Omar Antar, Dr. L. Storni: Leda Cristina Avellaneda, For the best work on Psychoanalytical Theory. Beatriz Bermúdez de Barenbaum, Ana María del Pilar Bidondo, Christina Bruno de Grubissich, Mexican APdeBA Ana Graciela Bustamante de Locatelli, Psychoanalytic Association María Teresa Calabrese, Amelia Alicia Calvo, Claudio César Finkelsztein, Gabriel Horacio Finquelievich, April 26/27 2002: ‘Melanie Klein María Lucila Gamarra, Carmen Soledad García, 16 February 2002 Scientific Session in Buenos Aires. Virginia Hadad, Mónica E. Hamra de Dibner, Theme: “Psychoanalysis and Development and Miriam Horvitz, María Inés Huberman, Neurosciences” Controversies’. Ruth Ini de Mochulske, Silvia Graciela Jadur, Coordinator: Miguel María A. Logiovine de Isaak, Mirta Marengo, Kolteniuk Krauze, Awards: Estela Soledad Martínez, Presenters: Griselda García Claudia Marcela Pesajovich de Erlich, Teruel, Bruno Estañol, Juan Adriana Pitchon, Eduardo Russo, Entries will be accepted until September Sofía Singer, Leonor A. Urriza de Schijman, Vives Rocabert and Eduardo 30th to opt for the following awards. Ongay Moguel. Angélica Widmann de Armesto; Prof. E. Evelson: ARGENTINE Auditorium of the For the best work on Psychoanalysis with Children SOCIETY OF PSYCHOANALYSIS Mexican Psychoanalytic Association and Adolescents. (SAP) (PROVISIONAL) Adela Leibovich de Duarte; Tel. 5596-0009 Fax. 5596-7427 Dr. D. Liberman: Email: For the best theoretical, clinical and/or technique BRAZILIAN [email protected] work on the activity of Centro Liberman. PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY OF RIO DE JANEIRO Janete Bandarovsky, Ceci Constant Lohmann, Chilean Macelo Pauka Loyola Netto, ARGENTINA Marisa Helena Leite Monteiro, Psychoanalytical Association Maria Helena Rego Junqueira, Margareth Rose Capillé Waddington Binder; May 24-26 2002: IV Argentine Congress January 20: VIII One-day Meeting of Psychoanalysis. of the Ch.P.A BRAZILIAN Organized by APA, APdeBA, PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY A number of colleagues of this society teach in the OF SÃO PAULO SAP, SPC, SPM, and SPR. Andrés Bello Unniversity. Elias Adballa Filho, Maria Auxiliadora Borges, Rosario, Argentina Paulina Cymrot, Milton Della Nina, Ana Maria Queiroz Guimarães Protti, Uruguayan Isac Germano Karniol, Marta Úrsula Lambrecht, APA Psychoanalytic Association Sancha Maria Benvindo Lopes, Géo Marques Filho, Maria Cristina Pacheco Domingues Pinto, Eliana Rache, Gualter José Sardinha da Silva, May 10-12 2002: II Congress Sonia Knopf da Silva, Daniela Sitzer, February 2 and 3: III Meeting APA-SPI of Psychonalysis: ‘The Body ‘The Frame’ Ana Maria Stucchi Vannuchi, in Psychoanalysis’. José Carlos Veras di Migueli, Firenze, Italy Dialogues between Sonia Guimarães Wetzel, Ester Woiler; Biology and Culture. February 9 and 10: II Meeting APA-SPP BUENOS AIRES ‘The Frame’ PSYCHOANALYTIC ASSOCIATION Paris, France Luisa Busch de Ahumada, Nora David; IPA MEMBERS WHO LEFT September 20: IX One-day Meeting SINCE 01.01.2001 - 31.08.2001 CHILEAN PSYCHOANALYTIC ASSOCIATION on Psychoanalysis and Patricio Peñailillo, Henry Pollak; Community ARGENTINE PSYCHOANALYTIC ASSOCIATION ‘Social Suffering and Luis Eduardo Cavallo, Verónica Ciruzzi, MADRID Mental Health’ Alfredo Horacio Feijoo, Carmen Garcia Rossi, PSYCHOANALYTICAL ASSOCIATION Buenos Aires, Argentina Fernando E. Grieco, Susana Hammer, Elisa B. Herrera, Martina Burdet Dombald, Carmen Prendes, Edgardo Pascual Larreategui, Graciela E. Longoni de Perera, Margarita Sanchez Durá; December 10: LX Anniversary of APA. Juan M. López Rosende, Beatriz Morguen, PERÚ Azaduhi Libertad Telecemian de Anger; PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY BRAZILIAN Adolfo de la Cuba Restani; Awards: PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY OF RIO DE JANEIRO VON RIO DE JANEIRO RIO III Entries will be accepted until October 30, to Sergio Bourbon Cabral, PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDY GROUP opt for the following awards. Tania Ismael de Oliveira Curi Hallal, Marisa Helena Leite Monteiro; Luiz Fernando Mesquita, Eloisa Adler Scharfstein; URUGUAYAN Dr J. Bleger: CHILEAN PSYCHOANALYTIC ASSOCIATION For the best work on applications of psychoana- PSYCHOANALYTIC ASSOCIATION Nancy Delprestitto, Abel Fernandez, lysis from the pedagogical and institutional point Isolda Armijo, Arturo Rioseco, Elena Urzúa. Euridice de Mello de Ganón, Diego Ribeiro, of view. Margarita Ungo de Brandino, Mónica Vázquez.

44 WORLDWIDEPAGES

Annihilating Anxiety as a Active Members - North America - Basic Danger’ 2) Extension of Voting Privileges to Affiliate Members and For further information contact: Isaac Tylim 3) Procedures for Amending Bylaws. (e-mail) [email protected] These Bylaws changes will become effective In December.

PRICE: The New York Psychiatric Association and the APsaA have been active opposing a bill for licen- IPTAR’s Clinician of the Year 2001 sing Psychoanalysis that is sponsored by an orga- Canadian was James Herzog. Dr. Herzog’s nization with very different standards from both Psychoanalytic Society presentation topic was ‘Father the American and the IPA. Hunger: Clinical and Developmental The new President of the CPS is Arthur Leonoff. Aspects’ Sandy Abend is the Chair of the JAPA Editor David Iseman is President Elect, and Hélène Selection Committee, which also includes Drs. David is the new Treasurer. David Schaffelburg Judy Chused, Newell Fischer, Peter Loewenberg, will continue as Secretary for a second two-year Bob Michels, Phyllis Tyson and Jerry Winer. term. LAISPS Prudy Leib, Bob Wallerstein and Ellen Fertig are (Los Angeles Institute and Society for consultants. June 2002 The Annual Scientific Psychoanalytic Studies) Meeting will take place in It will be difficult to find a new editor with the Vancouver the first weekend LAISPS is a co-sponsor of the UCLA Neuro- interest, experience or energy to take on the of June, 2002. The keynote psychiatric Institute conference series on the multiplicity of roles that have been performed speaker will be Salman psychodynamics of early life. by Arnold Richards. The deadline for the nomina- Ahktar. The title of his tion of candidates is December 2001. address is ‘Things: Develop- For information please contact: mental, Clinical and Techni- James Grotstein at cal Aspects of the Inanimate (e-mail) [email protected] World’. There will also be a COWAP panel titled ‘Disruptions: Committee on Women and Psychoanalysis Origins, Manifestations and NYFS Technical Handling’. (New York Freudian Society) Two open conferences on Sexuality and Gender Stockholm, 30 August - 2 September 2002: For information contact: The winner of this years annual Plumsock Prize David Schaffelberg at for papers written by a candidate or recent 30-31 August: Conference (e-mail) [email protected] graduate on psychoanalytic issues is Geoff Committee on Women and Goodman, a candidate. Psychoanalysis (COWAP) is The CPS sadly announces the death of Ronald The title of his paper is: ‘Mothers’ holding a conference on Aldous, Hans Aufreiter, J.B. Boulangier and Object Representations and Internal SEXUALITY AND GENDER Peter Thomson. Working Models of their Children: with Jessica Benjamin Experts on Each Construct Agree on Colette Chiland their Conceptual Equivalence’. Julia Kristeva The Independent Societies Joyce McDougall of the U.S. (IPS) Juliet Mitchell PCC Toril Moi The IPS have accepted the Northwestern (Psychoanalytic Center of California) Psychoanalytic Society IPA Study Group of Seattle, COWAP was established by the International Washington, as an Affiliate Society. PCC has put in place a one-year intensive Psychoanalytic Association in 1998 to provide a program in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. This is framework for the exploration of scientific, clinical The new President of IPS is Steven Ellman, and an advanced training course conducted from an and political topics related to women and psycho- James Gooch is Secretary. object relations perspective. Classes begin in analysis. September of each year. The conference will discuss IPS is the organizational body for the four SEX AND GENDER ISSUES RELATED TO independent societies below. For information please contact: FEMININITY AND MASCULINITY (e-mail) [email protected]

IPTAR PCC is a co-sponsor of the UCLA Neuropsychiatric 1-2 September: Congress (Institute for Psychoanalytic Training and Institute Series on the psychodynamics of early The Neuro-Psychoanalysis Research) life. (Please see LAISPS above.) Institute is organising a congress for IPTAR announces a new three year Program in Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy. Classes American THE INTERNATIONAL NEURO-PSYCHOANALYSIS began in autumn 2001. Psychoanalytic Association SOCIETY on NEUROSCIENTIFIC AND PSYCHO- ANALYTIC PERSPECTIVES ON SEXUALITY AND March 15, 2002: The Doris Bernstein In August the Results of the Bylaws Amendments GENDER Memorial Lecture: vote were announced. All of the proposed changes with Jacob A. Arlow (New York Psychoanalytic Carolyn Ellman will present passed by a margin greater than two-thirds of the Institute) Robert Hale, Portman Clinic (London), ‘Shame, Envy and Women’ votes cast. However, it is of note that of a total of Eleanor Galenson (co-author: `Infantile Origins of 1521 ballots mailed only 642 were returned. Sexual Identity’), Richard Green, Gender Identi- April 26, 2002: The Ed Weil Memorial ty Clinic, Charing Cross Hospital (London), Lecture: Marvin Hurvich The changes involved Jaak Panksepp (author: ‘Affective Neuroscience’), will present ‘The Case for 1) Extension of Voting and Office Privileges to All Donald Pfaff (author: ‘Drive’), Lesley Rogers 45 WORLDWIDEPAGES

IPA members who have joined IPA Members since 01.01. - 31.08.2001 who have left since - North America - 01.01.2001 - 31.08.2001 AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYTIC ASSOCIATION (APsaA) Sharon Alperovitz, Jaime Arbona, Jill Armbrust, Jonathan R. Aronoff, A. David Axelrad, AMERICAN Grace Caroline Barron, Lynda Marlene Bartlett, PSYCHOANALYTIC Marceil D. Bauman-Bork, Brenda Berger, ASSOCIATION (APsaA) Neil Barry Brast, Shirley Summa Brazda, Rachel S. Bulbulian, Adela Cammarota, Steven L. Abrams, James W. Barron, Elizabeth A. Carlin, Margarita Cereijido, Gene Bauman, Ann C. Birk, Bayard Clarkson, Joan B. Cooper, Joshua Ehrlich, Frank E. Bishop, Stephanie Brandt, Steven Feldman, Miriam Field, Christine Fischetti, (author: ‘Sexing the Brain’), Stephen J. Suomi, Richard Brockman, Christopher B. Bullock, Mary Lou Fitzgerald, Denise Fort, Katherine B. Frantz, Lauralyn Gates Fredrickson, Charles V. Giannasio, Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, NIH. Charlene H. Burn, Marie R. Donnelly, Michael Franzblau, Robert L. Friend, Nancy Ginsburg, Gail Glenn, Lisa M. Goldfarb, Peter L. Goldberg, Roberta B. Gonzalez, Barbara S. Gray, Cheryl L. Griffin, Michael Grover, The conference will attempt to reconcile psycho- James L. Hart, Mardi J. Horowitz, Mary Susan Hansen, Dennis Haseley, Pamela Hawkins, analytic theories with modern neuroscientific Barry N. Jones, Daniel Josephthal, Elizabeth Horwitz, Judith M. Hughes, Madeleine K. findings on the following subjects: homosexuali- Robert W. Keller, Daniel J. Kirsch, Jacobson, Beverly P. Keefer, ty, infantile sexuality, masculinity and femininity, Ralph M. Klopper, Ronnie Sue Leith, Timothy P. Kochems, Stephen K. Kwass, Richard C. maternal attachment, paedophilia, the sexual Melvin Lewis, Malcolm Noell McLeod, Lacy, Claudia Law-Greenberg, Carolyn R. Leavitt, drive. Fred Mittleman, Charles A. Murkofsky, Ze’ev Levin, Daniella Lukashok, Judith Lusic, John M. Nardo, Sharon H. Nathan, Ann Maloney,Jack A. Miller, Kathleen Moore, A. Michele Morgan, Charles R. Morgan, There will be small discussion groups as well as Thomas H. Picard, Thomas E. Preston, Norman Neal Ralske, Robert. L. Ross, Joanne Naegele, Barbara Nordhaus, John C. Olson, plenary sessions. Candidates will receive discoun- James H. Ryan, Ernest H. Schreiber, Joan F. Poll, David Pollens, Douglas S. Pool, ted rates. Robert F. Schreiber, Seana Hirschfeld Shaw, Patricia A. Potter, Neil J. Rosen, Margaret Rubin, Lawrence A. Stone, Barbara Joyce Wolfe, Ann Sartori, Ronna B. Schuller, Anna R. Schwartz, E. Victor Wolfenstein; Steven I. Shapiro, Barbara I. Sharp, Nancy Sherman, Further information about these conferences Daphne Simeon, Elizabeth M. Simpson, Andrew I. Smolar, William Solodow, Neal Spira, (and the International Neuro-Psychoanalysis CANADIAN Neil Talkoff, Rita Teusch, Lena Theodorou Ehrlich, Society) can be obtained from: PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY Carol G. Thompson, Andrew Aaron Trauben, Peter B. Turek, Sue von Baeyer, Michael S. Wagner, Tina Goodin; Paula Barkay Christopher J. Wallis, Robert L. Welker, The Anna Freud Centre, Sharen Westin; 21 Maresfield Gardens, London NW3 5SD, CANADIAN PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY England. PSYCHOANALYTIC CENTER OF Élie Battat, Raymond Blanchet, CALIFORNIA (PCC) Marie-Josée Brouillettte, François Daoust, Tel. +44 (0) 20 7794 2313; Cinda Dyer, Elaine Liverman, Meeda Mashal, Robert Caper. fax +44 (0) 20 7794 6506 Helen Walter,Frances Wilt; NEW YORK FREUDIAN SOCIETY email: [email protected] Batya R. Monder, Judith Setton-Markus.

The First IPA Conference on ‘Psychoanalysis and the University’

For the first time in its history, the IPA and Israel. All of them, in one way or another, ever, a sizable portion of the analytic community sponsored a conference on psychoanalysis were working in an academic setting. has come to believe that continued separa- and the university. The venue for the meeting, tion from the university - and the broader intellec- held over the weekend of April 1st, was ‘Case reports’, where representatives offered tual community - is increasingly counterproduc- Columbia University’s conference centre, the presentations on the development of psychoana- tive. Arden House. Cláudio Eizirik and Robert lytic studies at their universities, made up a major Michels, respectively Chair and North component of the conference. They included But while there was unanimity on the fact that American Co-Chair of the IPA Committee on reports on Columbia, Emory, The New York School, psychoanalysis has to build stronger ties to the Psychoanalysis and Society, led the process. UCLA, the University of Chicago and Yale. The academy, there was considerable controversy experiences ranged from impressive successes about how this process should occur. The dis- They worked in conjunction with representatives (at Emory and UCLA) to disappointing failures agreements were apparent in the three diverse of six IPA co-sponsors. Robert Glick (The Columbia (the New York School). Reports were also offered and lively plenary talks. In the first, Sander University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and about developments in England, Israel and South Gilman presented an admittedly provocative paper. Research), Robert Paul (Emory University), Alan America. Arguing that the interpretative disciplines are the Bass (The Institute for Psychoanalytic Training ‘natural home’ of psychoanalysis, he maintained and Research), Gail Reed (The New York Freudian Without question, the most noteworthy aspect of that a subsidized program ought to be develop- Society), Aaron Esman (The New York Psycho- the conference was that it happened at all. Freud ed where a graduate student/candidate could analytic Institute) and Laurie Wilson (The New and his early colleagues felt that their fledgling simultaneously receive a doctorate in the huma- York University Psychoanalytic Institute). and controversial discipline should be developed nities and training in clinical psychoanalysis. in the insulated environment of freestanding Perhaps because of the ideas’ very impracticality, The approximately ninety participants in the institutes rather than in the academy, which it served to stimulate discussions in the small conference included analysts and non-analysts they viewed sceptically as a possible source of groups that were another component of the con- from the States, the UK, Latin America, Europe misunderstanding and censorship. Today, how- ference. 46 WORLDWIDEPAGES

In contrast to Gilman’s emphasis on the human- ities, Peter Fonagy argued that if psychoanalysis © O. Townsend Dann, M did not want to condemn itself to a purely marginal .D. status, it had to conform to the established standards of scientific research in the university. Fonagy’s presentation also provoked animated exchanges, for it raised the controversial question of psychoanalysis’ relation to the prevailing standards of scientificality.

In his plenary address, Robert Paul offered some criticisms of Fonagy’s position. While he agreed that psychoanalysis ought to adopt the research procedures of the university, he argued that Fonagy was using too narrow a concept of re- search, namely, the one found in medical schools. Paul maintained that many forms of legitimate research exist in the university and that psycho- analysis ought to avail itself of them all.

But Paul also made a broader point, which represented the consensus of the participants. The conference indicated that a ‘critical mass’ of people working in psychoanalysis and the uni- versity had formed, and had begun to coordinate their work. He expressed hope that this marked the beginning of a ‘sea change’ in psychoanalysis. Joel Whitebook

Couch photographs wanted Student exchange You will have noticed that the cartoon couches have been replaced by real couches. German IPA colleague wishes mutual student exchange for his 16 year old son for school-year The Editor would be pleased to receive coloured photographs (at least 10x15 cm) of the couch area or the 2002-2003 and possible return visit the following entire consulting room from any member who would like to have it published in a future issue of the year, preferably U.S.A. Please contact: Newsletter. Members who send in a photograph should indicate whether they would like their name to appear with [email protected] the photo or not. Please send your photo to the Editor’s address (see ...Notes for conributor...).

2. Deadlines 3. Methods 4. Addresses 5. Exceptions Notes ...of submission. ...for contributions. The two annual issues Contributions must be All contributions have to be Contributions from for of the Newsletter have submitted to both addresses sent to Component Societies which contributors deadlines for the submission listed under 4. below — (a) The Editor are part of the news and of contributions which must — either of the Newsletter calendar of events section to the be strictly adhered to. Dr. Alex Holder should, in the first place, (a) as an Körnerstr. 17 be sent to one of the three IPA Failure to do so may mean e-mail attachment 22301 Hamburg Regional Editors. that the contribution will Germany Newsletter have to be held over until or E-mail: the following issue or have [email protected] to be scrapped altogether. (b) on a diskette in RTF format (b) Ms Janice Ahmed The deadlines for (Richtext format) International 1. Languages submission of contri- Psychoanalytical butions are as follows: (c) In addition, a print-out Association Contributions can be of the contribution has “Broomhills“, submitted in any of the 31 January to be sent to both Woodside Lane four working languages for the first issue addresses given below London N12 8UD of the IPA, i.e. English, under 4.. England French, German or 31 August E-mail: Spanish. for the second issue [email protected]

Editor: Alex Holder IPA: Janice Ahmed Körnerstraße 17, 22301 Hamburg, Germany “Broomhills“ Woodside Lane, London N12 8UD, U.K. Fax: + 49 40 410 5687 Fax: + 44 (0) 20 8445 4729 The IPA Website: http://www.ipa.org.uk 47 Ernest Jones