APPLICATION FORM Release with Controls

To obtain approval to release new organisms with controls (Through importing for release or releasing from containment)

Send to Environmental Protection Authority preferably by email ([email protected]) or alternatively by post (Private Bag 63002, Wellington 6140) Payment must accompany final application; see our fees and charges schedule for details.

Application Number

Date

www.epa.govt.nz 2

Application Form Approval to release a new organism with controls

Completing this application form

1. This form has been approved under section 38A of the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms (HSNO) Act 1996. It only covers conditional release/release with controls of any new organism (including genetically modified organisms (GMOs)) that is to be imported for release or released from containment. If you wish to make an application for another type of approval or for another use (such as an emergency, special emergency, release without control or containment), a different form will have to be used. All forms are available on our website. 2. It is recommended that you contact an Advisor at the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) as early in the application process as possible. An Advisor can assist you with any questions you have during the preparation of your application including providing advice on any consultation requirements. 3. Unless otherwise indicated, all sections of this form must be completed for the application to be formally received and assessed. If a section is not relevant to your application, please provide a comprehensive explanation why this does not apply. If you choose not to provide the specific information, you will need to apply for a waiver under section 59(3)(a)(ii) of the HSNO Act. This can be done by completing the section on the last page of this form. 4. Any extra material that does not fit in the application form must be clearly labelled, cross- referenced, and included with the application form when it is submitted. 5. Please add extra rows/tables where needed. 6. You must sign the final form (the EPA will accept electronically signed forms) and pay the application fee (including GST) unless you are already an approved EPA customer. To be recognised by the EPA as an “approved customer”, you must have submitted more than one application per month over the preceding six months, and have no history of delay in making payments, at the time of presenting an application. 7. Information about application fees is available on the EPA website. 8. All application communications from the EPA will be provided electronically, unless you specifically request otherwise. Commercially sensitive information

9. Commercially sensitive information must be included in an appendix to this form and be identified as confidential. If you consider any information to be commercially sensitive, please show this in the relevant section of this form and cross reference to where that information is located in the confidential appendix. 10. Any information you supply to the EPA prior to formal lodgement of your application will not be publicly released. Following formal lodgement of your application any information in the body of this application form and any non-confidential appendices will become publicly available. 11. Once you have formally lodged your application with the EPA, any information you have supplied to the EPA about your application is subject to the Official Information Act 1982 (OIA). If a request

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is made for the release of information that you consider to be confidential, your view will be considered in a manner consistent with the OIA and with section 57 of the HSNO Act. You may be required to provide further justification for your claim of confidentiality. Definitions

Restricting an organism or substance to a secure location or facility to prevent Containment escape. In respect to genetically modified organisms, this includes field testing and large scale fermentation

Any obligation or restrictions imposed on any new organism, or any person in relation to any new organism, by the HSNO Act or any other Act or any Controls regulations, rules, codes, or other documents made in accordance with the provisions of the HSNO Act or any other Act for the purposes of controlling the adverse effects of that organism on people or the environment Any organism in which any of the genes or other genetic material: • Have been modified by in vitro techniques, or Genetically Modified • Are inherited or otherwise derived, through any number of replications, from Organism (GMO) any genes or other genetic material which has been modified by in vitro techniques

A new organism is an organism that is any of the following: • An organism belonging to a species that was not present in New Zealand immediately before 29 July 1998; • An organism belonging to a species, subspecies, infrasubspecies, variety, strain, or cultivar prescribed as a risk species, where that organism was not present in New Zealand at the time of promulgation of the relevant regulation; • An organism for which a containment approval has been given under the HSNO Act; • An organism for which a conditional release approval has been given under the HSNO Act; New Organism • A qualifying organism approved for release with controls under the HSNO Act; • A genetically modified organism; • An organism belonging to a species, subspecies, infrasubspecies, variety, strain, or cultivar that has been eradicated from New Zealand; • An organism present in New Zealand before 29 July 1998 in contravention of the Animals Act 1967 or the Act 1970. This does not apply to the organism known as rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus, or rabbit calicivirus A new organism does not cease to be a new organism because: • It is subject to a conditional release approval; or • It is a qualifying organism approved for release with controls; or • It is an incidentally imported new organism

To allow the organism to move within New Zealand free of any restrictions other Release than those imposed in accordance with the Biosecurity Act 1993 or the Conservation Act 1987

As defined in section 2 of the Biosecurity Act 1993 Unwanted Organism http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0095/latest/DLM314623.html?src=qs

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Application Form Approval to release a new organism with controls

1. Applicant details

1.1. Applicant

Company Name: (if applicable) Auckland Botanic Garden

Contact Name: Jack Hobbs

Job Title: Manager

Physical Address: 102 Hill Road, Manurewa, Auckland

Postal Address (provide only if not the same as the physical):

Phone (office and/or mobile): 09 2671457 / 021 585 556

Fax:

Email: [email protected]

1.2. New Zealand agent or consultant (if applicable)

Company Name:

Contact Name:

Job Title:

Physical Address:

Postal Address (provide only if not the same as the physical):

Phone (office and/or mobile):

Fax:

Email:

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2. Information about the application

2.1. Brief application description Approximately 30 words about what you are applying to do

This application is for a conditional release to import all species of the genus to New Zealand for the purposes of conservation, education and research (which includes research into kauri dieback).

2.2. Summary of application Provide a plain English, non-technical description of what you are applying to do and why you want to do it

The application seeks permission to import all species in the genus Agathis (Table 1) to New Zealand, with the intent to establish them at the Gondwana Arboretum at the Auckland Botanic Garden. Half (10/20) of the species of this genus are already in New Zealand. This application would enable the remaining ten species (native to the Pacific Islands, Australia and parts of South East Asia) to join the domesticated species in New Zealand at the Auckland Botanic Garden. These are: Agathis endertii, Agathis flavescens, Agathis labillardieri, Agathis lanceolata, Agathis lenticula, Agathis orbicula, Agathis ovata, subsp. nesophila, Agathis robusta var. robusta and Agathis spathulata. Because of the taxonomic confusion around the identity of these species (one of the reasons we want to work on these species in NZ) this application seeks permission to import all Agathis. We expect in the process of collecting material for import that new species will be identified and these unnamed entities would not be permitted if this application was for only for known/named species of Agathis.

Most Agathis species have increasingly vulnerable native habitats which means that conservation strategies in natural habitats (in-situ) must be supported by focused ex-situ (in gardens) conservation measures. Globally Botanic Gardens are taking responsibility for leading the conservation of threatened plants. Auckland Botanic Garden would like to assume global responsibility to ensure the conservation of this group of plants by taking a leadership and coordination role. We can support countries less able to do fund conservation, support indigenous communities in the Pacific in Asia to advocate for protection of these species in the wild and provide safe back up plantings to repatriate these species should they become extinct in their home countries.

There are significant benefits both for New Zealand and internationally:

Conservation: Most Agathis species are at risk of extinction in their home countries with 17 (80%) species listed as threatened by IUCN. Working with local mana whenua, the Gondwana Arboretum would grow the Agathis and in the future, where relationships are established, seek to repatriate them to their country of origin if necessary for conservation or cultural use. Repatriation will occur through formal indigenous agreements established when exotic kauri are sourced from other countries. • New Zealand is losing kauri, recently listed as a threatened species due to the recent impact of agathidicida. Growing the complete genus (group) together will enable us to better understand the and systematics of this group and source the origin of these pathogens that are affecting kauri. Critical and underpinning knowledge in understanding the origin, host range, and potential disease resistance of NZ kauri to Phytophthora agathidicida requires that all related members in the Agathis genus, as well as Araucaria and Wollemia, are included in comparative studies alongside NZ kauri. • Bringing the complete collection of this family will allow replicated, validated and comparative studies to be completed at one site. This cannot be currently undertaken as the Gondwana collection is incomplete. Comparative studies are required to be undertaken at

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one site to mitigate environmental variables and also allow key research areas to be completed which are currently impeded by lack of access to important and representative species. Completing the Gondwanan collection will help facilitate new fundamental knowledge of the host-disease interactions as well as increase basic botanical knowledge of each species and the family as a whole. • There is now a national urgency to complete these studies given the recent reports that showed stand extinctions are now being predicted for NZ kauri due to the increased spread of Phytophthora agathidicida. • This proposal supports Objective 4.5 of the NZ Biodiversity Strategy (2000) to assist with international efforts to conserve threatened exotic plants in New Zealand.

Education: Through the sourcing and repatriation of Agathis the community will benefit from understanding the inter-relationship between peoples and the natural environment, informed by the Gondwana experience, plants and animals (including dinosaurs) and the geological processes that have shaped the earth. This ancient family of plants is both iconic/taonga and already popular with the public so this application also represents a diverse keen community, cultural, botanical and scientific interest. A complete Gondwanan plant collection will generate significant profile, support and many educational opportunities for the Gardens.

Culture: Through relationships established between indigenous groups in order to repatriate these species this will increase the understanding of the ecology and conservation of these species. As each species is collected, in collaboration with indigenous people of each country, there will also be an opportunity to highlight the conservation plight of these species and support indigenous people to protect these plants.

2.3. Background and aims of application

This section is intended to put the new organism(s) in perspective of the wider activitie(s) that they will be used in. You may use more technical language but all technical words must be included in a glossary

Agathis There are approximately twenty species of Agathis in the world (Table 1), all found in the southern hemisphere, all in the Asia-Pacific region. The application is for the whole genus of Agathis because: • We expect in the process of collecting material for import that new (unnamed) species will be identified • We want to include any newly described species that may arise during the process of this application or the time it takes to import species.

Table 1 Indigenous names, threat status (IUCN) and country of origin of the genus Agathis

Scientific Name Presence/Absence Indigenous Country of Origin Threat Status in NZ Name (IUCN) Agathis Present in New Australia Near atropurpurea* Zealand [Queensland] Threatened Agathis Present in New Sabah- Brunei Darussalam; Endangered borneensis* Zealand manggilan, Indonesia Salang, [Kalimantan, Sarawak- Sumatra];Malaysia bindang, Bulu [Peninsular kayu jadi, Malaysia, Sabah, Brunei-tulong Sarawak] Agathis Present in New New Caledonia Vulnerable corbassonii* Zealand Agathis Present in New Dammar, Indonesia [Maluku, Vulnerable

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dammara* Zealand Saleng, Damar Sulawesi]; Malolo, Damar Philippines Nunu, Kalgme, Kgssi, Oenegla Agathis endertii Bulok Borneo Endangered Agathis Tahan Malaysia Vulnerable flavescens Agathis Present in New Tumu Malaysia [Sabah, Endangered kinabaluensis* Zealand Sarawak] Agathis Kayu damar Indonesia and Near labillardieri putih, Kessi, Papua New Guinea Threatened Fuko Agathis Koghis kauri, New Caledonia Vulnerable lanceolata Kaori Agathis lenticula Tangilan, Borneo Vulnerable Angilan Agathis Present in New Dakua, Dure, Fiji; Solomon Endangered macrophylla* Zealand Ndakua, Islands [Santa Cruz Ndakua Is.]; Vanuatu makandre, Nendo, Notopiti, Kauri, Kauli, Nandu, Oi Agathis Present in New Queensland, Near microstachya* Zealand Australia Threatened Agathis montana* Present in New Dayu Biik, New Caledonia Critically Zealand Némi, Fwaî Endangered Agathis moorei* Present in New Kaori, Géri, New Caledonia Vulnerable Zealand Dicou, Djeu Agathis orbicula Tumuh, Tubu, Borneo Endangered Bulok Agathis ovata Kaori New Caledonia Endangered Agathis robusta Ogapa, Asong, Papua New Guinea Least Concern subsp. nesophila Muwaka to Bismarck Arch. Agathis robusta Asong, Muwaka Queensland Least Concern var. robusta* Agathis silbae* Present in New Vanuatu Near Zealand Threatened Agathis Papua New Guinea Least Concern spathulata

About Auckland Botanic Garden Conservation, education and research are significant roles of Botanic Gardens worldwide. Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) promotes the role of Botanic Gardens and encourages Gardens to take responsibility for conserving groups of plants particularly where those taxa are strongly represented in their own collections, and which are highly threatened in the wild. As hubs of horticultural expertise, Gardens are well-placed to support the conservation of the world’s plant diversity with strategic relationships with indigenous people.

Auckland Botanic Garden is a ratepayer funded public garden with free entry. Through displays we encourage visitors to learn about the diversity of plants and their uses. For example the Pa Harakeke shows the many different types of flax used by Aotearoa Maori displayed together so that the differences and similarities are obvious and visitors can see how plants can be selected for specific uses. Botanic Gardens are ideal places to hold such collections of ex-situ species for research as plants are accessioned and data recorded in a database and their accessibility encourages and

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inspires visitors to connect with nature and become better ecological citizens by considering the impacts of modern society on the natural environment.

About the Agathis Gondwana Arboretum Project

The Auckland Botanic Garden Gondwana Arboretum was established in 1999. Although still young, we hope the arboretum will provide a destination of international significance featuring majestic that capture the feeling of primeval forests and inspire visitors with stories about the unique plant communities of Gondwana.

The former Gondwana supercontinent included most of the Southern Hemisphere e.g. South America, Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia. Visitors will be able to ‘travel back in time’ and see the plants of Gondwana which lived with the dinosaurs such as gymnosperm trees (, cycads, Gnetophytes and Ginkgo), cycads and ferns. Though firm numbers on how many species we have or exist in the wild are not exact we believe we currently hold two thirds of the world’s species in this group already in the arboretum (c.10/c.20 Agathis species, 13/c.19 Araucaria and the Wollemi pine).

The education significance of this collection was demonstrated in the “Dinosaurs in the Gardens” event in summer 2016 which attracted 3-5000 people every weekend to the arboretum. We recently completed interpretation signage in the Gondwana arboretum to highlight a feature in each continent, drawing attention to the trees conservation status and cultural uses.

Our intent is to complete the collection of and grow the species advised in this Application. People will learn about how closely they resemble each other (and observe for themselves their common ancestry – they would be together again, millions of years after Gondwana split apart). In addition, we are dedicated to ensuring where indigenous peoples support their story being told, that this information is also shared through their respective countries interpretation and are working with mana whenua to determine how this will be progressed. this collection will comprise the first international centre for taxonomic research into the genus Agathis. Scientists will be able to access to all species in this genus, as the collection will be housed in one location

Potential research will inform projects that include; developing mana whenua and regional seed security and seed banking, propagation, taxonomy and mycorrhizal associations.

This Project:

▪ Addresses the need for conservation and protection of Agathis for current and future generations. ▪ Recognises the cultural authority of indigenous people in Aotearoa and where the exotic Agathis originate from, we are committed to ensuring formal agreements are established that acknowledge provenance and control of Agathis associated to this Project. ▪ Establishes ongoing mana whenua arrangements that assure kaitiaki (cultural custodianship) of the collection. ▪ Maintains high integrity information about the Agathis and will ensure that all information is shared with key partners. ▪ Recognises that research is a key role of the Botanic Gardens and where we have agreeance from mana whenua and indigenous stakeholders, we will encourage access to researchers nationally and globally, who are working on the protection and conservation of Agathis species. ▪ Is housed in our facilities and on the Auckland Botanic Garden site, allowing us to plant and propagate the exotic Agathis without any risk to natural forests. We have established systems are operating protocols and are able to ensure the protection and longevity of the Agathis, assuring that Agathis established in curated collections are assured a sustainable future. (c.f. private collections where people move on, properties are sold etc.). ▪ Provides a ‘Gondwana experience’ designed to relate the story of Agathis across the Pacific, through interpretation enabling visitors to ‘travel back in time’ and experience a world before humans, when Antarctica was covered in forests. The experience can inform different contexts such as informing an awareness of the impacts of global climate change.

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▪ Ensures that controls and protocols are in place to protect against the risk of the spread of any of the exotic species. We are confident that if they ever seeded out or spread we would be able to detect, document and ensure control of the Agathis progeny. The gardens are also sufficiently distant from any native stands of kauri. See section 8 for a detailed assessment of risk.

The Research and Conservation Significance of Garden Collections The destruction of Agathis populations worldwide are described by Wilf et al. (2014) as “enormous”, as they have also been for the closely related genus Araucaria with many being reduced in range by more than half, some more. The trees are valued for timber throughout their range and many are illegally logged. Species are still declining with 80% of species of Agathis listed as threatened by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Most species occur in developing countries without effective conservation legislation.

Table 2 Number of threatened species in the genus Agathis

Category Least Near Vulnerable Endangered Critically (IUCN)1 concern threatened Endangered Number of 3 4 6 6 1 species

Garden collections (in this case as part of an arboretum) are an essential conservation measure to safeguard plants against extinction. Not only this family of trees, but trees across the whole world are threatened with extinction with Cavender et al. (2015) stating that there is an “urgent need for botanical gardens to protect threatened trees in dedicated conservation collections”. The Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) survey (2013) found 34% of the world's conifers threatened with extinction. Agathis montana, for example, is critically endangered and is found in only one place (over a 90km2 area) in the Mt. Panié range, New Caledonia. We have no commercial agenda or any wish to see these plants distributed elsewhere. In our initial enquiries, key informants were concerned that exotic Agathis would naturalise (or seed out, grow and have seed and seedlings of their own) in New Zealand. We have no evidence that naturalisation occurs across exotic Agathis species in New Zealand. Of ten species of Agathis established in New Zealand, none have never naturalised or crossed (hybridised) with native NZ kauri (Agathis australis). In addition, there is no evidence that any of these species are invasive anywhere in the world where they are grown.

3. Information about the new organism(s)

3.1. Name of organism Identify the organism as fully as possible

Non-GMOs - Provide a taxonomic description of the new organism(s).

GMOs – Provide a taxonomic description of the host organism(s) and describe the genetic modification.

Both -

1 No Agathis species are determined to be in the categories Extinct, Extinct in the Wild or Data Deficient and so are omitted from Table 2.

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• Describe the biology and main features of the organism including if it has inseparable organisms. • Describe if the organism has affinities (e.g. close taxonomic relationships) with other organisms in New Zealand. • Could the organism form an undesirable self-sustaining population? If not, why not? • How easily could the new organism be recovered or eradicated if it established an undesirable self-sustaining population?

Biology and Main features of the Organisms As a group Agathis are all giant long-lived trees (mostly over 500 years of age, possibly up to 1500 years in the wild). They have similar growth forms with spiky large leaved seedlings growing into conical tapering saplings with smaller , before reaching the canopy and forming large multi- head spreading crowns. They have long reproductive cycles with cones (which hold seeds) developing over 2-3 years on a tree. Cones shatter when ripe and seed becomes airborne to disperse. Seeds are not viable for very long, perhaps as short as a month or two. For NZ kauri seeds usually fall within 150m of the parent tree, but dispersal distances up to 1.5 km are reported (Steward & Beveridge 2010). We expect this is similar in other Agathis species due to their physical similarities but we intend to research and monitor this in a controlled and highly monitored collection. If for any reason we see dispersal, or other sign of naturalisation or spread, we would respond and cull trees if necessary.

Affinities with other organisms in NZ Agathis is found in Australia, New Zealand, and the Malay Archipelago, with a fossil Agathis (now extinct) discovered in South America recently (Wilf et al. 2014) indicating Agathis were more widespread and some are now already lost.

NZ kauri (Agathis australis) is in the same genus (Agathis) proposed for import. Genetic studies show that NZ kauri is genetically distinct from the Australian Agathis species (Knapp et al. 2007). This means it split from the other members of its family around 23 million years ago (Biffin et al. 2010). However the relationships in the genus Agathis are contentious. The common ancestor(s) of Agathis were present on the Gondwana land mass millions of years ago based on fossil evidence. As the Gondwana supercontinent broke up the ancestor(s) of Agathis rafted apart. They may also have dispersed between newly separated landmasses (although Agathis seed is not well adapted for long-distance dispersal). At least some could have gone extinct. Debate in the last decade has challenged the notion that NZ kauri was always in NZ (or is ‘relict’ of Gondwana) and that it may have dispersed to NZ after the Zelandia continent was flooded in the Oligocene (Biffin et al. 2010 c.f. Knapp et al. 2007). A conservative use of fossil dates indicates Agathis present in NZ through the Oligocene drowning, at a time that the Zelandia land mass is thought to have mostly been underwater, with only some flora and fauna surviving on refuges above sea level. An alternative theory, founded on less conservative geological dating, suggests that ancestral Agathis seed blew here or floated to NZ as sea levels receded. Both theories are conceivable based on current (scant) data and different interpretation of fossils dating a million years. A research collection at Auckland Botanic Garden would enable an accessible research collection of this family for more light to be shed on just how NZ kauri evolved and how closely related it is to its Agathis cousins.

There is no unified world view on the taxonomy of Agathis. Most of the species in Agathis form “an intergrading mass”, there is surprisingly little consensus on an appropriate classification of the species and of their relationships within the genus (Eckenwalder, 2009). The lack of a unified view on how many there are is due to a number of reasons:

▪ Plants can be highly variable even at one site or place. Whitmore (1980) describes the variability as ‘as large within as between’ species. ▪ They do not grow in easily accessible sites, or even easily accessible countries.

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▪ Lack of local taxonomic capacity in their home countries limits the ability to describe regional species. Unable to investigate the range of variability within the species, taxonomists are challenged to distinguish the species, without knowing its habitat and ecology.

A primary reason for requesting the importation of these species to NZ is to allow this taxonomic research to be done properly and rigorously. NZ could potentially be the centre for taxonomic research for this genus in the world. This would encourage international funding and may assist many developing countries with their conservation programmes for these species. We hope we may also be able to facilitate the involvement of indigenous people in these countries in this research. In addition, there could be some benefit in supporting the response to Kauri Dieback.

Kauri Dieback and the Potential Importation of Accompanying Organisms Experts researching the origin of kauri dieback (Phytophthora agathidicida) are keen to access material of all members of the Araucariaceae family (of which Agathis is one) to test whether this devastating soil pathogen affects any other species of Araucariaceae family. A Phytophthora species with affinities to kauri dieback has been recorded on A. montana trees in New Caledonia that are showing evidence of decline2. Potential research associated with the Gondwana Arboretum Agathis project will inform enquiry that includes:

▪ The origin of Kauri Dieback and whether it is native and natural to NZ. The implications of this are that kauri has evolved defences to this disease and maybe, if it were native, kauri has ‘good times and bad times’. This helps us to see a future state for kauri in New Zealand and may suggest that we are in a disease cycle. Conversely, is this pathogen exotic and what actions can be taken to ensure that kauri do not become extinct? ▪ In addition to ensuring the protection of NZ kauri we would like to assist pacific neighbours to assess if dieback a threat to any overseas territory e.g. a Pacific or Asian neighbour? If dieback kills other Agathis, e.g. particularly the 17 threatened species, then we have a responsibility under international conservation conventions to ensure this disease is not exported from New Zealand to those countries. The biosecurity component to this Agathis project will allow us to establish working relationships across the Agathis region worldwide and to work with those countries, and their indigenous people. We expect that these working relationships will also allow New Zealand to protect our kauri from other diseases that are impacted kauri throughout the region, pre-empting any potential new threats to NZ kauri. ▪ We have considered that diseases can be imported in soil transferred from other countries. To mitigate against this risk, the Auckland Botanic Garden will only import seed or germplasm of exotic Agathis to NZ and grow (from seed) the exotic Agathis here. No soil will be imported to NZ as a result of this project.

3.2. Regulatory status of the organism

Is the organism that is the subject of this application also the subject of:

An innovative medicine application as defined in section 23A of the Medicines Act 1981?

☐ Yes ☐ No

An innovative agricultural compound application as defined in Part 6 of the Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Act 1997?

2 http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/30978/0

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☐ Yes ☐ No

4. Māori engagement

Discuss any engagement or consultation with Māori undertaken and summarise the outcomes. Please refer to the EPA policy ‘Engaging with Māori for applications to the EPA’ on our website (www.epa.govt.nz) or contact the EPA for advice.

The Auckland Botanic Garden recognise the importance of mana whenua in this project as kaitiaki of their kauri and their responsibility to other Iwi and hapu throughout Aotearoa. To progress the application, staff from the Auckland Botanic Garden met with Te Taio Roopu, Ngati Tamaoho Trust’s Environmental Resource Unit, in January 2017 Representatives from the Auckland Botanic Garden presented the Gondwanaland project and their intent to present an application to the Environmental Protection Authority (‘EPA’), for a conditional release of Agathis species to the Gardens.

Ngati Tamaoho interests include the Manukau Harbour and extends to Franklin, the Hūnua Ranges, Awhitū Peninsula, the Waikato wetlands, Tīkapa Moana (Firth of Thames) and north to central Auckland including Remuera and Ellerslie. Historically the tribe also maintain ancestral connections (through their Ngariki and Ngaiwi antecedents) with the North Shore and Waiheke Island. The Auckland Botanic Garden is located in the Ngāti Tamaoho region.

At the meeting Ngāti Tamaoho raised several concerns which included: The risk of Ngati Tamaoho kauri becoming modified because of cross contamination with exotic species. Exotic species taking over the natural environment and replacing taonga species The use of non-indigenous names of indigenous taonga from overseas. Lack of confidence in the Auckland Botanic Garden to safeguard spread of exotic species The importance of repatriating second generation taonga seed back to original lands.

Ngati Tamaoho also directed that Auckland Botanic Garden meet with mana whenua from the South Auckland region. The Botanic Garden presented to the South Auckland mana whenua at the Parks and Recreation – Iwi Engagement forum, Te Waka Tai-ranga-whenua in February 2017 . The forum agreed in principal with the application. In addition, Ngāti Tamaoho supported a wider notification, pre-application to Iwi/hapu who have kauri in their rohe and specific invitation for comment on the Application from Maori Environmental Technicians who specialise in biosecurity, EPA and environmental policy. Kaitiaki and engaged stakeholders, mirrored the concerns of Ngati Tamaoho. The Auckland Botanic Garden has pragmatically addressed the issues raised in this engagement and advised responses noted in this application. In particular, that the kauri be grown in a controlled, monitored environment. Reporting and communication will be maintained for the duration of the project with a commitment by the Auckland Botanic Garden to notifying any emergent issues.

From the outset of this project, Auckland Botanic Garden have expressed their intent to establish and continue the relationship with Ngāti Tamaoho beyond the scope of the Agathis release application. The Auckland Botanic Garden currently hosts plants material from throughout the Auckland region

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and also from other regions. Underpinning the relationship with Ngāti Tamaoho is the recognition of their authority as kaitiaki of the taonga curated at the Auckland Botanic Garden. In addition, the Auckland Botanic Garden acknowledges the cultural obligation that Ngāti Tamaoho has to the mana whenua, whose seeds and plants, the Auckland Botanic Garden curates, and are committed to working with Ngāti Tamaoho to formalise with respective mana whenua relationships with existing and emergent mana whenua whose taonga are curated at the Auckland Botanic Garden.

5. Risks, costs and benefits

Provide information of the risks, costs and benefits of the new organism(s).

These are the positive and adverse effects referred to in the HSNO Act. It is easier to regard risks and costs as being adverse (or negative) and benefits as being positive. In considering risks, cost and benefits, it is important to look at both the likelihood of occurrence (probability) and the potential magnitude of the consequences, and to look at distribution effects (who bears the costs, benefits and risks).

Consider the adverse or positive effects in the context of this application on the environment (e.g. could the organism cause any significant displacement of any native species within its natural habitat, cause any significant deterioration of natural habitats or cause significant adverse effect to New Zealand’s inherent genetic diversity, or is the organism likely to cause disease, be parasitic, or become a vector for animal or plant disease?), human health and safety, the relationship of Māori to the environment, the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi, society and the community, the market economy and New Zealand’s international obligations.

You must fully complete this section referencing supporting material. You will need to provide a description of where the information in the application has been sourced from, e.g. from in-house research, independent research, technical literature, community or other consultation, and provide that information with this application. Risk and Potential Issues Considered

Risk to Aotearoa The Agathis will be grown within a controlled site. No plants may be removed without permission form the Gardens. All material removed for research will be documents in our extensive records database. We do not consider that there is any risk to native species or natural habitats in New Zealand, as they will only be grown at the Auckland Botanic Garden; we believe based on research that these species will not form a self-sustaining population anywhere in New Zealand, displace or reduce a valued species, or deteriorate natural habitats.

Benefits Contribution to Global Conservation Of the 10 species proposed for import 7 are listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as threatened. New Zealand's is a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and through this Project will contribute to the global effort to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity. Working with other countries and indigenous peoples, this Project will enable developing

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and small island countries to achieve their biodiversity goals including the South Pacific Regional Environmental Programme (SPREP).

Objective 4.5 of the NZ Biodiversity Strategy (2000) addresses conservation of threatened introduced species. This project supports that New Zealand ‘assists with international efforts to conserve threatened introduced plants and animals in New Zealand, provided that this does not conflict with conserving indigenous biodiversity’.

Two actions are listed in the NZ Biodiversity Strategy: a) Support the in situ conservation of threatened introduced species by returning them, where possible and environmentally desirable, to their place of origin. b) Maintain small populations of threatened introduced species in facilities or clearly defined areas where their presence will not pose a threat to indigenous species, where reintroduction to their country of origin is not feasible or is undesirable because of the risk of introducing pests or diseases.

Of the 20 species of Agathis 17 are listed by the IUCN as threatened (see Table 2). As an example of the worsening threat status of some Agathis Martin Gardner (Chair or the IUCN SSC Conifer Specialist Group) notes that “when the last review of the conifers was completed in 2010 the New Caledonian endemic A. montana, was not threatened, however, six years later in 2016, this species was reassessed as Critically Endangered.3”. Ex-situ conservation of Agathis is an essential conservation strategy given the uncertainty faced by many Agathis species in nature.

While seed banking is promoted as an important way to conserve plant diversity not all seeds can survive long term freezing. This is true of Agathis. This means that to ensure the future of Agathis populations, we need to adopt a long-term conservation method, growing live plants that have the ability to be harvested for seed, that are then return to their native environments in their country of origin.

6. Proposed controls

Describe the controls you propose to mitigate potential risks (identified above).

Importation: We will follow the appropriate import health standard for the seed to be imported to NZ, as directed by MPI. Import Health standards require phytosanitary certificates to accompany all seed which is imported. The phytosanitary certificate must be issued by the exporting country National Plant Protection Organisation (NPPO). The phytosanitary certificate must certify that the seed has been inspected in accordance with appropriate official procedures and found to be free of any visually detectable regulated pests and conforms to New Zealand’s import requirements. If necessary plants could be imported as tissue culture.

Location: No plants may leave the Botanic Garden and all material will be included on our database and be subjected to annual census as well as a rigorous monitoring programme once they start to produce cones. This monitoring will test seed viability and spread.

7. HSNO (Genetically Modified Organisms – Information

3 see Letter of Support 14-04-2017

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Requirements for Segregation and Tracing) Regulations 2008 This section is for GMOs only

• What specific measures, if any, do you intend to take to keep the genetically modified organism(s) separate from other organisms, whether or not the other organisms are genetically modified or not? • What specific measures, if any, do you intend to take to enable the genetically modified organism(s) to be traced after it is released with controls? • What level of effectiveness do you expect these measures to achieve? • If you do not intend to take any segregation or tracing measures please set out your reasons for not taking the measures.

N/A

8. Pathway determination and rapid assessment This section is for Non-GMOs only

Under section 38BA of the HSNO Act your application may be eligible for a rapid assessment. The pathway for your application will be determined after its formal receipt, based on the data provided in this application form. If you would like your application to be considered for rapid assessment (as per the criteria below), we require you to complete the below section.

8.1. Discuss if your organism is an unwanted organism as defined in the Biosecurity Act 1993

N/A

8.2. Discuss if it is highly improbable, after taking into account the proposed controls, that the organism after release:

• Could form self-sustaining populations anywhere in New Zealand (taking into account the ease of eradication) • Could displace or reduce a valued species • Could cause deterioration of natural habitats, • Will be disease-causing or be a parasite, or be a vector or reservoir for human, animal, or plant disease • Will have adverse effects on human health and safety or the environment

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Formation of an Undesirable Self-sustaining Population It is considered highly unlikely that any of the Araucariaceae family would pose an ecological risk to NZ indigenous flora and fauna. We could find no records of any Agathis species naturalising in native vegetation anywhere in the world nor are they regarded as weeds anywhere in the world. Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria heterophylla) seedlings are found in NZ occasionally but are only of ecological concern on Raoul Island 1000km north of NZ where it is warmer. In a controlled site a naturalised Norfolk pine is easily removed before it is old enough to become reproductively mature.

No Agathis are noted as having escaped from cultivation in NZ to form self-sustaining populations. The first Agathis from overseas bought to NZ in the 1920’s have not formed self- sustaining populations or escaped from cultivation. We have identified: ▪ Seedlings of Agathis robusta have been reported under one specimen planted in Government House (Auckland Museum Herbarium AK 251615). ▪ Agathis macrophylla (grown as A. macrophylla and A. vitensis) and A. robusta (grown also as A. palmerstonii) were planted in the Hunua Ranges in the mid-1970’s, at the now abandoned ARA arboretum, and have not known to have spread into the surrounding native forest. ▪ There around 20 Queensland kauri (Agathis robusta) in Auckland (Cameron, 1999 & 2000) which are over 100-150 years old and many more planted since the 1970‘s. Sir George Grey planted this species when he lived on Kawau Island (1862-1888). ▪ Queensland kauri was also planted elsewhere in NZ including a specimen in Wanganui planted in 1870 (Cameron 1999). ▪ No hybrids with NZ kauri are known.

Eradication of ‘orphan’ or naturalised plants Agathis are generally poor seed setters, do not survive long term as seeds (no viable seedbanks slow to germinate and easily to pull out and so can be controlled should naturalisation occur. They mature slowly and will not seed for at least a decade. It is expected that the exotic Agathis grown at the Arboretum will not produce seed for at least 25 years. Eradication can occur in a short time (days to a week depending on the size of the Agathis). Cultivated seedlings of all species would be grown and harvested as herbarium specimens to ensure that seedlings are able to be recognised and differentiated from NZ kauri with an institutional commitment to ensuring that information about the Agathis is documented.

Potential effects Potential Effects on the Environment We do not believe that the introduction of these species to NZ for the purposes of display in an arboretum will have any adverse effect on the environment or the NZ flora and fauna. We have evidence that two thirds of this family are already established in NZ, and have not posed any threat to date.

Potential Effects on Human Health We do not know of, or foresee, any adverse effects on human health of any of these species in their home countries.

Potential Effects on the Economy We do not know of, or foresee, any adverse effects on the economy of any of these species.

Potential Effects on Society and Communities We do not know of, or foresee, any adverse effects on society and communities of any of these species.

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9. Other information

Add here any further information you wish to include in this application including if there are any ethical considerations that you are aware of in relation to your application.

We consider the potential to hold an internationally significant collection of Agathis at Auckland Botanic Garden will create a worldwide centre for Araucariaceae conservation, education, research and potentially cultural exchanges between developing countries in the Pacific. We intend to support the relationships between mana whenua and indigenous people from the countries where these plants originate from, and facilitate the custodianship in collaboration with mana whenua from our region.

There is now a national urgency to complete these studies given stand extinctions are now being predicted for NZ kauri due to Phytophthora agathidicida, and international urgency based on habitat loss in the countries of origin of these species.

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10. Checklist This checklist is to be completed by the applicant

Application Comments/justifications

All sections of the application form completed ☐ Yes ☐ No or you have requested an information waiver (If No, please discuss with an under section 59 of the HSNO Act Advisor to enable your application to be further processed)

Confidential data as part of a separate, ☐ Yes ☐ No identified appendix

Supplementary optional information attached:

• Copies of additional references ☐ Yes ☐ No

• Relevant correspondence ☐ Yes ☐ No

Administration Are you an approved EPA customer? ☐ Yes ☐ No If Yes are you an: Applicant: ☐ Agent: ☐

If you are not an approved customer, payment of fee will be by: • Direct credit made to the EPA bank ☐ Yes ☐ No account (preferred method of payment) ☐ Payment to follow Date of direct credit:

• Cheque for application fee enclosed ☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Payment to follow

Electronic, signed copy of application e-mailed ☐ Yes to the EPA

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Signature of applicant or person authorised to sign on behalf of applicant

☒ I am making this application, or am authorised to sign on behalf of the applicant or applicant organisation.

☒ I have completed this application to the best of my ability and, as far as I am aware, the information I have provided in this application form is correct.

Signature Date

Request for information waiver under section 59 of the HSNO Act

I request for the Authority to waive any legislative information requirements (i.e. concerning the ☐ information that has been supplied in my application) that my application does not meet (tick if applicable).

Please list below which section(s) of this form are relevant to the information waiver request:

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Appendices and referenced material (if any) and glossary (if required)

References

Biffin, Ed, Robert S. Hill, and Andrew J. Lowe. 2010. Did kauri (Agathis: Araucariaceae) really survive the Oligocene drowning of New Zealand." Systematic Biology 59.5: 594-602.

Cameron E. K. 1999. Queensland kauri (Agathis robusta) in Auckland. Auckland Botanical Society Journal 54 (2): 32 34.

Cameron, E. K. 2000. Queensland kauri in Auckland additions. Auckland Botanical Society Journal 55: 82-83.

Cavender, Nicole, et al. 2015. Strengthening the conservation value of ex situ tree collections. Oryx: 1-9.

Department of Conservation and Ministry for the Environment. 2000 "The New Zealand Biodiversity strategy”.

Eckenwalder, James E. Conifers of the world: the complete reference. Timber Press, 2009. Ecroyd, C. E. 1982. Biological flora of New Zealand 8. Agathis australis (D. Don) Lindl.(Araucariaceae) Kauri. New Zealand Journal of Botany 20(1): 17-36.

Knapp, Michael, et al. 2007. The drowning of New Zealand and the problem of Agathis. Systematic Biology 56 (5): 862-870.

Steward, Gregory A., and Anthony E. Beveridge. 2010. A review of New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis (D. Don) Lindl.): its ecology, history, growth and potential for management for timber. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 40: 33-59.

Whitmore, Timothy Charles. 1980. A monograph of Agathis. Plant Systematics and Evolution 135.1- 2: 41-69.

Wilf, Peter, et al. 2014. First South American Agathis (Araucariaceae), Eocene of Patagonia." American Journal of Botany 101(1): 156-179.

Letters of Support

Attached are four letters of support for this application from Paul Smith (Secretary General of Botanic Gardens Conservation International, UK), Martin Gardner (IUCN SSC Conifer Specialist Group, Edinburgh), Lex Thomson (Associate Professor, Pacific Islands Agribusiness & University of Sunshine Coast) and Bruce Burns (School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland).

December 2013 EPA0323 Botanic Gardens Conservation International Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, U.K.

Tel: +44 (0)20 8332 5953 Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.bgci.org

Jack Hobbs Director Auckland Botanic Gardens 102 Hill Road Manurewa Auckland 2105 New Zealand 25th January 2017

Ref: Building a global collection of Agathis for conservation and research

Dear Jack,

I was delighted to hear from Rebecca Stanley that Auckland BG wishes to expand its Agathis collections to include all of the known species. BGCI is actively promoting the idea that gardens should take responsibility for conserving particular groups of plants – particularly where those taxa are strongly represented in their own collections, and which are highly threatened in the wild. A very good example is the Morton Arboretum in the US, who are leading on the Global Oak Conservation Initiative. Another is Montgomery Botanical Center in Florida who propagate two thirds of global cycad diversity and continue to grow their collection.

As the International Agenda for Botanic Gardens makes clear, the purpose of botanic gardens is to use their collections for research and education in order to better conserve, use and manage plant diversity. In this respect, our professional community needs gardens to take responsibility for groups of plants that they have the expertise to manage. You might be interested to know that, according to our records, Auckland Botanic Gardens is one of the top 10 most diverse botanic gardens in the world, with commensurate expertise in growing plants right across the taxonomic array. Increasingly, botanic gardens are the last remaining source of material for rewilding and, given our unique skills and knowledge related to growing and managing plant diversity, it is essential that our sector becomes more actively engaged in such activities.

Please let me know if BGCI can support you in any way. We would be delighted to help.

Best regards

Dr Paul P. Smith Secretary General Botanic Gardens Conservation International Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW United Kingdom.

Charity Registration No. 1098834

Botanic Gardens Conservation International is a company limited by guarantee in the UK, No. 4673175. BGCI is a worldwide membership organization established in 1987. Its mission is to mobilise botanic gardens and engage partners in securing plant diversity for the well-being of people and the planet.

IUCN SSC Conifer Specialist Group Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 20A Inverleith Row Edinburgh EH3 5LR

Letter of Support for the ex-situ conservation of Agathis in New Zealand

14 th April 2017

To Whom it my concern

I am writing in support of an application from the Auckland Botanic Garden to the New Zealand (NZ) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to permit the introduction to New Zealand of all species of the conifer genus Agathis . The purpose of this initiative is to establish a comprehensive ex-situ conservation programme to help secure the long-term future of this important group of conifers.

Agathis , which contains up to 20 species, has a mainly tropical distribution ranging from Sumatra to Fiji and from the northern Philippines to New Caledonia. Australia (South Queensland) and New Zealand are the only countries where Agathis extends outside the tropics. Throughout this range Agathis has been ruthlessly exploited for its highly prized timber and resins for a very long time resulting in a massive reduction in the populations of nearly all the species. In New Caledonia, not only has logging severely affected most of the five endemic species but forest clearance for open-cast mining and exotic pathogens have significantly added to their demise. Currently 14 species of Agathis are listed by IUCN as being threatened with the remaining species (ca 6) being under constant review. It is worth noting that when the last review of the conifers was completed in 2010 the New Caledonian endemic A. montana , was not threatened, however, six years later in 2016, this species was reassessed as Critically Endangered. The sudden demise of this species was caused by a severe out beak of a harmful pathogen which illustrates just how dramatically the fortunes of Agathis can change.

In order to conserve these important forestry trees a greater conservation effort is required which should include a combination of both in-situ and ex-situ conservation strategies. New Zealand’s horticultural and forestry community has a long history of cultivating Agathis (some species have been in cultivation for over 100 years) which means that through the Auckland Botanic Garden initiative, it is well placed to take a lead in the ex-situ conservation of Agathis .

As Chair of the IUCN Conifer Specialist Group I am keen to support this type of initiative - most species have increasingly vulnerable native habitats which means that in-situ conservation strategies have to be supported by focused ex-situ conservation measures. As co-ordinator of the International Conifer Conservation Programme based in the UK, which has established a network of 250 safe sites for threatened conifers, I am very aware of just how effective ex-situ programmes can be and the great educational and research opportunities they present. The main aim of the Auckland Botanic Garden initiative will be to conserve a broad genetic base of each species in order to assist the restoration of native depleted populations. The cultivation of Agathis species will also allow important research in to the propagation and cultivation of Agathis – such knowledge is essential in order to implement future restorations programmes. In addition, the cultivation of the species will give easier access to research materials to support taxonomic research which is urgently needed in order to clarify the taxonomic relationships between the species.

Yours sincerely,

Martin Gardner MBE, VMM Chair IUCN SSC Conifer Specialist Group Coordinator - International Conifer Conservation Programme

Mr Jack Hobbs, Manager Auckland Botanic Gardens

Dear Mr Hobbs,

I am writing to express my full support for the Auckland Botanical Garden’s plan to introduce and grow all species of Agathis. My understanding is that this would involve introducing nine more species to complement the eleven you currently have growing.

Agathis is one of the most important gymnosperm genera in the Asia-Pacific region, with particular members often providing a unique structural component, as canopy emergent, and truly ‘keystone’ environmental species. However many are threatened in nature from climate change, illegal logging and land use changes.

I see significant and substantial benefits to conservation of vital forest genetic resources, forest science and also to Auckland/NZ of your proposal as:

1. Ex situ conservation providing an essential complementary conservation strategy given the uncertainty faced by many Agathis species in nature. In this regard I would highly recommend that you include distinctive populations (where these exist). For example Pacific kauri (Agathis macrophylla) occurs in three countries (Solomon Islands, Fiji and Vanuatu) and it would be desirable to have representatives of all three. It is noted that Agathis are very long lived species often living for 500 years or more and well suited to ex situ conservation in the ground (rather than as seed which cannot be safely stored for any period).

2. Science and education: by growing all of these Agathis species together in the one environment will enable and facilitate a while manner of valuable comparative studies in genetics, taxonomy, adaptation and tree physiology. There is opportunity for students and visitors to learn much more from their visit to the Auckland Botanical Gardens on diversity within and between Agathis species, and fits exactly into a forthcoming ACIAR publication I am working on with more than 45 authors (including from New Zealand).

3. Agathis/kauri is synonymous with Gondawanan flora and NZ and this unique collection will has the potential to become a very long-lived tourist attraction for Auckland and the Gardens. I am developing my own private botanical gardens in Fiji (Savurua Botanical Gardens) and have found there is nothing more satisfying than planting an Agathis tree that, if looked after for a few years, will be there for another 1000 years and become a forest giant – although I am only using the local Agathis species.

I sincerely hope that you are successful in any application to the New Zealand (NZ) Environmental Protection Agency and other relevant Biosecurity authorities to permit the introduction to NZ of all species in the genus Agathis. Furthermore am sure that Botanical Gardens Conservation International and its Global Trees Campaign will also fully support and endorse this initiative.

Sincerely,

Dr Lex Thomson (14/2/2017) Associate Professor (Pacific Islands Agribusiness) & Adjunct Associate Professor (Agroforestry) University of Sunshine Coast Mob: +61 404306663 Work: +61 3 93043441 Fiji mob: +679 8032018 SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

CITY CAMPUS School of Biological Sciences, Thomas Building (Building 110) 3A Symonds Street Auckland, New Zealand

TAMAKI CAMPUS : Building 733.331 261 Morrin Road, Glen Innes, Auckland Tel: 64 9 373 7599 Extn : 83135

The University Of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland, New Zealand

Jack Hobbs Director Auckland Botanic Gardens 102 Hill Rd Manurewa Auckland 2105

4th May 2017

Dear Jack

Re: Proposal to create a complete living Agathis collection at Auckland Botanic Gardens

One of the existing strengths of the Auckland Botanic Gardens is its remarkable collection of trees within the family Araucariaceae particularly those within the genus Agathis that are sibling species to New Zealand’s Agathis australis (kauri). I now understand that the Gardens are currently applying for permission to increase this collection to include all known Agathis species (requiring the acquisition of specimens of nine further species). Through this letter I would like to commend the Botanic Gardens for the progressive vision shown by this application and convey my full support for this initiative.

I have been fascinated by the ancient origins, biogeography, ecology, distinctive attributes, and relationships with other species of the Araucariaceae throughout my professional career. My PhD was on the ecology of a South American member of this family ( Araucaria araucana ) and I have studied various aspects of the individual species and forests of Agathis australis for approximately 30 years in New Zealand. Species within this ancient family are important ecologically as forest dominants where they occur; economically for provision of timber, resins, and edible seeds; and for conservation as they act as ecosystem engineers enabling the persistence of a suite of associated species, and many of them are threatened in their own right. Although they are important species, our knowledge of the ecology and properties of these species is incomplete, and there are many unanswered questions about these species still to be explored.

While still acknowledging the benefit to conservation, education and visitor attraction of this planned Agathis collection at the Auckland Botanic Gardens, I would like to highlight the benefits of such a collection to further research on this genus. For example, many of these species have high ethnobotanical importance and we have much to learn about the phytochemicals present in the different species of Agathis and their potential uses (e.g., antibacterial compounds have recently been found in the leaves of two foreign Agathis species). These ancient species also have unusual root nodules which appear to play a role in their association with certain mycorrhizal fungi and further work on this is warranted and may lead to greater understanding of strategies to acquire nutrients in infertile soils. Further, Agathis species are reknowned for their production of resins (gums), yet the ecological and physiological role of these resins has yet to be determined. Having a full collection of

Agathis species in one location will be a tremendous research asset to explore these and many other lines of research enquiry.

While I believe that the benefits of enlarging the Agathis collection at the Auckland Botanic Gardens are significant, I also don’t anticipate any substantial risks or negative consequences as a result. Non-native Agathis species already present in New Zealand are not considered invasive or have posed a problem, and I know of no occurrence of an Agathis species as a weed overseas. As well, I know of no instance where different species of Agathis have hybridised.

I therefore fully support the application of the Auckland Botanic Gardens to the Environmental Protection Agency to increase their collection of Agathis species, and recommend approval. I would be pleased to assist with this process if warranted.

Yours sincerely

Dr Bruce Burns

Senior Lecturer in Plant Ecology School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand 1142