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Luonnontutkija 7 1 0 2 2 Luonno nTutk ija 2· 2017 121. vuosikerta Luonno nTutk ija Perustettu vuonna 1897 51 Pääkirjoitus Vuoteen 1946 Luonnon Ystävä Kiehtova, uhanalainen meriluonto Erik Bonsdorff Julkaisija Suomen Biologian Seura Vanamo ry Ennallistaminen00000 Päätoimittaja 52 Meripihkan lumoissa — havaintoja eteläisen pallonpuoliskon pihkametsistä Juhani Mänttäri Jouko Rikkinen Toimituksen osoite 64 Petter Forsskålin kirjat — tienviitat tutkijantaipaleella PL 44 (Jyrängöntie 2) Marjatta Rautiala 00014 HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO 74 puhelin 040 0 58 5 720 Elinympäristön käsite teoriassa ja käytännössä — selvyyttä sekavuuteen sähköposti Atte Komonen [email protected] Taitto Juhani Mänttäri Kirjoja 00000 Avustava toimittaja Ahti Launis 80 Avery, M. 2015: Inglorious. Conflict in the Uplands Pertti Koskimies 80 Heintzenberg, F. & Schandy, T. 2015: Nattens tysta jägare. Nordiska ugglor Toimitusneuvosto Jari Valkonen (puh.joht.) Pertti Koskimies 80 Olofsson, P. 2015: Eldögon. Möten med Sveriges ugglor Helena Korpelainen Jussi Kukkonen Pertti Koskimies Satu Lampila Riitta Savolainen 80 Nill, D., Pröhl, T. & Ziegler, B. 2016: Siegertypen. Überlebensstrategien der Greifvögel Ilari Sääksjärvi Teemu Teeri Pertti Koskimies 80 Bildstein, K. L. 2017: Raptors. The curious nature of diurnal birds of prey Ilmestyminen Pertti Koskimies Vuonna 2017 ilmestyy neljä numeroa. 82 Koli, A. 2016: Suomen matelijat ja sammakkoeläimet Pertti Koskimies Tilaaminen 82 Laaksonen, J. 2016: Tarkka haukka ja muita lintuja. 1000 ilmiötä Suomen luonnosta Vanamon jäsenet saavat lehden jäsenetuna. Pertti Koskimies Muille vuosikerran 2017 tilaushinta on 42 eu - 82 Laaksonen, J. & Lumiaro, R. 2016: Utelias kettu ja muita nisäkkäitä. 1000 ilmiötä Suomen roa. Tilataan toimituksesta tai maksamalla ti - luonnosta Pertti Koskimies laushinta Vanamon tilille Danske Bank FI51 83 Routio, I. & Valta, M. 2011: Turun maakotilot. — 2014: Varsinais-Suomen kotilot. 8000 1100 0702 50 . Maksun tiedotteeksi on — 2016: Varsinais-Suomen ja Ahvenanmaan kotilot (Egentliga Finlands och Ålands merkittävä tilaajan osoite sekä tilauskausi. Irto - landsnäckor) Seppo Koponen numeron hinta 11 euroa. 85 Sarvikas, P., Suorsa M., Rintamäki, E., Vapaavuori, E., Aro, E.-M. & Tyystjärvi, E. 2017: Fotosynteesi Kurt Fagerstedt Kirjoitusohjeet nrossa 1/2017 s. 43 86 Ukkonen, P. & Mannermaa, K. 2017: Jääkauden jälkeläiset. Suomen lintujen ja nisäkkäiden Ilmoitushinnat kokosivu 400 euroa varhainen historia Suvi Viranta-Kovanen puolisivu 250 euroa 86 Koli, A. 2017: Helsingin muuttuva luonto Juhani Päivänen takakansi 600 euroa 88 Varesvuo, M. 2017: Valokuvia linnuista Pertti Koskimies Numeroon 1/2018 tarkoitetun aineiston tulee 89 Hietajärvi, T. 2017: Erämaa elää. Metson matkassa Itä-Lapin kairoissa Pertti Koskimies olla toimituksessa viimeistään 15. 1. 2018. Keskustelua 00000 Painopaikka Arkmedia, Vaasa 90 Kommentti Juha Pykälän kirjoitukseen Luonnon Tutkijassa 1/2017 ISSN 0024-7383 Terhi Ryttäri Nuori Anssi 00000 Vanamon Internet-sivut www.vanamo.fi 91 Kihokki Kansikuva Lännenhemlokin ( Tsuga heterophylla ) tuoretta pihkaa Pohjois-Kaliforniassa 28. 8. 2017. — Tässä numeros - sa on sivuilla 52—63 kirjoitus siitä, mitä nykymetsät kertovat fossiilisen meripihkan synnystä. Valok. Jouko Rikkinen Luonnon Tutkija ottaa mielellään julkaistavaksi Irtonumeromyynti kirjoituksia biologian alalta. Tiedekirja, Snellmaninkatu 13, 00170 HELSINKI , puhelin (09) 63 5 177, sähköp. [email protected] Tilaukset ja osoitteenmuutokset Akateeminen Kirjakauppa, Keskuskatu 1, Helsinki, Luonnon Tutkijan toimitukseen puhelin 046 876 1252, www.akateeminen.com 50 Luonnon Tutkija 2 · 2017 121. vsk. Meripihkan lumoissa — havaintoja eteläisen pallonpuoliskon pihkametsistä Jouko Rikkinen Biologit tuntevat meripihkan sen kyvystä säilyttää vuosimiljoonia sitten elä - Australiasta (Hand ym. 2010; neitä pieneliöitä niin täydellisesti, että niiden kolmiulotteisen rakenteen pie - Quinney ym. 2015), Uudesta-See - netkin yksityiskohdat saadaan tarkastelun alle. Meripihkan tutkimus on lannista (Schmidt ym. 2018), In - tiasta (Dutta ym. 2011 a, b; Beim - edennyt viime vuosikymmeninä ripeästi: monia uusia esiintymiä on löydet - forde ym. 2011), eri puolilta Afrik - ty eri puolilta maapalloa ja monet hyvin säilyneet fossiilit ovat tarjonneet kaa (Gomez ym. 2002; Schmidt uutta tietoa paitsi eri eliöryhmien evoluutiosta myös muinaisten meripihka - ym. 2010) ja Etelä-Amerikasta metsien ekologiasta. Myös maapallon nykymetsiin kohdistuva tutkimus on (Martill ym. 2005; Antoine ym. 2006). Monet esiintymät on saatu tuottanut mielenkiintoista uutta tietoa meripihkan syntyyn vaikuttaneista tarkasti ajoitetuksi, ja joskus myös prosesseista. pihkan tuottaneet kasvit on onnis - tuttu määrittämään. Esimerkiksi In - tian eoseenikautinen meripihka on peräisin Dipterocarpaceae-heimon puista (Mallick ym. 2009; Rust ym. arikymmentä vuotta sitten Monet uudet löydöt ovat joka ta - 2010; Dutta ym. 2011 a, b). Jurassic Park - elokuva sai pauksessa muuttaneet käsityksiä Olemme itse tutkineet meripih - monet uskomaan, että meri - meripihkan merkityksestä paleon - kassa säilyneiden nokihärmien Ppihkasta voidaan pian eristää mui - tologisen tiedon lähteenä. Meripih - (Rikkinen ym. 2003; Schmidt ym. naisten eliöiden DNA:ta ja että jo - kaa pidettiin aiemmin harvinaise - 2014), jäkäläsienten (Rikkinen & pa kokonaisia geenejä kyetään sen na, ja sillä nähtiin olevan merkitys - Poinar 2002, 2008; Rikkinen 2003 jälkeen siirtämään fossiileista elä - tä lähinnä hyönteisten ja muiden a; Hartl ym. 2015; Kaasalainen viin eliöihin. Sittemmin on käynyt niveljalkaisten evoluutiohistorian ym. 2015; Kettunen ym. 2016) ja selväksi, että kaikki meripihkasta tutkimuksessa. Sittemmin on käy - muiden piensienten (Rikkinen & löydetyksi luultu DNA on ollut pe - nyt ilmi, että monen ikäistä meri - Poinar 2000, 2001; Kettunen ym. räisin kontaminaatioista, eikä edes pihkaa on eri puolilla maapallolla 2015, 2017) monimuotoisuutta. subfossiilisesta pihkasta ole vielä suhteellisen paljon ja että useim - Olemme myös käyttäneet meripih - onnistuttu eristämään ehjää mat meripihkaesiintymät sisältävät kafossiileja kotelosienten polveu - DNA:ta. Nykytiedon valossa vai - monien eri eliöryhmien fossiileja. tumishistorian ajoittamiseen kuttaa hyvin epätodennäköiseltä, Trias- ja kivihiilikautisen meri - (Beimforde ym. 2014) ja meripih - että miljoonien vuosien ikäisestä pihkan löytyminen levensi meri - kametsien rakenteen ja mikroil - meripihkasta voitaisiin koskaan pihkan ikähaitaria merkittävästi, ja maston ennallistamiseen (Hein - saada esimerkiksi fylogeneettisissa liitukautisia meripihkaesiintymiä richs ym. 2015; Kaasalainen ym. tutkimuksissa käyttökelpoista tunnetaan jo monia (Gianolla ym. 2017 a, b; Rikkinen & Schmidt DNA:ta. Jopa ligniinin kaltaiset 1998; Schmidt ym. 2006; Bray & 2018; Schmidt ym. 2018; Seyful - kestävät makromolekyylit ovat Anderson 2009; Penney 2010). lah ym. 2018). Fossiilien lisäksi meripihkassa tavallisesti pitkälle Maantieteellisen sijaintinsa puoles - olemme tutkineet pihkalla ja muilla hajonneet. (Austin 1997; Stankie - ta erityisen kiinnostavia ovat mui - eksudaateilla nykyään elävien sien - wicz ym. 1998; Koller ym. 2005; naisen Gondwanamantereen alu - ten ja niveljalkaisten monimuotoi - Reiss 2006; Hebsgaard ym. 2006; eella syntyneet esiintymät, joita on suutta ja ekologiaa (Rikkinen Penney ym. 2013.) viime vuosikymmeninä löytynyt 1999, 2003 b, c; Rikkinen ym. 52 Luonnon Tutkija 2 · 2017 121. vsk. AB C Esimerkkejä mielenkiintoisista pihkametsistä. — A Runsaasti pihkaa tuottava Araucaria humboldtensis muodostaa metsänrajan noin 1 400 metrin korkeu - dessa merenpinnan yläpuolella Mont Humboldt - vuoren ylärinteellä Uudessa-Kaledoniassa. — B Yli 60 metrin korkuiseksi kasvava, runsaasti pihkaa tuot - tava Araucaria columnaris kasvaa Uuden-Kaledonian merenrannoilla. — C Sitkankuusen ( Picea sitchensis ) ja lännenhemlokin ( Tsuga heterophylla ) pihkas - sa kasvaa monia mielenkiintoisia pihkasieniä. Sitkanneula ( Chaenothecopsis sitchensis ) kuvattiin tieteelle uutena kuvan metsästä (Cummins Creek, Ore - gon). 2014; Tuovila & Rikkinen 2011; vuosisatojen kuluessa nostettu yli tä ole olemassa kovin yksiselitteisiä Sadowski ym. 2012; Tuovila ym. 60 0 000 tonnia meripihkaa! Oliko vastauksia. (Conwentz 1890; Weit - 2011, 2013, 2014; Beimforde ym. näin runsas pihkantuotto Pohjois- schat & Wichard 2002, 2010; Pen - 2017 a, b ; Seyfullah ym. 2018). Eurooppaa muinoin verhonneiden ney 2010; McKellar ym. 2011.) Mitä olivat ne tekijät, jotka eri ai - metsien ominaispiirre vai kertyikö koina ja eri alueilla käynnistävät ja pihka vähitellen, ehkä jopa kymme - Mistä meripihka on peräisin? ylläpitivät prosesseja, joiden tulok - nen miljoonan vuoden kuluessa? sena maailman suurimmat meripih - Nämä kysymykset ovat vaivanneet Pihka on lähinnä terpeeneistä koos - kaesiintymät syntyivät? Itämeren tutkijoita meripihkatutkimuksen al - tuvien eteeristen öljyjen ja hartsien alueella olevista esiintymistä on kuajoista asti, eikä niihin välttämät - seos, jota esimerkiksi havupuut Luonnon Tutkija 2 · 2017 121. vsk. 53 AB C Pihkantutkijoita kenttätöissä. — A Alexander Schmidt keräämässä pihkanäytettä punapuun ( Sequoia sempervirens ) tyvikorosta Pohjois-Kaliforniassa. — B Araukarian ( Araucaria columnaris ) tyvirungolla valunut pihka on peittänyt alleen kaarnalla kasvaneita rupijäkäliä, ja siihen on tarttunut puun latvukses - ta varisseita oksanpätkiä (Baie des tortues, Grande Terre, Uusi-Kaledonia) . — C Meripihkatutkijoita kuvan B pihkarungon ääressä: Vincent Perrichot (Ren - nesin yliopisto) sekä Leyla Seyfullah, Christina
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