Hand Tools - for Supervisors, Logging Teachers and Workers
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PRACTICAL INFORMATION APPRODEV REFERENCE MANUAL - PART 4 COLLECTED FROM THE APPRODEV PROJECT ON HAND TOOLS - FOR SUPERVISORS, LOGGING TEACHERS AND WORKERS HAND TOOLS FTP INTERNATIONAL TRAINING MATERIALS FOREST HARVESTING SERIES PARTS OF THE APPRODEV ABOUT APPRODEV TRAINING MATERIAL REFERENCE MANUAL 1 - Logging Management n These reference manuals contain information on the subjects that were 2 - Oxen Logging found relevant during the development and training activities of the 3 - The Sulky APPRODEV project in East and Central Africa. 4 - Hand Tools n This particular manual on hand tools is written for the level of: n Manual design, research and texts supervisors, logging technology teachers and workers by Mark Seymour (update 1996) n Unquoted drawings by Veijo n This manual is suggested for use as reference information for short Kangasmäki and (Mark Seymour) training courses or elements of curricula. n Other drawings: ILO, Geneva n If you require more detailed information on the subject you will find many references listed in the text and in the manual's contents section on the FTP International Ltd P.O.Box 484 next page. 00101 Helsinki, Finland Telephone: + 358 0 7701 31 Telefax: +358 0 7701 3498 n This particular manual is also supported by the following materials: www.ftpinternational.com NATIONAL BOARD OF EDUCATION GROUP wall posters overhead transparencies of selected drawings/pages APPRODEV PROJECT "DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY AND ECONOMICALLY SOUND FOREST HARVESTING" Information: Financed by: Mark Seymour FTP International Ltd Tel. + 358 90 7701 3317 [email protected] The Sections of No. of Further References Part 4 - Hand Tools Pages TWO-MAN CROSS-CUT SAWS 3 * Kantola M & Virtanen K. 1986. Handbook on Appropriate BOW SAWS 2 Technology forForestry Operations in Developing Countries, FELLING AXES 3 Part 1. ISBN 951-46-9589-5. WEDGES 2 * FAO. 1989. Design Manual on Basic Wood Harvesting FORESTRY KNIVES (MACHETES) 2 Technology. FAO, Rome. ISBN 92-5-102537-1. LOG HOOKS 2 * ILO. 1992. Fitting the Job to the Forest Worker. ILO, Geneva. CANT HOOKS 2 * ILO. 1987. Wood Harvesting with Hand Tools. ILO, Geneva. SAPPIES 4 ISBN 92-2-106217-1. LOG PICKS 2 * FAO/ILO. 1980. Chainsaws in Tropical Forests. FAO, Rome. LOG TONGS 2 ISBN 92-5-100932-5. POLE TONGS 2 FTP International / APPRODEV manual CONTENTS AND REFERENCES 1 n TWO MAN CROSS-CUT SAWS TOOTH TYPES u Raker tooth blades have a very 1 Description effective cutting action when properly sharpened. Raker tooth Handles can be easily removed on good saws so that the blade can be withdrwan from the cut after a wedge has been driven in Sharpening the raker tooth is more difficult than the peg tooth. u It is better to use the peg tooth blade unless the experienced saw sharpeners are available. The blade is normally Peg tooth 1.5 m long and should be made from high quality steel - tough The peg toothed and hard blade is most common FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual TWO MAN CROSS-CUT SAWS 1 2 Using the cross-cut saw SAW BLADE MAINTENANCE l Used for cross-cutting into logs and for Cleaning and sharpening of the making the felling back cut. various types of saw blades is l The cross cut saw is held in two hands and described in the following book: used by two workers. Kantola M. & Virtanen K. 1986. l The cutting action is made when pulling the Handbook on Appropriate blade towards the worker, not by pushing. Technology for Forestry l Coordination between the two workers is Operations in Developing essential - when one is pulling and making Countries, Part 1. FTP the cut the other relaxes and follows the Helsinki. ISBN 951-46-9589-5 blade, and vice versa. l Use a wedge behind the blade if the cut is tight and pinching the blade. Notes: l On good quality saws it is possible to remove the handles and pull the blade out of the cut when behind a wedge, to avoid pinching the blade in felling for example. Workers should bend at the knees to make felling cuts low down and to avoid physical strain to the back FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual TWO MAN CROSS-CUT SAWS 2 Cross-cutting action ERGONOMICS & SAFETY Picture: ILO Good instructions on this can also be found in the following book: International Labour Organisation 1992. Fitting the Job to the Forest Worker. ILO Geneva. l As previously described, the cutting stroke is made when pulling the saw. l When beginning the stroke, pull slightly downwards to get a good bite. l When worker a is pulling, worker b relaxes and follows the blade through. When worker b is pulling it is the turn of worker a to follow. l A good body action means using the leg muscles to pull and then follow the blade, bending at the knees and keeping a straight back. l Cross-cutting requires good teamwork and practice . FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual TWO MAN CROSS-CUT SAWS 3 n BOW SAW USES OF THE BOW SAW u An efficient, lightweight, one or 1 Description two person saw for felling and cross-cutting. Tension lever - u Can be used for tree or log to pull the bow diameters up to two times the Bow, or frame of tight when fitting the saw. This new blades depth of the bow (frame). tensions the blade. The saw will not u Bow saws reduce waste work without a compared to an axe. tensioned blade. The cross-cutting kerf width by axe may be 10 times that of the bow saw on an average size log AXE Average kerf width 0.4 cm Blade - normally peg- Tension Handle - normally toothed and hardened tip adjustment but can be raker tooth (as gripped in the right BOW shown here) and/or hand for right- SAW sharpenable handed people FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual BOW SAWS 1 2 Main points for using the bow saw CUTS BOTH WAYS l Workers should bend at the knees to u The cutting action of the bow make felling cuts low down and to saw is done on both strokes - avoid physical strain to the back backwards and forwards. l The bow saw is held in two hands, as shown in the diagram (right) SAW BLADE MAINTENANCE l Use a wedge behind the blade if the cut is tight and pinching the blade Cleaning and sharpening of the l make sure that the blade is always various types of bow saw blades is tensioned, otherwise the saw will not described in the following book: cut straight Kantola M. & Virtanen K. 1986. l keep the blade well maintained, sharp and correctly set (blade notch Handbook on Appropriate maintenance described in reference) Technology for Forestry Operations in Developing l use hardened tip (non-sharpenable, throwaway) blades if workers are Countries, Part 1. FTP back-cut inexperienced and damage blades Helsinki. ISBN 951-46-9589-5 Cross-cuttng action (picture: ILO) ERGONOMICS & SAFETY Good instructions on this can also be found in the following book: International Labour Organisation 1992. Fitting the Job to the Forest Worker. ILO Geneva. l Bend at the knees l Cut on the pushing stroke l Cut on the pulling back stroke FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual BOW SAWS 2 n FELLING AXES MAKING HANDLES, FITTING & SHARPENING AXE HEADS 1 Description u More information on the manufacture of axe handles and Axe heads have different the fitting and sharpening of axe shapes for different purposes. heads can be found in the This felling head also has a following two books: hammer shape on the back for Kantola M. & Virtanen K. 1986. knocking in felling wedges. Handbook on Appropriate Technology for Forestry Operations in Developing Axe handles should be Countries, Part 1. FTP made to an ergonomically Helsinki. ISBN 951-46-9589-5. suitable shape, from a well seasoned pice of wood with FAO. 1989. Design Manual on straight grain. Basic Wood Harvesting Technology. FAO Rome. Notes: Handles should be made from a tough species of wood. Wood is an excellent material for flexibility and strength. It absorbs shock and makes a hand tool safe and comfortable to use. FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual FELLING AXES 1 2 Using the felling axe ERGONOMICS & SAFETY l Used for felling trees, Good instructions on this can also commonly by making the notch be found in the following book: in combination with a bow saw International Labour Organisation or two-man cross-cut saw. 1992. Fitting the Job to the Forest Worker. ILO Geneva. l Axe work requires a good technique in order to be effective and also safe. Notes: Cutting with an untrained technique may result in the worker using too much force for too little effect. l "In axe work, the whole body moves and supports the stroke by changing the weight from the leg away from the cut to the leg near the cut while the upper hand slides down the handle." ILO, Wood Harvesting with Hand Tools FTP International Ltd / APPRODEV manual FELLING AXES 2 3 Using the axe for debranching AXE TECHNIQUE l After felling, the axe is a good tool for debranching (snedding). u More information on how to use the axe for felling with a bow l Debranching is a dangerous job and, as with felling, requires special training. saw and debranching can be found in the following two l It is essential never to cut towards the books: legs and to always try to stand on Kantola M. & Virtanen K. 1986. the opposite side of the stem to the Handbook on Appropriate branch being cut.